GB2516925A - Device for evaporating a volatile material - Google Patents

Abstract

An assembly for evaporating a volatile fluid 202, the assembly comprises a device 1 and a refill 2 which are detachable from one another; wherein the device 1 comprises a magnetic induction coil 103 configured to operate with an alternating current passed therethrough at a frequency of between 20KHz and 500KHz, and one or more volatile fluid emanation channels 105 containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium; and wherein the refill 2 comprises at least one magnetic susceptor 204 having a coercivity of 50 ampere/metre (HC) to 1500 ampere/metre (HC) , and a substantially liquid-tight sealed reservoir 201 containing the volatile fluid 202; wherein, in use, the magnetic susceptor(s) 204 is arranged to heat the material 202 predominately by magnetic hysteresis when the magnetic susceptor(s) 204 is at least partially positioned in the induced magnetic field generated when said alternating current is passed through the induction coil 103. The device itself and a method for evaporating a volatile fluid with such an assembly are also claimed.

Description

Device for Evaporating a Volatile Material The present invention relates to a device for evaporating a volatile material, for example a fragrance, pesticide, or a medicament.

Devices are known for emitting voatile liquids into an atmosphere. In one known device, described n US Patent Publication No. 200210146243, a device having a housing is provided with a container for the volatile liquid, a wick extending from the container and an annular electrical healer located in the vicinity of the distal end of the wick to accelerate the evaporation of the volatile liquid from the wick. The container and wick are conventionahy provided as a removable refill and the device uses a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor as the electdcal heater. The device also has an electric plug by which it is plugged into a wall socket.

However, the heater must be run at a high temperature in order to sufficiently heat the volatile liquid within the wick. Further, the position of the heater within the housing means that the heater heats the wick as well as the surrounding device housing which provides two distinct drawbacks.

Firstly, ttgh leves of power consumption are requted to get the eectrical heater up to a satisfactory operating temperature to heat the wick to the temperature at which the volatile liquid can be emanated. Secondly, the mass of such an electrical heater and the surrounding device housing typically holds residual heat for a prolonged period after power to the heater has ceased, as such if there is an appetite to modify the operation of the device, particularly to address anti-habituation concerns associated with the emanated volatile liquid, such known devices are inherently slow to respond as removing power from the heater does not appreciably slow the emanation rate due to the residual heat.

Another known device can be found in International Publication No. WO 20051112510, which describes an induction heating apparatus for the dissemination of volatile liquids. The device has a base module and a separate reservoir containing the volatile liquid. The base module has an upwardly-projecting cylindrical portion within which is a primary induction coil. The base of the reservoir has a recess which fits over the cyUndrical portion of the base, around which is a secondary induction coil composed of a short-circuited wire coil. When current is passed through the primary col, the secondary coil heats up and thus heats the liquid to increase the rate of evaporation. However, this device heats all of the volatile liquid in the reservoir, resulting in a device which is slow to reach the ideal operating temperature and operates with high levels of power consumption. Further, the device will continue to emit vapour afier it has been switched off as the liquid in the reservoir will retan considerable residual heat and will take quite some time to cool. Furthermore, if the volatile liquid is a fragrance, heating the entire reservoir can degrade the quality of the fragrance over the life of the refill.

With the known devices as well as the Applicant's co-pending applications condensabon in the device can occur due to the absence of sufficient airflow therethrough and/or the device itself beng cool during operabon, it is an object of the present invention to address such drawbacks.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an assembly for evaporating a volatile material, the assembly comprising a device and a refill whch are detachable from one another: wherein the device comprises a magnetic induction coil configured to operate with an alternating current passed therethrough at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantiaNy 500KHz and one or more volatile flud emanation channels containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium; and wherein the refill comprises at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substanbally 50 ampere/metre (H0) to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (H0) and a substantially liquid-tight sealed reservoir containing the volatile material; wheren, in use, the magnetic susceptor(s) is arranged to heat the materia predominately by magnetic hysteress when the magnetic susceptor(s) is at least partially positioned in the induced magnetic field generated, in use, when said alternating current is passed through the induction coil.

Preferably the one or more volatile fluid emanation channels is provided in the form of one or more chimneys or the like that are open at one end to receive the evaporated volatile fluid and open at their other end to the environment surroun&ng the device. The chimney(s) may be rotatable relative to the rest of the devce and/or may be provided with one or more holes and/or windows which may be arranged to promote airflow into the chimney and out into the envronment surrounding the device.

The aluminium foil is preferably in the form of aluminium sheet foil of substantialy 9pm thickness.

The deposited aluminium is preferably vacuum metalised deposited to a thickness of substantially 0.25pm.

The aluminium may be provided in contact with the inner surface of the or each chimney in order to face the evaporated fluid.

The deployment of alumnium foil and/or deposited aluminium is consdered advantageous as it can reduce condensation in operation of the device by imparting heat to the chimney(s) to reduce any temperature differential between the evaporated fuid and said chmney(s) as wel as creating a temperature gradient in the device to promote air currents through the device to improve the emanation of the evaporated fluid.

One key benefit of the deployment of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium compared to using either an additional magnetic susceptor within the device around the volatile fluid emanahon channel(s) or even a standard PlC thermistor is that the aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium will not heat up by any appreciabe or effective amount when exposed to the changing magnetic field induced by the induchon coil as aluminium is non-magnetic and therefore is not capable of undergoing magnetic hysteresis. Furthermore, aluminium is very poor at eddy current heating. However, the aluminium in the device may heat up considerably when a refill containing a magnetic susceptor is attached to the device such that the magnetic susceptor is within the induced magnetic field. Whilst not wishing to be bound by the following proposed hypothesis, the inventor of the present invention suspects that when the magnetic susceptor in the refill is present in the induced magnetic field the susceptor has such an affinity for the induced magnetic field that it can force the magnetic field to be drawn through the alumnium and in doing so causes the aluminium to heat up. By selectng to correct quantity and location for the aluminium t is possible for the aluminium to heat to withn approximately 5°C of the susceptor temperature.

A further a key benefit of this arrangement is that the aluminium carries little mass and, therefore, has lithe abitty to retain heat. Whereas the use of an additional magnetic susceptor within the device around the volatile fluid emanation channes or a standard PIG thermistor could be used to mpart heat in the absence of a refill and for a period of time after the alternating current is stopped, the auminium woud rapidly dispose of its residual heat thus ensuring that the device remains cool to the touch post-use and thus improving its safety.

Preferably the refill is provided with a membrane to substantially liquid-fight seal the reservoir.

The membrane may be a gas-permeable membrane. Alternatively or additionaly the membrane may include one or more gas-permeable portions that can be exposed by the user of the assembly prior to insertion of the refill into the devce.

The refill may be provided with a pierceable film to substanfially liquid-tight seal the reservoir and the device may be provided with a perforating element which is configured to pierce the fHm when the refill s connected to the device. Alternatively or additionally, the refill may further comprise a lid which the perforating element may be configured to pierce when the refit is connected to the device.

The device may be provided with more than one perforating element to pierce the refill in more than one location on the refill.

The evaporated matehal may emanate via a space formed between the perforating element and the pierced hoe. However! preferaby, the or each perforating element is hollow. This provides one or more passages for evaporated material to emanate outside of the refill.By providing the refill with a fluid-permeable membrane and/or a pierceable flm and/or lid the present invention allows different refills to be interchangeably used in a quick, and mess-free, way. As the ref Ils can be so easily interchanged, the present invention is particuarly suited to the evaporation of small amounts of material. In this case, the problems previously identified in relation to WO 2005/112510 are less of an issue, because the amount of material beng heated is small.

Furthermore the presence of a fluid-permeable membrane and/or a pierceable film and/or lid improves the safe operation of the assembly since the susceptor(s) can be retained underneath same to prevent ease of finger access thereto, this being beneficial wth the susceptor(s) become hot following use.

In some embodiments, the magnetic susceptor may be embedded within the reservoir. Enclosing the susceptorwithn the reservoir, rather than havng it exposed on an edge of the ref II, minimises the potential for injury as the susceptor is less accessible and therefore is less lkely to be accidently touched during use. Alternatively or additionally the reservoir may be lined in whole or in part by the magnetic susceptor. As a further alternative or additional arrangement, the reservoir may be composed in whole or in part of the magnetic susceptor.

Preferably, the magnetic susceptor is in the shape of a non-coiled strip. This way, the susceptor is less prone to heating by eddy currents and is instead designed to be heated predominately by hysteress.

Preferably, where the volatile material is a volatile liquid and/or a volatile gel the refill may further comprise a volatile material transport means for transporting and storing some of the volatile liquid and/or gel.

The purpose of the volatile material transport means is to alow the evaporation of the volatile liquid and/or gel to be better controlled. Preferably the susceptor(s) is placed in contact with the volatile material transport means, and particularly preferably the susceptor(s) is wholly or partialy embedded in the wick, such an arrangement means the heat emanating from the susceptor is largely contained within the volatile material transport means, and is not transmtted to the lquid and/or gel contained in the reservoir.

In the context of the present invention the term voatile material transport means is used heren to refer to any physical fluid transport conduit that permits the fluid to flow away from the reservoir toward the susceptor(s) without the assistance of gravity or powered means, in other words relying on capillary action, osmotic transfer, wicking action or the like to transport the fluid.

Therefore the volatile material transport means in the present invention may be a fibrous substance such as a cellulose wick or the like or the volatile material transport means could be a porous substance such as ceramic wick or the like. Aternatively the voatile material transport means may be a gel matrix or the like, and in this arrangement the reservor and the volatile material transport means may be made from the same material and/or may be substantially integral with each other.

If a volable material transport means is used, the voatile material transport means may at least partially line the reservoir.

If a volable material transport means is provided in the refill, then it may be preferable for the susceptor(s) to be provided in direct contact therewith. In some embodiments the susceptor(s) may be at least partially embedded within the volatile material transport means. Alternatively or additionally, the susceptor(s) may surround a porrion of the volatile material transport means.

Most preferably however, the susceptor(s) is entirely embedded within the volatile material transport means.

One advantage of enclosing/embedding the susceptor(s) entirely withn the volatile material transport means is that the heat emitted from the susceptor(s) is more effectively transferred to the adjacent voIatie materia in the volatile material transport means, and not to the enrirety of the volatile material transport means to some or all of the reservoir. This is advantageous as where the volable material is a fragrance, a medicament, a pest control material or an active pharmaceutical Ingredient, heating the entire reservoir can degrade the quality of the material over the life of the refil which is clearly undesirable.

Enclosing the susceptor(s) entirely within the voatile material transport means also minimises the potential for njury as the susceptor is less accessble and therefore is less likely to be accidently touched during use.

Since heat in the susceptor(s) is induced no eectricaI connection needs to pass through the reservoir to the susceptor(s) eliminating the possibility of a resultant fluid leakage path.

As the susceptor(s) is magnetic the susceptor(s) is predominately heated by magnetic hysteresis, and although some secondary eddy current heating may occur any eddy current hearing is <50% of the heat generated in the magnetic susceptor(s), and preferably <40% of the heat generated in the magnetic susceptor(s) is from secondary eddy currents, and more preferably <35% of the heat generated in the magnetic susceptor(s) is from secondary eddy currents, and most preferably less than <30% of the heat generated in the magnetic susceptor(s) is from secondary eddy currents.

Hitherto the present invention the use of magnetic hysteresis as the predominant mechanism of heating has not been explored, the explored "induction heating" mechanism is eddy current heating. In an eddy current heating system it is ultimately the resistance of the target (i.e. the susceptor) which is responsible for the dissipation of power as heat. Preferably the electrical resistance of the target is low and the external induction field induces many tiny voltages n the target. As the resistance is low, the current circulating in the target material is huge, hence heat is produced. However the induced eddy current can also be used to do other forms of work instead of just producing heat, such as charging batteries for example.

Efficient transfer of electrical current through an air gap or other thermally insulating medium is fundamental to many applications of induction. The induced current can be used to produce resistive heating via eddy currents in a target on the opposite side of a thermally insulating material (e.g. air). Although induction heating applications are well known they have largely been applied to arge white goods (e.g. Induction Hobs for cooking) or industrial processes (e.g. Furnaces). In these applications, despite the relatively high power levels and frequencies needed, induction offers cost and efficiency advantages over more traditional methods (e.g. resistive or joule heating) due to its inherent ability to effectively cross insulating layers. However the associated cost and complexity would be uneconomical where smaller amounts of heat are required or where such conditions do not exst.

One unwanted side effect of such eddy current induction processes is that some secondary magnetic hysteresis occurs which imparts a relatively small amount of generated heat. Heat generated by magnetic hysteresis is largely undesirable in transformers, power supplies and the like. As such most of the research and development work has been around how to prevent this secondary effect which produces heat.

In magnetic hysteresis heating the resistance of the target (i.e. susceptor) is unimportant and any circulating eddy currents which might occur do not represent a significant contribution to heating of the target, as the mechansm is fundamentally different. During magnetic hysteresis heating the magnetic domains within the target align themselves with the external field. When the polarity of the external field is reversed the magnetic domains reverse and realign themselves with the new field direction and it is this continued motion of the magnetic domains that produces the heat.

At low power and relatively low frequencies ths mechanism can be made to dominate by selection of an appropriate target.

For example, copper is non-magnetic and when copper is used in a refill as a non-magnetic susceptor n place of the magnetic susceptor as called for in the present invention, when the alternating current passed through the induction coil in the device is 150KHz the copper susceptor merely heats by approximately 4°C which is due solely to Eddy current heating. In contrast when the susceptor is magnetic and has a coercivity between substantially 50-1 500H then under the same induction col condif ions the magnetic susceptor heats to at least 1 Ox greater than the non-magnetic copper susceptor.

Preferably the magnebc susceptor(s) is made from at least one of the following matehals: cast iron (annealed); nickel; nickel-coated steel; cobalt; carbon steel (annealed) 1% C; constructional steel particularly (0.3% C, 1% Ni) and/or (0.4°I C, 3% Ni, 1.5%Cr); cobalt-iron alloy, particularly Permendur 24 (24% Co) and Permendur 49 (49% Co); Heusler aloy (61% Cu, 26% Mn, 13% Al); tool stee; powdered iron (preferably set in a resn base or the like to permit convenient shaping); iron filings (preferably set in a resin base or the like to permit convenient shaping).

Since the energy input to the assembly can be effectively targeted to heat the susceptor(s) within the induced magnetic field, only the susceptor(s) and the surrounding fluid in the volatile material transport means is heated rather than the energy being wasted as heat elsewhere in the refill and/or device as with the prior art assemblies. Further, as the susceptor(s) is a simple, low-cost component, t can be cost efficiently provided as part of a refill.

In a preferred arrangement each refill may be provided with at least one susceptor having heating characteristics which are optimised for the specific fluid contained in the refill, without the need for user intervention or complex control. For instance, it may be preferable to make the device as inexpensively as possible, therefore, one option to facilitate inexpensive manufacture would be to provide the device without any user-operable controls which permit a variation of its operating parameters such that the device operates in accordance with a single set of operating parameters. In this arrangement the length and/or mass and/or composition of the susceptor(s) in the refill may be varied to tune the heat achieved when the susceptor(s) is located within the induced magnetic field during use to the evaporation temperature of the volatile fluid. By way of example, where the volatile fluid is a fragrance composition fragrances are generally composed of a combination of top notes, middle notes and base notes. Top notes represent the most volatile part of the fragrance coniposibon, these notes are usually perceived first by a human nose and include the light" or fresh" olfactive notes of the composition. The mddle notes typically represent the "heart" of the mixture as they ofien provde the majority of the fragrance. The base notes are typically the least volatile part of the mixture and includes the heaviest molecules such as the notes that provide "rich" or "deep' olfactive notes of the composition. Due to their weght and size the base notes usually lingerfor the longest period. A fragrance mixture is typically made up of 10% top notes, 60% middle notes and 30% base notes. However, if it is desired to sell a fragrance made up predominantly of top notes it would be possible to deploy a refill containing a susceptor that heals to a relatively ow lemperature to ensure that the highly volatile top notes do not flash off to impart a user-desirable ifetime to the refilL Conversely if it is desired to sell a fragrance made up predominantly of base notes it would be possible to deploy a refill containing a susceptor(s) that heats to a relatively hgh temperature to ensure that the less volatile base notes are evaporated ala satisfactory rate to be noticeable by the user as well as imparting a user-desirable lifetime to the refill, i.e. a refill that will not last too long and risk clogging or blocking the volatile material transport means.

Furthermore, this preferred arrangement would make it permissble to market refills containng markedly different formulations for use with the same device. For instance, when evaporating fragrance formulations the preferred operating temperature may be in the order of 5585OC depending on the ratio of top, middle and base notes thereof, whereas for a pest control formulation much higher operating temperatures are generally required, typcally in the order of 120-1 40t. Accordingly an assembly according to the present inventon may provide a user with a much simpler and inexpensive solution to emanate volatile fluids; simpler as the device can be left in situ and the desired refill may be changed by the user without the user having to communicate to the device that the refill contains a different formulation; inexpensive as a user need only purchase one device to emanate a wide variety of refills containing different formulations and the device need not have expensive nor complex refill recognition components to determine the device operating parameters.

Although one option to facilitate inexpensive manufacture of a device would be to provide the device without any user-operable controls which permit a variation of its operating parameters, t may be preferable to provide the device with basic user-operable controls which permit limited variation of the operating parameters, say between 2-4 predetermined operating parameters since some users may wish to change the intensity of the evaporated volatile fluid depending of the type of volatile fluid, the size of the space the fluid is being emanated into, etc. Alternatively where producing the device as inexpensively as possible is less of a concern the device may be provided with one or more user-controllable inputs to permit the user to alter one or more operating parameters of the device to provide the user with a multitude of options to impart an emanation performance of the volatile fluid that they desire.

A further benefit of the assembly accordng to the present invention is that the mass of the components being heated is lower than hitherto available assemblies such that there will be a reduced amount of residual heat in said heated components during use and once the input energy to the assembly stops. Ths is particulary advantageous for several reasons, firsty, this improves the safety of the assembly durng operation since only a small proportion of the devce and/or refill will be heated thus making the assembly cool to the touch during use. Secondly, if there is the need to vary the emanation rate of the volatile fluid it is possible to rapidly cease emanation of the volatile fluid by removing the input power to the inducbon coil and/or modifying the duty cycle to impart a rapid cool down of the susceptor. For instance, when concerned with addressing anti-habituation during fragrance emanation it is necessary to allow a user's olfactive receptors to become non-saturated with the particular fragrance molecule(s) and this can only be achieved by ceasing the emanation of those fragrance molecule(s) and/or emanating a different fragrance. The ability of the device of the present invention to achieve rapid cool-down facilitates more rapid attenuation of the saturated olfactive receptors.

To provide the device with a stable maximum operating temperature the susceptor(s), may comprise a material with a stable Curie temperature, preferably less than 150°C. When the magnetic susceptor(s) is heated beyond this temperature, the susceptor(s) will become paramagnetic and no longer be susceptible to hysteresis heating until such time it cools down back below its Curie temperature. By selecting a magnetic susceptor(s) with a low and stable Curie temperature, it is possibe to prevent the temperature of the volatie liquid in the volatile material transport means exceeding a predetermined evel, even if for some reason excess power is supplied to the induction coil.

To ensure the heat generation within the susceptor(s) is as efficient as possible, the susceptor(s) may be substantially completely located inside the induced magnetic field during the operation of the assembly.

In a preferred embodiment the refill is provided with a single magnetic susceptor.

Alternatively the refill may be provded with a more than one magnetic susceptor. In this arrangement by increasing the number of susceptors t is possible to increase the amount of heat generated wtbin the same device operating parameters relative to when only a single susceptor is present. For example, where under fixed devce operating parameters one magnetic susceptor is heated to 80°C it is surprisingly found that if two identcal susceptors are in the induced field rather than both heating to 80°C they wil both heat to 90°C. Furthermore, it is surprisingly found that ft three identical susceptors are in the induced feld rather than both heating to 80°C or 90°C they will both heat to 105°C. Whilst not wishing to be bound by the followng proposed hypothesis, the inventor of the present invention suspects that the presence of multple susceptors within the induced field focuses the field to the inside of the coil which decreases the area over which the field is spread thus increasing the magnetic focus and efficiency thereof.

The volatile material may be one or more of a volatile solid, a volatile iquid, a volatie gel, a gas.

Where a volatile solid is present said solid should have an mp>25°C and a bpl 50°C, and -10-preferably an mp>50°C and a bp<120°C, examples include crystals of menthol or camphor. The volatile solids could be formed to be adjacent the susceptor or imbedded in a mat or a matrix to be located adjacent the susceptor. Preferably the volatile material is a volatile lquid and/or a volatile gel.

In some embodiments, the device may further comprise a control unit to control the operation of the induction coiL In such an embodiment, the device may further comprise a feedback coH configured to interact with a magnetic field generated by the induction coil. Preferably the feedback coil is provided in the form of feedback windngs turned around the induction col, most preferably about 12 windings around the primary coil. In this arrangement the control unit may be configured to process an output from the feedback coil and, from this output, vary one or more operating parameters of the induction coil. The feedback col is preferably configured to be capable of changing its output, in use, when a susceptor(s) is within the magnetic field of the induction coil.

Preferably the feedback coil in may be configured, in use, to change its output when one property of a susceptor is changed from refill to refill, for example if the shape or mass or material or surface area of the susceptor changes. The control unit may then be configured to interpret the change in output from the feedback coil to deternine what type of refHl is within the magnebc field of the induction coil, and from ths, automatically vary a property of the induction coil to apply the appropriate heating regime to each particular refill.

To ensure the control unit is as simple as possible, thus as inexpensive as possible, the assembly is preferably configured such that the feedback coil only has to change its output in response to a change of a single property of the susceptor from refill to refill, therefore, it is preferred for refills configured to be used with such a devce to have three of the followng susceptor properties fixed and one of the following susceptor properties variable for detection of this variance by the feedback coil, wherein said susceptor properties are: shape; mass; material and surface area.

The provision of a feedback coil could also be used to prevent the susceptor(s) from getting too hot during use. As the susceptor(s) gets hot, the output from the feedback coil changes. The control unit could be configured to interpret a high temperature of the susceptor(s) based on this output, and from this, automarically vary a property of the induction coil to cool the susceptor.

A further use for the feedback coil the device could be to ensure that the device is operating as efficiently as possible, in this preferred arrangement the control unit monitors the output of the feedback coil to alter the duty cycle as required to ensure the current supplied through the induction coil is optimised to the particular susceptor(s) n proximity with the induction coil.

Examples of the device operating parameters which may be varied by the control unit may be the maximum amplitude! the frequency, or the duty cycle of the current being passed through the induction coil.

Alternatively or additionally, the device may be provided with mechanical or electromechanical means that are operable by the control unit to physically move the refill such that the susceptor is moved relative to the induced magnetic field of the induction coil. Alternatively or additionally! the device may be provided with mechanical or electromechanical means that are operable by the control unit to physically move the induction coil within the device housing such that the induced magnetic feld is moved relative to the susceptor in the refill.

By configuring the assembly such that the alternating current passed through the induction coil has a frequency greater than 20 KHz the induction coil may more effecUvely heat up the susceptor by magnetic hysteresis. Preferably, the alternating current passed through the induction coil may be set at a frequency greater than 100 KHz, and more preferably set at a frequency of 150KHz.

In some embodiments, the device may accommodate more than one refill thus providing the assembly with multiple reservoirs each having ther own susceptor.

The presence of the multiple reservoirs allows more than one type of volatile Iluid to be dispensed by the devce by the single induction coil simutaneously.

Alternatively the device may be provided with more than one induction coil, each inducton coil beng associated with a separate refill whereby, in use, the induced magnetic field from one induction coil surrounds the susceptor(s) in only one refill, this may permit alternate emanation of the volable fluid from each respective refill, this may be espe&ally preferably when the volatile fuids are fragrances.

In some embodiments, the device may further comprise alignment means provided on either of the device or the refill which is configured to align the refill with the device.

The purpose of this alignment means is to ensure that the susceptor is appropriately positioned with respect to the induction coil. -12-

In other embodiments, the device may further comprise an additional magnetic susceptor configured to heat an area around the induction coil.

The benefit of ths additional susceptor is to ensure that the components around the induction coH are appropriately heated, for instance the core of the induction coil or members which support the induction coil, such to avoid any volatile materia which evaporates from condensating onto these components.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided therefore a device for evaporating a volatile material from a detachable refill of volatile fluid comprising a reservoir for the volable material and at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substantially 50 ampere/metre (H0) to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (H0); wherein the device comprises a magnetic induction coil configured to operate with an alternating current passed therethrough at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantiaNy 500KHz to induce a magnetic fied and one or more volatile fluid emanation channes contaning at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for evaporating a voatile material, comprising the steps of locating a refill comprising a reservoir for the volatile material and at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substanballySO ampere/metre (H0)to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (H0) in a device comprising a magnetic induction coil configured to operate with an alternating current passed theretbrough at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantially 500KHz to induce a magnetic feld and one or more volatile uid emanation channels containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium; generating a magnetic field through said induction coil by passing an AC current at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantially 500KHz therethrough; said locating of the refill n the devce being such that the at least one magneUc susceptor is at least partially within the generated magnetic field; and evaporating the volatile matehal by said at least one magnetic susceptor being heated predominately by magnetic hysteresis induced by the changing magnetic field from the induction coil to evaporate the volatile material and by said at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium heating to resist condensation of the evaporated fluid withn the device.The device may further comprise a control unit and/or a feedback coil and the method may comphse the control unit controlUng the operation of the induction coil. The method may further comprise the control unit processing an output from the feedback coil and, from this output, varying one or more operating parameters of the induction coil. -13-

The feedback coil may be configured, in use, to change its output when one property of a susceptor s changed from refill to refill, for example if the shape or mass or material or surface area of Ihe susceptor changes. The method may further comprise the control unit being configured to interpret the change in output from the feedback coH to determine what type of refill is within the magnetic field of the induction coil, and from this, automatically vary a property of the induction coil to apply the appropriate heating regime to each particular refill.

As the susceplor(s) gels hot, the oulput from Ihe feedback coil changes. The meihod may further comprise the control unit interpreting the output of the feedback coil to determine a high temperature of the susceptor(s) and automatically varying a property of the induction coil to cool the susceptor.

A further use for the feedback coil in the device could be to ensure that the device is operating as efficiently as possible. The method may further comprise the control unit monitoring the output of the feedback coil to alter the duty cycle as required to ensure the current supplied through the induction coil is optimised to the particular susceptor(s) n proximity with the induction coil.

The method may comprise the control unit may comprises the steps of the control unit varying one or more of the operating parameters of the inducton coil by varying one or more of: the maximum amplitude: the frequency; the duty cycle.

The method preferably includes the step of the device being operated to pass an alternating current through the induction coil with a frequency greater than 20 KHz to more effectively heat up the susceptor by magnetic hysteresis, and preferably greater than 100 KHz, and more preferably at a frequency of 150KHz.

Preferably, substantially all of the material in the reservoir is configured to be evaporated within 5 hours of continuous actuation of the induction coil.

More preferably, substantially all of the material in the reservoir is configured to be evaporated within 3 hours of continuous actuation of the induction coil.

The invention wiN now be described, by example ony, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 2 shows in more detail one example of the electronic circuitry used in the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

Figure 3 shows in more detail a further example of the electronic circuitry used in the embodiment shown in Figure 1.

Figures 4A -40 show an example layout of the invention.

Figures 5A -50 show exemplary desgns for the interior of the refill shown in Figures 4A -4C.

Figure 6 shows hysteresis loops for two different susceptor materials.

Figure 1 shows a device 1 and a refill 2. The device 1 comprises a power source 101 connected to electronic circuitry 102. Making up a part of this &ectronic circutry is an induction coil 103 and an optional feedback coil 104.

The refill 2 is a separate component to the device 1. The refill 2 comprises a reservoir 2W, which hods volatile material 202. The refill 2 also comprises a susceptor 204, and an optional volatile material transport means 203, illustrated here in the form of a wck.

Where a wick 203 is present, the susceptor should be preferably in, or at least partially n, the wick. The wick 203 should extend beyond the reservot 201 so that the material 205 which evaporates from the wick 203 can pass to the exterior of both the devce and the refill 2.

The power source 101 of the device 1 may for example be a connection to a mains supply, a connection to a USB docking station, or a battery.

The circuit diagrams shown n Figures 2 and 3 are examples of self-resonantlself-oscillating zero voltage switched (ZVS) converter circuits. Such circuits are well known n the art.

The ZVS circuts shown are configured to provide a high frequency magnetic field across an induction coil L2 (approximatey 200 KHz). In figure 2, the circuit is located between a line suppy L5 and a ground connection L. Connected to the line supply L5 is the power source 101, which provides the line supply L with AC current. On the line supply L s a diode Dl. The circuitry also comprises the feedback coil 104, the induction coil 103, three capacitors C2;03;C4, two resistors R1;R3. and two transistors Q2;03. -15-

The component ayout in Figure 3 is similar to that of Figure 2, except for the addition of a system microcontroller unit (MCU) or contro unit, with its own power supply which feeds off the line supply L5, and which is adapted from the line supply L by conventional power stepping electronics whch are not shown, an additional resistor Ri, an additiona capacitor Cl, and first and second extra diodes D2 and D3. Preferably the additional capacitor Cl is polarised, and preferably the second additional dode 03 is a Schottky diode. The purpose of the MCU in Figure 3 is to control the duty cycle of the ZVS converter, and hence the power being delivered through the induction coH 103.

In each of Figures 2 and 3, the capacitor C4 is the resonating capacitor of the ZVS circuit. The high frequency voltage present at a collector 03 is coupled by capacitor C4 to a rectifying and regulating network comprising diodes D3 and D2, and the capacitor Cl. In the case of Figure 3, the smoothed and regulated voltage present across capacitor Cl is used to power low votage sections of the crcuit including the MCU.

Operation of the invention as shown in Figures 1-3 will now be described.

Prior to use, the power source 101 of the device 1 must be fully charged or connected. Once the device 1 is switched on, the electronic circuitry 102 of the device 1 is then configured to pass an AC current through the induction coil 103. The circuitry 102 may be configured to continually pass an AC current through the induction coil 103, or alternabvely may be configured to only pass AC current through the induction coil 103 when the refill 2 containing the susceptor 204 is located near the induction coil 103, as will be discussed.

A refill 2 as shown in Figure 1 is connected to or docked with the device 1. To hold the refill 2 in place on the device 1, a fastening means, clip, or cradle may be provided on the device 1, as is shown for example in Figures 4A -4C. However the ref 112 is connected to the device 1, the main requirement is that the susceptor 204 inside the refill 2 is close enough to be heated by the induction coil 103, and to interact with the optional feedback coil 104, located on the device 1, as will be discussed.

Once the ref II 2 is engaged with the device 1, the susceptor 204 of the refill 2, which is positioned within the magnetic field of the induction coil lO3will begin to heat up by predominately magnetic hysteress heating and possibly to a minor degree aso by eddy current heating.

As the susceptor 204 heats up, volatile material 202 around the susceptor 204 also starts to heat up and vaporise for dispersion to outside the ref II 2. -16-

To control how much volatile material 202 is dispersed at any given time, the electronic circuitry 102 from the device 1, in particular the MCU, can control the amount of current flowing through the induction coH 103, and hence control the amount of heating occurring in the susceptor 204.

The current flowing through the inducfion coil 103 can be varied for example by increasng the duty cycle of the circuit, or by increasing the maximum current flowing through the induction coil 103. Such control can be either by external human input, for exampe by an end user via a switch or dial, or preferably by the MCU in response to an outputfrom a feedback coil 104 provided in the electronic circuitry 102, as is dscussed below.

If a feedback coil 104 is provided, when current is flowing through the induction coil 103, the feedback coil 104 will pick up the magnetic field being emitted from the nduction coil 103. When a susceptor 204 contained in a refill 2 is inserted into this magnetic field, the magnetic field will become distorted, depending on the shape of the susceptor, and so the signal being picked up from the feedback coil 104 will change. By electrically connecting the MCU to the feedback coil 104, the MCU can be configured to interpret the signal received from the feedback coil 104, and from this interpret what type or shape of susceptor 204 is positioned near the device 1, if any.

The feedback coil 104 can also be used as a power control means to prevent the susceptor 204 from getting too hot. As the susceptor heats up during operation, its effect on the magnetic field generated by the induction coil 103 changes. By electrically connecting the MCU to the feedback coil 104, the MCU can be configured to interpret the sgnal received from the feedback coil 104, and from this interpret the temperature of the susceptor 204. The MCU can then control the amount of current being passed through the induction coil 103.

Another use for the output from the feedback coil 104 by the MCU is for morntoring the form of power being supplied by the eectronic circutry. By sampling the output signa from the feedback coil 104, the MCU can be configured to vary the properUes of the electronic circuitry to ensure that the alternating current being passed through the induction coil 103 is matched to the particular susceptor 204 in proximity with the induction coil 103.

If no MCU or feedback coil 104 is present in the electronics of the evaporation device, the device operates at a predetermined power level and operates in either an "on" or "off' state.

An example design of both the device 1 and refHl 2 is shown in Figures 4A -4C. The configuration of both the device 1 and refill 2 is largely dependent on the induction coil 03 being abe to efficiently heat the susceptor 204, and if a feedback coil 104 is present, allowing this coil to interact with the magnetic fields generated by the induction coil 103. In the case of Figures 4A - 4C, the induction coil 103 is tubular in shape and is ocated such that once the refill 2 is -17-connected with the device 1, the susceptor 204 fits inside the induction coil 103. Although not shown in Figures 4A -4C, where a feedback coil 104 is aso present, this could be placed in a concentric type arrangement in or around the induction coil 103.

The refill 2 comprises a material reservoir 201 containing volatile material 202. This material is evaporated by heat from a susceptor 204. The ref II 2 also comprises a cover 206 which can be perforated.

The device 1 of the example shown in Figures 4A -4C comprises lube like perforating elements 105 which are configured to pierce the cover 206 of the refit 2 during operation of the evaporation device. The induction coil 103 on the base element I is located to conform to the outer shape of the refill 2.

To operate the embodiment shown in Figure 4A -4C, a user places the refill 2 into the device 1 such that the susceptor 204 therein can interact with the induction coH 103 of the device 1. To aid with placing the refill 2 in the correct orientation, an alignment feature (not shown) could be provided on the refill 2 which locates with a corresponding feature on the device 1.

The user then closes the lid of the device ito cause the perforating &ement 105 to pierce into the cover 206. The induction coil 103 then heats the susceptor 204 of the refill 2 as previously described, causing volahle material 202 to evaporate and flow out through the perforating elements 105.

To reduce condensation within the device 1 a layer of aluminium foH is located on an inner surface of the perforating elements 105 that forms a chimney to dtect evaporated fluid to the exterior of the device 1. The aluminum foil 205 heats up, it is suspected, by the susceptor 204 having a sufficient affinity for the induced magnetic field that it forces the magnetic field through the aluminum foil 205 which results in the foil 205 heating up thus to within 5°C of the susceptor 204 temperature. This heating of the aluminium foil 205 reduces the likelihood for condensation within the device i and also promotes airflow therethrough as it creates a thermal gradient between the chimney and the air surrounding the device 1.

It is possible that the volatile material 202 in the embodiment of Figures 4A -4C be in the form of a gel.

As an optional safety feature to the design as shown in Figures 4A-4C, the perforating element may be configured to be made inaccessible when the device is not in use. -18-

Figures 5A-5C show three exemplary cross sections for the interior of the refill 2.

Figure 5A shows a first design where no wick 203 is used. In this design, the susceptor 204 directly heats the volatile material 202 in the reservoir 201. The susceptor may be positioned in or on the reservoir. Preferably the susceptor 204 should be designed and positioned so as to ensure that substantially all the volatile material in the refiI 2 can be evaporated.

Although the susceptor 204 shown in Figure 5A is shown as being a separate component to the material reservoir 201, this need not necessarily be the case as the wall of the material reservor 201 could nstead act as the susceptor. In this situation, when an alternating current is passed through the induction coil 103, the whole reservoir 201 around the volatile material 202 would heat up. In this situation, it would be necessary to ensure that a user could not touch the reservoir 201 of the refil 2 whilst volatile material 202 evaporates to ensure that they are not injured.

An alternate design for the refill 2 is shown in Figure SB which uses a wick 203. In this case, the wick is shaped to sit in the bottom of the reservoir 201, and is pre-saturated with volatile material 202. The susceptor 204 is preferably placed within the wick 203. When the susceptor 204 is heated by the nduction coil 103, the volatile material 202 near the susceptor starts to evaporate from the wick 203. As this volatile material evaporates, volatile material 202 located further away from the susceptor 204 diffuses towards it through capillary action in the wick 203.

A third design for the refill 2 s shown in Figure SC which is a hybrd of the designs shown in Figures 5A and SB. In this design, at least a portion of the wick 203 extends above the volatile material 202 in the reservoir 201. As material evaporates from the wick 203, new volatile material enters the wick 203 from the reservoir 201. The new volatle material diffuses towards the susceptor 204 through capillary action in the wick 203 as previously described.

Although only one susceptor 204 is shown in Figures 4A -SC, it could be that more than one susceptor 204 is used.

Exemplary shapes for each susceptor 204 could be a band running down a length of the reservoir 201 and/or the wick 203, or a ring passing around it. Other shapes could also be used depending on how the volatile material 202 in the reservoir 201 is intended to be heated, and depending on where the induction coil 103 is positioned in the devce 1.

It will be appreciated that the designs shown in Figures 4A -5C could be adapted to allow the accommodation of more than one refil 2. For example, extra ports could be provided on the device ito allow the connection of additional refills 2. Each port on the device 1 could be -19-provided with its own induction coil 103 such that the material 202 contained in each refill 2 could be heated independently of the material contained in the other ref Ils 2. Alternatively, all the refills 2 could be selectively heated bya single induction coH 103 located on the device 1, using conventional time switching circuitry. Irrespective of the number of induction coils 103 or number of refills 2 used, the phnciple of operation would be the same as previously described.

Ideally the magentic material for the magnetic susceptor should have a high hysteresis loss so that when t is repeatedly magnetised and demagnetised by an external magnetic field a relafively high proportion of the external field energy is converted into heat. The magnetic properties exhibited by such a magnetic material may be represented by a pot of flux density (B) against magnetic feld strength (H) as shown in figureS. Materials having relatively ow hysteresis losses are typified by the solid hysteresis loop which has a small area whilst materials having relabvely high hysteresis losses are typified by the dotted hysteresis loop which has a high area. The proportion of the external magnetic field energy that is converted into heat by the susceptor for each magnetic cycle is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop corresponding to the particular magnetic material. Accordingly magnetic materials having small area hysteresis loops generate less heat when subjected to a given alternabng magnetic fied and function poorly as susceptor materials. Conversely magnetic materials having large area hysteresis loops generate more heat when subjected to the same alternating magnetic field and function well as susceptor materials. The area of the hysteresis loop of a magnetic material is proportional to its coercivity so that a material having a high coercivity may be particularly suitable for use as a susceptor. Such a material should have a coercivity in the range of 50-1500 ampere per metre (H0).

There san upper range to the coercivity to guard against an excessively high coercivity in order that external aternating magnetic fields may readily bring about the necessary magnetic flux reversals in the material thus preventing fine control of the heating performance via magnetic hysteress. Such materials are known as magnetically sofi materials and are distinguished thereby from the very high coercivty magnetically hard materials which are typically used in permanent magnet applications.

Claims (18)

1. -20 -CLAI MS1. Ar assembly for evaporating a volatile material, the assembly comprising a device and a refill which are detachable from ore another wherein the device comprises a magnetic induction coil configured to operate with an alternating current passed therethrough at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantiaNy 500KHz and one or more volatile flud emanation channels containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium; and wherein the refill comprises at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substanhally 50 ampere/metre (H3) to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (H3) and a substantially liquid-tight sealed reservoir containing the volatile material; wheren, in use, the magnetic susceptor(s) is arranged to heat the materia predominately by magnetic hysteress when the magnetic susceptor(s) is at least partially positioned in the induced magnetic field generated, in use, wher said alternating current is passed through the induction coil.
2. 2. Ar assembly according to claim 1, wherein the one or more volatile fluid emanation channels is provded in the form of one or more chimneys or the like that are open at ore end to receive the evaporated volatile fluid and open at their other end to the environment surrounding the device.
3. 3. Ar assembly according to claim 2, wherein the chimney(s) are rotatable relative to the rest of the devce.
4. 4. Ar assembly according to claim 2, wherein the chimney(s) are provided with ore or more hoes and/or windows arranged to promote airflow into the chimney and out into the envirorment surrounding the device.
5. 5. Ar assembly according to any precedng claim, whereir the alumnium fol is provided as aluminium sheet foil of substantialy 9pm thickness.
6. 6. Ar assembly according to any precedng claim, whereir the deposited aluminium is provided as vacuum metalised deposited to a thickness of substantialy 0.25pm.
7. 7. Ar assembly according to claim 2 or any claim dependent thereon, wherein the aluminium is provided in contact with the inner surface of the or each chimney in order to face the evaporated fiud.

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8. 8. An assembly according to any precedng claim, wherein any secondary eddy current heating is <50% of the heat generated in the magnetic susceptor, and preferably <40% of the heat generated, and more preferably <35% of the heat generated, and most preferably less than <30% of the heat generated.
9. 9. An assembly according to any precedng claim, wherein the magnetic susceptor(s) is made from at least one of the following materials: cast iron (annealed); nickel; nickel-coated steel; cobalt; carbon steel (annealed) % C; constructional steel particularly (0.3% C, 1% Ni) and/or (0.4% C, 3% Ni, 1.5%Cr); cobalt-iron alloy (preferably Permendur 24 (24% Co) and/or Permendur 49(49% Co)); Heusler alloy (61% Cu, 26% Mn, 13% Al); tool steel; powdered iron (preferably set in a resin base or the lke); iron filings (preferably set in a resin base or the like).
10. 10. An assembly according to any precedng claim, wherein the susceptor is made from a material with a stable Curie temperature, preferaby less than 150°C.
11. 11. A device for evaporating a volatile material from a detachable refHl of volatile fluid comprising a reservoir for the volatile material and at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substantially 50 ampere/metre (H0) to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (H0); wherein the device comprises a magnetic induction coil configured to operate with an alternating current passed therethrougb at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantially 500KHz to induce a magnetic field and one or more volatile fluid emanation channels containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium.
12. 12. A device accordng to claim 11, wherein the one or more volatile fluid emanation channels is provided in the form of one or more chimneys or the like that are open at one end to receive the evaporated voatile iluid and open at their other end to the environment surrounding the device.
13. 13. A device accordng to claim 12, wherein the chimney(s) are rotatable relative to the rest of the device.
14. 14. A device accordng to claim 12, wherein the chimney(s) are provided with one or more hoes and/or windows arranged to promote airflow into the chimney and out into the environment surrounding the device.
15. 15. A device accordng to any of claims 11-14, wherein the aluminium foil is provided as aluminium sheet foil of substantialy 9pm thickness.

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16. 16. A device accordng to any of claims 11-15, wherein the deposited aluminium is provided as vacuum metalised deposited to a thickness of substantially O.25pm.
17. 17. A device accordng to claim 12 or any claim dependent thereon, wherein the aluminium is provided in contact with the inner surface of the or each chimney in order to face the evaporated f U id.
18. 18. A method for evaporating a volatile material, comprising the steps of locating a refill comprising a reservoir for the volatile material and at least one magnetic susceptor having a coercivity of substantially 50 ampere/metre (H3) to substantially 1500 ampere/metre (Hc) in a device comprising a magnebc induction coil configured to operate with an aternating current passed therethrougb at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantially 500KHz to induce a magnetic field and one or more volatile fluid emanation channels containing at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium; generating a magnetic field through said induction coil by passing an AC current at a frequency of between substantially 20KHz to substantially 500KHz therethrough; said locating of the refill n the devce being such that the at least one magnefic susceptor is at least partially within the generated magnetic field; and evaporating the volatile material by said at least one magnetic susceptor being heated predominately by magnetic hysteresis induced by the changing magnetic field from the induction coil to evaporate the volatile material and by said at least one piece of aluminium foil and/or deposited aluminium heating to resist condensation of the evaporated fluid withn the device.