GB2486431A - Downscaling graphical data for transmission via USB connection to display control device which upscales it for transmission via VGA connection to display - Google Patents

Downscaling graphical data for transmission via USB connection to display control device which upscales it for transmission via VGA connection to display Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2486431A
GB2486431A GB201021154A GB201021154A GB2486431A GB 2486431 A GB2486431 A GB 2486431A GB 201021154 A GB201021154 A GB 201021154A GB 201021154 A GB201021154 A GB 201021154A GB 2486431 A GB2486431 A GB 2486431A
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Prior art keywords
display
graphical data
scaling
data
control device
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GB201021154A
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GB201021154D0 (en
GB2486431B (en
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Andrew John Fisher
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DisplayLink UK Ltd
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DisplayLink UK Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
    • G09G5/003—Details of a display terminal, the details relating to the control arrangement of the display terminal and to the interfaces thereto
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/14—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
    • G09G5/003—Details of a display terminal, the details relating to the control arrangement of the display terminal and to the interfaces thereto
    • G09G5/006—Details of the interface to the display terminal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2340/00—Aspects of display data processing
    • G09G2340/04—Changes in size, position or resolution of an image
    • G09G2340/0407—Resolution change, inclusive of the use of different resolutions for different screen areas

Abstract

A display system comprises a data processing device 10, a display device 12b and a display control device 22 connected to the data processing device, such as via a USB connection, and to the display device, for example by a VGA connection. The data processing device performs a scaling of graphical data to an integer divisor of a display area dimension of the display device. The scaled graphical data is transmitted to the display control device which performs a second scaling of the received scaled graphical data, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension and transmits the twice scaled graphical data to the display device. The display device receives and displays the twice scaled graphical data. The scaling performed by the data processing device may be non-linear downscaling to reduce the amount of graphical data to below the USB connection bandwidth. The second scaling may be simple linear upscaling.

Description

DESCRIPTION
SCALING OF GRAPHICAL DATA
This invention relates to a display system and to a method of operating the display system.
In desktop computing, it is now common to use more than one display device. Traditionally, a user would have a computer with a single display device attached, but now it is possible to have more than one display device attached to the computer, which increases the usable area for the worker. For example, International Patent Application Publication WO 20071020408 discloses a display system which comprises a plurality of display devices, each displaying respectively an image, a data processing device connected to each is display device and controlling the image displayed by each display device, and a user interface device connected to the data processing device. Connecting multiple display devices to a computer is a proven method for improving productivity.
The connection of an additional display device to a computer presents a number of problems. In general, a computer will be provided with only one video output such as a VGA out connection. One method by which a second display device can be added to a computer is by adding an additional graphics card to the internal components of the computer. The additional graphics card will provide an additional video output which will allow the second display device to be connected to the computer. However, this solution is relatively expensive and is not suitable for many non-technical users of computers.
An alternative method of connecting the second display device is to connect the additional display device to a USB socket on the computer, as all modern computers are provided with multiple USB sockets. This provides a simple connection topology, but requires additional hardware and software to be present, as in general, USB has a bandwidth that makes the provision of a good quality video output a non-trivial task. It is also desirable that any additional hardware between the computer and the display device is kept as simple as possible. This means that when connecting an additional display device using a limited bandwidth technology such as USB, certain complex tasks can be difficult to achieve.
One such complex task is scaling, which is process of converting the display data into the correct display area dimensions, for use by the display device. To minimise the amount of data that is transmitted from the computer, it is preferable for any display data scaling to be performed by a hardware device (a display control device) that is between the computer and the io additional display device. However, it is also desirable to minimise the complexity of tasks that need to be performed by the display control device, in order to keep down the cost of that device and also the potential for delay being introduced into the flow of display data from the computer to the additional display device. A fully flexible scaler is a significant piece of is hardware, requiring design time, silicon area, verification work and time in selecting polynomials for the scaling function.
It is therefore an object of the invention to improve upon the known art.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a display system comprising a data processing device, a display control device and a display device, the display control device connected to and between the data processing device and the display device, wherein the data processing device is arranged to receive graphical data for display by the display device, access display area dimension information, perform a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display area dimension, and transmit the scaled graphical data to the display control device, the display control device is arranged to receive the scaled graphical data, perform a second scaling of the scaled graphical data, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension, and transmit the twice scaled graphical data to the display device, the display device is arranged to receive the twice scaled graphical data, and display the twice scaled graphical data.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a display system, the display system comprising a data processing device, a display control device and a display device, the display control device connected to and between the data processing device and the display device, wherein the method comprises the steps of receiving, at the data processing device, graphical data for display by the display device, accessing display area dimension information, performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display area dimension, transmitting the scaled graphical data to the display control device, receiving the scaled graphical data at the display control device, performing a second scaling of the scaled graphical data, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension, transmitting the twice scaled graphical data to the display device, receiving the twice scaled graphical data at the display device, and displaying the twice scaled is graphical data.
Owing to the invention, it is possible to provide a flexible scaling solution using limited hardware resources. The invention provides a way of achieving flexible scaling whilst minimising the hardware required. Effectively, the scaling operation is split into two parts, with the more complex scaling being handled on the computer and the simpler scaling being handled by the display control device. In this solution, the amount of graphical data being transmitted to the display control device is kept to a minimum, whilst at the same time the hardware demand on the display control device is also minimised. Non-integer scaling is carried out by the processing device, leaving simple integer scaling to be carried out by the display control device. This means that the display control device can have a scaling capability that is limited to linear scaling, but this will be sufficient, as the required scaling will always be an integer scaling.
Since scaling techniques such as bilinear scaling are simple to implement in hardware but result in poor performance for anything other than integer scaling ratios, it is possible to provide a very limited scaling function on the display control device, if any non-integer scaling has been carried out first.
By combining this with graphics capability on the computer, flexible scaling can be achieved. The graphics processing unit on the computer will be expected to handle any fractional part of the scaling requirement. This solution to providing the scaling on the display control device requires the consumption of very little silicon area. A small amount of extra RAM is required on the display control device to hold the previous line during write-back together with a small addition to the control logic.
Preferably, the display control device is arranged, when performing the second scaling of the scaled graphical data, to perform linear scaling of the scaled graphical data. By ensuring that the display control device only has to perform integer scaling, then a simple scaling system such as linear scaling can be used. This reduces the hardware and software requirements of the display control device.
Advantageously, the data processing device is arranged, when accessing the display area dimension information, to query the display control is device for the display resolution of the display device. Information about the display resolution of the display device may be stored by the data processing device, but if not then the processing device can query the display control device for the relevant information. The display resolution is only needed if the graphical data that is to be displayed will use the whole of the display area of the display device. If the graphical data is only to be displayed in a window within the display device, then the display area dimension information will relate to the size (in pixels) of that window. The display area dimension information is the height and width (in pixels) of the ultimate display area being used for the display of the graphical data.
Ideally, the data processing device is arranged, when performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display resolution of the display device, to perform the scaling to maximise the integer divisor. By keeping the integer divisor as large as possible, then the amount of data that has to be transmitted from the data processing device to the display control device is kept to a minimum.
Preferably, the data processing device is arranged, when performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display resolution of the display device, to perform a down-scaling of the graphical data. A further advantage of the splitting of the scaling, is that the first scaling performed on the data processing device can actually be a down-scaling, reducing even further the amount of graphical data that has to be transmitted to the display control device. For example, if the graphical data is currently 600 x 600 pixels and the display area dimension is 1000 x 1000 pixels, then the first scaling could be a down-scaling to 500 x 500 pixels for transmission to the display control device. The display control device than up-scales the received once-scaled graphical data, from 500 x 500 pixels to 1000 x 1000 pixels.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a display system, is Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of components of the display system, Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a scaling operation, Figure 4 is a schematic diagram showing scaling performed by different components of the display system, Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a processing flow in the display system, and Figure 6 is a schematic diagram, similar to Figure 4, of the display system.
A display system is shown in Figure 1. The system comprises a processing device 10, display devices 12 and user interface devices 14. The user interface devices are a keyboard 14a and a mouse 14b. The system shown in Figure 1 is a standard desktop computer, with an additional display device 12b, which is composed of discrete components that are locally located but could equally be a device such as a laptop computer or suitably enabled handheld device such as a mobile phone or pda (personal digital assistant) all using an additional display 12b. Similarly, the system may comprise part of a networked or mainframe computing system, in which case the processing device 10 may be located remotely from the user input devices 14 and the display devices 12, or indeed may have its function distributed amongst separate devices.
The display devices 12 show images 16, and the display of the images 16 is controlled by the processing device 10. One or more applications are running on the processing device 10 and these are represented to the user by corresponding application windows 18, with which the user can interact in a conventional manner. A cursor 20 is shown, and the user can control the movement of the cursor 20 about the images 16 shown on the display device 12 using the computer mouse 14b, again in a totally conventional manner. The user can perform actions with respect to any running application via the user interface device 14 and these actions result in corresponding changes in the images 16, displayed by the display device 12.
The operating system run by the processing device 10 uses virtual is desktops to manage the multiple display devices 12. Each physical display device 12 is represented by a frame buffer that contains everything currently shown on that display device 12. The operating system is configured to arrange these frame buffers into a single virtual desktop. When these frame buffers are arranged in the virtual desktop 22 in the same relative positions in which the physical display devices 12 are relatively placed, then the operating system can draw objects on all the display devices 12 in a natural way. The virtual desktop is a combination of the respective images 1 6a and I 6b being shown by the display devices 12. If the user moves the mouse 14a such that the cursor 20 moves right off the edge of one display device 12a, then the cursor 20 appears on the left of the display device 1 2b to the right. Similarly a window 18 spread across several display devices 12 appears properly lined up between the display devices 12.
More detail of the connection of the secondary display device I 2b to the processing device 10 is shown in Figure 2. The processing device 10 connects to the secondary display device 12b via a display control device 22. The display control device 22 is connected to the processing device 10 via a standard USB connection, and appears to the processing device as a USB connected device. Any communications between the processing device 10 and the display control device 22 are carried out under the control of a USB driver within the data processing device 10, specifically for the display control device 22. Such devices 22 allow the connection of the secondary display device 12b to the processing device 10 without the need for any hardware changes to the processing device 10.
The display control device 22 connects to the display device 12b via a standard VGA connection, and the display device 12b is a conventional display device 12 which requires no adjustment to operate in the display system shown in Figure 2. As far as the display device 12b is concerned, it could be connected directly to the graphics card of a processing device, it is unaware that the graphical data displayed by the display device 12b has actually been first sent via a USB connection to an intermediate component, the display control device 22. Multiple additional display devices 12 can be is connected to the processing device 10 in this way, as long as suitable USB slots are available on the processing device 10.
The display control device 22 is external to the processing device 10 and is not a graphics card. It is a dedicated piece of hardware that receives graphical data via the USB connection from the processing device 10 and transforms that graphics data into a VGA format that will be understood by the display device 12b. In topological terms USB and VGA are only examples of data standards that can be used to connect the additional display device 12b to the processing device 10. The general principle is that a general-purpose data network (such as USB or Ethernet) connects the processing device 10 to the display control device 22 and a display-specific data standard (such as VGA or DV1) is used on the connection from the display control device 22 to the display device 1 2b.
As mentioned above, in relation to an arrangement as shown in Figure 2, the operation of a scaling function on graphical data can create problems for the software and hardware that are providing the additional display functionality. The concept of scaling is illustrated in Figure 3. A display buffer 24 contains pixel data for sixteen pixels in a 4x4 array, while the ultimate image 18 that is to be displayed by the display device 12b is at a resolution of 8x8. It will be appreciated that the number of pixels and the display resolution in the example of Figure 3 is very low and is used solely to illustrate the principle of scaling.
The scaling that takes place in Figure 3 is of the integer type, in that the resolution of the image 18 is an integer multiple of the number of pixels in the display buffer 24, taken either in one dimension or two. In order to scale the graphical data within the buffer 24 up to the resolution of the image 18, additional pixel data has to be created for the additional pixels in the image 18.
There are numerous ways in which this can be carried out, but in general, the simplest method is to fill in the gaps in those rows that already contain real pixel data and then fill in the empty rows.
For example, the pixel in the image that lies in row A between pixels Al and A2 will be calculated as the median value between the pixel data for those is pixels Al and A2. If the pixel data is in the RGB format, then this may well involve the calculation of a three-dimensional vector in RGB space, to arrive at a median value. The remaining pixels in the A row are then calculated in this way, followed by the empty pixels in the B, C and D rows. The intermediate empty rows of pixel data are then calculated. The median values of the pixel data for pixels Al and Bl is used to calculate the pixel data for the first pixel in the row between rows A and B. The remaining pixels are then calculated in the same way.
To overcome the problems identified in the prior art display systems, the display system of the present invention splits the scaling of the graphical data into two separate operations. This is illustrated in Figure 4. The display control device 22 is configured so that it can perform integer scaling on any graphical data that it receives. The hardware and firmware within the display control device 22 have the capability to take received graphical data and perform integer scaling on that data to provide an image 18 that matches the display area dimension of the display device 12b (whether the full resolution of the display device 1 2b is being used or not). Scaling, as described above with reference to Figure 3, is performed by the display control device 22.
However, it will often be the case that non-integer scaling of the original graphical data is required. This will be the case when the desired final resolution is not an integer multiple of the pixel array size within the display buffer 24. Referring back to the example of Figure 3, if the resolution of the final image 18 was 10x10 then the decision about pixel values for the unknown pixels in the image 18 is a non-trivial task, when starting from a 4x4 block of pixels in the display buffer 24. This requires complex processing of the graphical data to produce an image 18 that will look acceptable to the end viewer of the image 18 on the display device 1 2b.
io The display system of Figure 4 is configured so that the non-integer scaling of the graphical data is carried out by the data processing device 10.
This has the advantage that much greater hardware and software resources are available on the data processing device 10. Most modern graphics cards are provided with specific hardware areas for performing non-integer scaling.
is However, the scaling performed on the processing device 10 does not take the graphical data up to the display area dimension of the display device 12b. The scaled graphical data is transmitted to the display control device 22, where further integer scaling is performed to bring the graphical data up to the required display area dimension, before being transmitted to the display device 12b.
Figure 5 shows the stages of processing of graphical data 26. Firstly, the data processing device 10 is arranged to receive the graphical data 26 for display by the display device 12. The processing device 10 then accesses the display area dimension information of the display device 12, which will be stored locally on the processing device 10 and performs a scaling of the graphical data 26, thereby scaling the graphical data 26 to an integer divisor of the display area dimension, and then transmits the scaled graphical data 26 to the display control device 22. By not scaling the graphical data all the way up to the desired dimension, the amount of bandwidth required between the processing device 10 and the display control device 22 is reduced.
At the second stage, the display control device 22 is arranged to receive the scaled graphical data 26 and perform a second scaling of the scaled graphical data 26, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension, and transmits the twice scaled graphical data 26 to the display device 12. The display control device 22 only performs integer scaling on the graphical data 26, as the processing device 10 has already ensured that the graphical data 26 can be integer scaled up to the resolution of the display device 12. This integer scaling may be in both of the x and y directions, or may be in only one dimension. For example, the correct number of rows in the graphical data 26 may already be present, and the display control device 22 is simply doubling the number of columns. In such a scenario, the amount of graphical data to be transmitted from the processing device 10 to the display control device 22 has been halved, with only a simple processing operation required on the display control device 22.
At the final stage, the display device 12 is arranged to receive the twice scaled graphical data 26, and to display the twice scaled graphical data 26. In is this way, the scaling load is shared between the processing device 10 and the display control device 22. This reduces the bandwidth requirement on the connection from the processing device 10 to the display control device 22, while ensuring that the scaling requirement of the display control device 22 is not particularly onerous. This means that a simple scaling function can be included within the display control device 22 without increasing the complexity and cost of that component. Existing scaling capability present within the processing device 10 are utilised for the complex non-linear scaling operations.
The scaling of the graphical data that occurs in the display control device 22 brings the graphical data up to the correct display resolution. This may be the resolution of the entire display device 12, but may also be smaller than the full size of the screen of the display device 12. This is illustrated in Figure 6, where the user is watching a DVD in the window 18b on the display device 12b. The data processing device 10 has a DVD drive and is playing the DVD that is currently in the DVD drive. The user has full control over whether the DVD that is being played by the data processing device 10 should be shown on the entire screen or just in a smaller window.
In this example, the user has created a window 18b for showing the outputted DVD. The display area dimension of the window 18b is available from the operating system for the application (the software DVD player) that is using the window 18b. DVD has a native resolution (720 x 480) and this is not likely to be the same pixel size as the usable display area of the window I 8b.
For this reason scaling of the graphical data generated by the DVD player has to performed to generate a usable series of images that can displayed to the user in the window 1 8b. As discussed above, this scaling is split in two.
The data processing device 10 must therefore scale the DVD output io (which may be to down-scale the graphical data) so that the graphical data is now an integer divisor of the display area dimension. This is then sent over the USB connection to the display control device 22, which will then perform the simple integer up-scaling of the received graphical data so that the final resolution matches that of the display area of the window 18b. The twice is scaled graphical data is then transmitted to the display device 12b, for the display of the image in the window 18b. In this way, the two part scaling of the original DVD output is performed.

Claims (10)

  1. CLAIMS1. A display system comprising a data processing device, a display control device and a display device, the display control device connected to and between the data processing device and the display device, wherein: o the data processing device is arranged to: § receive graphical data for display by the display device, § access display area dimension information, § perform a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the io graphical data to an integer divisor of the display area dimension, and § transmit the scaled graphical data to the display control device, o the display control device is arranged to: § receive the scaled graphical data, § perform a second scaling of the scaled graphical data, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension, and § transmit the twice scaled graphical data to the display device, o the display device is arranged to: § receive the twice scaled graphical data, and § display the twice scaled graphical data.
  2. 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the display control device is arranged, when performing the second scaling of the scaled graphical data, to perform linear scaling of the scaled graphical data.
  3. 3. A system according to claim I or 2, wherein the data processing device is arranged, when accessing the display area dimension information, to query the display control device for the display resolution of the display device.
  4. 4. A system according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the data processing device is arranged, when performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display resolution of the display device, to perform the scaling to maxim se the integer divisor.
  5. 5. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the data processing device is arranged, when performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display io resolution of the display device, to perform a down-scaling of the graphical data.
  6. 6. A method of operating a display system, the display system comprising a data processing device, a display control device and a display is device, the display control device connected to and between the data processing device and the display device, wherein the method comprises the steps of: o receiving, at the data processing device, graphical data for display by the display device, o accessing display area dimension information, o performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display area dimension, o transmitting the scaled graphical data to the display control device, o receiving the scaled graphical data at the display control device, o performing a second scaling of the scaled graphical data, thereby scaling the scaled graphical data to the display area dimension, o transmitting the twice scaled graphical data to the display device, o receiving the twice scaled graphical data at the display device, and o displaying the twice scaled graphical data.
  7. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the step of performing the second scaling of the scaled graphical data comprises performing linear scaling of the scaled graphical data.
  8. 8. A method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the step of accessing display are dimension information comprises querying the display control device for the display resolution of the display device.
  9. 9. A method according to claim 6, 7 or 8, wherein the step of io performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display resolution of the display device comprises performing the scaling to maximise the integer divisor.
  10. 10. A method according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the step is of performing a scaling of the graphical data, thereby scaling the graphical data to an integer divisor of the display resolution of the display device comprises performing a down-scaling of the graphical data.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11150857B2 (en) 2017-02-08 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Antenna control for mobile device communication
US11153604B2 (en) 2017-11-21 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Image compression for digital reality
US11151749B2 (en) 2016-06-17 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd. Image compression method and apparatus
US11553187B2 (en) 2017-11-21 2023-01-10 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Frequency component selection for image compression

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US20040117538A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-17 Pei-Chung Liu USB-to-VGA converter
WO2008029188A1 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Nokia Corporation Mobile terminal device, dongle and external display device having an enhanced video display interface
GB2447185A (en) * 2005-12-14 2008-09-03 Lenovo Displaying system and method
US20100231611A1 (en) * 2009-03-10 2010-09-16 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Image processing apparatus and image processing method thereof

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040117538A1 (en) * 2002-12-11 2004-06-17 Pei-Chung Liu USB-to-VGA converter
GB2447185A (en) * 2005-12-14 2008-09-03 Lenovo Displaying system and method
WO2008029188A1 (en) * 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Nokia Corporation Mobile terminal device, dongle and external display device having an enhanced video display interface
US20100231611A1 (en) * 2009-03-10 2010-09-16 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Image processing apparatus and image processing method thereof

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11151749B2 (en) 2016-06-17 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd. Image compression method and apparatus
US11150857B2 (en) 2017-02-08 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Antenna control for mobile device communication
US11429337B2 (en) 2017-02-08 2022-08-30 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Displaying content to users in a multiplayer venue
US11153604B2 (en) 2017-11-21 2021-10-19 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Image compression for digital reality
US11553187B2 (en) 2017-11-21 2023-01-10 Immersive Robotics Pty Ltd Frequency component selection for image compression

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