GB2462368A - Adjustment of quiescent cathode current in a thermionic valve audio amplifier - Google Patents

Abstract

A digital controller 101 adjusts the grid bias voltage of a valve 102 until the cathode current measured by the sense resistor 106 becomes equal to a set value. Adjustment is performed only when the controller detects that there is no audio signal present on the sensing node 107. As quiet intervals often exist between audio tracks, the amplifier can thus be adjusted regularly when in use. The controller maintains amplifier performance despite rapid valve ageing caused by the overdrive which is often used to achieve desirable distortion. Valve gain is measured when the amplifier is turned on, and an alert is raised if this measured gain is too low, so that the valve can be replaced. The amplifier may be of push-pull type. The controller may be retro-fitted to an existing amplifier.

Description

CONTROLLING THE PERFORMANCE OF A THERMIONIC

VALVE

The present invention relates to a method of controlling the performance of a thermionic valve having a cathode, an anode and a grid. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for controlling the performance of a thermionic valve when amplifying an audio signal and to an audio signal amplifier.

Despite advances in solid state technology for the amplification of audio signals, specialist markets continue to exist for the deployment of thermionic devices, in which amplification is achieved by controlling the flow of electrons in an evacuated valve. Such devices are usually referred to as thermionic valves or thermionic valves which will be referred to herein as thermionic valves.

Thermionic valves are used in high quality audio amplifiers in which to obtain optimum performance, a triode thermionic valve may be arranged to operate in a class A configuration, in which a bias signal is applied such that a single valve may be responsive to both the positive and negative half cycles of an incoming audio signal. An optimum level of bias may be selected during the manufacture of the amplifier and again this bias signal may be adjusted periodically. However, it is known that thermionic valves degrade through operation therefore after a period of use, although being perfectly functional, degradation may have occurred such that a previous optimum bias level may have become less than optimum for the current operational characteristics of the valve. Thus, in order to maintain optimum performance, it would be preferable for the bias level to be adjusted on a regular basis throughout the lifetime of the valve. However, currently, such an approach would be unrealistic except for very high quality professional applications.

It is also known for thermionic valves to be used in amplification systems for musical instruments and in particular for electric guitars, including electric base guitars. Some amplifiers of this type operate in class A mode but the majority operate in class B, in which one valve handles the positive half cycle and a co-operating valve deals with the negative half cycle of the input audio signal. To improve linearity it is also known to operate in class A/B mode, thereby obtaining a compromise between the linearity of class A and the power saving characteristics of class B. It has become standard practice in guitar amplifiers for the valves to be overdriven well beyond there recommended operating conditions, in which the resulting distortion is embraced as enhancing the overall musical effect; the amplification system effectively becoming part of the instrument. A consequence of driving thermionic valves to their limits in guitar amplifiers is that the valves themselves rapidly become degraded and when not actually being played, it would be desirable for measures to be taken to ensure that the valves are not unnecessary forced to work when an output signal is not required. However, presently, except for placing a guitar amplifier in a standby condition, which usually removes the high tension (HT) supply to the valves, no systems exist for monitoring the performance of the valves and adapting a working environment, so as to enhance their performance characteristics while at the same time limiting unnecessary damage.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling the performance of a thermionic valve having a cathode, an anode (or plate) and a grid that is configured to provide amplification of an audio derived signal, including the application of a grid bias voltage to the grid.

The method comprises the steps of detecting the absence of an input audio signal and, in the absence of an input audio signal, measuring output current between a cathode and an anode of the valve to identify an actual output current value, comparing said actual output current value against a preferred output current value and adjusting a grid bias voltage so as to bring said actual output current value towards said preferred output current value.

Thus, in this way, the performance of the valve may be monitored continually during periods when no audio signal is present so as to obtain an optimum level of current flow by adjusting the bias voltage.

The invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: Figure 1 shows a device for controlling the performance of the thermionic valve; Figure 2 details the control device identified in Figure 1; Figure 3 details the input circuit identified in Figure 2; Figure 4 details the output circuit identified in Figure 2; Figure 5 shows procedures implemented within the processing device identified in Figure 2; Figure 6 details pre-operational activities identified in Figure 5; Figure 7 details operational activities identified in Figure 5; Figure 8 details procedures for biasing a valve, identified in Figure 7; Figure 9 details procedures for measuring cathode current, identified in Figure 8; Figure 10 details procedures for adjusting grid bias, identified in Figure 8; Figure II shows a control device in the form of a module attached to a circuit board; and Figure 12 shows the control device housed in an acrylic valve for application in guitar amplifiers.

Figure 1 A device 101 for controlling the performance of a thermionic valve (or tube) 102 when amplifying an audio signal is shown in Figure 1. The thermionic valve 102 has a cathode 103 a plate (or anode) 104 and a grid 105 for receiving a grid bias voltage 101 and an audio input signal 106.

The valve is also provided with a heating device, as is well known in the art, that heats the cathode 103 to make electrons available that are attracted to the high positive voltage applied to the anode.

The grid 105 placed in the electron flow close to the cathode, forces some electrons back towards the cathode when a bias voltage is applied. Thus it is possible to control current flow for a given voltage by making the grid more or less negative. With the grid made very negative the valve is completely turned off and with no bias applied to the grid, the valve becomes fully turned on.

The application of audio signal 106 to a control grid modulates the flow of electrons but if a signal goes positive, it is not possible to make more electrons flow. Thus it is necessary to apply a bias which makes the grid negative by say 10 volts. Thus, the valve is deliberately throttled back so that it is now possible to apply an alternating signal ranging between minus 5 volts and plus 5 volts.

A resistor is placed in series with the anode such that the current flow will produce a varying voltage at the anode much bigger than that applied to the control grid. Thus, an input signal varying between minus 5 volts and plus 5 volts may amplify to minus 100 volts and plus 100 volts which in turn represents the gain of the valve.

Triode valves of the type illustrated in Figure 1 are considered to give the least amount of audio distortion but compared to other configurations there gain is relatively low. Thus, as is known in the art, in some applications tetrode valves or pentode valves may be deployed in order to mitigate the effect of Miller capacitance.

In order to power a loudspeaker, an additional power valve is provided, used for high-power but having a relatively lower voltage gain. A stereo amplifier may typically include four valves, with two valves being deployed for each stereo channel.

Valves have a high impedance so it is necessary to provide a transformer within the amplifier, in the anode circuit, allowing a loudspeaker to be matched to the amplification circuit.

It is also known, particularly in guitar amplifiers, to use valves in a push-pull configuration also referred to as class B operation. One transformer is used with a centre tap and an earlier stage splits an incoming audio signal into two half cycles by means of a phase splitter. Thus, each valve amplifies half of the signal with typically two valves being provided for the amplification of half cycle. Thus, a guitar amplifier may typically include four valves (with more if a higher power output is required) but arranged in a different configuration to that of a typical stereo amplifier.

Class B operation allows the valves to cool down and in practice this configuration may operate at higher power levels. The two portions of the output signal are then combined by means of an impedance matching transformer. However, a problem may exist with this configuration in that if the valves become unmatched, a degree of distortion will be introduced.

It is known that valves start to degrade after a relatively short period of time, particularly when compared to solid state devices. Manufacturers produce valves in matched pairs and even in quartets or octets for high-power amp'ifiers but this process increases the overall cost of the valves significantly.

Furthermore, after typically 100 hours of use they will tend to degrade by differing amounts and will therefore no longer be matched. Consequently, in order to maintain optimum performance it is known for the valves to be replaced at regular intervals. It is also known for valves to be re-biased but again this requires manual intervention on the part of a skilled technician.

Although it is known to control bias, it is typical for the same bias signal to be supplied to all of the valves, thus the bias level may be adjusted but only once. Consequently, such an approach does not provide any compensation for valves degrading by differing extents.

As a valve ages, it is known to reduce bias voltage because as the valve gets older, electron emission from the cathode 103 diminishes. However, if the bias is reduced too much, this may result in too much current flowing through the valve which, although not immediately apparent to the user, will result in the valve operating outside its optimum range and will result in further degradation.

The control device 101 of a preferred embodiment seeks to identify a preferred current flow and then maintain this for the operational life of each valve. Thus, any valve 102 controlled by the control device 101 would be biased to obtain these optimised conditions and with a plurality of valves provided within an amplifier, each valve is individually biased.

In the embodiment of Figure 1, a low value resistor 106 of typically one ohm is introduced into the cathode circuit and a voltage is tapped off which is dependent upon the current passing through the valve. This voltage is supplied to the control device 101 so that the control device is in a position to determine the level of the actual current flowing through each valve 102. A grid bias voltage is then generated to provide a voltage to each individual grid which is in turn the voltage required to maintain the current at a constant optimum level.

Thus, the control device 101 is configured to ensure that whenever possible, the valve 102 is operating at a preferred level of current when no audio signal 107 is present.

With valves operating in the class B push-pull mode, it is possible to improve the balance between co-operating valves so as to minimise the presence of standing DC current in the output transformer. This minimises heat dissipation within the transformer and also reduces audio distortion.

Lines 107 and 108 for measuring cathode current (by measuring the voltage drop across resistor 106) supply DC levels to the control device 101 and they also supply an alternating signal when an audio signal 106 is present.

It is possible for such a signal to be detected which in turn provides an indication to the control device 101 that an audio signal is present. This is desirable because the control device is configured to make adjustments when no audio signal is present and for the adjustment routines to be inhibited when an audio signal is detected. However processing and balancing operations performed by the control device only require relatively short periods of no audio signal being present therefore it is possible for the controlling operations to be effected even between audio tracks in the hi-fl amplifier implementation.

Figure 2 Control device 101 is detailed in Figure 2. The control device 101 includes a programmable microprocessor/micro controller for processing digital signals in response to program control. In a preferred embodiment, the processing device 201 may be implemented as a plc (peripheral interface controller) processor, being provided with a plurality of input ports, a plurality of output ports and internal non-volatile storage. Thus, data may be stored within the processing device by the provision of electrically erasable programmable read only memory (E2PROM).

In preferred embodiments, the control E2PROM device 101 is implemented as a module which may be included in an amplifier design (detailed in Figure 11) or retrofitted to existing amplifier systems, as detailed in Figure 12. A preferred module is capable of controlling four thermionic valve devices, although the procedures performed for each of these valves are entirely independent and therefore the number of valves controlled may vary significantly. However, many amplifier designs do include four valves and for amplifiers containing more than four valves an appropriate number of control devices may be provided. Again, each of these devices acts independently and there is no requirement to provide a master/slave configuration for example, in the preferred embodiment.

Input voltages, representing cathode currents, for each of the four valves present within the amplifier design are supplied to respective inputs 202, 203, 204 and 205. Each input is supplied to an input port of the processing device 201 via a respective amplifying and buffering circuit 206, 207, 208 and 209. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, analog signals are supplied to the processing device 201 and analog to digital conversion is performed under program control.

Input circuit 206 also supplies its respective input signal to an audio frequency detection circuit 210. Thus, when the circuit 210 detects the presence of an audio signal, a disabling signal is supplied to the processing device 201 which disables performance control, possibly by the implementation of an interrupt routine, Input circuit 207 is detailed in Figure 3.

Output lines 212, 213, 214 and 215 provide control voltages to each respective valve being controlled. Output ports from the processing device 201 supply digital control signals to output circuits 216, 217, 218 and 219 and digital to analog conversion devices are provided within the output circuits in order to maintain stability and reduce noise. Output circuit 217 is detailed in Figure 4.

Figure 3 Input circuit 207 is shown in Figure 3, connected to a cathode current measuring resistor 106. In a preferred embodiment, one volt appears across resistor 106 for each amp that is conducted. Preferably, the control device 101 is configured to measure cathode currents up to 250mA.

A non-inverting amplifier 301 produces a gain of 20 in the preferred embodiment thus a maximum cathode current will produce an output voltage on output line 302 of 5V. This is supplied to a ten bit analog to digital converter that forms part of the processing device 201. Thus, for the available voltage range of 0 to 5V, internal numbers are produced over a one thousand and twenty-four level range.

Current flow to the non-inverting amplifier 301 is controlled via an input resistor 303 and a protection diode 304 protects the processing device 202 should a very high cathode current be present. The non-inverting amplifier 301 (an operational amplifier) has a high input impedance so it does not play any part in terms of the loading of the signal.

Input circuit 206 also provides an AC coupled input to detection device 210. A capacitor within circuit 210 isolates the AC signal from the DC level and feeds this to an analog to digital converter within the processing device 201. If there is no AC signal present, 2.5 volts will appear across a potential divider and a steady DC level will be present on the input. However, if any alternating current is present, a variation in the signal is produced. Processing device 201 stores the input value produced by detector 210 and compares this upon each execution loop, If consecutive measured levels are different, the processing device 201 assumes that an audio signal is present and bias control is inhibited.

Figure 4 Output circuit 217 is detailed in Figure 4. A digital output from the processing device 201 is supplied to a digital to analog converter 401 which in turn producers an analog voltage that is supplied to a non-inverting buffering amplifier 402. An output from buffering amplifier 402 is supplied to output line 213 via a (PNP) bipolar transistor 403.

Figure 5 Procedures implemented within the processing device 201 are shown in Figure 5. Under these procedures, the processing device 201 implements a method of controlling the performance of a thermionic valve having a cathode 103, an anodel04 and a grid 105 that is configured to provide amplification of an audio derived signal and includes the application of a grid bias voltage to the grid 105.

Circuit 210 is provided to detect the absence of an input audio signal and in the absence of this audio signal, output current is measured between cathode 103 and anode 104 to identify an actual output current value, preferably determined by measuring the voltage drop across series resistor 106. The control device 101 compares the actual output current value against a preferred output value and adjusts the grid bias voltage so as to bring the actual output current value towards the preferred output current value.

In step 501 the processing device 201 performs pre-operational activities that include initiating the processing device to set up operating conditions that includes initiating registers, inputs and outputs. It also resets all flags and enables interrupts. These pre-operational activities are detailed in Figure 6.

In step 502 a question is asked as to whether a fault condition has been identified. A fault condition exists when the cathode current flow is extremely high (beyond normal operation) and such a condition will have been identified when the amplifier was previously used. Thus, the control device 101 stores the fault condition in non-volatile memory such that on returning power to the amplifier after a period of non-use, the fault condition will remain and further damage to the amplifier is avoided. The detection of theses fault conditions is detailed in Figure 8.

Having detected a fault condition at step 502, a response is made to the fault. In a first embodiment, this response may effectively involve shutting down the amplifier and raising an alert to the effect that technical intervention is required. However, in a more sophisticated embodiment, it is possible for the amplification valves to be provided in banks such that a plurality of valves are operating in parallel for each side of the positive or negative halve cycle. Under these situations, a single faulty valve could be identified and disconnected from its HT supply, possibly using field effect transistors. Furthermore, when operating in the class B push-pull configuration, if one valve is disabled in this way, its partner on the co-operating halve cycle is also disabled so as to maintain balance within the amplifier. In a further enhanced embodiment, it would also be possible to apply additional drive to the remaining valves thereby compensating for the overall loss of power. Furthermore, a user would be alerted to the modified form of operation allowing the user (possibly a stage guitarist) to make repairs at a later date while being able to maintain a performance.

If the question asked at step 502 is answered in the negative, to the effect that a fault does not exist, a question is asked at step 504 as to whether the amplifier has been placed in a standby condition. Some amplifiers, such as guitar amplifiers, provide a switch allowing a user to select a standby condition which in turn removes the HT supply from the valves. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the standby condition is identified by the cathode current being very low, as detailed in Figure 8. Thus, on detecting a standby condition by a standby flag being set, the control device 101 is placed in a similar condition so as to avoid inappropriate bias control. If the question asked at step 504 is answered with a negative to the effect that the amplifier is not in a standby condition (and having previously identified the amplifier as not being in a fault condition), operational activities are initiated at steps 506.

Figure 6 Pre-operational activities 501 are detailed in Figure 6. At step 601 the processing device 201 is initialised and initial conditions are set.

Digital to analog converters 401 are initially set to zero so as to give a maximum negative grid bias to all of the valves. Thus, initially, all of the valves are heavily turned off. The grid bias is forced to a maximum negative voltage with respect to the cathode, with the cathode being at ground potential. In a preferred embodiment, the grid is driven to minus 50 volts, thereby making it substantially more negative than the cathode and therby prohibiting the conduction of any current through the valve.

At step 602 the valves are allowed to warm-up. Registers are incremented by unity each half second followed by a statement to the effect that if greater than variable "warn-up" then set warm-up flag. After warm-up, the warm-up flag is cleared and the warm-up procedure is not performed again. In this way, the valves are allowed to warm-up, the HT supply is then applied and the grid bias voltage is ramped up from its heavily off position to an operational condition.

At step 603 gain is measured for each of the valves within the amplifier.

In a preferred embodiment, when a new valve has been inserted within the amplifier, the new value of gain (that is to say the transconductance calculated by dividing output current by input voltage) is written to storage. Each time the amplifier is switched on, the present gain is compared against the stored value of gain to determine the value of valve degradation. If suddenly the gain provided by the valve increases dramatically from the previously stored value this indicates that a new valve has been inserted and the process is reset.

Thus, by this mechanism it is not necessary to inform the control device 101 that a valve replacement has taken place.

In, the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 6, a question is asked at step 604 as to whether a new valve is present and if answered in the affirmative, new gain values are stored at step 605. Alternatively if the question asked at step 604 is answered in the negative, a question is asked at step 606 as to whether the gain is very low. If this is question is answered in the affirmative, an alert is raised at step 607 to the effect that the valve has degraded substantially and that a replacement may be required.

In order to determine the gain of the valve, the valve is driven to two or more known anode current values which in turn removes effects due to changing high tension voltages. The degree of bias voltage required in order to achieve these currents is determined thereby allowing calculations to be made with respect to the differences. In a typical example, a fresh valve may require an output value of one thousand two hundred to give 3OmA of cathode current.

However, after a period of time, due to degradation, it may require an output value of three thousand to obtain the same level of cathode current. It should therefore be appreciated that in a preferred embodiment valve degradation is determined by considering differences over a period of time given that the preferred system does not have a mechanism for the direct measurement of grid voltages.

Figure 7 Operational activities 506 are detailed in Figure 7. At step 701 a question is asked as to whether an audio signal is present. If an audio signal is present, it is not possible to perform control procedures, however it is necessary to apply an appropriate grid bias in order to effect appropriate amplification of the incoming audio signal. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to rely on pre-stored values so that these pre-stored values may be deployed until an opportunity is identified for performing measurements when no audio signal is present.

If the question asked at step 701 is answered in the affirmative, to the effect that audio is present, a question is asked at 702 as to whether previously written values for bias voltage control are considered to be valid.

In the preferred embodiment, when no input audio has been detected for a substantial period of time, such as, for example, two minutes, the control device 101 enters an alternative mode of operation, the full details of which will be depend upon options chosen during the commissioning stages. Part of these alternative procedures include writing the present control values for the output grid, that is the output values produced by the processing device 201, to non-volatile storage. Furthermore, given that it is possible for the processor to be interrupted during this process, a flag or similar is modified at the start of the write process and then returned to its original condition at this end of the process. Thus, if interrupted, the re-establishment of the value will be incorrect and any subsequent reading operation will identify the stored values as being invalid.

Thus, at step 702 a question is asked as to whether the values written to non-volatile storage are considered to be valid and when answered in the negative alternative pre-stored values are read at steps 704. These pre-stored values are hard-coded within the processing device 201 and represent values of grid voltage that may be considered safe under all operating conditions.

Thus, in most situations, the safe values of grid voltage will not result in optimum operation but optimum operation will be restored after the biasing procedures have been implemented by the processing device 201.

If the written values are considered to be valid, resulting in the question asked at 702 being answered in the affirmative, the written values are read at step 703. This will produce a better result than reading the pre-stored values at steps 704 but again the values will be updated when it is possible for the control device to perform the biasing operations.

In addition to storing values for grid bias voltage, the alternative procedures performed after detecting the absence of audio for a long period of time, may also include modifying the operation of the amplifier itself such as by forcing the amplifier into a standby condition for example. Thus, under these conditions, it is not necessary for an operative to manually select the standby condition given that the standby condition will be effected automatically due to the long absence of an audio signal. Subsequently, upon detection of an audio signal an interrupt will result in HT power being returned to the amplifier, again avoiding the necessity for the user to re-establish normal power levels.

For guitar amplifiers, more sophisticated operations may be effected during the alternative procedures. In some situations, it is known for the perceived quality of the amplifier to improve after being worked due to the input of an audio signal. Although such process may result in the valves being described has "hot", experiments have shown that this preferred mode of operation may actually result in the temperature of the valves decreasing.

Consequently, during the standby mode, it may be preferable to adjust grid bias voltage so as to reduce the operational temperatures of the valves and thereby maintain their condition in this preferred "hot" state.

Before entering the alternative procedures and as illustrated in Figure 7, in response to the question asked at step 701 being answered in the negative, to the effect that audio is not present, biasing procedures are performed upon valve 1 at step 705. Similar procedures are performed on valve 2 at step 706 and so on until biasing procedures are performed upon valve n at step 707. In a preferred embodiment, n is equal to four therefore the biasing procedures will be repeated four times within each control device 101. Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment, each biasing procedure is completely independent thereby allowing multiple control devices to be included within a single amplification system.

Figure 8 Procedures 705 for the biasing of valve 1 are detailed in Figure 8. It should also be appreciated that the procedures detailed in Figure 8 are substantially similar for process 706 and process 707.

At step 801 cathode current is measured by measuring the voltage drop across resistor 106 as previously described. The measurement of current is preferably repeated many times, as detailed in Figure 9.

At step 802 a question is asked as to whether the measured current is larger than a value stored representing a fault. If answered in the affirmative, a fault condition is identified and the fault flag is set at step 803. In a preferred embodiment, the procedures shown in Figure 8 are performed in response to an interrupt and the flag set at step 803 is then acted upon when returning to a main routine as illustration in of Figure 5. In response to the fault flag being set at step 803, no further action is performed and a response is made to the fault at step 503.

If the question asked at step 802 is answered in the negative, a question is asked at step 804 as to whether the measured current is smaller than the pre-stored value representing a standby condition. Thus, if the measured current value is very small it is assumed that the amplifier has been placed in a standby condition and the standby flag is set at step 805. Again, further procedures may be implemented elsewhere, such as entering an alternative mode of operation as previously described.

If the question asked at step 804 is answered in the negative, to the effect that the amplifier has not been placed in a standby mode, a question is asked at step 806 as to whether biasing operations have been performed recently. This assessment is made in response to the value of a timer, set at step 808. Thus, the procedures shown in Figure 7 will be performed many times, given the processing capabilities of the processing device 201.

However, it is not necessary to continue making adjustments to the bias voltage therefore for many iterations the biasing procedures will be bypassed until an appropriate value, determined by the timer, as been reached. Current continues to be measured however in order to identify fault conditions in particular and in this embodiment to identify standby conditions.

If the question asked at step 806 is answered in the negative, to the effect that a biasing process has not been performed recently, bias adjustments are made at step 807 whereafter at step 808 the timer is reset such that biasing adjustments are not made on the next interrupt call.

Figure 9 Procedures 801 for measuring cathode current are detailed Figure 9. At step 901 the next current value is read by measuring the voltage across resistor 106, as previously described. The value read at step 901 is supplied to an accumulator at step 902 and a question is asked at step 903 as to whether x values have been read. In a preferred embodiment, x is set to 128 therefore 128 values are read before the question asked at step 903 is answered in the affirmative.

After reading 128 values, the accumulated value is divided by x (i.e. by 128 in a preferred embodiment) to give an average value for the cathode current that may be considered very accurate and stable through the averaging process.

Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the measuring step measures the output current many times to produce a plurality of output measurements and then averages said plurality of output measurements to produce an actual output current value.

Figure 10 In a preferred embodiment, measuring, comparing and adjusting are performed repeatedly until the actual current value is considered to be close enough to the preferred current value. In particular, in the preferred embodiment, the adjusting step adjusts the grid bias voltage by an amount that is related to the size of the difference between the actual output current value and the preferred output current value.

Procedures 807 for adjusting grid bias are detailed in Figure 10. At step 1001 a question is asked as to whether the current is considered to be very high and if answered in the affirmative, a large bias increment is made at step 1002. Thus, if the cathode current is high, the bias current is incremented negatively in order to reduce cathode current.

If the question asked at step 1001 is answered in the negative, to the effect that the current is not very high a question is asked at step 1003 as to whether the current is considered to be high. On this occasion, when answered in the affirmative, a small bias increment is made at step 1004. Thus again, the bias level is increased negatively but on this occasion by a smaller amount. Similar procedures are performed if the current is considered to be low, in response to questions asked at step 1001 and 1003 being answered in the negative, a question is asked at step 1005 as to whether the current is considered to be very low. On this occasion, when answered in the affirmative, a large bias decrement is made at step 1006. Thus, the negative grid voltage is reduced by a substantial amount. However, if the question asked at step 1005 is answered in the negative a question is asked at step 1007 as to whether the current is considered to be low. Thus, when answered in the affirmative at step 1007, the current is low but not very low. Thus, a small bias decrement is made at step 1008.

In this preferred embodiment, a distinction is made between a very large difference and a modest difference although in alternative embodiments further divisions may be included. In addition, the actual amounts that are considered to be very high or very low are subject to implementation. In a preferred embodiment, the current value is considered to be very high if its converted value produces a figure that is greater than the reference value by increments. Under such circumstances, the input for the digital to analog converter for controlling grid bias is adjusted by 9 increments so as to increase the negative grid bias by a relatively large amount.

Consequently, a high current (as distinct from a very high current) is identified if the measured difference is less than 15 steps. Under these circumstances the grid bias is incremented by a single unit. Thus, eventually, the measured current will reach what is considered to be an optimum value.

In the preferred embodiment, similar figures are adopted for very low current as distinct from a low current. Thus, if the current is considered to be low by 15 increments or more, the bias is reduced by 9 increments.

Alternatively, if cathode current produces a result which is less than 15 steps away from its optimum value, further adjustments are only made by 1 increment.

Figure 11 In a preferred embodiment, control device 101 is implemented as a module 1101 that may be attached to a circuit board 1102 of an amplifier. The module 1101 has a housing for attachment to a circuit board 1102 and includes power terminals 1103 for connection to a power supply. At least one input terminal receives a representation of actual output current between a cathode and an anode of a valve being controlled. In a preferred embodiment, as previously described, four such input terminals are provided.

At least one output (preferably four) is provided for supplying a grid bias voltage to a valve being controlled. In the example shown in Figure 11, amplifying valves 1104, 1105, 1106 and 1107 are provided. A detection device 210 detects the absence of an audio signal. The processing device 201 compares the representation of actual output current against a preferred output current value and adjusts the grid bias voltage so as to bring the actual output current value towards the preferred output current when no audio input signal is present.

In a preferred embodiment, the input terminal receives the representation of actual output current via a series resistor 106 and a buffering amplifier 301. Preferably, the processing device includes non-volatile storage for storing preferred cathode currents and calculated grid bias voltages.

The embodiment of Figure 11 includes four valves and the control device 1101 is configured to control the performance of each of these valves independently.

In the embodiment shown in Figure 11, the module 1101 is designed to be incorporated in the overall design for an audio amplifier. This results in the implementation of an audio signal amplifier that has one or more input terminals for receiving one or more audio frequency input signals and one or more output terminals for supplying one or more amplified output signals via one or more output transformers. In the embodiment of Figure 11, the audio amplifier is a high fidelity stereo amplifier in which a stereo input signal is received from an audio signal source 1108. The audio input signal is amplified to produce output signals that are supplied to a left loudspeaker 1109 and to a right loudspeaker 1110.

Each of the plurality (preferably four) of the thermionic valves has a cathode, an anode and a grid in which the flow of current between the cathode and the anode is controlled by an input voltage applied to the grid and a bias voltage applied to the grid. The performance control device 1101 monitors cathode currents when there is no audio input signal present and adjusts the grid bias voltages so as to adjust cathode the current flowing through each of the thermionic valves.

In the embodiment shown in Figure 11, four thermionic valves are present. A first valve 1104 and a second valve 1105 amplify a first channel of a stereo pair. A third valve 1106 and a fourth valve 1107 amplify a second channel of the stereo pair. The performance control device 1101 adjusts the grid bias voltages so as to minimise harmonic distortion.

Figure 12 An alternative amplifier design is illustrated in Figure 12, used primarily for the amplification of audio signals produced by electric instruments, such as electric guitars and electric bass guitars. In the amplifier of Figure 12, four thermionic valves 1201, 1202, 1203 and 1204 are present. The thermionic valves are divided into a first set 1201 and 1202, and a second set 1203 and 1204 configured to operate in a push-pull (class B or class NB) configuration.

The performance control device may be substantially similar to device 1101 and may be incorporated as part of the amplification design. However, in the embodiment of Figure 12, the performance control device has been retro-fitted to an existing amplifier circuit and is enclosed within a black acrylic valve 1205 looking substantially similar to existing valves within the amplifier. Within acrylic valve 1205, the electronic devices are mounted on a circuit board 1206 and an LED 1207 is provided which is configured to flash when indicating a fault condition or the requirement to replace a valve.

In the embodiment of Figure 12, an arrangement of pins 1208 is provided extending from the acrylic valve which has an appearance substantially similar to that of the existing valves but in a preferred embodiment it is not compatible with the existing valves so as to prevent inadvertent insertion into an incorrect socket.

In a preferred embodiment, wires extend from the housing that are attached to a respective interface device 1209, 1210, 1211 or 1212. Each interface device is arranged to be inserted into an existing socket attached to a circuit board 1213. Insertion of the interface device is made after the respective valve has been removed, whereafter the thermionic valve is re-inserted into the interface device.

Wires extending from the control device 1205 include first wires for current measurement, second wires for supplying grid voltages and third wires for receiving power from valve heater terminals. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, it is not necessary to provide additional power supplies for the control device, given that heaters within the valves (tubes) require a standard voltage source.

As previously stated, in a preferred embodiment, the housing has an appearance that is substantially similar to a thermionic valve. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the housing houses a transformer for transforming the received valve heater voltage to provide all voltages required by the control device.

In a preferred embodiment, an input device 1214, implemented as a row of switches, extends from the housing 1205 to facilitate the inputting of control data for different valve types. Thus, in this embodiment, it is possible for valves 1201 to 1204 to be replaced by alternative valve types given that appropriate modifications may be entered via the input device 1214 so as to achieve optimised operation that may be different from the initial design.

An audio input signal is received from an electric guitar or similar audio source via an input socket 1215. Similarly, amplified output is supplied to one or more loudspeakers 1216. In a guitar amplifier of the type shown in Figure 12, it is likely that the valves will be driven hard in order to produce a preferred distorted tone. It is appreciated that such use reduces valve life but it would be undesirable to modify the operation of the amplifier when actually amplifying an input signal, as this may change the desired tonal characteristics and would therefore be considered unacceptable to most guitar players. In particular, if any measures are taken to modify the operation of valves used in this way, it is likely that the amplifier will be considered similar to a solid state amplifier.

Consequently, in one embodiment of the guitar amplifier, no measures are taken to adjust the use of the device when amplifying except for optimising the grid bias voltage. However it is possible to make modifications to amplifier operation when the amplifier is not actually amplifying an audio signal, so as to prolong valve life.

Although class B operation is considered desirable in terms of being more efficient and particularly so when no input signal is being received, it is also appreciated that some guitarist prefer class A operation and guitar amplifiers exist which operate in this way. In an alternative embodiment, given that the system relies upon identifying the presence or absence of an audio signal, the grid bias voltages may be adjusted so as to force the amplifier into class A operation when an input signal is being received whereafter, upon detecting the absence of an audio signal, the grid bias is rapidly negatively increased so as to force the amplifier back into the class B mode of operation.

Furthermore, grid bias levels may be adjusted when no audio signal has been identified so as to minimise valve damage, minimise heat dissipation or maintain amplification characteristics.

Claims (20)

1. Claims 1. A method of controlling the performance of a thermionic valve having a cathode, an anode and a grid that is configured to provide amplification of an audio derived signal including the application of a grid bias voltage to said grid, comprising the steps of: detecting the absence of an input audio signal; and, in the absence of an input audio signal: measuring output current between a cathode and an anode of the valve to identify an actual output current value; comparing said actual output current value against a preferred output current value; and adjusting a grid bias voltage so as to bring said actual output current value towards said preferred output current value.
2. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said measuring step comprises the steps of: measuring said output current many times to produce a plurality of output measurements; and averaging said plurality of output measurements to produce said actual output current value.
3. 3. A method according to claim I or claimm2, wherein said measuring step, said comparing step and said adjusting step are performed iteratively until the actual current value is considered to be close enough to said preferred current value.
4. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said adjusting step adjusts the grid bias voltage by an amount that is related to the size of the difference between the actual output current value and the preferred output current value.
5. 5. A method according to any of claims I to 4, wherein said detecting step further comprises the steps of: ascertaining whether an audio signal has been absent for more than a predetermined quiet period and, in response to ascertaining that no audio signal has been present for longer than said predetermined quiet period; storing a representation of the present grid bias voltage to produce a stored grid bias value; modifying the grid bias voltage so as to change the performance of the thermionic valve from a preferred valve performance to a modified valve performance; and, upon the detection of an audio signal: reading said stored grid bias value; and applying said stored grid bias value so as to re-engage said preferred valve performance.
6. 6. A method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein said measuring step also includes the steps of: considering said actual output current value against a predetermined maximum value; identifying a fault condition if said actual output current value is considered greater than said predetermined maximum value; and responding to said fault condition identified by said identifying step.
7. 7. A method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein steps for controlling performance are temporarily displaced by steps for monitoring valve integrity, said monitoring method comprising the steps of: assessing the gain provided by a new valve; storing the value representing the gain of a valve when new; and upon each application of power, comparing the current gain of the valve against the previously stored value.
8. 8. Apparatus for controlling the performance of a thermionic valve when amplifying an audio signal, in which each thermionic valve has a cathode, a plate and a grid for receiving a grid bias voltage and, in use, said thermionic valves are attached to a circuit board within an audio amplifier comprising: a housing for attachment to a circuit board; power terminals for connection to a power supply; at least one input terminal for receiving a representation of actual output current between a cathode and a plate of a valve being controlled; at least one output terminal for supplying a grid bias voltage to said valve being controlled; a detection device for detecting the absence of an audio signal; and a processing device for comparing said representation of actual output current against a preferred output current value and adjusting the grid bias voltage so as to bring the actual output current towards the preferred output current when no audio input signal is present.
9. 9. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said input terminal receives said representation of actual output current via a series resistor and a buffering amplifier.
10. 10. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said processing device includes non-volatile storage for storing preferred cathode currents and calculated grid bias voltages.
11. 11. Apparatus according to claim 8, configured to control the performance of a plurality of thermionic valves, in which said processing device is configured to compare a plurality of representations of actual output currents.
12. 12. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein wires extend from said housing that are attached to an interface device, wherein said interface device is arranged to be inserted into an existing socket for the thermionic valve and said thermionic valve is then inserted into the interface device.
13. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said wires include first wires for current measurement, second wires for supplying grid voltages and third wires for receiving power from valve heater terminals.
14. 14. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said housing has an appearance substantially similar to a thermionic valve and houses a transformer for transforming a received valve heater voltage.
15. 15. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein an input device extends from said housing to allow the inputting of control data for different valve types.
16. 16. An audio signal amplifier, comprising: one or more input terminals for receiving one or more audio frequency input signals; one or more output terminals for supplying one or more amplified output signals via one or more output transformers; a plurality of thermionic valves, each having a cathode, a plate and a grid, in which the flow of current between said cathode and said plate is controlled by an input voltage applied to said grid and a bias voltage applied to said grid; and a performance control device for monitoring cathode currents when there is no audio input signal present and adjusting said grid bias voltages so as to adjust cathode current flowing through each thermionic valve.
17. 17. An amplifier according to claim 16, comprising four thermionic valves, in which: a first valve and a second valve amplify a first channel of a stereo pair; a third valve and a fourth valve amplify a second channel of a stereo pair; and said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltages so as to minimise harmonic distortion.
18. 18. An amplifier according to claim 16, wherein: said plurality of thermionic valves are divided into a first set of valves and a second set of valves configured to operate in a push-pull configuration; and said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltage to encourage a degree of harmonic distortion.
19. 19. An amplifier according to claim 18, wherein said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltage to encourage class A type operation when an input signal is detected and class B type operation when no audio is present.
20. 20. An amplifier according to claim 18, wherein said performance control device adjusts the grid bias voltage when no audio input signal has been detected for a predetermined period of time, so as to avoid valve damage, minimise heat dissipation or maintain amplification characteristics.Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows Claims 1. A method of controlling the performance of a thermionic valve having a cathode, an anode and a grid that is configured to provide amplification of an audio derived signal including the application of a grid bias voltage to said grid, comprising the steps of: detecting the absence of an input audio signal; and, in the absence of an input audio signal: measuring output current between a cathode and an anode of the valve to identify an actual output current value; comparing said actual output current value against a preferred output current value; and adjusting a grid bias voltage so as to bring said actual output current value towards said preferred output current value.2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said measuring step comprises the steps of: * ,. : measuring said output current many times to produce a plurality of S...output measurements; and averaging said plurality of output measurements to produce said actual output current value.S* .* ..* S * 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said measuring step, said comparing step and said adjusting step are performed iteratively until the actual current value is considered to be close enough to said preferred current value.4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said adjusting step the grid bias voltage by an amount that is related to the size of the difference between the actual output current value and the preferred output current value.5. A method according to any of claims I to 4, wherein said detecting step further comprises the steps of: ascertaining whether an audio signal has been absent for more than a predetermined quiet period and, in response to ascertaining that no audio signal has been present for longer than said predetermined quiet period; storing a representation of the present grid bias voltage to produce a stored grid bias value; modifying the grid bias voltage so as to change the performance of the thermionic valve from a preferred valve performance to a modified valve performance; and, upon the detection of an audio signal: reading said stored grid bias value; and applying said stored grid bias value so as to re-engage said preferred valve performance.6. A method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein said measuring step also includes the steps of: considering said actual output current value against a predetermined maximum value; identifying a fault condition if said actual output current value is considered greater than said predetermined maximum value; and responding to said fault condition identified by said identifying step.7. A method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein steps for controlling performance are temporarily displaced by steps for monitoring valve integrity, said monitoring method comprising the steps of: valve integrity, said monitoring method comprising the steps of: assessing the gain provided by a new valve; storing the value representing the gain of a valve when new; and upon each application of power, comparing the current gain of the valve against the previously stored value.8. Apparatus for controlling the performance of one or more thermionic valves when amplifying an audio signal, in which each thermionic valve has a cathode, a plate and a grid for receiving a grid bias voltage and, in use, said thermionic valves are attached to a circuit board within an audio amplifier comprising: a housing for attachment to a circuit board; power terminals for connection to a power supply; at least one input terminal for receiving a representation of actual output current between a cathode and a plate of a valve being controlled; at least one output terminal for supplying a grid bias voltage to said valve being controlled; a detection device for detecting the absence of an audio signal; and a processing device for comparing said representation of actual output current against a preferred output current value and adjusting the grid bias SS S..voltage so as to bring the actual output current towards the preferred output current when no audio input signal is present.9. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said input terminal receives said representation of actual output current via a series resistor and a buffering amplifier.10. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said processing device includes non-volatile storage for storing preferred cathode currents and calculated grid bias voltages.11. Apparatus according to claim 8, configured to control the performance of a plurality of thermionic valves, in which said processing device is configured to compare a plurality of representations of actual output currents.12. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein wires extend from said housing that are attached to an interface device, wherein said interface device is arranged to be inserted into an existing socket for the thermionic valve and said thermionic valve is then inserted into the interface device.13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said wires include first wires for current measurement, second wires for supplying grid voltages and third wires for receiving power from valve heater terminals. s.. * �S ** * S...14. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said housing has an *. appearance substantially similar to a thermionic valve and houses a *...4 20 transformer for transforming a received valve heater voltage.I.....15. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein an input device extends from said housing to allow the inputting of control data for different valve types.16. An audio signal amplifier, comprising: one or more input terminals for receiving one or more audio frequency input signals; one or more output terminals for supplying one or more amplified output signals via one or more output transformers; a plurality of thermionic valves, each having a cathode, a plate and a grid, in which the flow of current between said cathode and said plate is controlled by an input voltage applied to said grid and a bias voltage applied to said grid; and a performance control device that: detects the absence of an input audio signal; monitors cathode currents through each thermionic valve; and adjusts said grid bias voltages so as to adjust cathode current flow through each thermionic valve in response to said monitoring.17. An amplifier according to claim 16, comprising four thermionic valves, in which: a first valve and a second valve amplify a first channel of a stereo pair; .. : a third valve and a fourth valve amplify a second channel of a stereo pair; and said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltages so as to minimise harmonic distortion.18. An amplifier according to claim 16, wherein: said plurality of thermionic valves are divided into a first set of valves and a second set of valves configured to operate in a push-pull configuration; and said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltages to encourage a degree of harmonic distortion.19. An amplifier according to claim 18, wherein said performance control device adjusts said grid bias voltages to encourage class A type operation when an input signal is detected and class B type operation when no audio is present.20. An amplifier according to claim 18, wherein said performance control device adjusts the grid bias voltages when no audio input signal has been detected for a predetermined period of time, so as to avoid valve damage, minimise heat dissipation or maintain amplification characteristics. * ..* * * * a. S * .*. * . *.SS 5 * SS * *.S*5SS*S * SS*.,*S. * aSS S * S S S 55