GB2453734A

GB2453734A - Method and apparatus for cooling a superconductive joint

Info

Publication number: GB2453734A
Application number: GB0720166A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Neil John Belton; Simon James Calvert; Raymund Hornsby; Marcel Jan Marie Kruip
Original assignee: Siemens Magnet Technology Ltd
Current assignee: Siemens Magnet Technology Ltd
Priority date: 2007-10-16
Filing date: 2007-10-16
Publication date: 2009-04-22
Anticipated expiration: 2027-10-16
Also published as: GB2453734B; JP2009099988A; JP5247342B2; US20090101325A1; CN101414742B; CN101414742A; GB0720166D0; US8253024B2

Abstract

A method and apparatus for cooling a superconductive joint while providing voltage isolation, comprises a receptacle 10 housing the joint embedded or potted in a jointing material (70, fig.5) within the receptacle, where the receptacle is attached to a cooled surface 20 by interposition of an electrically isolating layer 30. The receptacle may be in the form of a cup or tube made from a thermally conductive material such as brass or copper. Preferably, the cooled surface comprises a cylindrical cavity (72, fig.4), where a tubular receptacle may be located. The receptacle may be attached to the cooled surface by an adhesive 32 which forms the electrically isolating layer. Preferably, the cooled surface is in the form of a holder device for holding a number of receptacles. The holder device may be attached to a cooling means 40 such as a cryogenically cooled magnet. The holder device may be made from a thermally conductive material such as aluminium. A hydrocarbon grease 52 may be applied between the holder device and the cooling means for enhancing the thermal contact at a thermal interface 50.

Description

METHOD FOR COOLING SUPERCONDUCTIVE JOINTS

This invention relates to methods of cooling joints between superconductive cables such as used, for example, in magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. Such joints arc typically made by exposing the superconductive filaments within a superconducting cable, cleaning the filaments then braiding them together and infusing them with a superconductive alloy such as a Lead-Bismuth alloy PbBi. Typically, the joint is placed in a metallic cup which is filled with the PbBi alloy, to form the superconducting joint. Such action may be termed "potting" the joint. For such joints to remain superconducting, they must remain cooled to below the critical temperature of the filaments and the jointing alloy PbBi.

When used with conventional, bath-cooled magnet systems, 1 5 maintenance of the required low operational temperature is straightforward, since the joints are immersed in boiling liquid helium and thus maintained at about 42 Kelvin. However, in other systems where the magnets are cooled by conduction, it is significantly more difficult to ensure that the joints do not assume temperatures higher than the critical temperature of the superconducting cables, as the joints cannot be immersed in a liquid helium bath or contained within a cold helium gas atmosphere. Furthermore, the joints are subjected to extremely high electrical voltages to ground, in the order of 5kV, during quench events. It is accordingly necessary to provide an arrangement which will enable effective conduction cooling of the joints, yet provide adequate voltage isolation of the joints from other parts of the system.

The present invention seeks to address the aforementioned difficulties and, accordingly, the invention provides methods and apparatus as defined in the appended claims.

In order that the invention may he clearly understood and readily carried into effect, certain embodiments thereof will flOW be described, by way of examples only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: Figure 1 shows, in an exploded cross-section, components of a joint cooling assembly produced by a method according to one embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 shows, again in side elevation, an intermediate stage in setting up some of the components of Figure 1; Figure:3 shows, in perspective, a joint cooling assembly produced by a method according to an embodiment of the invention as illustrated in Figure 1; Figure 4 shows, in perspective, a joint cooling assembly produced by a method according to another embodiment of the invention; Figure 5 shows a cross-section through part of the joint cooling assembly shown in Fig. 4, along the line V-V; Figure 6 shows, in cross-section, a joint produced by a method according to another embodiment of the invention; and Figure 7 shows a detailed out-away view of a joint cooling assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 1 shows an example embodiment of the present invention.

In this embodiment, the superconducting joint is formed and housed within a receptacle 10, which in this embodiment is a cup-like receptacle formed of thermally conductive material, for example brass or copper.

The cup-like receptacle has a base 12, a sidewall 14, and an opening 16.

Such cup-like receptacles are known in themselves, and are used to accommodate superconducting joints in conventional, bath-cooled magnet systems. In such arrangements, maintenance of the required low operational temperature is straightforward, since the joints are immersed in boiling liquid helium and thus maintained at about 4*2 Kelvin.

However, in other systems where the magnets are cooled by conduction, it is significantly more difficult to ensure that the joints do not assume temperatures higher than the critical temperature of the superconducting cables. Furthermore, the joints are subjected to extremely high electrical voltages to ground, in the order of 5kv, during quench events. It is accordingly necessary to provide an arrangement which will enable conduction cooling of the joints, yet provide adequate voltage isolation of the joints from other parts of the system. It will thus be appreciated that, with a conduction-cooled magnet system, it is necessary to take appropriate steps to ensure that joints are well cooled (i.e. they are maintained below 6 Kelvin and preferably nearer 4 Kelvin) and robustly insulated against electrical breakdown at high voltages.

Accordingly, this embodiment of the invention utilises a cup-like receptacle 10, made of a thermally conductive material such as brass or copper, and whose base 12 is attached to a cooled surface 20 by interposition of an electrically isolating layer 30. In order to provide the required cooling and electrical isolation, the material of electrically isolating layer 30 is chosen to exhibit desired degrees of thermal conductance and electrical impedance. It may be preferable to provide a well 22 in the cooled surface, to accommodate the material of the electrically isolating layer 30. The cooled surface 20 may be in the form of a holder device, made of a thermally conductive material such as aluminium. In such an embodiment, the cup-like receptacle 10 is attached to the holder device by interposition of the electrically isolating layer 30, and the holder device is then attached to a cooling means 40, such as a cryogenically cooled magnet. The joint is thereby maintained in operation at a temperature below the critical temperature of the superconducting cables, such as 6 Kelvin or less. The superconducting Joint may be made and potted into the cup-like receptacle 10 either before or after it is attached to the cooled surface 20.

In one embodiment, holder device 20 is attached to the cooling means 40 by any suitable mechanical fixing means, such as one or more of the following: screw(s), bolt(s), rivet(s), dip(s) or clamp(s). Further, a medium 52 capable of enhancing thermal contact across the thermal interface 50 between the holder device 20 and the cooling means 40, is applied therebetween. The medium 52 conveniently comprises a layer of a hydrocarbon grease. Suitable greases are available commercially from Apiezon Products, M&I Materials Ltd, Hibernia Way, Trafford Park, GB-Manchester M32 OZD, under the Registered Trade Mark "APEZION" (see http:llwww.apiezon.com/greasetable.htm). This grease is produced by molecular distillation and exhibits, among other attributes, good thermal stability.

In a particular embodiment, the electrically isolating layer 3() is formed of a resinous adhesive 32; suitably that known commercially as "Stycast Resin 2850FT", with a "Type 9" catalyst both available from Emerson & Cuming, 46 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821 USA. "Stycast Resin 2850FT", utilised with a "Type 9" catalyst has a thermal conductivity of 1.25W/mK and a dielectric strength of 14.4kV/mm, which are considered suitable values of thermal conductivity and dielectric strength for USC as the electrically isolating layer 3() in the present invention. In a typical installation, all component areas which are to be bonded should have their surfaces prepared to a required regime, e.g. by bead blasting, prior to final cleaning.

The electrically isolating layer 30 preferably provides bonding between the base 12 of the cup-like receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20. In other embodiments, a separate electrically isolating layer may be provided, bonded to the receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20 by other means. In a typical installalion, a desired degree of electrical isolation between the cup-like receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20 is assured by utilising a sufficient amount of the adhesive 32 to establish a predetermined thickness of the electrically isolating layer 30. A typical requirement for electrical insulation is to isolate a potential difference of at least 5kV between the cup-like receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20.

Fig. 2 illustrates a certain arrangement for ensuring that the electrically isolating layer 3() is provided to the desired thickness. A method, according to one embodiment of the invention, for assembling a structure as illustrated in Figs 1 and 3, will now be descrthed with reference to Fig. 2. A required amount of adhesive 32, in this case Stycast resin 2850FT and Catalyst 9, to give an electrically isolating layer 3() of a desired thickness is prepared and the cup-like receptacle 10 is positioned into a gap-setting fixture 60, any holes in the receptacle 10 may be temporarily blocked if desired, using modelling clay or some other convenient agency. The gap-setting fixture 60 may be made of po]ytetrafluoroethylene PTFE. It is preferably generally top-hat shaped, and dimensioned such that the cup-like receptacle 10 is retained by an interference fit at a predetermined height above a lower edge 62 of the fixture. An upper lip 64 may be provided, and the receptacle 10 retained in abutting relation to said lip. The upper surface 66 of the fixture may be substantially open, as illustrated.

The required amount of adhesive 32 is placed on the cooled surface 20, in the well 22 if provided. The gap-setting fixture 6() carlying the receptacle 10 is then placed over the adhesive, such that the receptacle 10 is held at a predetermined height above the cooled surface 20, thereby defining an electrically isolating layer 30 of thickness equal to the predetermined height. Any excess adhesive 32 is removed at this stage, and the adhesive 30 is allowed to set and dry. Typically this setting and drying stage takes 8 to 10 hours. Alternatively, the receptacle 10 may be adjustably positionable within the gap-setting fixture 60 to enable elecirically isolating layers:30 of differing thicknesses to be provided.

Next, the gap-setting fixture 60 is removed from the receptade 10, which is now firmly bonded to the cooled surface 20.

In embodiments where the cooled surface 20 is a holder device the holder device 20 is then attached, for example by screws, to the cooling means 40, which may be a cryogenically cooled surface; a layer 52 of hydrocarbon grease being preferably provided at the thermal interface 50 between the holder device 20 and the cooling means 40 for the purposes described above.

Fig. 3 illustrates a completed structure, having three cup-like receptacles 10 bonded to a holder device 20 by an adhesive 32. One receptacle is shown housing a joint comprising a plurality of superconducting cables 68 joined together and embedded within a jointing material 70 such as PbBi alloy.

Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 5 shows a partial section through the structure of Fig. 4, along the line V-V.

Features common with the embodiment of Figs. 1 and 3 carry corresponding reference labels. In the embodiment of Fig. 4, the receptacles 10 are of tubular form, having sidewall 14 and opening 16.

The tubular receptacle may have a base 12, although this could be absent As with the embodiment of Figs. I and 3, the superconducting joint between superconducting cables 68 is potted in a jointing material 70 such as PbBi alloy within the receptacle. The cooled surface 20 comprises a cylindrical cavity 72, into which the tubular receptacle 10 is introduced.

Again, an electrically isolating layer 3() is provided between the receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20, to provide the required degree of electrical isolation while maintaining sufficient thermal conductivity. In such embodiments, the thickness of the electrically isolating layer 3() is defined by the difference between the outer diameter of the tubular receptacle 10 and the inner diameter of the cylindrical cavity 72. During assembly, a required quantity of adhesive 32 is introduced between the outer surface of the tubular receptacle 10 and the inner surface of the cylindrical cavity 72, and the receptacle 10 is held concentrically within the cavity 72 by any appropriate conventional method, such as by wrapping a spacer material, such as glassfibre cloth, around the receptacle or using a mechanical 1 5 fixture. Such operation may be easier to achieve if the superconductive joints are potted into the receptacle 10 after the electrically isolating layer 3() is formed. Such embodiments may offer improved thermal performance as the electrical isolating layer 3() may have a larger surface area. Through holes 73 may be provided to enable screws or the like to pass therethrough, in order to mechanically retain the holder device 20 in thermal contact with a cooling means 40. As more clearly illustrated in Fig.5, the cylindrical cavity 72 may be provided with chamfered ends 75.

In the absence of such a chamfer, a right-angled corner would be present at the ends of the cavity 72. This would result in an intense peak in electric field intensity at the corner. With a voltage of' up to 5kV between the receptacle 10 and the holder device 20, there is a risk of electrical breakdown through the material of the electrically isolating layer 30, or across the surface of the electrical isolating layer, between the receptacle and the holder device 20. By providing chamfered ends, the right-angled corner is removed, which reduces the peak electric field strength.

The thickness of the electrical isolating layer at the ends of the cavity 72 is increased. Both of these effects reduce the risk of electrical breakdown through the material of the electrical isolating layer 30, or across the surface of the electrical isolating layer, between the receptacle 10 and the holder device 20.

Figure 6 shows an example of a further series of embodiments, in which the cooled surface 20 is not a holder device, but is an integral part of the cooling arrangement. In the particular example shown in Fig. 6, the cooled surface 20 is part of a liquid cryogen vessel 80. The cup-like receptacles 10 of this particular embodiment are bonded to the wall of the cryogen vessel 80 by an electrically isolating layer 30. Similar embodiments using receptacles and cavities as illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 may also be provided, wherein cavities are provided in integral parts of the 1 5 cooling arrangement, for example, walls of liquid cryogen vessels, magnet formers and the like. Such embodiments offer improved thermal performance, as the thermal impedance represented by the thermal interface 50 of the embodiments of Figs, 1 and 3 is avoided.

Fig. 7 shows a detailed cutaway view of a certain preferred embodiment of the present invention. Features corresponding to features of other drawings carry corresponding reference numerals. In the illustrated embodiment, cup-like receptacle 10 is placed in a well 22 formed in the surface of a holder device 20, which is preferably of aluminium or copper. Other thermally conductive materials may be used if desired. The receptacle 10 is typically of brass or copper but, again, other thermally conductive materials may be used if desired. In arrangements such as shown in Fig.7, the thermal conductivity of the receptacle may be less important if the joint and its jointing material are in thermal contact with the electrically isolating layer 30. The well 22 may be formed with a chamfered upper edge 80. In the absence of such a chamfer, a right-angled corner would he present at the upper edge of the well 22.

This would result in an intense peak in electric field intensity at the corner.

With a voltage of up to 5kV between the receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20, there is a risk of electrical breakdown through the material of the electrically isolating layer 30, or across the surface of the electrical isolating layer, between the receptacle 10 and the cooled surface 20. By providing chamfered ends, the right-angled corner is removed, which reduces the peak electric field strength. The thickness of the electrical isolating layer at the upper edge of the well 22 is increased. Both of these effects reduce the risk of electrical breakdown through the material of the electrical isolating layer 30, or across the surface of the electrical isolating layer, between the receptacle 10 and the holder device 20. As illustrated, the receptacle 10 may include one or more holes 74 in its sidewall 14. In particular, the receptacle may include a hole 76 in its base. It may be preferred to allow some adhesive:32 to penetrate through the hole 76 in the base 12 of the receptacle 10. This may assist in the mechanical retention of the receptacle, and improve the thermal path from the receptacle 10 to the cooled surface 20. If such an arrangement is chosen, the superconducting joint should preferably be potted into the receptacle after it has been bonded to the cooled surface. As illustrated, the cooled surface 20 is a holder device, which is attached to a cooling means 40 by a thermal interface 50. In a preferred embodiment, the thermal interface is improved by the interposition of a layer of "APEZION" grease 52 between the holder device 20 and the cooling means 40, as described above.

Mechanical connection of the holder device to the cooling means is provided by a through bolt 78 screwed into a threaded hole in the cooling means. -10-

Although certain embodiments of the invention have been described herein with some particularity, in order to faci]itatc the understanding thereof, it is not intended that the scope of the claims of this application be interpreted as limited to the particular embodiments.

Claims

Claims: 1. A method of cooling a superconductive joint while providing voltage isolation thereof, comprising the steps of: a) providing a receptade (10) to receive said joint; b) attaching the receptacle to a cooled surface (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (32); and c) embedding said joint in a jointing material (70) within said receptade.
2. A method according to claim I wherein the receptacle is of cup-like form, having a base (12), a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its base.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the receptacle is of tubular form, having a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its sidewall.
4. A method according to daim 3 wherein said cooled surface comprises a cylindrical cavity (72), into which the tubular receptacle is introduced, said electrically isolating layer being interposed between the sidewall of the tubular receptacle and a wall of the cylindrical cavity.
5. A method according to any preceding claim 1, wherein step (b) comprises attaching the receptacle to said cooled surface by an adhesive (32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer (30).

6. A method according to claim 5, wherein a desired degree of electrical insulation is assured by utilising a sufficient amount of adhesive (32) to establish a predetermined thickness of the said electrically isolating layer (:3W.

7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step (h) of attaching said receptacle to a cooled surface comprises the sub-steps of: -attaching the receptacle to a holder device (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (30); -attaching said holder device to a cooling means (40).

8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the receptacle is attached to said holder device by an adhesive (:32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein a desired degree of electrical insulation is assured by utilising a sufficient amount of adhesive to establish a predetermined thickness of the said electrically isolating layer.

10. A method according to any of claims 7-9, wherein the holder device (20) is formed of a metal.

11. A method according claim 10, wherein the holder device is fabricated from, or includes a substantial part of, aluminium.

12. A method according to any of claims 7-1 1, including applying, between the holder device (20) and the cooling means (40), a medium (52) for enhancing thermal contact therebetween.

-13 - 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said medium (52) comprises a hydrocarbon grease.

14. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the receptacle is formed of a thermally conductive material.

15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the thermally conductive material is brass or copper.

16. A method of cooling a superconducting joint, substantially as herein described with reference to and/or as shown in the accompanying drawings.

17. An arrangement for cooling a superconductive joint while providing voltage isolation thereof, comprising a receptacle (10) housing said joint embedded in a jointing material (70) within said receptacle; said receptacle being attached to a cooled surface (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (30).

18. An arrangement according to claim 17 wherein the receptacle is of cup-like form, having a base (12), a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its base.

19. An arrangement according to claim 17 wherein the receptacle is of tubular form, having a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its sidewall.

-14 - 2(). An arrangement according to claim 19 wherein said cooled surface comprises a cylindrical cavity (72), wherein the tubular receptacle is located, said electrically isolating layer being interposed between the sidewall of the tubular receptacle and a wall of the cylindrical cavity.

21. An arrangement according to any of claims 17-20, wherein the receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by an adhesive (32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer (30).

22. An arrangement according to claim 21, wherein said electrically isolating layer is provided to a predetermined thickness.

23. An arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the receptacle is attached to a holder device (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (30); and said holder device is attached to a cooling means (40).

24. An arrangement according to claim 23, wherein the receptacle is attached to said holder device by an adhesive, said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer.

25. An arrangement according to claim 24, wherein said electrically isolating layer is provided to a predetermined thickness.

26. An arrangement according to any of claims 23-25, wherein the holder device (20) is formed of a metal.

27. An arrangement according claim 26, wherein the holder device is fabricated from, or includes a substantial part of, aluminium.

28. An arrangemeni according to any of claims 23-27, including a S medium (52) for enhancing thermal contact applied, between the holder device and the cooling means.

29. An arrangement according to claim 28, wherein said medium (52) comprises a hydrocarbon grease.

:30. An arrangement according to any preceding claim, wherein the receptacle is formed of a thermally conductive material.

31. An arrangement according to claim 14, wherein the thermally conductive material is brass or copper.

:32. An arrangement for cooling a superconducting joint, substantially as herein described with reference to and/or as shown in the accompanying drawings.

Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows 1. A method of cooling a superconductive joint while providing voltage isolation thereof, comprising the steps of: a) providing a receptacle (10) to receive said joint; b) attaching the receptacle to a cooled surface (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (32); and c) embedding said joint in a jointing material (70) within said receptacle.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the receptacle is of cup-like form, having a base (12), a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its base.

3. A method according to claim I wherein the receptacle is of tabular form, having a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said * joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its sidewall. * S

4. A method according to claim 3 wherein said cooled surface :. comprises a cylindrical cavity (72), into which the tubular receptacle is introduced, said electrically isolating layer being interposed between the S...

*15s sidewall of the tubular receptacle and a wall of the cylindrical cavity. S....

* * 25 5. A method according to any preceding claim wherein step (b) comprises attaching the receptacle to said cooled surface by an adhesive (32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer (30).
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein a desired degree of electrical insulation is assured by utilising a sufficient amount of adhesive (32) to establish a predetermined thickness of the said electrically isolating layer (30).
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step (b) of attaching said receptacle to a cooled surface comprises the sub-steps of: -attaching the receptacle to a holder device (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (30); -attaching said holder device to a cooling means (40).
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the receptacle is attached to said holder device by an adhesive (32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein a desired degree of electrical insulation is assured by utilising a sufficient amount of adhesive to establish a predetermined thickness of the said electrically isolating layer.
10. A method according to any of claims 7-9, wherein the holder device (20) is formed of a metal.
11. A method according claim 10, wherein the holder device is fabricated from, or includes a substantial part of, aluminium.
12. A method according to any of claims 7-11, including applying, between the holder device (20) and the cooling means (40), a medium (52) for enhancing thermal contact therebetween.
13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said medium (52) comprises a hydrocarbon grease.
14. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the receptacle is formed of a thermally conductive material.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the thermally conductive material is brass or copper.
16. A method of cooling a superconducting joint, substantially as herein described with reference to andlor as shown in the accompanying drawings.
17. An arrangement for cooling a superconductive joint while providing voltage isolation thereof, comprising a receptacle (10) housing said joint enthedded in a jointing material (70) within said receptacle; said receptacle being attached to a cooled surface (20) by interposition of an electrically isolating layer (30).
18. An arrangement according to claim 17 wherein the receptacle is of cup-like form, having a base (12), a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its base.
19. An arrangement according to claim 17 wherein the receptacle is of tubular form, having a sidewall (14) and an opening (16) to receive said joint, and wherein said receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by its sidewall.
20. An arrangement according to claim 19 wherein said cooled surface comprises a cylindrical cavity (72), wherein the tubular receptacle is located, said electrically isolating layer being interposed between the sidewall of the tubular receptacle and a wall of the cylindrical cavity.
21. An arrangement according to any of claims 17-20, wherein the receptacle is attached to said cooled surface by an adhesive (32), said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer (30).
22. An arrangement according to claim 21, wherein said electrically isolating layer is provided to a predetermined thickness.
23. An arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the receptacle is attached to a holder device (20) by interposition of au electrically isolating layer (30); and said holder device is attached to a cooling means (40).
24. An arrangement according to claim 23, wherein the receptacle is attached to said holder device by an adhesive, said adhesive forming said electrically isolating layer.
25. An arrangement according to claim 24, wherein said electrically isolating layer is provided to a predetermined thickness.
26. An arrangement according to any of claims 23-25, wherein the holder device (20) is formed of a metal. 2°
27. An arrangement according claim 26, wherein the holder device is fabricated from, or includes a substantial part of aluminium.
28. An arrangement according to any of claims 23-2 7, including a medium (52) for enhancing thermal contact applied, between the holder device and the cooling means.
29. An arrangement according to claim 28, wherein said medium (52) comprises a hydrocarbon grease.
30. An arrangement according to any of claims 17-29, wherein the receptacle is formed of a thermally conductive material.
31. An arrangement according to claim 30, wherein the thermally conductive material is brass or copper.
32. An arrangement for cooling a superconducting joint, substantially as herein described with reference to and/or as shown in the * *.

::f accompanying drawings. * *. * S *

S a S... a S...

S

S