GB2443024A

GB2443024A - Device claimed to manipulate the zero-point field

Info

Publication number: GB2443024A
Application number: GB0620751A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Stephen Joseph Kaye
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2006-10-19
Filing date: 2006-10-19
Publication date: 2008-04-23
Also published as: GB0620751D0

Abstract

Two conducting plates are joined at an angle to produce a Vee or wedge shape of nanometre scale. It is claimed that this can use zero-point energy to produce a propulsive (Casimir) force, or drive a machine such as a generator. The device may comprise a plurality of wedges in a zig-zag shape, and may have a smooth plate attached to one side, which is claimed to give rise to an asymmetric force. It is also claimed that the device, when positioned wholly or partly surrounding an object, can reduce the mass of the object. In another embodiment, two sets of plates 12, 13 interact to produce a low friction bearing.

Description

Device for the manipulation of the zero-point field The invention is a

device for the manipulation of the zero-point field (ZPF). In various embodiments at the nanometre scale the device has a variable mass and mass effect, utilises differential virtual particle pressure within the ZPF to produce momentum capable of work, produces a near-frictionless interface between moving or rotating parts and decreases the invariant mass of massive objects.

The device may be applicable in nearly all areas of human endeavour -transport, construction, manufacturing, power generation, nano-engineering, etc.

Scientific background

Radio waves, light, X-rays, and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation. Classically electromagnetic radiation can be pictured as waves flowing through space at the speed of light, C. The waves are not waves of anything substantive, but are thought of as ripples in a field. These waves do carry energy and each has a propagating mode specifying direction, frequency and polarization of the electromagnetic field.

Each mode is subject to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and, within the theory of electromagnetic radiation associated with quantum physics, each mode is quantized by treating it as an equivalent harmonic oscillator.

Consequently, every mode of the field must have hf/2 (Planck's Constant x frequency /2) as its average minimum energy -a small amount of energy -but the number of modes is enormous and increases as the square of the frequency. The product of the small energy per mode, times the huge spatial density of modes, yields a very high theoretical energy density.

Therefore, quantum physics, and more specifically Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), predicts that all of space is filled with electromagnetic fluctuations (called the zero-point field (ZPF)) creating a universal sea of zero-point energy (ZPE) at a temperature of absolute zero. The ZPE, the vacuum energy, is infinite unless a high frequency limit, a cut-off, is imposed. If the cut-off corresponds to the Planck frequency (1043 Hz) the ZPE density would be 110 orders of magnitude greater than the radiant energy at the centre of the Sun.

The ZPE is derived from the momentum of virtual particles, the same that are used to describe and compute Quantum Electrodynaniic (QED) interactions.

QED theory and experimentation would fail without these virtual particles that act as momentum intermediaries between the photons and electrons that exist in our visible Universe. The Universe is full of virtual particles that pop into and out of existence in approximately 1O-seconds, move at the speed of light and consequently travel approximately 2.99-16 meters. QED explains and describes all phenomena except the gravitational and radioactive effects -the radioactive being described by Quantum Chromodynamics, a very similar theoretical descriptive mechanism to QED but where gluons interact with quarks instead of photons with electrons. Gravitation is therefore unexplained in the quantum domain. In this patent it is postulated that the imparted momentum of virtual particles on massive objects gives rise to measured mass (in all definitions), motion, momentum and what is called gravity.

Scientific basis 1.

It has recently been shown by experimentation that the ZPF can be manipulated by massive (i.e. objects whose invariant mass is not 0), conducting surfaces in the manner of the calculations of H.B.G. Casirnir where he predicted the existence of an attractive force between two infinite, parallel, uncharged, perfectly conducting plates in vacuum. The force has come to be known as the Casimir Force and the result of the force, the Casimir Effect. In Casiinir's example of two plates, the Casimir Force is predicted to vary as the inverse fourth power of the separation of the plates and the magnitude of the Casimir Force, F, is given by the expression: j2 h-bar x C Casimir Force, F, = -x per unit area 240 d4 where:-d = plate separation distance C = Speed of light h-bar = Planck's constant over 2Pi x = multiplied by The Casimir Force, F, becomes large as the plate separation distance, d, approaches zero. At the nanometre scale (1&9m), plates separated by 10 nanometres are subject to an attractive Casimir Force equivalent to approximately I atmosphere (lO6dyn/cm2).

The Casimir Force is thought to arise from the aforementioned quantum-level activity in the ZPF, whereby; the presence of Casimir's two plates restricts the allowed modes of oscillation of the random fluctuations in the quantum electromagnetic field. Consequently, the ZPE density in the space between the plates is less than the ZPE density outside of this space (i.e., the number of virtual particles per unit volume in the space between the plates is less than the number of virtual particles per unit volume outside of this space). This difference, or gradient, in energy density, or pressure, gives rise to a force (i.e., the Casimir Force) that pushes the plates together.

This patent utilises the Casimir Effect.

Scientific basis 2.

It is now generally accepted that massive objects (i.e. everyday objects, e.g. a gold coin, gold atoms, quarks and according to modern definition, those objects whose invariant mass is not zero) do not contain within themselves any physical attribute or entity that gives rise to what we measure as mass.

Consequently, mass is not an intrinsic property of massive objects but is imparted by external entities or forces. Such entities and forces result from the imparted momentum of virtual particles on massive objects, i.e. the ZPE of the ZPF. Alteration or manipulation of the virtual particles surrounding massive objects causes an alteration of the invariant mass of those massive objects.

This patent utilises the latter external entities and force to reduce the mass of massive objects.

Summary

The base unit (1) of the device is V-shaped in side view, of variable width, height and length at the nanometre scale, and constructed from various materials but with a conducting surface, e.g. metallic (Fig.1).

According to recent calculations the V-shape, or wedge, gives rise to a variable, lowered ZPE density within the enclosed space compared to that external to the V-shape (Fig.2), i.e. the V-shape creates a differential ZPE density or pressure (from the momentum of virtual particles) within and around it due to the Casimir Effect (Scientific basis 1, above). It follows that a lowering of the ZPE within the V-shape enclosure gives rise to a lowering of the invariant mass of the device (Scientific basis 2, above). Consequentially, such a V-shape entity (1) experiences a positive relative ZPE force on its externally facing sides which causes it to have momentum in the direction of the open face of the V (Fig.2).

In any localised coordinate system, or local region of space-time, the effectiveness of the base unit (1) will be governed by: a) the distance at any opposing point between the two facing plates governed by the angle between the two plates of the V-shape, b) the length, width and height of the two plates, c) the thickness of the plates, d) the materials used to construct the plates, e) the conductive properties of the plates, f) the physical condition of the plates (roughness etc).

Sections following this summary describe various embodiments that utilise Scientific bases I and 2 to produce machines, engines, fabrics and various materials.

It should be noted that all drawings in the submitted figures are illustrative of the manufactured entity, are not produced to scale and in all cases the entities shown are simplified images designed to aid clarity.

A set of embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the following accompanying drawings: Figure 1. The base unit Figure 2. The base unit momentum. Side view (no perspective) Figure 3. Zigzag -perspective view of a device constituted from multiple base units Figure 4. Zigzag with attached plate Figure 5. Nested zigzag plates Figures 6a and 6b. Zigzag (a) and nested zigzag (b) plates attached to a rotor Figure 7a. Rectangles from opposed zigzags Figure Th. Lower friction! stiction bearing Figure 7c. Inner rotor with curved apices of V-shape blades and baffles Figure 7d. Inner rotor made of sections with off-set splines of the V-shapes Figure 8a. Contra-rotating rotor engine/generator Figure 8b. Single rotor and fixed V-shape form Figure 9a. Cross-section through massive object surrounded by zigzag devices Figure 9b. Another cross-section through massive object surrounded by zigzag devices Figure 9c. Massive object partially surrounded by zigzags Figure 9d. Another massive object partially surrounded by zigzags Figure lOa. Nested V-shapes Figure lOb. Cross-section of cube surrounded by nested V-shapes Figure lOc. Cross-section of cube surrounded by nested V-shapes, one side open Figure ha. Nested zigzags Figure lIb. Nested zigzags embedded in a sphere Figure lIc. Nested zigzags forming a supporting framework Items identified by number in the drawings: 1) Base unit 2) Zigzag 3) Conducting plate 4) Zigzag with attached conducting plate 5) Nested zigzag 6) Pins, bosses or protuberances separating nested zigzags 7) Rotor, hub or similar 8) Nested zigzag with attached conducting plate 9) Rotary embodiment made from multiples of (4) 10) Rotary embodiment made from multiples of (8) 11) Lower friction! stiction interface or bearing 12) Inner hub of (11) 13) Outer shell of (11) 14) Baffles 15) Circular zigzag encompassing a hub 16) Fixed V-shape form 17) Massive object 18) Parallel conducting plates configuration The basic zigzag embodiment (2) Referring to Figure 3, the base units (1) of the invention can be combined to produce an embodiment that is zigzag shaped (2) in side view and experiences variable positive and negative differential ZPE pressure across its whole surface. The interiors of the zigzag embodiment (2), that volume of space enclosed by the individual V-shapes, have a negative ZPE, hence the whole embodiment has an overall negative ZPE relative to the surrounding space. Accordingly, and following from "Scientific basis 2" above, the embodiments, (1) and (2), have a lower combined mass than their individual constituent parts, i.e. each single plate forming one side of a V-shape.

Additionally, the embodiment (2) has a balance of positive and negative forces applying to it, such that and for example, no resulting movement of the embodiment (2) would occur.

Basic zigzag (2) embodiment with conducing plate (3) attached (4) However, and referring to Figure 4, if one side of the embodiment (2) depicted in Figure 3 has a flat, conducting plate (3) attached to one side, then a new embodiment (4) is created which experiences differential ZPE values.

Specifically, the side with the attached plate (3) experiences the full force of the external, normal ZPF, while the opposite side experiences a force less than the external, normal ZFF. This lesser force is due to the open faces of the V-shapes creating a Casimir Effect with a consequential lowering of ZPE values within the V-shape. The virtual particles in free space adjacent to the open V-shape faces come into existence and disappear within 1O-to 1O seconds, travel at the speed of light, C, and therefore travel 2.99752458-16 to 13 metres, i.e. trihionths of a metre. These virtual particles encounter a lower energy density within the V-shape areas limiting the momentum they apply to the zigzag (2) form; this being due to the shape of the inclined V-shape sides, the limited surface area perpendicular to their travel vector and the lower ZPE within the V-shaped areas. They are also preferentially eliminated due to the Casimir Effect operating within the V-shape areas; this elimination is dependant on the particle's mode and its point of appearance within the V-shape area.

More simply, the energy-momentum of the virtual particles popping into and out of existence on the side without the attached plate (3) is dissipated and annihilated (although not entirely). The consequence is that there exists a differential ZPE density either side of the embodiment (4) (see Figure 4) such that the attached plate (3) wifi be given a momentum towards the opposite side.

Nested zigzag embodiment (5) Referring to Figure 5, the number of zigzag plates (2) shown in Figure 3 can be combined such that each nests within another (5). Each zigzag plate (2) is kept apart by pins, bosses or similar protuberances (6). This complex body (5) now has a Casimir Effect resulting from two base configurations: the V-shape, already described, resulting in wedge shaped areas of lower ZPE and, because of their nested state, an equivalence to the parallel plate configuration originally calculated by Casimir and demonstrated experimentally in the recent past (see Scientific basis 1). Calculations show that the parallel plate configuration is more effective in lowering the ZPE within its enclosed space than the V-shape form. To aid visual clarity the number of nested zigzag plates (2) in Figure 5 is limited to three although embodiments made of many more plates would have application.

Zigzag as an engine The embodiment (2) depicted in Figure 3 could be made to oscillate, much like the opening and closing of the bellows of a musical accordion. If, for example, the zigzag plate (2) was made of shape memory-conducting material, or the zigzag plate (2) was embedded in material with a similar nature, then the outer, upper and lower, plates, suitably extended and configured, would experience an external ZPE force superior to the internal areas of the zigzag (2). The result would be that the zigzag (2) closes and because the areas enclosed by the V-shape decreases, so the ZPE within these areas is further lowered, hence an even greater force or pressure differential is experienced between the upper and lower plates and the internal areas enclosed by the V-shape areas. Consequently, the zigzag (2) would close at an increasingly faster rate. Also, and following from Scientific basis 2, the overall mass of the embodiment (2) would decrease the more compressed it became. With suitable tuning, choice of materials and configuration, such an embodiment (2), or combinations of the same (5), could be made to do work.

Rotary embodiments (9 and 10) doing work Referring to Figures 6a and 6b, where the embodiments shown in Figures 4 and 5, the zigzag plates, either singly (2) or in multiples (5), together with the attached conducting flat plates (3), have been connected to a rotor (7). Each individual zigzag entity (4 and 8) is aligned so that the attached conducting flat plates face the same direction. The momentum, direction of movement, of the embodiment shown in Figure 4, is in Figure 6a and b, translated into rotational movement around the axis of the rotor (7). Such rotary embodiments (9 and 10) could be made to do work.

Embodiments that decrease rotational resistance -a lower friction interface The rotors (7) of Figure 6a and b, could be designed in such a way that little rotational energy is lost from friction or other sticking forces. As has already been discussed, the Casimir Effect for parallel plates and wedges, or V-shaped forms, produces a negative, or attractive force, between the facing constituent parts. The opposite effect has been calculated for a range of rectangular cavities with square cross-section (1 x 1 x length), i.e. the Casimir Force is positive and the internal plates experience an outward positive pressure. The rectangular cavities that exhibit this positive force are calculated to lie within the dimensional range 0.408 <length/cross section <3.48.

Consequentially and referring to Figure 7a, positioning two zigzags (2) such that a rectangle is formed between them of the right dimensions would produce a positive force effect between the two zigzags (2), i.e. the two zigzags would be held or forced apart. Causing or manufacturing these two zigzags (2) to form a circular aspect, the inner (12) being fixed or static, the outer (13) allowed to freely rotate around the inner, as in Figure 7b, would result in a lower friction/stiction interface or bearing (11). Clearly the positive force would be diminished, or even eliminated, as the outer shell (13) rotated around the inner fixed hub (12) -inner and outer would become out-of-line with the other destroying the rectangular aspect. However, if the inner hub (12) has its promontories, singularly the apex of the V-shape, aligned as curved blades (Figure 7c), similar to that in a grass mower cylinder, and the outer shell (13) promontories were aligned in the same manner but opposite in curvature, a steady state of continuous positive force would be reached along the length of the bearing as the rectangles of the rotating and juxtaposed shell (13) and hub (12) passed each other. Baffles (14) placed within the V-shape (Fig. 7c) may be required to attain the correct 1 x 1 x length rectangular ratio. Figure 7d depicts another embodiment using the same principle where the correct rectangular ratio is set for each section of the inner hub (12) but the V-shape blades are offset for each section giving a constant positive force across the width of the hub. The outer, rotating shell (13), to the hub would be similarly configured (not shown in Fig. 7d). Such embodiments would find application in many areas and especially in microelectro-mechanical devices at the nanometre scale.

Other rotational engines doing work Referring to Figure 8a and continuing the exploitation of the positive force derived from a rectangular configuration, it is shown that two rotating, circular embodiments or rotors, comprised of a circular zigzag encompassing a hub (15), shown originally in Figure 7b, when placed adjacent to each other, would periodically create a rectangle, thereby creating a positive force between the two embodiments. If each juxtaposed embodiment (15) had a set of opposed curved blades, as described in the preceding paragraph, then the resultant machine could be made to produce a continuous net positive force between the embodiments (15) thereby causing rotation. An initial energy force would be required to begin the rotation but subsequently the machine would rotate to do work. Figure 8b shows another embodiment utilising the positive force of a rectangle but with only one rotor (15) from Figure 8a being adjacent to a fixed V-shape form (16). A number of fixed V-shapes (16) could be placed around the rotor (15).

Embodiments that decrease the mass of enclosed objects Surrounding a massive object (17) with a fabric comprised of the nested zigzags (5) shown in Figure 5 results in the massive object (17) having a lower invariant mass. The result follows from Scientific Basis 2 where the mass of an object is described as being imparted by the ZPE (from the momentum of virtual particles). Hence, limiting the ZPE density of the ZPF on the massive object (17) lowers its mass, Figures 9a, b, c and d.

The lowering of the invariant mass of an object might be described as a diminution of the effect we commonly call gravity on the object and, in turn, the object's lowered effect on a gravitational field (more accurately, the object's contribution to the gravitational field). We might also say it weighs' less in a specific gravitational field, e.g. earth.

Referring to Figures 9a and b, the embodiments depicted have three nested zigzags (5) enclosing the massive objects (17), but, the decrease in mass would be apparent for any number of nested zigzags (1 + n). Additionally, the shape of the massive objects (17) enclosed in Figures 9a, b, c and d are limited in number but in reality are infinite in size and shape, however, the fabric always consists of zigzags, nested (5) or otherwise (2), manufactured at the nanometre scale.

Referring to Figure 9c and d, altering the form and shape of the enclosing fabrics (5) can cause and control an asymmetry of the ZPE density acting on the enclosed mass (17). In Figure 9c a sphere is partially enclosed by a zigzag fabric (5); the area of the exposed sphere (17) is fully open to the normal, local ZPF and the full ZPE density, while the enclosed areas experience a lowered ZPE density. This density or pressure asymmetry results in a preferred direction of movement for the sphere (17). Clearly, there are innumerable shapes, forms and levels of fabric covering that would produce similar effects and may be utilised for different reasons.

As has already been mentioned, the parallel conducting plates configuration (18) is more efficient at lowering the ZPE than the V-shape, therefore, presenting one set of parallel open faces (18) to the normal background ZPF is more efficient than the open faces of a zigzag fabric (5). A parallel plate configuration (18) can be manufactured from truncated zigzags (2 or 5), or a multitude of single V-shape forms (1) nested one within the other, (Fig. lOa).

Enclosing, or partially enclosing, a massive object with these fabrics (Figs. lOb and c) results in effects similar to, but more efficient than, those ascribed to the zigzag fabric described earlier in this section, Figures 9 a, b and c.

Embodiments that decrease the internal mass of massive objects It follows from Scientific basis 2 that an embodiment comprised of a number of nested zigzags (2 or 5), Figure ha, has a lower overall invariant mass than the combined mass of the individual elements from which it is built.

Consequently, if a large number of such zigzags (2 or 5) were embedded within a massive object (17), then the overall mass of the object would be lowered, Figure lIb. Additionally, and also following from Scientific basis 2, the presence of numbers of the zigzags (2 or 5) lowers the number of virtual particles being produced, or introduced, adjacent to the zigzags and consequently throughout the massive object (17), hence, the ZPE throughout the object (17) is lowered both within the bounds of the zigzags (2 or 5) but also externally. Materials could be manufactured so that the zigzags (2 or 5) (Fig. ha), or similar, could form skeletal structures embedded with, for example, non-conducting materials (Fig. lic). These objects would have structural integrity, in compliance with their required need, and a lowered overall mass. These objects or materials could be enclosed with the fabrics of Figures 9 and 10 further lowering the invariant mass of the massive object.

Claims

Claims 1. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field,

consisting of a V-or wedge shape comprised of two conjoined conducting plates, of variable dimensions and angular interface and produced at the nanometre scale.
2. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim I where multiple V-shaped devices of Claim I are combined to produce a fabric, string or corrugated surface of joined and oppositely facing V-shaped forms, zigzag shaped in plan view (washboard-like).
3. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 1 and Claim 2 where multiple fabrics, string or corrugated surfaces are placed adjacent to each other such that each nests within another and are kept apart by bosses, protuberances or similar.
4. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claims 2 and 3 where the fabric, string or corrugated surface is made of materials, or embedded within materials, and otherwise constructed such that the V-shape forms can be closed and opened via compression and extension.
5. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 4 where a conducting plate is attached to one externally facing side of the fabric, string or corrugated surface thereby enclosing, or partially enclosing, one set of otherwise open V-shapes.
6. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 5 where the devices are connected to a rotor or hub such that the sides with the attached conducting plates face the same direction.
7. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in any one of Claims 2, 3 or 5 where two such devices are symmetrically aligned and placed adjacent to each other such that each open V-shape is faced by an opposing open V-shape, thereby forming an enclosing rectangle.
8. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 7 where the device is formed to have a circular aspect, thereby creating an inner ring, shell, rotor or hub and an outer ring, shell, case or cover, either of which may be fixed or otherwise and allowing the rotation of either.
9. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 8 where the opposing apices of the inner hub and outer shell are -13-contrarily aligned in opposing curves such that when either is rotated a rectangular cavity in the dimensional range unit cross-section to length of 0.4 < length/cross-section <3.5 is formed.
10. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 9 where baffles, ridges or other similar protuberances are placed within the V-shaped forms of the opposing apices curves at regular intervals within the dimensional range unit cross-section to. length of 0.4 <length/cross-section < 3.5.
11. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 8 where multiple units of the device are constructed in the dimensional range unit cross-section to length of 0.4 < length/cross-section < 3.5, each unit is lengthwise attached to the other, or affixed to a hub or spindle, such that the extended line of the apices of each unit, both inner hub and outer shell, is misaligned with the line of the apices of the adjacent unit.
12. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claims 8, 9, 10 and 11 where two such configured devices, generally with a fixed inner hub and a rotating outer shell, are placed adjacent to each other such a that their long axes are aligned, thereby forming rectangular cavities at their points of closest approach during rotation.
13. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 12 where one such device, generally with a fixed inner and a rotating outer shell, is placed adjacent and with its long axis aligned to, one or more fixed or stationary V-shaped conducting cavities, the open V-shape being perpendicular to the long axis of the rotating device and equal in length.
14. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claims 2 and 3 where these strings, fabrics or corrugated surfaces are attached to massive objects thereby either wholly or partially surrounding them.
15. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claims 5 and 14 where a variable number, variable configuration and variable alignment of such devices are used to wholly or partially surround a massive object.
16. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claim 1 where the V or wedge shapes, comprised of two conjoined conducting plates, are nested within each other, producing a chevron shaped fabric in plan or side view and this fabric is attached to massive objects, either wholly or partially surrounding them, such that the outer fringe of the fabric presents a set of parallel sided plates to space.

-14 -
17. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in Claims 1, 2, 3, 5 and 16 where these devices are embedded within massive objects in all manners, alignments and densities.
18. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in any preceding Claim may be created by etching, machining, lithography, various laser techniques, ablation, deposition or sedimentation, sintering, electrolysis, galvanography, vapour deposition, nano-robotic methods, micro-biological and bacterial replication or self-replication and means not yet made known or not identified.
19. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field as claimed in any preceding Claim where the devices are made of any suitable conducting, semi-conducting or super-conducting material.
20. A device for the manipulation of the zero-point field substantially as herein described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.