GB2387221A - A Method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system - Google Patents
A Method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2387221A GB2387221A GB0205194A GB0205194A GB2387221A GB 2387221 A GB2387221 A GB 2387221A GB 0205194 A GB0205194 A GB 0205194A GB 0205194 A GB0205194 A GB 0205194A GB 2387221 A GB2387221 A GB 2387221A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- heating system
- chamber
- sealed heating
- cartridge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008400 supply water Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
- F24D3/10—Feed-line arrangements, e.g. providing for heat-accumulator tanks, expansion tanks ; Hydraulic components of a central heating system
- F24D3/1083—Filling valves or arrangements for filling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D19/00—Details
- F24D19/0092—Devices for preventing or removing corrosion, slime or scale
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
- F24D3/10—Feed-line arrangements, e.g. providing for heat-accumulator tanks, expansion tanks ; Hydraulic components of a central heating system
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
A method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system comprising a cartridge 18 including a chamber (20 fig 2) for containing a first fluid. The chamber has a first connection means (22 fig 2) to connect to the sealed heating system and second connection means (24 fig 2) to connect to a fluid supply means for supplying a second fluid. Both first and second connections may include valves 30,32. The first fluid is introduced into the sealed heating system by the flow of the second fluid from the fluid supply means into the cartridge chamber. The first fluid may comprise a corrosion inhibitor and may also comprise a cleaning agent. The second fluid may be water. The first connection may connect to a boiler inlet 14, and the second connection may connect to a fluid supply outlet 16. The cartridge may be refillable, and may contain a port (34 fig 2) including a valve (36 fig 2).
Description
1 238722 1
Heating System Fluid Introducing Apparatus and Method Field of the Invention
5 The present invention relates to sealed heating system fluid introducing apparatus and a method of introducing a fluid into a sealed heating system.
Background to the Invention
Sealed central heating systems require an inhibitor scale remover which protects the system from contamination and also acts as a slug remover and anti-noise protector.
The inhibitor also protects the system against corrosion.
:5 The inhibitor is provided as a chemical solution. The inhibitor is added to the system when the central heating system is initially installed. The chemical solution may also be added when the system is drained for repairs or de-sludging as recommended by the system manufacturers.
20 However, the chemical solution may be required even if the system does not require draining.
A first conventional method of introducing an inhibitor into a sealed heating system requires the system 25 to be initially drained and then for an upstairs radiator or pipe to be removed. A funnel is fitted to the radiator pipe or other relevant pipe in order for the solution to be poured in. However, this can be difficult due to air forcing the liquid chemical solution back out of the 30 system. The radiator or pipe is then refitted and reconnected. The system is then re-filled and re-
pressurised. Such a method may typically take in the region of 1 hour to 1 hours and is also messy.
! A second conventional method requires the system to be initially drained and an air tap is then removed from an upstairs radiator. A cartridge gun is then engaged with 5 the air tap in order to inject the liquid chemical solution. However, again air tries to push the liquid chemical solution out of the system. Finally, the air tap is replaced and the system is refilled and repressurized.
Such a method may typically take approximately 1 hour and lo is also messy.
Furthermore, these prior art methods generally require
the use of an experienced plumber. In addition, these methods are time consuming and hence expensive.
It is an aim of the present invention to overcome at least one problem associated with the prior art.
Summary of the Invention
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided sealed heating system fluid introducing apparatus comprising a cartridge including chamber for containing a first fluid, the chamber comprising first 25 connection means to connect to a sealed heating system and second connection means to connect to fluid supply means for supplying a second fluid, wherein the first fluid is introducible into the sealed heating system by the flow of the second fluid from the fluid supply means into the 30 chamber.
Preferably the first fluid comprises a liquid.
! 3 Preferably the second fluid comprises a liquid.
Preferably the sealed heating system is filled with the second fluid.
Preferably a portion of the second fluid is introduced into the sealed heating system, in use.
Preferably the first fluid comprises an inhibitor.
Preferably the second fluid comprises water.
Preferably the first connection means is arranged, in use, to connect the chamber to the inlet of the sealed heating system and more preferably to the inlet of a boiler. Preferably the second connection means is arranged, in use, to connect the chamber to fluid supply means.
20 Preferably the fluid supply means comprises water supply means. Preferably the water supply means comprises the filling means for the heating system.
The fluid supply means may comprise an outlet from the sealed heating system.
The second connection means may be arranged to connect 30 the chamber to an outlet of the sealed heating system.
The water supply means may comprise an outlet of the sealed heating system.
The cartridge may be refillable. The cartridge may be re-usable. Preferably the cartridge comprises a port including a valve in order for a volume of the first fluid 5 to be introduced into the chamber and may also enable a volume of the first fluid to be introduced, once used.
Preferably the first connection means and/or the second connection means comprises a threaded shaft for lo respectively connecting to the heating system and/or the fluid supply means.
The volume of the chamber may be greater than 0.5 lithe and preferably is greater than 1 litre. Preferably, 15 the volume of the chamber is approximately 1.5 litres.
Preferably the first fluid comprises an inhibitor.
Preferably the inhibitor comprises a cleaning liquid.
20 The first fluid may be pressurised within the chamber.
Preferably the first connection means and/or the second connection means comprises a valve. Preferably the other each valve is a one way valve. The or each valve 25 may be automatic such that one way fluid passage is enabled when the respective first or second connection means is connected to the respective heating system and/or fluid supply means.
30 Preferably the fluid supply means is a water supply means for filling the heating system.
The fluid supply means may comprise an outlet from the sealed heating system.
According to a second aspect of the present invention 5 there is provided a method of introducing a first fluid into, a sealed heating system comprising connecting a chamber containing the first fluid to the sealed heating system, and introducing at least a part of the first fluid into the sealed heating system by introducing a second lo fluid into the chamber.
Preferably the first fluid comprises an inhibitor.
Preferably the method comprises connecting the chamber 5 to the boiler and more preferably to the inlet of the boiler. The method may comprise connecting the chamber to fluid supply means and preferably to water supply means.
20 Preferably the method comprises connecting the chamber to the sealed heating system filling means.
The method may comprise connecting the chamber to an outlet of the sealed heating system.
The method may comprise introducing water into the chamber to at least partially introduce the first fluid into heating system.
30 The method may comprise introducing the first fluid in to the chamber. The method may comprise re-filling the chamber with a volume of the first fluid once used.
i Preferably the method comprises flushing the first fluid into the sealed heating system by supplying a second fluid into the chamber.
5 Brief Description of the Drawings
The present invention will now be described by way of example along with reference to the drawings that follow in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of apparatus for introducing an inhibitor into a sealed heating system connected to a heating system.
5Figure 2 is a plan view of an embodiment of apparatus for introducing an inhibitor into a sealed heating system.
Figure 3 is a plan view of another embodiment of apparatus for introducing an inhibitor into a sealed To heating system.
Descriction of the Preferred Embodiments - As shown in Figure 1, a sealed heating system 10 25 comprises a boiler 12 which is filled with a fluid and is arranged to heat a fluid and, in particular, water and to distribute the heated water to radiators etc. Conventional sealed systems comprise fluid introduction
means in the form of a water inlet 14 in order for cold 30 water to be introduced into the sealed system lo to fill the system 10 and also to increase the pressure in the system 10 since, for example, the pressure may reduce over a prolonged period due to gradual leaks, corrosion etc.
Such a reduction in pressure decreases the efficiency of the heating system. The water inlet 14 may comprise a pipe which is secured to the boiler 12. The water inlet 14 is arranged to be releasably connected to fluid supply 5 means for example, a water supply. The water supply 16 comprises a pipe or flexible pipe which is arranged to be connected to the inlet 14 of the heating system 10. The present invention provides apparatus for introducing a first fluid (i.e. not the fluid that the system is filled lo with) into a sealed heating system which is arranged to be secured between the cold water supply inlet 16 and the inlet 14 of the boiler 12. Alternatively, the sealed heating system may comprise an outlet which is used to introduce the first fluid into the sealed heating system.
5 The outlet may be provided by the boiler. Accordingly, the fluid of the heating system itself is used to flush the inhibitor into the system.
The apparatus comprises a cartridge 18 having a to chamber 20 for retaining the first fluid therein. The first fluid comprises an inhibitor made from relevant chemical solutions.
As shown in Figure 2, the cartridge 18 comprises first 2s connection means 22 and second connection means 24. The first connection means 22 is arranged to connect the cartridge 18 to the inlet 14 of the boiler 12. The second connection means 24 is arranged to connect the cartridge 18 to the water supply outlet 16. As previously 30 mentioned, in an alternative embodiment the heating system comprises an outlet which is then connected to the cartridge to introduce the inhibitor through the inlet of the heating system. The or each connection means 22, 24
comprises a threaded shaft which can be screwed onto the conventional fittings of existing connectors provided by the water supply means 16 or heating system outlet and also to the inlet 14 of the boiler 12. Accordingly, the s connection means may comprise A" British Standard Pipe male or female threads. The first connection means 22 may not be directly connected to the standard fitting of the water inlet of the boiler but a section of a flexible pipe may be provided to make the connection between the lo cartridge 18 and the inlet 14. This thereby makes the connection easier.
The inlet 14 of the boiler 12 comprises a valve 26 which is normally closed to prevent fluid entering or 15 exiting the heating system 10. The valve is a one way valve or non-return valve making it only possible for fluid to flow into the system.
Similarly, the water supply outlet 16 comprises a JO valve 28 which normally prevents water passing therethrough. This valve 28 is manually controlled, for example like a tap, to enable to selectively supply water therethrough. 25 In use, the cartridge 18 is initially connected to the inlet 14 of the boiler 12. The water supply outlet 16 is then secured to the second connection means 24 of the cartridge 18. As the connections are made the connections are sealed to prevent fluids from being able to escape 30 between the connection.
The cartridge 18 also comprises a first valve 30 and a second valve 32. The first valve 30 is arranged to locate
in-between the chamber 20 and the inlet 14 of the boiler 12. The second valve 32 is arranged to locate in between the chamber 20 and the water supply means 16.
5 The valves 30,32 of the cartridge 18 may automatically open Once the cartridge 18 is connected to the water supply outlet 16 or the inlet 14 of the boiler 12.
Alternatively, the valves 30,32 of the cartridge 18 may be manual whereby actuating means for example a tap member, lo is turned in order to open the respective valve 30,32.
Once fully connected the valve 28 on the water supply means 16 is opened to enable water to be in fluid connection means with the chamber 20 of the cartridge 18.
The valve for the boiler inlet may then be opened manually if required. Alternatively, the fluid may automatically be able the flow through the one way valve into the heating system 10. The pressure of the water 20 supply means 16 is greater than the pressure of the heating system 10 and thereby the water flushes the inhibitor originally contained in the chamber 20 into the sealed heating system 10.
25 Once the inhibitor has been introduced and the heating system 10 is at the required pressure, the valve 26 of the boiler can be closed, if required, and the valve 28 of the water supply outlet 16 can be closed. The cartridge can then be simply disconnected from both the water supply 30 outlet 16 and the inlet 14 of the boiler 12.
As shown in Figure 3, the cartridge may be re-fillable and re-usable in order for a further amount of inhibitor
to be introduced into the chamber 20 once used. Any water or liquid remaining from the previous use may initially be removed from the chamber. Accordingly, the cartridge may have a port in order for the inhibitor to be introduced in 5 to the chamber and for liquid to be removed from the chamber. The port 34 comprises a valve 36 in order to allow fluid to be introduced but then retained within the chamber 20. The cartridge 18 may be re-filled from solution supply means which has an outlet which lo automatically opens the valve 36 when connected to the port 34. Alternatively, the valves 30,32 may be used for filling and emptying the chamber 20.
In one embodiment, as shown in Figure 2, the cartridge 15 18 may be for a single use only and contain a predetermined amount of chemical solution. Accordingly, the cartridge can simply be disposed of after use.
As shown in Figure 2, the cartridge comprises caps 20 38,40 to locate over the connection means whilst not in use. In addition, the cartridge may comprise a cap to locate over the re-filling port whilst not being refilled.
The cartridge is able to withstand internal pressure 25 and may withstand pressure up to approximately 3 bar.
Accordingly, the chemical solution may be pressurized in the chamber. However, the ability to withstand pressure enables the cartridge to withstand any pressure that the water from the water supply outlet may be under.
The chamber may have a capacity in the region of 1 litres. The chamber may initially contain 1 litres of the chemical solution not pressurized.
Accordingly, the present invention enables an inhibitor solution to be quickly and easily introduced into a sealed heating system without any significant mess, 5 for example, the process may only take in the region of 5-
10 minutes. In addition, the present apparatus and method need not be completed by a professional plumber.
As previously mentioned, in one embodiment the heating lo system and in particular the boiler is provided with an outlet. The cartridge is arranged to be connected between the outlet and inlet of the boiler in order to introduce the inhibitor into the sealed heating system. In this method, the pressure of the sealed heating system may not is be increased significantly since a significant volume of fluid is not introduced into the system. In certain circumstances such a method may be preferable, for example when the sealed heating system is already at a preferred pressure. The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and
which are open to public inspection with this 25 specification, and the contents of all such papers and
documents are incorporated herein by reference.
All of the features disclosed in this specification
(including any accompanying claims, abstract and 30 drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
Each feature disclosed in this specification
(including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative features serving 5 the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
lo The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification. (including any
accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any 5 novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.
Claims (1)
- Claims1. Sealed heating system fluid introducing apparatus comprising a cartridge including chamber for containing a 5 first fluid, the chamber comprising first connection means to connect to a sealed heating system and second connection means to connect to fluid supply means for supplying a second fluid, wherein the first fluid is introducible into the sealed heating system by the flow of lo the second fluid from the fluid supply means into the chamber. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the first fluid comprises a liquid.3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the second fluid comprises a liquid.4. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which 20 the sealed heating system is filled with the second fluid.5. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which a portion of the second fluid is introduced into the sealed heating system, in use.6. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the first fluid comprises an inhibitor.7. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which 30 the second fluid comprises water.8. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the first connection means is arranged, in use, to connect the chamber to the inlet of the sealed heating system.5 9. Apparatus according to claim 8 in which the first connection means is arranged, in use, to connect the chamber to the inlet of a boiler.10. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which lo the second connection means is arranged, in use, to connect the chamber to fluid supply means.11. Apparatus according to claim 10 in which the fluid supply means comprises an outlet from the sealed heating 15 system.12. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the cartridge is refillable.20 13. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the cartridge comprises a port including a valve in order for a volume of the first fluid to be introduced into the chamber. 25 14. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the volume of the chamber is greater than 0. 5 litre.15. Apparatus according to claim 14 in which the volume of the chamber is approximately 1.5 litres.16. Apparatus according to claim 6 or any one of claims 7 to 15 when dependent upon claim 6 in which the inhibitor comprises a cleaning liquid.17. Apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the first fluid is pressurized within the chamber.5 18. A method of introducing a first fluid into a sealed heating system comprising connecting a chamber containing the first fluid to the sealed heating system, and introducing at least a part of the first fluid into the sealed heating system by introducing a second fluid into lo the chamber.19. A method according to claim 18 in which the first fluid comprises an inhibitor.15 20. A method according to claim 18 or claim 19 in which the method comprises connecting the chamber to the boiler.21. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 20 in which the method comprises connecting the chamber to the 20 sealed heating system filling means.22. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 21 in which the method comprises flushing the first fluid into the sealed heating system by supplying a second fluid into 25 the chamber.23. Sealed heating system fluid introducing apparatus substantially as described herein with reference to, and as shown in, any of the accompanying drawings.24. A method of introducing a first fluid into a sealed heating system substantially as described herein withreference to, and as shown in, any of the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0205194A GB2387221A (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2002-03-06 | A Method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0205194A GB2387221A (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2002-03-06 | A Method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0205194D0 GB0205194D0 (en) | 2002-04-17 |
| GB2387221A true GB2387221A (en) | 2003-10-08 |
Family
ID=9932353
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0205194A Withdrawn GB2387221A (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2002-03-06 | A Method and apparatus for introducing fluid into a sealed heating system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2387221A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2431711A (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2007-05-02 | Richard Strong | Central heating inhibitor applicator |
| GB2442008A (en) * | 2006-09-19 | 2008-03-26 | Neil Johnson | Dosing vessel for sealed central heating system |
| GB2449241A (en) * | 2007-05-12 | 2008-11-19 | Edward David Richards | Drainage and additive kit for radiators |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2162164A (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1986-01-29 | Trevor Honeyman | Water treatment method and apparatus |
| GB2207911A (en) * | 1987-08-07 | 1989-02-15 | Noel Frederick Brittain | Device for inhibiting corrosion in a pipe |
| EP0711959A1 (en) * | 1994-11-10 | 1996-05-15 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Liquid dispensing apparatus and method |
| EP0860200A2 (en) * | 1997-01-08 | 1998-08-26 | Reicon Wärmetechnik Und Wasserchemie Leipzig GmbH | Method and apparatus for dosing conditioning agents in closed and open systems with liquid and gaseous mediums |
| WO1999036732A1 (en) * | 1998-01-20 | 1999-07-22 | Anil Vasdev | Fluid introduction device |
-
2002
- 2002-03-06 GB GB0205194A patent/GB2387221A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2162164A (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1986-01-29 | Trevor Honeyman | Water treatment method and apparatus |
| GB2207911A (en) * | 1987-08-07 | 1989-02-15 | Noel Frederick Brittain | Device for inhibiting corrosion in a pipe |
| EP0711959A1 (en) * | 1994-11-10 | 1996-05-15 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Liquid dispensing apparatus and method |
| EP0860200A2 (en) * | 1997-01-08 | 1998-08-26 | Reicon Wärmetechnik Und Wasserchemie Leipzig GmbH | Method and apparatus for dosing conditioning agents in closed and open systems with liquid and gaseous mediums |
| WO1999036732A1 (en) * | 1998-01-20 | 1999-07-22 | Anil Vasdev | Fluid introduction device |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2431711A (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2007-05-02 | Richard Strong | Central heating inhibitor applicator |
| GB2442008A (en) * | 2006-09-19 | 2008-03-26 | Neil Johnson | Dosing vessel for sealed central heating system |
| GB2449241A (en) * | 2007-05-12 | 2008-11-19 | Edward David Richards | Drainage and additive kit for radiators |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0205194D0 (en) | 2002-04-17 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| COOA | Change in applicant's name or ownership of the application |
Owner name: LITTLEWOOD, CAROLE A Free format text: FORMER APPLICANT(S): LITTLEWOOD, PAUL G |
|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |