GB2211619A - Measuring dryness fraction - Google Patents

Measuring dryness fraction Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2211619A
GB2211619A GB8725025A GB8725025A GB2211619A GB 2211619 A GB2211619 A GB 2211619A GB 8725025 A GB8725025 A GB 8725025A GB 8725025 A GB8725025 A GB 8725025A GB 2211619 A GB2211619 A GB 2211619A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
separator
mass flow
steam
dryness fraction
temperature
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GB8725025A
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GB2211619B (en
GB8725025D0 (en
Inventor
Richard Quentin Carmichael
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Spirax Sarco Ltd
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Spirax Sarco Ltd
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Priority to GB8725025A priority Critical patent/GB2211619B/en
Publication of GB8725025D0 publication Critical patent/GB8725025D0/en
Priority to KR1019880013996A priority patent/KR920005206B1/en
Priority to US07/262,839 priority patent/US5020000A/en
Priority to FR888813987A priority patent/FR2622287B1/en
Priority to DE3836496A priority patent/DE3836496C2/en
Priority to JP63270620A priority patent/JPH07117510B2/en
Publication of GB2211619A publication Critical patent/GB2211619A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2211619B publication Critical patent/GB2211619B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/56—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content
    • G01N25/58—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold or expansion
    • G01N25/60—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating moisture content by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold or expansion for determining the wetness of steam

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Abstract

The dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator 2 to a steam powered process plant is calculated by measuring the mass flow rate (7) and temperature or pressure (8) of fluid supplied to process heat exchanger 7, measuring the mass flow rate (12) of condensate removed by separator 2 from the fluid, storing data relating to the efficiency of the separator at a plurality of input steam and condensate mass flow rates and a plurality of input fluid temperatures or pressures, and determining the dryness fraction on the basis of the measured mass flow rates and the corresponding stored value of the efficiency of the separator. A data processor 9 receives measured values of mass flow rates 7, 12, temperature or pressure 8 of steam supplied and temperature 10 of condensate, stores the efficiency characteristics of the separator 2 and determines the dryness fraction. <IMAGE>

Description

2211619 MEASURING DRYNESS FRACTION This invention relates to the
measurement of the dryness of steam supplied to steam-powered processes. and in particular to a method of making such measurementsy and to methods of using the measured dryness fraction to obtain further information about the process plant and the steam supply.
In a conventional steam-powered process plant, saturated steam is supplied from a boiler to a number of individual processes via a steam main. Each process draws steam from the main via a separator, which removes the majority of the condensate, or wetness, from the steam. leaving it with a dryness fraction of typically 0.95 to 0.99. The majority of the heat is then removed from the steam in the process heat exchanger, causing it to condenser when it is returned to the boiler via the condensate return line.
Furthermore, it is known to provide a flow meter and a temperature or pressure sensor in the steam line between the separator and the process heat exchanger. The measurements from these instruments are fed to a flowlenergy computer, which is then able to estimate the rate at which energy is supplied to the process.
However, if this rate of energy usage is to be measured accurately, it is also necessary to know the quality, or dryness. of the steam supplied to the process. Using conventional methods of determining the dryness fraction of a saturated steam flow, it is necessary to sample the flow, and either to calculate the necessary pressure reduction required to cause the sample to become superheated (throttling calorimetry), or to make simultaneous measurements of the density and temperature of the flow. The sample of fluid may not. however, be representative of the whole flow, and considerable inaccuracies can result.
Thus, the present invention seeks to provide a continuous. on-line method of calculating the dryness of the whole steam flow supplied to a processr such that the calculated value of the dryness may also be input to the flow/energy computer.
According to a first aspect of the present inventionj there is provided a method of calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator to a processr the method comprising the steps of:
storing values for the efficiency of the separator (as herein defined) at a plurality of input steam and condensate mass flow rates and a plurality of input fluid temperatures or pressures; measuring the mass flow rate, and the temperature is or pressurer of fluid supplied to the process; measuring the mass flow rate of condensate removed by the separator from the fluid; relating the measured mass flow rates and the measured temperature or pressure to a corresponding stored value of the efficiency of the separator; calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process on the asis of said measured mass flow rates and the corresponding stored value of the efficiency of the separator.
Since there is a well knownr fixed relationship between the temperature and the pressure of saturated steam. either parameter can be measured. However, temperature measurement is generally more accurate and less costly than pressure measurement; hence this method is preferred.
As used herein, the phrase "the efficiency of the separator" is defined as the percentage of the total liquid phase component of the input fluid which is removed by the separator. The efficiency will be a function of the pressure (and hence the temperature) of the input fluidr and of the steam and condensate mass flow rates.
c According to a second aspect of the present invention. there is provided a method of calculating the rate at which energy is supplied to a steam-powered process. said process being supplied with steam via a separator, which removes at least a portion of the liquid content thereofy the method comprising the steps of:
measuring the mass flow ratei and the temperature or pressure. of fluid supplied to the process; measuring the mass flow rate of liquid removed by the separator; calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process, using said measured flow rates and said is measured temperature or pressure and a predetermined separation characteristic of the separator; and calculating said rate at which energy is supplied on the basis of said calculated dryness fraction.
According to a third aspect of the present inventiont there is provided apparatus for calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator to a process, the apparatus comprising:
a first mass flow rate meter, for supplying a signal indicative of the rate at which fluid is supplied to the process; a second mass flow rate meter. for supplying a signal indicative of the rate at which condensate is removed by the separator; a temperature or pressure sensor, for supplying a signal indicative of the temperature or pressure of fluid supplied to the process; and a data processory for receiving signals supplied by the first and second mass flow rate meters and the temperature or pressure sensor and for calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process using a stored efficiency characteristic of the separator.
For a better understanding of the present invention. and to show how it may be brought into effecty reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings. in which:
Figure 1 is a block schematic diagram showing a steam-powered process planty in which a method according to the present invention is used; and Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method, according to a second aspect of the present invention, for calculating the rate at which energy is supplied to a steam-powered process.
Figure 1 shows a typical steam-powered process plant, in which saturated steam is supplied from a boiler to a number of individual processes via a steam is main 1. The steam is passed via a separator 2 to a process heat exchanger 3. The majority of the condensate is removed from the saturated steam in the separator 2, and thus the steam supplied to the process heat exchanger 3 has a dryness fraction of typically 0.95 to 0.99. The majority of the heat is removed from the steam in the process heat exchanger 3, causing it to condense. The condensate is removed by steam traps 4. and returned through a non-return valve 5 to the boiler along the condensate return line 6.
A steam mass flow meter 7 and a temperature sensor 8 are located in the input steam line downstream of the separator, for sensing the temperature of steam supplied to the process heat exchanger 3r and the rate at which that steam is being supplied. Measurement signals from the mass flow meter 7 and the temperature sensor 8 are input to a data processor 9. A second temperature sensor 10 senses the temperature of condensate removed from the process heat exchanger 3 and returned to the boiler via the condensate return line 6. A temperature measurement signal from the second temperature sensor 10 is also input to the data C processor 9.
The condensate removed from the input steam by the separator 2 is returned to the boiler via a second non return valve 11 and the condensate return line 6. on leaving the separator 2. the condensate passes through a condensate mass flow meter 12 and a condensate trap 13. The condensate mass flow meter and trap may consist of two liquid level sensors 12a, 12b and a solenoid valve 13. These are connected to the data processor 9 as indicated in Figure 1 in such a way that the time taken for the level of condensate to rise from the level of the lower level sensor to that of the upper level sensor is used as a measure of the mass flow rate of condensate. When the condensate level reaches that of the higher level sensor. the solenoid valve is opened# and the condensate-is discharged through the non-return valve 11 until the level falls below that of the lower sensor.
It will be appreciated that the system illustrated in Figure 1 is just one of a number of processes which would be supplied from a particular boiler, in practice, and a separator 14 supplying steam to a second process is also shown.
The present invention will now be illustrated with reference to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
The calculations are carried out in the data processor 9, which may, for examplei be the M200 flow computerr to which are passed measurement signals from the steam mass flow rate meter 7. the condensate mass flow rate meter 12. the steam temperature sensor 8, and the condensa te temperature sensor 10.
Howevery before the necessary calculations can be carried out, it is necessary to store. in the data processor gi details of the efficiency characteristics of the separator. The efficiency of the separator will depend upon the saturation temperature of the steam 0 passing therethrough, and upon the mass flow rates of steam and condensate. Thus, before the invention may be put into practice. the separator. or. at least. the specific type of separator, which is to be used must be tested at a range of input steam temperatures and a range of condensate and steam mass flow rates. to allow the efficiency of the separator to be measured within those ranges. The efficiency characteristic is then stored in the data processor 9. The data processor 9 also stores specific enthalpy tables for both phases at all required saturation temperatures.
The scheme illustrated in Figure 2 shows the calculations which are necessary when using, as the steam mass flow rate meter 7. a meter incorporating a is rotary variable differential transformert such as that disclosed in Patent Application No. 8620931. In such a flow meter, a measure of the mass flow rate is derived from a flap angle 0'. The calibration of the device may be such that any given flap angle 0corresponds to a mass flow rate 10, which is the mass flow rate of 100% dry saturated steam at 8 bar which would produce that flap angle. Thus, the value of 10 measured must be compensated both for differences in pressure and in dryness of the steam flowing through the meter.
The temperature t of the steam sensed by the temperature sensor 8 corresponds to a vapour phase density R which may be read from look-up tables stored in the data processor. Thenj if RO is defined as the vapour phase density at 8 bari a mass flow rate AS of 100% dry saturated steam at the operating pressurer indicated by the meter. is obtained from the relationship:
ia S 0 J-1-R- -0-'.
Then. from the stored efficiency characteristic of the separator, and using the value of IS calculated above and the mass flow rate &C of condensate removed by the separator. it is possible to calculate the dryness fraction Fd Of the steam flow upstream of the separator and downstream of the separator, the latter of course being the dryness fraction of steam supplied to the process heat exchanger 3.
Then. once the dryness fraction of steam supplied to the process heat exchanger has been calculatedi it is possible to compensate for the dryness of the flow to obtain a more accurate value for the mass flow rate of steam supplied to the process. In factr the total mass flow iT is related to mS calculated above by the equation:
iT 1S 11-1-/Fd.
is Thus, by calculating the dryness fraction, as indicated above. it is possible to obtain a more accurate measurement of the total mass flow of fluid into the system than would otherwise be possible.
Alternativelyr the steam mass flow meter 7 may be replaced by a differential pressure sensor, which measures the pressure drop across the separator.
Associated with any restriction in a flow line is a characteristic number, the pressure discharge coefficient or Euler number EU. EU is defined as EU 4p p = pressure drop Y2-RV2 R = fluid density V = flow velocity) For certain sorts of separator (e.g. baffle type)i EU is a constantr and thus measurements of 4p.
using the differential pressure sensorp and of the fluid temperature (or pressure), and hence R from saturated steam tables, allow calculation of the steam flow velocity V (gas phase).
Since the effects of wet flow on thp will be negligible, the gas phase mass flow rate can be calculated in this way. As described previously, this flow rate# together with the measured condensate mass flow rate and the known efficiency characteristic of the steam separatori may be used to derive the dryness fraction of the steam supplied.
Once the total mass flow has been calculated accurately, and when the dryness fraction of the steam supplied to the process is known. the rate Pin at which energy is supplied to the process may be calculated from the equation:
Pin = k (hfg. Fd+ hfa), where:
hfg = the specific heat of vaporisation at the saturation temperature; and is hfa = specific enthalpy of the liquid phase at the saturation temperature.
In addition. it is possible to calculate the rate of energy wastage Pwa due to condensate removal by the separator. Thus:
Pwa!C (hfa hfb), where:
hfb specific enthalpy of condensate at the boiler feed temperature.
In addition, since, in a closed system, the-mass flow rate out of the process must be equal to the mass flow rate into the processi it is also possible to calculate the rate Pret at which energy is returned by the process:
Pret 1T. hfc, where:
hfc specific enthalpy of condensate at process removal temperature.
-g- Thus, the rate Pwb at which energy is wasted by returning condensate to the boiler is given by: Pwb = LT (hfc - hfb).
Thusi it is possible to calculate the power consumption and efficiency of the process to a far higher degree of accuracy than has previously been possible.
If. in addition, the dryness of the steam output by the boiler is measured, it is possible to determine whether the condensate in the system arises from boiler carry-over, or from poor lagging, pipe work and plant design. Thust the present invention also provides methods whereby inefficiencies, such as insufficient separation and trapping in the plant as a whole, will is be revealed. Once the sources of the various inefficiencies have been located, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the plant as required.

Claims (5)

1. A method of calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator to a process.
the method comprising the steps of:
storing values for the efficiency of the separator (as herein defined) at a plurality of input steam and condensate mass flow rates and a plurality of input fluid temperatures or pressures; measuring the mass flow rate, and the temperature or pressure, of fluid supplied to the process; measuring the mass flow rate of condensate removed by the separator from the fluid; relating the measured mass flow rates and the measured temperature or pressure to a corresponding is stored value of the efficiency of the separator; calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process on the basis of said measured mass flow rates and the corresponding stored value of the efficiency of the separator.
2. A method of calculating the rate at which energy is supplied to a steam-powered process, said process being supplied with steam via a separator, which removes at least a portion of the liquid content thereof, the method comprising the steps of:
measuring the mass flow rate. and the temperature or pressure, of fluid supplied to the process; measuring the mass flow rate of liquid removed by the separator; calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process# using said measured flow rates and said measured temperature or pressure and a predetermined separation characteristic of the separator; and calculating said rate at which energy is supplied on the basis of said calculated dryness fraction.
3. Apparatus for calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator to a process, the apparatus comprising:
a first mass flow rate meter, for supplying a signal indicative of the rate at which fluid is supplied to the process; a second mass flow rate meter. for supplying a signal indicative of the rate at which condensate is removed by the separator; a temperature or pressure sensor, for supplying a signal indicative of the temperature or pressure of fluid supplied to the process; and a data processor, for receiving signals supplied by the first and second mass flow rate meters and the temperature or pressure sensor and for calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied to the process using is a stored efficiency characteristic of the separator.
4. A method of measuring the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
5. Apparatus for calculating the dryness fraction of fluid supplied via a steam separator to a process.
substantially as herein described with reference to, and as shown int the accompanying drawings.
Published 1989 at The Patent Office, State House, 66,71 H-,ghHolburri,Lo-, i,'cr, WC1R4TP. Further copies maybe obtainedfrom. The Patent Office. Sales Branch, St Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent BR5 3RD. Printed by Multiplex techniques ltd. St Mary Cray, Kent, Con. 1187
GB8725025A 1987-10-26 1987-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction Expired - Fee Related GB2211619B (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8725025A GB2211619B (en) 1987-10-26 1987-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction
DE3836496A DE3836496C2 (en) 1987-10-26 1988-10-26 Method for calculating the degree of dryness of a fluid which is introduced into a process via a steam separator, the rate of the energy supplied to the process and device for calculating the degree of dryness
US07/262,839 US5020000A (en) 1987-10-26 1988-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction
FR888813987A FR2622287B1 (en) 1987-10-26 1988-10-26 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING THE DRY WATER VAPOR FRACTION
KR1019880013996A KR920005206B1 (en) 1987-10-26 1988-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction
JP63270620A JPH07117510B2 (en) 1987-10-26 1988-10-26 Fluid drying rate measuring method, energy supply rate measuring method, and drying rate measuring device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8725025A GB2211619B (en) 1987-10-26 1987-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction

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GB8725025D0 GB8725025D0 (en) 1987-12-02
GB2211619A true GB2211619A (en) 1989-07-05
GB2211619B GB2211619B (en) 1991-04-17

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GB8725025A Expired - Fee Related GB2211619B (en) 1987-10-26 1987-10-26 Measuring dryness fraction

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US (1) US5020000A (en)
JP (1) JPH07117510B2 (en)
KR (1) KR920005206B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3836496C2 (en)
FR (1) FR2622287B1 (en)
GB (1) GB2211619B (en)

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GB2436129A (en) * 2006-03-13 2007-09-19 Univ City Vapour power system
CN103383370A (en) * 2013-07-12 2013-11-06 赵庆成 Oil field steam injection boiler steam dryness measurement method and its system
GB2614896A (en) * 2022-01-21 2023-07-26 T J B Systems Ltd Apparatus for and method of determining dryness level of steam

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DE4433451A1 (en) * 1994-09-20 1996-03-21 Testo Gmbh & Co Method and device for determining the water vapor content in gases
DE19622530A1 (en) * 1996-06-05 1997-12-11 Testo Gmbh & Co Method and device for determining in particular the moisture content of a sample gas stream
US6701794B2 (en) * 1996-08-22 2004-03-09 Donald P. Mayeaux System for retrieving a gas phase sample from a gas stream containing entrained liquid, and sample conditioner assembly therefore
DE19729799A1 (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-14 Muenchner Medizin Mechanik Method for determining the caloric state of steam, in particular for determining the steam wetness of wet steam, and device therefor
CN101520392A (en) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-02 辽宁石油化工大学 Method and device for detecting dryness fraction of wet steam in once-through steam boiler
JP5417068B2 (en) * 2009-07-14 2014-02-12 株式会社日立製作所 Oxyfuel boiler and control method for oxygen fired boiler
RU2444726C1 (en) * 2010-08-02 2012-03-10 Александр Васильевич Коваленко Apparatus for controlling heat power, mass flow, enthalpy and dryness of stream of wet steam
JP5539176B2 (en) * 2010-12-10 2014-07-02 アズビル株式会社 Dryness measuring device and dryness measuring method
JP5785468B2 (en) * 2011-09-29 2015-09-30 アズビル株式会社 Gas-liquid two-phase fluid state control device and gas-liquid two-phase fluid state control method
US9228963B2 (en) * 2011-10-28 2016-01-05 Armstrong Global Holdings, Inc. Steam quality measurement system
CN105987860B (en) * 2015-02-05 2019-07-12 上海海立电器有限公司 Measure the method and device of refrigerant solubility in refrigerator oil
US11859441B2 (en) 2021-10-28 2024-01-02 Jeld-Wen, Inc. Fenestration unit with drainage passage from corner key and through cladding

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2436129A (en) * 2006-03-13 2007-09-19 Univ City Vapour power system
CN103383370A (en) * 2013-07-12 2013-11-06 赵庆成 Oil field steam injection boiler steam dryness measurement method and its system
CN103383370B (en) * 2013-07-12 2016-12-28 赵庆成 A kind of uphole steam generator steam quality measuring method and system thereof
GB2614896A (en) * 2022-01-21 2023-07-26 T J B Systems Ltd Apparatus for and method of determining dryness level of steam
GB2614896B (en) * 2022-01-21 2024-04-03 T J B Systems Ltd Apparatus for and method of determining dryness level of steam

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2622287A1 (en) 1989-04-28
JPH01201148A (en) 1989-08-14
KR890007175A (en) 1989-06-19
JPH07117510B2 (en) 1995-12-18
GB2211619B (en) 1991-04-17
US5020000A (en) 1991-05-28
DE3836496C2 (en) 1997-12-18
FR2622287B1 (en) 1993-04-23
GB8725025D0 (en) 1987-12-02
KR920005206B1 (en) 1992-06-29
DE3836496A1 (en) 1989-05-03

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