GB2193323A

GB2193323A - Electrical coils

Info

Publication number: GB2193323A
Application number: GB08714435A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Peter Mansfield; Barry Leonard Walter Chapman
Original assignee: National Research Development Corp UK
Current assignee: National Research Development Corp UK
Priority date: 1986-06-26
Filing date: 1987-06-19
Publication date: 1988-02-03
Anticipated expiration: 2007-06-19
Also published as: JPS6387711A; DE3787767T2; EP0254416A1; CA1279695C; GB8714435D0; JPH0828296B2; DE3787767D1; EP0254416B1; US4873503A; GB2193323B; GB8615674D0

Description

GB2193323A 1

SPECIFICATION

Electrical coils This invention relates to electrical coils for generating magnetic fields. It has application inter alia 5 in coils which are designed for use in NMR spectroscopic and imaging apparatus. In such apparatus a variety of coils are required, for example magnetic gradient field coils, RF coils and solenoidal type magnets generally.

According to the invention an electrical coil for generating a magnetic field comprises a set of electrical conductors and means for supplying the conductors of the set with electrical currents 10 of magnitude such that the resultant current distribution in the set of conductors approximates to the induced surface current distribution in a conductive former positioned in the place of said set and in the presence of the required magnetic field.

In a first embodiment the conductive former comprises a highly conductive surface and the required magnetic field is time dependent. In a second embodiment the conductive former 15 comprises a superconductive surface and the required magnetic field is static.

The present invention also provides a method of determining an induced surface current distribution in a conductive former by constructing a former of the desired shape, moving a search probe over the surface of the former in the presence of a required magnetic field and measuring at selected points a signal induced in the probe which is proportional to said induced 20 surface current.

In a preferred embodiment the former of the desired shape is a scale model of the magnetic coil to be manufactured.

In order that the invention may be more fully understood reference will now be made to the accompanying drawing in which:- 25 Figure 1 illustrates diagrammatically a super-conductive screen in a magnetic field;

Figure 2 illustrates an electrical coil embodying the invention; and Figure 3 is a sketch of part of a sheet shaped to conform to the required shape of a coil.

Referring now to Fig. 1 there is shown therein a superconductive former 1 of cylindrical shape which is placed in a magnetic field B. Electrical currents i are generated on the surface of the 30 former which ideally if the former is completely closed cause it to act as a perfect magnetic screen and reduce the magnetic field in the volume enclosed by the former to zero. Fig. 2 shows a set of electrical conductors 2 forming a coil 3 embracing a volume corresponding to the volume enclosed by former 1 and these conductors are supplied with electrical currents I of magnitude such that the resultant current distribution approximates to the distribution of current 35 flow in the surface of former 1. The coil 3 thus mimics the induced surface currents of former 1 and will therefore produce a magnetic field within the embraced volume corresponding to the magnetic field that would have been present had the super-conductive former of Fig. 1 not been there.

By Lenz's law, the direction of the field produced by the induced surface currents opposes the 40 external field B. However, in the driven coil 3 all currents are reversed so that thp central field B is in the same sensq as the original field. This is equivalent to Babinet's principle in optics. Of course perfect magnetic screening occurs only with a closed superconductive surface such as a sphere, a box, a closed cylinder or the like but a set of current carrying conductors can produce a reasonable approximation to the currents induced on such a surface. The principles of induced 45 surface current, distribution may be applied when the required field is uniform or is a gradient field of chosen form. The coil may have any desired shape and in such a case the induced surface currents of a correspondingly shaped former may be mapped experimentally in an alternating field.

To design a coil in accordance with Fig. 2 the following empirical method can be used which 50 is based upon the fact that normal conductors at room temperature of sufficient thickness, t, exclude RF fields from their interior in exactly the same way as superconductors exclude all fields. This is because electromagnetic fields are attenuated approximately as e X/d, where x is the penetration depth and d, the skin depth, is given by 55 CL = _ 0 LL,) where a is the conductivity and (o is the angular frequency. 60 For superconductors a is infinite which gives perfect attenuation even at zero frequency. For high frequencies, go6d conductors at room temperature also provide screening if t/d is suffici ently large. For example at a frequency of 100 MHz more than 90% of the current in a copper conductor is confined to a depth of 1.5 x 10-5M. For all practical purposes therefore a thin conducting surface in an RF field approximates to a superconductor in a field of similar magni-

2 GB 2 193 323A 2 tude at any frequency.

Surface currents in a superconducting closed surface can therefore be approximated very closely by measuring those induced in a scale model of high conductivity sheet placed in an RF field of the desired form. The apparent tautology of this method, namely that of needing an ideal field within which to perform the measurements, is overcome by having a small model in the 5 central position of a large RF coil structure designed along conventional lines, for which the RF field generated by the coil has the desired spatial characteristics over the volume of the model.

The induced surface currents are then mapped by running a search coil over the surface.

An example of this is shown in Fig. 3, which shows in sketch form a part of a copper sheet 4 which is shaped to model the desired shape of a magnet coil. Optionally the model can be 10 scaled down in size. Sheet 4 is part of a larger closed former when is placed in an RF field B (shown dotted) of field distribution corresponding to the distribution of the required magnetic field to be generated by the coil being designed. The presence of the RF field will generate circulating currents of density j in the surface of sheet 4. A search coil 5 is positioned close to the outer surface of sheet 4 and a voltage V will be induced therein proportional to the current 15 density j at the position of the search coil. This voltage V is measured and recorded for different positions of coil 5. By this means the required current density distribution of the coil being designed is determined.

A similar method can be used on a superconducting model in the presence of a static magnetic field. In this case a DC flux meter of high sensitivity is used to map the surface fields. 20

Electrical coils constructed in accordance with the above design principles have a number of applications. Thus it is possible to design a coil of non-standard or unusual shape to produce a uniform field. For example tight fitting coils for the arm, elbow or head may be constructed which produce fields of desired form within. Such coils would resemble mediaeval body armour.

Complete body coils would resemble the Tutankhamun sarcophagus and would be split for 25 access. Saddle type coils for generating transverse gradient fields may also be designed as well as distributed Maxwell pair type coils for gradient field generation along the axis of a main magnetic field. Yet again RF coils may be designed for uniformly distributed RF fields.

In the foregoing embodiments the desired magnetic field is assumed to be that produced inside a closed coil structure However, the invention can equally well be used to design 30 magnetic fields external to a coil structure. This is done by enclosing a suitable magnetic field source within a superconductive or highly conductive surface. Such an arrangement would be of use for example in designing active magnetic screens (U.K. Patent Application 8622277) with arbitrary closed surface shapes.

In a further embodiment the invention can be applied to the design of open coil structures for 35 the generation of specific internal or external magnetic fields. For example short solenoids, localised rf coils for particular applications in medical imaging, e.g. knee-coils, elbow coils, head coils or general limb coils. Further applications are in the design of localised magnetic field gradient coils. In these applications the coil does not completely enclose the object. Therefore the superconductive or highly conductive former would be an open structure allowing limb or 40 other object access. In this case it is generally necessary to accept a spatial variation of the desired magnetic field over the object which is less than the perfect field form. End effects can be mitigated, however, by increasing the current density in the corresponding coil structure by additional windings.

45

Claims

1. An electrical coil for generating a magnetic field comprises a set of electrical conductors and means for supplying the conductors of the set with electrical currents of magnitude such that the resultant current distribution in the set of conductors approximates to the induced surface current distribution in a conductive former positioned in the place of said set and in the 50 presence of the required magnetic field.

2. An electrical coil as claimed in Claim 1 in which the conductive former comprises a highly conductive surface and the required magnetic field is time dependent.

3. An electrical coil as claimed in Claim 1 in which the conductive former comprises a superconductive surface and the required magnetic field is static. 55

4. A method of determining an induced surface current distribution in a conductive former by constructing a former of the desired shape, moving a search probe over the surface of the former in the presence of a required magnetic field and measuring at selected points the signal induced in the probe proportional to said induced surface current.

5. A method of determining an induced surface current distribution as claimed in Claim 4 in 60 which the former of the desired shape is a scale model the shape of a magnetic coil to be manufactured.

6. An electrical coil substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

7. A method of determining an induced surface current distribution substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 65 3 GB2193323A 3 Published 1988 at The Patent Office, State House, 66/71 High Holborn, London WC1 R 4TP. Further copies may be obtained from The Patent Office, Sales Branch, St Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent BR5 3RD. Printed by Burgess & Son (Abingdon) Ltd. Con. 1/87.

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