GB2173224A - Liquid laundry detergent bleach composition - Google Patents

Abstract

A liquid laundry detergent composition contains an inorganic peroxide salt bleach and an inhibitor such as hydroxylamine sulphate is added as a bleach stabilizer and specifically as an inhibitor of catalase, an enzyme present in natural body soils. This enzyme will rapidly decompose hydrogen peroxide, the active bleaching component of the bleach. The preferred compositions are non-aqueous liquids based on liquid nonionic surfactants and include a detergent builder salt suspended in the liquid nonionic surfactant, a bleach activator and a mono- or poly(C2 to C3)alkyleneglycol mono(C1-C5)alkyl ether.

Description

SPECIFICATION Liquid Laundry Detergent Bleach Composition This invention relates to liquid laundry detergent compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to liquid detergent compositions containing a stabilised bleaching agent. Preferred non-aqueous liquid laundry detergent compositions are those which are easily pourable and which do not gel when added to water and to the use of these compositions for cleaning soiled fabrics.

Liquid non-aqueous heavy duty laundry detergent compositions are well known in the art. For instance, compositions of that type may comprise a liquid nonionic surfactant in which are dispersed particles of a builder, as shown for instance in the U.S. patents Nos. 4,316,812, 3,630,929, 4,264,466, and British patents Nos. 1,205,711,1,270,040 and 1,600,981.

Liquid detergents are often considered to be more convenient to employ than dry powdered or particulate products and, therefore, have found substantial favour with consumers. They are readily measurable, speedily dissolved in the wash water, capable of being easily applied in concentrated solutions or dispersions to soiled areas on garments to be laundered and are non-dusting, and they usually occupy less storage space. Additionally, the liquid detergents may have incorporated in their formulations materials which could not stand drying operations without deterioration, which materials are often desirably employed in the manufacture of particulate detergent products.Although they are possessed of many advantages over unitary or particulate solid products, liquid detergents often have certain inherent disadvantages too, which have to be overcome to produce acceptable commercial detergent products.

Thus, some such products separate out on storage and others separate out on cooling and are not readily redispersed. In some cases the product viscosity changes and it becomes eithertoo thick to pour or so thin as to appear watery. Some clear products become cloudy and others gel on standing.

The present inventors have been extensively involved in studying the rheological behaviour of nonionic liquid surfactant systems with and without particulate matter suspended therein. Of particular interest has been non-aqueous built laundry liquid detergent compositions and the problems of gelling associated with nonionic surfactants as well as settling of the suspended builder and other laundry additives. These considerations have an impact on, for example, product pourability, dispersibility and stability.

The rheological behaviour of the non-aqueous built liquid laundry detergents can be compared by analogy to the rheological behaviour of paints in which the suspended builder particles correspond to the inorganic pigment and the nonionic liquid surfactant corresponds to the non-aqueous paint vehicle. For simplicity, in the following discussion, the suspended particles, e.g. detergent builder, will sometimes be referred to as the "pigment".

It is known that one of the major problems with paints and built liquid laundry detergents is their physical stability. This problem stems from the fact that the density of the solid pigment particles is higher than the density of the liquid matrix. Therefore, the particles tend to sediment according to Stokes' law. Two basic solutions exist to solve the sedimentation problem: liquid matrix viscosity and reducing solid particle size.

For instance, it is known that such suspensions can be stabilised against settling by adding inorganic or organic thickening agents or dispersants, such as, for example, very high surface area inorganic materials, e.g. finely divided silica or clays, or organic thickeners, such as the cellulose ethers, acrylic and acrylamide polymers or polyelectrolytes. However, such increases in suspension viscosity are naturally limited by the requirement that the liquid suspension be readily pourable and flowable, even at low temperature.

Furthermore, these additives do not contribute to the cleaning performance of the formulation.

Grinding to reduce the particle size is more advantageous and provides two major consequences.

1. The pigment specific surface area is increased, and, therefore, particle wetting by the non-aqueous vehicle (liquid nonionic) is proportionately improved.

2. The average distance between pigment particles is reduced with a proportionate increase in particle-to-particle interaction. Each of these effects contributes to increase the rest-gel strength and the suspension yield stress while at the same time g significantly reduces plastic viscosity.

The non-aqueous liquid suspensions of the detergent builder-particles such as the polyphosphate builders, especially sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in nonionic surfactant are found to behave, rheologically, substantially according to the Casson equation: c'1/2-o01/2+n1/2 1/2 where y is the shear rate a is the shear stress, 0o is the yield stress (or yield value), and n is the "plastic viscosity" (apparent viscosity at infinite shear rate).

The yield stress is the minimum stress necessary to induce a plastic deformation (flow) of the suspension. Thus, visualising the suspension as a loose network of pigment particles, if the applied stress is lower than the yield stress, the suspension behaves like an elastic gel and no plastic flow will occur. Once the yield stress is overcome, the network breaks at some points and the sample begins to flow, but with a very high apparent viscosity. if the shear stress is much higher than the yield stress, the pigments are partially shear-deflocculated and the apparent viscosity decreases. Finally, if the shear stress is much higher than the yield stress value, the pigment particles are completely shear-deflocculated and the apparent viscosity is very low, as if no particle interaction were present.

Therefore, the higher the yield stress of the suspension, the higher the apparent viscosity at low shear rate and the better is the physical stability of the product.

In addition to the problem of settling or phase separation the non-aqueous liquid laundry detergents based on liquid nonionic surfactants suffer from the drawback that the nonionics tend to gel when added to cold water. This is a particularly important problem in the ordinary use of European household automatic washing machines where the user places the laundry detergent composition in a dispersing unit (e.g. a dispensing drawer) of the machine. During the operation of the machine the detergent in the dispenser is subjected to a stream of cold water to transfer it to the main body of wash solution. Especially during the winter months when the detergent composition and water fed to the dispenser are particularly cold, the detergent viscosity increases markedly and a gel forms.As a result some of the composition is not flushed completely off the dispenser during operation of the machine, and a deposit of the composition builds up with repeated wash cycles, eventually requiring the user to flush the dispenser with hot water.

The gelling phenomenon can also be a problem whenever it is desired to carry out washing using cold water as may be recommended for certain synthetic and delicate fabrics or fabrics which can shrink in warm or hot water.

Partial solutions to the gelling problem in aqueous, substantially builder-free compositions have been proposed and include, for example, for diluting the liquid nonionic with certain viscosity controlling solvents and gel-inhibiting agents, such as lower alkanols, e.g. ethyl alcohol (see U.S. Patent 3,953,380), alkali metal formates and adipates (see U.S. Patent 4,368,147), hexylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.

In addition, these two patents each disclose the use of up to at most about 2.5% of the lower alkyl (C1-C4) etheric derivatives of the lower (C2-C3) polyols, e.g. ethylene glycol, in these aqueous liquid builder-free detergents in place of a portion of the lower alkanol, e.grethanol, as a viscosity control solvent.

To similar effect are U.S. patents 4,111,855 and 4,201,686. However, there is no disclosure or suggestion in any of these patents that these compounds, some of which are commercially available under the trade name Cellosolve (Registered Trade Mark), could function effectively as viscosity control and gel-preventing agents for non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant compositions, especially such compositions containing suspended builder salts, such as the polyphosphate compounds, and especially particularly such compositions which do not depend on or require the lower alkanol solvents as viscosity control agents.

Furthermore, British patent specification 1,600,981 mentions that in non-aqueous nonionic detergent compositions containing builders suspended therein with the aid of certain dispersants for the builder, such as finely divided silica and/or polyether group containing compounds having molecular weights of at least 500, it may be advantageous to use mixtures of non ionic surfactants, one of which fulfils a surfactant function and the other of which both fulfils a surfactantfunction and reduces the pour point of the compositions. The former is exemplified by C12-C15 fatty alcohols with 5 to 15 moles of ethylene and/or propylene oxide per mole. The other surfactant is exemplified by linear C6-Cs or branched C8-C11 fatty alcohols with 2 to 8 moles ethylene and/or propylene oxide per mole.Again, there is no teaching that these low carbon chain compounds cou Id control the viscosity and prevent gelation of the heavy duty non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant compositions with builder suspended in the nonionic liquid surfactant.

It is also known to modify the structure of nonionic surfactants to optimise their resistance to gelling upon contact with water, particularly cold water.

As an example of nonionic surfactant modification one particularly successful result has been achieved by acidifying the hydroxyl moiety end group of the nonionic molecule. The advantages of introducing a carboxylic acid at the end of the nonionic include gel inhibition upon dilution, decreasing the nonionic pour point; and formation of an anionic surfactant when neutralised in the washing liquor. Nonionic structure optimisation for minimising gelation is also known, for example, controlling the chain length of the hydrophobic-lipophilic moiety and the number and make-up of alkylene oxide (e.g. ethylene oxide) units of the hydrophilic moiety. For example, it has been found that a C13 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with 8 moles of ethylene oxide presents only a limited tendency to gel formation.

Nevertheless, still further improvements have been desired in the stability, viscosity control and gel inhibition of non-aqueous liquid detergent compositions.

Such matters are addressed in GB 8531947, the invention disclosed in which seeks to provide non-aqueous liquid laundry detergents which do not gel when contacted with or when added to water, especially cold water.

The invention of GB 8531947 further seeks to provide non-aqueous liquid built laundry detergent compositions which are storage stable, easily pourable and dispersible in cold, warm or hot water.

The invention of GB 8531947 also seeks to formulate highly built heavy duty non-aqueous liquid nonionic surfactant laundry detergent compositions which can be poured at a wide range of temperatures and which can be repeatedly dispersed from the dispensing unit of European style automatic laundry washing machines without fouling or plugging of the dispenser even during the winter months.

The invention of GB 8531947 still furtherseeksto provide non-gelling, stable, low viscosity suspensions of heavy duty tripolyphosphate built non-aqueous liquid nonionic laundry detergent composition which include an amount of a low molecular weight amphiphilic compound sufficient td decrease the viscosity of the composition in the absence of water and upon contact with cold water.

GB 8531947 discloses adding to the liquid nonionic surfactant composition an amount of a low molecular weight amphiphilic compound, particularly, mono-, di- or tri(lower (C2 to C3) alkylene)glycol mono(lower (C1 to C5) alkyl)ether, effective to inhibit gelation of the nonionic surfactant in the presence of cold water.

Accordingly, GB 8531947 discloses a liquid heavy duty laundry composition composed of a suspension of a builder salt in a liquid nonionic surfactant wherein the composition includes an amount of a lower (C2 to C3) alkylene glycol mono(lower) (C1 to C5) alkyl ether to decrease the viscosity of the composition in the absence of water and upon the contacting of the composition with water.

In a more specific embodiment, GB 8531947 discloses a non-aqueous liquid cleaning composition which remains pourable at temperatures below about 5"C and which does not gel when contacted with or added to water attemperatures below about 20"C, the composition being composed of a liquid nonionic surfactant and C2 to C3 alkylene glycol mono(C1 to C5)alkyl ether and being substantially free of water.

GB 8531947 also discloses a method for dispensing a liquid nonionic laundry detergent composition into and/or with cold water without undergoing gelation. In particular, a method is disclosed for filling a container with a non-aqueous liquid laundry detergent composition in which the detergent is composed, at least predominantly, of a liquid nonionic surface active agent and for dispensing the composition from the container into an aqueous wash bath, wherein the dispensing is effected by directing a stream of unheated water onto the composition such that the composition is carried by the stream of water into the main bath.

By including a low molecular weight amphiphilic compound, i.e. a low C2 to C2 alkylene glycol mono(lower)(C1 to C5)alkyl ether, the composition can be easily poured into the container even when the composition is at a temperature below room temperature. Furthermore, the composition does not undergo gelation when it is contacted by the stream of water and it readily disperses upon entry into the wash bath.

As will be seen below the liquid detergent compositions such as those of GB 8351947 often include, in addition to the detergent active ingredient, one or more detergent additives of adjuvants. One of the more important of these, in terms of consumer appeal and actual cleaning benefit, is the class of bleach agents, especially the oxygen bleaches, of which sodium perborate monohydrate is a particularly preferred example. It is well known in the art that, in solution, the persalt oxygen bleach releases hydrogen peroxide as the active oxidising agent. However, hydrogen peroxide is readily decomposed by catalase, an enzyme always present in natural soils and stains. This decomposition occurs even in the presence of bleach activators, as the rate of reaction between hydrogen peroxide and the activator is slower than the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase.The activity of catalase is very high, even at room temperature, and a substantial quantity of active oxygen is lost before catalase can be deactivated by increasing the temperature of the washing bath.

One approach to solving this problem has been to use an excessive amount of perborate or other peroxide bleaching agent, e.g. an amount generally 2 to 4 or more times that which would be required to effectively bleach the soil or stain in the absence of peroxide decomposing enzyme and also 2 to 4 or more times molar excess relative to the number of moles of bleach activator.

It has also been proposed to carry out the bleaching with an aqueous solution of peroxide bleaching agent in the presence of a compound capable of inhibiting enzyme-induced decomposition of the bleaching 'agent. Thus, U.S. patent 3,606,990 to Gobert and Mouret and assigned to Colgate-Palmolive Company discloses a relatively wide range of inhibitor compounds, including, for example, hydroxylamine salt, hydrazine and phenylhydrazine and their salts, substituted phenols and polyphenols, and others, as well as various detergent compositions incorporating the water soluble inorganic peroxide bleaching agent and the inhibitor compound.However, there is no teaching of liquid detergent compositions which incorporate the inhibitor compounds nor is there a teaching that the inhibitor compounds would be effective in compositions containing a bleach activator in addition to the peroxide bleach.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid laundry detergent bleaching composition comprising a liquid nonionic surfactant, a water soluble inorganic peroxide salt bleaching agent and an effective amount of a comopund which is an inhibitor of the enzyme-induced decomposition of the peroxide salt bleaching agent.

Furthermore, U.S. patent 3,606,990 states in column 7, lines 25 to 29 that in the case of hydroxylamine sulphate the effective amount of inhibitor compound is from about 0.5 to 2% by weight of the total composition.

It has now been discovered that in the detergent liquid compositions of this invention containing a water soluble inorganic peroxide bleaching agent of the persalttypethe incorporation of very limited amounts of less than about 0.5%, for example, 0.01 to about 0.45%, can effectively inhibit enzyme-induced decomposition of the bleaching agent. It has been further discovered that hydroxylamine sulphate is highly stable in the composition and does not at all interfere with activation of the bleaching system by conventional persalt bleach activators.

Therefore, in accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a liquid laundry detergent composition, which may be a liquid heavy duty laundry detergent composition, which includes a water soluble inorganic peroxide bleaching agent and an effective amount of a compound which can inhibit enzyme-induced decomposition of the bleaching agent in an amount of less than about 0.5% by weight of the composition, and preferably with an activator for activating the bleaching agent.

Other features and specific embodiments of the invention will be apparent and the invention may be more readily understood from the following detailed description.

The nonionic synthetic organic detergents employed in the practice of the invention may be any of a wide variety of such compounds, which are well known and, for example, are described at length in the text SurfaceActiveAgents. Vol. II, by Schwartz, Perry and Berch, published in 1958 by Interscience Publishers, and in McCutchson's Detergents and Emulsifiers, 1969 Annual, the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Usually, the nonionic detergents are poly-lower alkoxylated lipophiles wherein the desired hydrophile-lipophile balance is obtained from addition of a hydrophilic poly-lower group to a lipophilic moiety.A preferred class of the nonionic detergent employed is the poly-lower alkoxylated higher alkanol wherein the alkanol is of 10to 18 carbon atoms and wherein the number of mols of lower alkylene oxide (of 2 to 3 carbon atoms) is from 3 to 12. Of such materials it is preferred to employ those wherein the higher alkanol is a higher fatty alcohol of 10 to 11 or 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain from 5 to 8 or 5 to 9 lower alkoxy groups per mol. Preferably, the lower alkoxy is ethoxy, but in some instances, it may be desirably mixed with propoxy, the latter, if present, usually, but not necessarily, being a minor (less than 50%) proportion. Exemplary of such compounds are those wherein the alkanol is of 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain about 7 ethylene oxide groups per mol, e.g.Neodol 25-7 and Neodol 23-6.5, which products are made by Shell Chemical Company, Inc. The former is a condensation product of a mixture of higher fatty alcohols averaging about 12 to 15 carbon atoms, with about 7 mols of ethylene oxide and the latter is a corresponding mixture wherein the carbon atom content of the higher fatty alcohol is 12 to 13 and the number of ethylene oxide groups present averages about 6.5. The higher alcohols are primary alkanols.

Other examples of such detergents include Tergitol (Registered Trade Mark) 15-S-7 and Tergitol 15-S-9, both of which are linear secondary alcohol ethoxylates made by Union Carbide Corp. The former is mixed ethoxylation product of 11 to 15 carbon atoms linear secondary alkanol with 7 mols of ethylene oxide and the latter is a similar product, but with 9 mols of ethylene oxide being reacted.

Also useful in the compositions of the present invention as a component of the nonionic detergent are higher molecular weight nonionics, such as Neodol 45-11, which are similar ethylene oxide condensation products of higher fatty alcohols, with the higher fatty alcohol being of 14to 15 carbon atoms and the number of ethylene oxide groups per mol being about 11.Such products are also made by Shell Chemical Company. Other useful nonionics are represented by the well-known commercially available Plurafac series which are the reaction product of a higher linear alcohol and a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides, containing a mixed chain of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, terminated by a Hydroxyl group.

Examples include Plurafac RA30 (a C13C1s fatty alcohol condensed with 6 moles ethylene oxide and 3 moles propylene oxide). Plurafac RA40 (a C13-C15 fatty alcohol condensed with 7 moles'propylene oxide and 4 moles ethylene oxide). Plurafac D25 (a C13-C15 fatty alcohol condensed with 5 moles propylene oxide and 10 moles ethylene oxide), and Plurafac B26.

Generally, the mixed ethylene oxide-propylene oxide fatty alcohol condensation products can be represented by the general formula RO(C2H4O)x(C3H6O)yH, where R is straight or branched primary or secondary aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably alkyl or alkenyl, of from 6 to 20, preferably 10 to 18, especially preferably 14to 18 carbon atoms, xis a number of from 2 to 12, preferably 4to 10, andy is a number of from 2 to 7, preferably 3 to 6.

Another group of liquid nonionics are available from Shell Chemical Company, inc. under the Dobanol trade mark: Dobanol 91-5 is an ethoxylated C9-C11 fatty alcohol with an average of 5 moles ethylene oxide; and Dobanol 25-7 is an ethoxylated C12-C15fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles ethylene oxides.

In the preferred poly-lower alkoxylated higher alkanols, to obtain the best balance of hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties the number of lower alkoxies will usually be from 40% to 100% of the number of carbon atoms in the higher alcohol, preferably 40 to 60% thereof and the nonionic detergent will preferably contain at least 50% of such preferred poly-lower alkoxy higher alkanol. Higher molecular weight alkanols and various other normally solid nonionic detergents and surface active agents may be contributory to a gelation of the liquid detergent and consequently, will preferably be omitted or limited in quantity to the compositions of the present invention, although minor proportions thereof may be employed for their cleaning properties, etc.With respect to both preferred and less preferred nonionic detergents the alkyl groups present therein are generally linear although branching may be tolerated, such as at a carbon next to or two carbons removed from the terminal carbon of the straight chain and away from the ethoxy chain, if such branched alkyl is not more than three carbons in length. Normally, the proportion of carbon atoms in such a branched configuration will be minor rarely exceeding 20% of the total carbon atom content of the alkyl. Similarly, although linear alkyls which are terminally joined to the ethylene oxide chains are highly preferred and are considered to result in the best combination of detergency, biodegradability and non-gelling characteristics, medial or secondary joinder to the ethylene oxide in the chain may occur. It is usually in only a minor proportion of such alkyls, generally less than 20%, but as is in the cases of the mentioned Tergitols, may be greater. Also, when propylene oxide is present in the lower alkylene oxide chain, it will usually, but not necessarily, be less than 20% thereof and preferably less than 10% thereof.

When greater proportions of non-terminally alkoxylated alkanols, propylene oxide-containing poly lower alkoxylated alkanols and less hydrophile-lipophile balanced nonionic detergent than mentioned above are employed and when other nonionic detergents are used instead of the preferred nonionics recited herein, the product resulting may not have as good detergency, stability, viscosity and non-gelling properties as the preferred compositions, but use of the viscosity and gel controlling compounds of the present invention can also improve the properties of the detergents based on such nonionics. In some cases, as when a higher molecular weight polylower alkoxylated higher alkanol is employed, often for its detergency, the proportion thereof will be regulated or limited as in the desired detergency and still have the product non-gelling and of desired viscosity.Also, it has been found that it is only rarely necessary to utilise the higher molecular weight nonionics for their detergent properties since the preferred nonionics described herein are excellent detergents and additionally, permit the attainment of the desired viscosity in the liquid detergent without gelation at low temperatures. Mixtures of two or moreof these liquid nonionics can also be used and in some cases advantages can be obtained by the use of such mixtures.

As mentioned above, the structure of the liquid nonionic surfactant may be optimized with regard to their carbon chain length and configuration (e.g. linear versus branched chains, etc.) and their content and distribution of alkylene oxide units. Extensive research has shown that these structural characteristics can and do have a profound effect on such properties of the nonionic as pour point, cloud point, viscosity, gelling tendency, as well, of course, as on detergency.

Typically most commercially available nonionics have a relatively large distribution of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) units and of the lipophilic hydrocarbon chain length, the reported EO and PO contents and hydrocarbon chain lengths being overall averages. This "polydispersity" of the hydrophilic chains and the lipophilic chains can have great importance on the product properties as can thus specific values of the average values. The relationship between "polydispersity" and specific chain lengths with product properties for a well-defined nonionic can be shown by the following data for the "Surfactant T" series of nonionics available by ethoxylation of secondary C13 fatty alcohols having a narrow EO distribution and have the physical characteristics given in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Cloud Point (1% sol) EO Content Pour Point ("C) ( C) Surfactant T5 5 -2 < 25 SurfactantT7 7 -2 38 Surfactant T9 9 6 58 SurfactantT12 12 20 88 To access the impact of EO distribution, a "Surfactant T8" was artificially prepared in two ways: a. 1:1 mixture of T7 and T9 (T8a) b. 4:3 mixture of T5 and T12 (T8b).

The following properties given in Table 2 below were found: TABLE 2 Cloud Point EO Content Pour Point (1% sol) (avg) ( C) ( C) SurfactantT8a 8 2 48 SurfactantT8b 8 15 < 20 From the results, the following general observations can be made: 1. T8a corresponds closely to an actual surfactantT8 as it interpolates well between T7 and T9 for both pour point and cloud point.

2. T8b which is highly polydisperse and would be generally unsatisfactory in view of its high pour point and low cloud point temperatures.

3. The properties of T8a are basically additive between T7 and T9 whereas for T8b the pour point is close to the long EO chain (T12) while the cloud point is close to the short EO chain (T5).

The viscosities of the Surfactant T nonionics were measured at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% and 100% nonionic concentrations for T5, T7, T7/T9 (1 :1), T9 and T12 at 25"C with the following results given in Table 3 below (when a gel is obtained, the viscosity is the apparent viscosity) at 100 sec: TABLE 3 Viscosity (mPa-s) Nonionic type % T5 T7 T7/T9 T9 T12 100 36 63 61 149 80 65 104 112 165 60 750 78 188 239 32200 50 4000 123 233 634 89100 40 2050 96 149 211 187 30 630 58 38 27 20 170 78 28 100 From these results, it may be concluded that Surfactant T7 is less gel-sensitive than T5, and T9 is less gel-sensitive than T12; moreover, the mixture of T7 and T9 (T8) does not gel, and its viscosity does not exceed 225 m Pa s. T5 and T12 do not form the same gel structure.

Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is presumed that these results may be accounted for by the following hypothesis: For T5: with only 5 EO, the hydrodynamic volume of the EO chain is almost the same as the hydrodynamic volume of the fatty chain. Surfactant molecules can accordingly arrange themselves to form a lamellarstructure.

ForT12: with 12 EO, the hydrodynamic volume ofthe EO chain is greater than that of the fatty chain.

When molecules try to arrange themselves together, an interface curvature occurs and rods are obtained.

The superstructure is then hexagonal; with a longer EO chain, or with a higher hydratation, the interface curvature can be such that actual spheres are obtained, the arrangement of the lowest energy is a face-centered cubic latice.

From T5 to T7 (and T8), the interface curvature increases, and the energy o the lamellar structure increases. As the lamellar structure stability, its melting temperature is reduced.

From T12 to T9 (and T8), the interface curvature decreases, and the energy of the hexagonal structure increases (rods become bigger and bigger). As the loss in stability occurs, the structure melting temperature is also reduced.

Surfactant T8 appears to be at the critical point at which the lamellar structure is destabilised, i.e. the hexagonal structure is not yet stable enough and no gel is obtained during dilution. In fact, a 50% solution of T8 will finally gel after two days, but the superstructure formation is delayed long enough to allow easy water dispersability.

The effects of the molecular weight on physical properties of the nonionics were also considered.

SurfactantT8 (1:1 mixture ofT7 and T9) exhibits a good compromise between the lipophilic chain (C13) and the hydrophilic chain (EO8), although the pour point and maximum viscosity on dilution at 25"C are still high.

The equivalent EO compromise for C10 and C8 lipophilic chains was also determined using the Dobanol 91-x series from Shell Chemical Co., which are ethoxylated derivatives of C9-C11 fatty alcohols (average: C10); and Alfonic 610-y series from Conoco which are ethoxylated derivatives of C6C,Ofatty alcohols (average C8); x andy represent the EO weight percentage.

The next Table 4 reports the physical characteristics of the Alfonic 610-y and Dobanol 91-x series.

TABLE 4 Max. viscosity fEO Pour Point Cloud Pt. on dilution Nonionic (avg) ( C) ( C) at 25"C (mPa s) Alfonic 610-50R 3 -15 Gel (60%) Alfonic6lO-60 4.4 -4 41 36 (60%) Dobanol 91-5 5 -3 33 Gel (70%) Dobanol 91-5T 6 +2 55 126 (50%) Dobanol 91-8 8 +6 81 Gel (50%) Dobanol 91-5 and Dobanol 91-8 are commercially available products. Dobanol 91-5 topped (T) is a lab scale product: It is a Dobanol 91-5 from which free alcohol has been removed. As the lowest ethoxylation members are also removed, the average EO number is 6.Dobanol 91-5T provides the best results of C,O lipophile chain as it does not gel at 25"C, the 1 % cloud point (55"C) is higher than for surfactant T8 (48"C).

This is presumably due to the lower molecular weight since the mixture entropy is higher. Alfonic 610-80 provides the best results of the C8 lipophile chain series.

A summary of the best EO contents for each tested lipophilic chain length is provided in the following Table 5.

TABLE 5 Max. visco sity on Cloud Pt. dilution Pour Point (1% soln) at 25"C Nonionic &num;C &num;EO ( C) ( C) (mPa s) SurfactantT8 13 8 +2 48 223 (50%) Dobanol 91-5T 10 6 +2 55 126 (50%) Alfonic6lO-60 8 4.4 -4 41 36 (60%) From these data, the following conclusions were reached: Pour points: as the nonionic molecular weight decreases, its pour points decrease too. The relatively high pour point of Dobanol 91-5T can be accounted for by the higher polydispersity. This was also noticed for T8a and T8b, i.e. the chain polydispersity increases the pour point.

Cloud points: theoretically, as the number of molecules increases (if the molecular weight decreases), the mixing entropy is higher, so the cloud point would increase as the molecular weight decreases. It is actually the case for Surfactant T8 to Dobanol 91-5T but it has not been confirmed with Alfonic 610-60. Here it is presumed that the lipophilic hydrocarbon chain polydispersity is responsible for the theoretically too low cloud point. The relatively large amount of C10-EO present reduces the solubility.

Maximum viscosity on dilution at 25"C: none of these nonionics gel at 259C when they are diluted with water. The maximum viscosity decreases sharply with the molecular weight. As the non ionic molecular weight decreases, the less efficient become the hydrogen bridges. Unfortunately, too low molecular weight nonionics are not suitable for laundry washing: their micellar critical concentration (MCC) is too high, and a true solution, with only a limited detergency would be obtained under practical laundry conditions.

With this information, the present inventors continued their studies on the effects of the low molecular weight amphiphilic compounds on the rheological properties of liquid nonionic detergent cleaning compositions. These studies revealed that while it is possible to lower the pour point of the composition and obtain some degree of gel inhibition by using a short chain hydrocarbon, e.g. about C8, with a short chain ethylene oxide substitution, e.g. about 4 moles, as amphiphilic additive, such as Alfonic 610-60, these additives do not significantly contribute to the overall laundry cleaning performance and still do not exhibit overall satisfactory viscosity control over all normal usage conditions.

The discovery was made that low molecular weight amphiphilic compounds which may be used in compositions of the present invention and which can be considered to be analogous in chemical structure to the ethoxylated and/or propoxylated fatty alcohol nonionic surfactants but which have short hydrocarbon chain lengths (C1--C5) and a low content of alkylene oxide, i.e. ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide (about 1 to 4 EO/PO units per molecule) function effectively as viscosity control and gel-inhibiting agents for the liquid nonionic surface active cleaning agents.

Viscosity-controlling and gel-inhibiting amphiphilic compounds which may be used in the present invention can be represented by the following general formula

where R represents as C1-C5, preferably C2 to C5, especially preferably C2 to C4, and particularly C4 alkyl group, R' represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, and n is a number of from about 1 to 4, preferably 2 to 4 on average.

Preferred examples of suitable amphiphilic compounds include ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (C2H5-O-CH2CH2OH), and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (C4H9-O-(CH2CH2O)2H). Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is especially preferred and, as will be shown below, is uniquely effective to control viscosity.

While the amphiphilic compound, particularly diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, may be the only viscosity control and gel-inhibiting additive in the invention compositions further improvements in the rheological properties of the anhydrous liquid nonionic surfactant compositions can be obtained by including in the composition a small amount of a nonionic surfactant which has been modified to convert a free hydroxyl group thereof to a moiety having a free carboxyl group, such as a partial ester of a nonionic surfactant and a polycarboxylic acid and/or an acidic organic phosphorous compound having an acidic-POH group, such as a partial ester of phosphorous acid and an alkanol.

As disclosed in the commonly assigned copending application U.S. Ser. No.597,948, filed 9 April 1984, corresponding to GB Application No.8509084, Ser. No. 21 58454 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the free carboxyl group modified nonionic surfactants, which may be broadly characterised as polyether carboxylic acids, function to lower the temperature at which the liquid nonionic forms a gel with water. The acidic polyether compound can also decrease the yield stress of such dispersion, aiding in their dispensibility, without a corresponding decrease in their stability against settling.

Suitable polyether carboxylic acids contain a grouping of the formula

where R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y represents oxygen or sulphur, Z represents an organic linkage, p is a positive number of from about 3 to about 50 and q is zero or a positive number of up to 10. Specific examples include the half-ester of Plurafac RA30 with succinic anhydride, the half ester of Dobanol 25-7 with succinic anhydride, and the half ester of Dobanol 91-5 with succinic anhydride. Instead of a succinic acid anhydride, other polycarboxylic acids or an hydrides may be used, e.g. maleic acid, maleic anhydride, glutaric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phthalic acid, phthalic an hydride, or citric acid.

Furthermore, other linkages may be used, such as ether, thioether or urethane linkages formed by conventional reactions. For instance, to form an ether linkage, the nonionic surfactant may be treated with a strong base (to convert its OH group to an ONa group for instance) and then reacted with a halocarboxylic acid such as chloroacetic acid or chloropropionic acid or the corresponding bromo compound.Thus, the resulting carboxylic acid may have the formula R-Y-ZCOOH where R is the residue of a nonionic surfactant (on removal of a terminal OH), Y represents oxygen or sulphur and Z represents an organic linkage such as a hydrocarbon group of, say, 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may be attached to the oxygen (or sulphur) of the formula directly or by means of an intervening linkage such as an oxygen-containing linkage, e.g. a

The polyether carboxylic acid may be produced from a polyether which is not a nonionic surfactant, e.g.

it may be made by reaction with a polyalkoxy compound such as polyethylene glycol or a monoester or monoether thereof which does not have the long alkyl chain characteristic of the nonionic surfactants. Thus, R may have the formula

where R2 represents a hydrogen atom of a methyl group, R' represents an alkylphenyl or alkyl or other chain terminating group and "n" is at least 3 such as 5 to 25. When the alkyl group of R' is a higher alkyl group, R is a residue of a nonionic surfactant. As indicated above, R1 may instead be hydrogen or lower alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) or lower acyl (e.g. acetyl). The acidic polyether compound if present in the detergent composition, is preferably added dissolved in the nonionic surfactant.

Another useful class of supplemental anti-gelling agent are the C6 to C14 alkyl or alkenyl dicarboxylic anhydrides, such as, for example, octenylsuccinic anhydride, octenylmaleic anhydride or dodecylsuccinic an hydride. These compounds may be used together with or in place of part or all of the polyether carboxylic acid anti-gelling agents.

As disclosed in the commonly assigned copending application U.S. Ser. No. 597,793, filed 6 April 1984, corresponding to GB application No.8509083, Ser. No.2158453, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the acidic organic phosphorous compound having an acidic-POH group can increase the stability of the suspension of builder, especially polyphosphate builders, in the nonaqueous liquid nonionic surfactant.

The acidic organic phosphorous compound may be, for instance, a partial ester of phosphoric acid and an alcohol such as an alkanol which has a lipophilic character, having, for instance, more than 5 carbon atoms, e.g. 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

A specific example is a partial ester of phosphoric acid and a C16 to C,8 alkanol (Empiphos 5632 from Marchon); it is made up of about 35% monoester and 65% diester.

The inclusion of quite small amounts, for example from about 0.5 to 0.3% by weight of the composition, of the acidic organic phosphorous compound makes the suspension significantly more stable against settling or standing but remains pourable, presumably, as a result of increasing the yield value of the suspension, but decreases its plastic viscosity. It is believed that the use of the acidic phosphorous compound may result in the formation of a high energy physical bond between the-POH portion of the molecule and the surfaces of the inorganic polyphosphate builder so that these surfaces take on an organic character and become more compatible with the nonionic surfactant.

The acidic organic phosphorous compound may be selected from a wide variety of materials, in addition to the partial esters of phosphoric acid and alkanols mentioned above. Thus, one may employ a partial ester of phosphoric or phosphorous acid with a mono or polyhydric alcohol such as hexylene glycol, ethylene glycol, di- ortri-ethylene glycol or higher polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, or mono or diglycerides of fatty acids, in which one, two or more of the alcoholic OH groups of the molecule may be esterified with the phosphorous acid. The alcohol may be a nonionic surfactant such as an ethoxylated or ethoxylated propoxylated higher alkanol, higher alkyl phenol, or higher alkyl amide.The -POH gcoup need not be bonded to the organic portion of the molecule through an ester linkage, instead it may be directly bonded to carbon (as in a phosphonic acid, such as a polystyrene in which some of the aromatic rings carry phosphonic acid or phosphinic acid groups; or an alkylphosphonic acid, such as propyl or laurylphosphonic acid) or may be connected to the carbon through other intervening linkage (such as linkages thorugh 0, S or N atoms). Preferably, the carbon:phosphorus atomic ratio in the organic phosphorous compound is at lesat about 3:1, such as 5:1, 10:1,20:1,30:1 or 40:1.

The detergent composition of the present invention may also and preferably does include water soluble detergent builder salts. Typical suitable builders include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,316,812,4,264,466; and 3,630,929. Water-soluble inorganic alkaline builder salts which can be used alone with the detergent compound or in admixture with other builders are alkali metal carbonates, borates, phosphates, polyphosphates, bicarbonates, and silicates. (Ammonium or substituted ammonium salts can also be used.) Specific examples of such salts are sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium mono and diorthophosphate, and potassium bicarbonate.Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) is especially preferred. The alkali metal silicates are useful builder salts which also function to make the composition anticorrosive to washing machine parts. Sodium silicates of Na2O/SiO2 ratios of from 1.6/1 to 1/3.2 especially about 1/2 to 1/2.8 are preferred. Potassium silicates of the same ratios can also be used.

Another class of builders useful herein are the water-insoluble aluminosilicates, both of the crystalline and amorphous type. Various crystalline zeolites (i.e. alumino-silicate are described in British Patent 1,504,168, U.S. Patent 4,409,136 and Canadian Patents 1,072,835 and 1,087,477, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference for such descriptions. An example of amorphous zeolites useful herein can be found in Belgium Patent 835,351 and this patent too is incorporated herein by reference. The zeolites generally have the formula (M2O)x (Al203)y (SiO2)z WH2O wherein x is 1, y is from 0.8 to 1.2 and preferably 1, z is from 1.5 to 3.5 or higher and preferably 2 to 3 and w is from 0 to 9, preferably 2.5 to 6 and M is preferably sodium. A typical zeolite is type A or similar structure, with type 4A particularly preferred.The preferred aluminosilicates have calcium ion exchange capacities of 'about 200 milliequivalents per gram or greater, e.g. 400 meq/g.

Other materials such as clays, particularly of the water-insoluble types, may be useful adjuncts in compositions of the present invention. Particularly useful is bentonite. This material is primarily montmorillonite which is a hydrated aluminium silicate in which about 1/6th of the aluminium atoms may be replaced by magnesium atoms and with which varying amounts of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, etc., may be loosely combined. The bentonite in its more purified form (i.e. free from any grit, sand, etc.) suitable for detergents invariably contains at least 50% montmorillonite and thus its cation exchange capacity is at lesat about 50 to 75 meq. per 100 g of bentonite. Particularly preferred'bentonite are the Wyoming or Western U.S. bentonites which have been sold as Thixo-jels 1,2,3 and 4 by Georgia Kaolin Co.

These bentonites are known to soften textiles as described in British Patent 401,413 to Marriott and British Patent 461,221 to Marriott and Dugan.

Examples of organic alkaline sequestrant builder salts which can be used alone with the detergent or in admixture with other organic and inorganic builders are alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium, aminopolycarboxylates, e.g. sodium and potassium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sodium and potassium nitrilotriacetates (NTA) and triethanolammonium N-(2hydroxyethyl)nitrilodiacetates. Mixed salts of these polycarboxylates are also suitable.

Other suitable builders of the organic type include carboxymethylsuccinates, tartronates and glycollates. Of special value are the polyacetal carboxylates. The polyacetal carboxylates and their use in detergent compositions are described in 4,144,226, 4,315,092 and 4,146,495. Other patents on similar builders include 4,141,676, 4,169,934, 4,201,858; 4,204,852; 4,224,420; 4,225,6854,226,960; 4,233,422; 4,233,423; 4,302,564 and 4,303,777. Also relevant are European Patent Application Nos. 0015024; 0021491 and 0063399.

Since the compositions of the present invention are generally highly concentrated, and, therefore, may be used at relatively low dosages, it is desirable to supplement any phosphate builder (such as sodium tripolyphosphate) with an auxiliary builder such as a polymeric carboxylic acid having high calcium binding capacity to inhibit incrustation which could otherwise be caused by formation of an insoluble calcium phosphate. Such auxiliary builders are also well known in the art.

Various other detergent additives or adjuvants may be present in the detergent product to give it additional desired properties, either of functional or aesthetic nature. Thus, there may be included in the formulation, minor amounts of soil suspending or anti-redeposition agents, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, fatty amides, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose; optical brighteners, e.g. cotton, amine and polyester brighteners, for example, stilbene, triazole and benzidine sulphone compositions, especially sulphonated substituted triazinyl stilbene, sulphonated naphthotriazole stilbene or benzidene sulphone; most preferred are stilbene and triazole combinations.

Bluing agents such as ultramarine blue; enzymes, preferably proteolytic enzymes, such as subtilisin, bromelin, papain, trypsin and pepsin, as well as amylase type enzymes, lipase type enzymes, and mixtures thereof, bactericides, e.g. tetrachlorosalicylanilide, hexachlorophene; fungicides, dyes; pigments (water dispersible), preservatives; ultraviolet absorbers, anti-yellowing agents, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, complex of C12 to C22 alkyl alcohol with C,2 to C18 alkylsulphate; pH modifiers and pH buffers, colour safebleaches, perfume, and anti-foam agents or suds-suppressors, e.g. silicon compounds can also be used.

The bleaching agents are classified broadly, for convenience, as chlorine bleaches and oxygen bleaches. Chlorine bleaches aretypified by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI), potassium dichloroisocyanurate (59% available chlorine), and trichloroiso-isocyanuric acid (85% available chlorine). The oxygen bleaches are the subject of the present invention and are represented by percompounds which liberate hydrogen peroxide in solution, i.e. compounds containing hydrogen peroxide or inorganic perhydrates which, when dissolved, liberate hydrogen peroxide enclosed in their crystal lattice. Preferred examples include sodium and potassium perborates, percarbonates, and perphosphates, and potassium monopersulphate. The perborates, particularly sodium perborate monohydrate, is especially preferred.

Hydrogen peroxide and the precursors which liberate it in solution are good oxidizing agents for removing certain stains from cloth, especially stains caused by wine, tea, coffee, cocoa or fruits.

Hydrogen peroxide and its precursors have been found in general to bleach quickly and most effectively at a relatively high temperature, e.g. about 80"C to 100 C. However, such compounds tend to decompose and liberate gaseous oxygen at lower temperatures. The liberation of gaseous oxygen, which is not involved in oxidation of dyed goods, needlessly consumes a sizable amount of hydrogen peroxide or precursors liberating it, both of which are expensive products. Moreover, it has been found that the various stains in cloth and the like greatly accelerates decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into gaseous oxygen during washing at ordinary temperature.

In general, washing cloth, either in a machine, by hand, or in boiler or tubs, is accomplished by dissolving a bleaching or detergent composition (containing perborate, for example) in cold or luke-warm water, adding to the solution thus formed the soiled cloth (from which some of the stains have often already been removed by soaking or previous washing) and heating, often just to boiling.

However, it was found that, by a phenomenon similar to that previously mentioned, all or part of the perborate was decomposed during heating and more specifically during the temperature rise, i.e. that all or part of the perborate was decomposed before the really effective temperature is reached.

It is believed that this rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, perborate, or other precursors of hydrogen peroxide into gaseous oxygen at low temperature is due to the extremely powerful catalytic action of certain enzymes which are always present in stains, which are present on materials to be washed, and particularly on soiled cloth, such as linens, these enzymes coming from secretions or being of bacterial origin. Hydroperoxidases are an especially active group of enzymes in this respect, particularly catalase, which is well known as a highly effective catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide to gaseous oxygen.

Such enzyme substances, whether termed "redox" or otherwise are nevertheless uniformly characterised in exhibiting a pronounced tendency to induce decomposition of peroxide bleaching agent the decomposition products evolved thereby comprising ineffective bleaching species.

In order to take advantage of the low temperature effective detergents and low temperature washing cycles now commonly used for temperature sensitive fabrics, the peroxygen compound is preferably used in admixture with an activator therefor. Suitable activators which can lower the effective operating temperature of the peroxide bleaching agent to about 40"C (104"F) or less, are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,264,466 or in column 1 of U.S. Patent 4,430,244, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Polyacylated compounds are preferred activators; among these, compounds such as tetraacetyl ethylene diamine ("TAED") and pentaacetyl glucose are particularly preferred. Other useful activators include for instance acetylsalicyclic acid and its salts, ethylidene benzoate acetate (EBA) and its salts, ethylidene carboxylate acetate and its salts, alkyl and alkenyl succinic anhydride, tetraacetylglycouril (TAG U), and the derivatives of these. See also U.S. Patents 4,111,826, 4,422,950 and 3,661,789 for other classes of activators useful herein.

The bleach activator usually interacts wihh the peroxygen compound to form a peroxyacid bleaching agent in the wash water. It is preferred to include a sequestering agent of high complexing power to inhibit any undesired reaction between such peroxyacid and hydrogen peroxide in the wash solution in the presence of metal ions. Preferred sequestering agents are ableto form a complex with Cu2 ions, such that the stability constant (pK) of the complexation is equal to or greater than 6, at 25"C, in water, of an ionic strength of 0.1 mole/litre, pK being conventionally defined by the formula: pK=-log K where K represents the equilibrium constant. Thus, for example, the pK values for complexation of copper ion with NTA and EDTA at the stated conditions are 12.7 and 18.8, respectively.Suitable sequestering agents include for example, in addition to those mentioned above, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DETPA); diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid (DTPMP); and ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDITEMPA).

However, even in the presence of the bleach activators, and even at temperatures as low as room temperature, decomposition of the persalt will occur in the presence of the stained cloth since the rate of reaction between the bleaching agent und the activator is slower than the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase.

In order to avoid loss of bleaching agent resulting from enzyme-induced decomposition, the compositions of this invention include an effective amount of a compound capable of inhibiting this enzyme-induced decomposition of bleaching agent. Suitable inhibitor compounds are disclosed in U.S.

Patent 3,606,990, the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Of special interest and importance as the inhibitor compound is hydroxylamine sulphate and other water-soluble hydroxylamine salts, including, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide. It has now been found that the hydroxylamine salts, especially the sulphate, are effective to inhibit the deleterious effect of catalase even when present in the composition in very limited amounts, for example, less than 0.5%, such as 0.01 to 0.4%, preferably 0.04 to 0.2%, and especially preferably about 0.1 %, based on the weight of the total composition.

Furthermore, the hydroxylamine inhibitor is highly stable in the composition: less than 20% loss after aging for 2 months at 43"C. The hydroxylamine salts are very rapidly solubilized in water and can accordingly react with catalase before dissolution of the perborate or other peroxide bleaching agent.

Another advantage of the hydroxylamine salts is that they are rapidly destroyed in the washing liquor, and consequently, no nitrosamine derivatives have been detected.

Where the bleaching system is activated by one of the bleach activators, e.g. TAED, the activator is utilized more effectively and, therefore, suitable ratios of persalt bleaching agent/bleach activator can be maintained at levels much closer to the stoichiometric equivalent weights or with only small molar excess of the bleaching agent.

The composition may also contain an inorganic insoluble thickening agent or dispersant of very high surface area such as finely divided silica of extremely fine particle size (e.g. of 5--100 millimicrons diameters such as sold under the name Aerosil) or the other highly voluminous inorganic carrier materials disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,630,929, in proportions of 0.110%, e.g. 1 to 5%. It is preferable, however, that compositions which form peroxyacids in the wash bath (e.g. compositions containing peroxygen compound and activator therefor) be substantially free of such compounds and of other silicates; it has been found, for instance, that silica and silicates promote the undesired decomposition of the peroxyacid.

In a preferred form of the invention, the mixture of liquid nonionic surfactant and solid ingredients is subjected to an attrition type of mill in which the particle sizes of the solid ingredients are reduced to less than about 10 microns, e.g. to an average particle size of 2 to 10 microns or even lower (e.g. 1 micron).

Compositions whose dispersed particles are of such small size have improved stability against separation or settling on storage.

In the grinding operation, it is preferred that the proportion of solid ingredients be high enough (e.g. at least about 40% such as about 50%) that the solid particles are in contact with each other and are not substantially shielded from one another by the nonionic surfactant liquid. Mills which employ grinding balls (ball mills) or similar mobile grinding elements have given very good results. Thus, one may use a laboratory batch attritor having 8 mm diameter steatite grinding balls.For larger scale work a continuously operating mill in which there are 1 mm or 1.5 mm diameter grinding balls working in a very small gap between a stator and a rotor operating at a relatively high speed (e.g. a CoBall mill)'rnay be employed; when using such a mill, it is desirable to pass the blend of nonionic surfactant and solids first through a mill which does not effect such fine grinding (e.g. a colloid mill) to reduce the particle size to less than 100 microns (e.g.

to about 40 microns) prior to the step of grinding to an aveage particle diameter below about 10 microns in the continuous ball mill.

In the preferred heavy duty liquid detergent compositions of the present invention, typical proportions (based on the total composition, unless otherwise specified) of the ingredients are as follows: Suspended detergent builder, within the range of about 10 to 60% such as about 20 to 50%, e.g. about 25 to 40%.

Liquid phase comprising nonionic surfactant and dissolved amphiphilic viscosity-controlling and gel-inhibiting compound, within the range of about 30 to 70%, such as about 40 to 60%, this phase may also include minor amounts of a diluent such as glycol, e.g. polyethylene glycol (e.g. "PEG 400"), or hexylene glycol, such as up to 10%, preferably up to 5%, for example, 0.5 to 2%. The weight ratio of nonionic surfactant to amphiphilic compound is in the range of from about 100:1 to 1:1, preferably from about 50:1 to about 2:1, especially from about 25:1 to about 3:1.

Polyether carboxylic acid gel-inhibiting compound may be present, for example, in an amount to supply in the range of about 0.5 to 10 parts (e.g. about 1 to 6 parts, such as about 2 to 5 parts) of-COOH (M.W. 45) per 100 parts of blend of such acid compound and nonionic surfactant. Typically, the amount of the polyether carboxylic acid compound is in the range of about 0.01 to 1 part per part of nonionic surfactant, such as about 0.05 to 0.6 part, e.g. about 0.2 to 0.5 part; Acidic organic phosphoric acid compound, as antisettling agent; up to 5%, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 5%, such as about 0.05 to 2%, e.g. about 0.1 to 1%.

Suitable ranges of other optional detergent additives are: enzymes-0 to 2%, especially 0.7 to 1.3%; corrosion inhibitors-about 0 to 40%, and preferably 5 to 30%; anti-foam agents and suds-suppressors--0 to 15%, preferably 0 to 5%, for example 0.1 to 3%, thickening agent and dispersants-0 to 15%, for example 0.1 to 10%, preferably 1 to 5%; soil suspending or anti-redeposition agents and anti-yellowing agents-0 to 10%, preferably 0.5 to 5%; colourants, perfumes, brighteners and blueing agents total weight 0% to about 2% and preferably 0% to about 1%; pH modifiers and pH buffers-0 to 5%, preferably 0 to 2%; bleaching agent0%to about 40% and preferably 0% to about 25%, for example 2to 20%; inhibitor compound for inhibiting enzyme-induced decomposition of bleaching agent-up to about 0.5%, preferably 0.01 to 0.4 or 0.5%, more preferably 0.04 to 0.2%, bleach stabilizers and bleach activators 0 to about 15%, preferably 0 to 10%, for example, 0.1 to 8%; sequestering agent of high complexing power, in the range of up to about 5%, preferably about 1/4 to 3%, such as about 1/2 to 2%. In the selections of the adjuvants, they will be chosen to be compatible with the main constituents of the detergent composition.

The invention may be put into practice in various ways and a number of specific embodiments will be described by way of example.

All proportions and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

It is understood that the foregoing detailed description is given merely by way of illustration and that variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention.

In order to demonstrate the effects of the viscosity control and gel-inhibiting agents, various compositions were prepared using the above described Surfactant T8 (C13, EO8) (50/50 weight mixture of SurfactantT7 and SurfactantT9) as the non-aqueous liquid nonionic surface active cleaning agent.

Formulations containing 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of amphiphilic additive were prepared and were tested at 5 C,10 C,15 C, 20"C and 250C for different dilutions with water, i.e. 100%, 83%, 67%, 50% and 33% total nonionic Surfactant 18 plus additive concentrations, i.e. after dilution in water. The additives tested were Alfonic 610-60 (C8-EO4.4), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (C2-EO1), and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (C4-EO2).

For Alfonic 610-60, 5% addition was sufficient to inhibit gelation at 25 C; however, in the plot of viscosity vs. concentration of nonionic a sharp viscosity maximum was observed at about 67% concentration and a shoulder was observed at about 55% to 35% nonionic concentration. At S0C, 15% addition was necessary to avoid gel formation. The viscosity decreased to a minimum at a nonionic concentration of about 83% at all levels of additive addition at 5 C whereas at the higher temperature, viscosity minimums were observed for the non-diluted formulations, i.e. 100% nonionic concentrations.At each temperature and for each tested concentration of additive (except at 20% additive at 25"C) a relatively sharp peak is seen in the viscosity existing between 75 to 50% concentration of nonionic (i.e. 25 to 50% dilution).

For ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 5% additive was capable of inhibiting gel formation even at 5 C.

However, sharp peaks andlor maxima of viscosity were again observed at each temperature and additive concentration, although the effects were not as pronounced as for Alfonic 610-60, and for some applications the maximum viscosities, especially at higher additive concentrations and/or higher temperatures could be acceptable for commercial use.

On the other hand, there were no sharp peaks in viscosity observed for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether at any temperature down to 5"C at the 20% additive level. Even at the lower additive levels the viscosity peaks and the viscosity values at substantially ail dilutions (concentrations of nonionics) were lower than for either the CEO4.4 or C2-EO1 additive.

The following table is representative of the results which were obtained for the different additive concentrations, dilutions, and temperatures, but are given for 20% additive and 5"C temperature: Viscosity at 5"C (Pa sec) Pour point Compositions No Water 50% Water ( C) SurfactantT8only 1.140 1.240 5 80% SurfactantT8+20%A 0.086 0.401 -10 80% SurfactantT8+20%B 0.195 0.218 -2 80% SurfactantT8+20%C 0.690 0.936 3 A=ethylene glycol monoethyl ether B=diethylene glycol monobutyl ether C=Alfonic 610-60 (C8-4.4EO) Note: 1 Pa sec=10 poises (e.g. 0.218 Pa sec=218 centipoises).

EXAMPLE 1 (Comparison Example) A heavy duty built nonaqueous liquid nonionic cleaning composition having the following formula is prepared: Ingredient Weight % SurfactantT7 17.0 Surfactant T8 17.0 Dobanol 91-5 Acid1 5.0 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 10.0 Dequest 20662 1.0 TPP NW (sodium tripolyphosphate) 29.0925 Sokolan CPF3 (Calcium sequestering agent) 4.0 Perborate H2O (sodium perborate monohydrate) 9.0 T.A.E.D. (tetraacetylethylene diamine) 4.5 Emphiphos 56324 0.3 Stilbene 4 (optical brightener) 0.5 Esperase (proteolytic enzyme) 1.0 Duet 7878 0.6 Relatin DM 40505 (anti-redeposition agent) 1.0 Blue Foulan Sandolane (dye) 0.0075 1) The esterification product of Dobanol 91-5 (a C9-C11 fatty alcohol ethoxylated with 5 moles ethylene oxide) with succinic anhydride-the half-ester.

2) Diethylene triamine pentamethylene phosphoric acid, sodium salt.

3) A copolymer of about equal moles of methacrylic acid and maleic anhydride, completely neutralised to form the sodium salt thereof.

4) Partial ester of phosphoric acid and a C16 to C18 alkanol (about 1/3 monoester and 2/3 diester).

5) Fragrance.

6) Mixture of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxymethylcellulose.

This composition is a stable, free-flowing, built, non-gelling, liquid nonionic cleaning composition in which the polyphosphate builder is stably suspended in the liquid nonionic surfactant phase.

EXAMPLE 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the following heavy duty built non-aqueous liquid nonionic cleaning composition containing an enzyme inhibitor is prepared: Ingredient Weight % Plurafac RA 30 37.5 Diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether 10.5 Octenylsuccinic anhydride 2.0 TPPNW 28.4 Sokolan CP5 4.0 Dequest 2066 1.0 Perborate H20 TAED 4.5 Hydroxylamine sulphate 0.1 Emphiphos 5632 0.3 ATS-X (optical brightener) 0.2 Esperase 1.0 Perfume 0.6 Relatin DM 4050 1.0 TiO2 0.4 This composition has the same advantageous features as the composition of Example 1 and, in addition, provides improved bleaching performance.

Claims (16)

1. A liquid laundry detergent-bleaching composition comprising a liquid nonionic surfactant, a water soluble inorganic peroxide salt bleaching agent and an effective amount of a compound which is an inhibitor of the enzyme-induced decomposition of the peroxide salt bleaching agent.

2. A composition as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the bleaching agent is a perborate, percarbonate, perphosphate or a persuiphate.

3. Acomposition as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the enzyme-induced bleaching agent decomposition inhibitor is an hydroxylamine salt.

4. A composition as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the hydroxylamine salt is hydroxylamine sulphate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, or hydroxylamine hydrobromide.

5. A composition as claimed in Claim 3 or 4, wherein the amount of the hydroxylamine salt is in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight of the composition.

6. A composition as claimed in Claims 3 or 4, wherein the amount of the hydroxylamine salt is from 0.01 to 0.4 percent by weight of the coniposition.

7. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 6 which comprises a bleach activator compound which will react with the bleaching agent in an aqueous wash bath to form a peroxyacid bleaching agent at a temperature of about 40"C or less.

8. A composition as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the bleach activator is N,N,N',N'-tetracetyl ethylene diamine.

9. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 8 which is substantially non-aqueous.

10. A non-aqueous liquid detergent composition capable of washing and bleaching soiled fabrics at temperatures as low as about 40"C or less, which composition comprises a liquid nonionic surfactant, a mono or poly(C2 to C3)alkylene glycol mono(C1-C5)alkyl ether, a water-soluble inorganic peroxide bleaching agent, a bleach activator to lower the temperature at which the bleaching agent will liberate hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution, and from about 0.01 to 0.4 percent by weight, based on the total composition, of an hydroxylamine salt capable of inhibiting the enzyme-induced decomposition of the bleaching agent, the enzyme being present in the soiled fabrics.

11. A composition as claimed in Claim 10 wherein the bleaching agent comprises sodium perborate monohydrate, the bleach activator is N,N,N',N'-tetraacetyl ethylene diamine and the hydroxylamine salt is hydroxylamine sulphate or hydroxylamine hydrochloride and is present in an amount of from about 0.02 to 0.2%.

12. A composition as claimed in Claim 10 or 11 which further comprises a detergent builder salt suspended in the liquid nonionic surfactant.

13. A method for cleaning and bleaching soiled fabrics which comprises contacting the soiled fabrics with a composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 12.

14. The method of Claim 13 wherein the aqueous wash bath has temperature qf a bout 40"C or less.

15. A composition substantially as herein disclosed with reference to Example 7.

16. A method for cleaning and bleaching substantially as herein disclosed with reference to Example 2.