GB2099589A - A meter for monitoring the heating value of fuel gases - Google Patents
A meter for monitoring the heating value of fuel gases Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2099589A GB2099589A GB8214784A GB8214784A GB2099589A GB 2099589 A GB2099589 A GB 2099589A GB 8214784 A GB8214784 A GB 8214784A GB 8214784 A GB8214784 A GB 8214784A GB 2099589 A GB2099589 A GB 2099589A
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- oxygen
- fuel
- sampled
- heating value
- combustion
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 title abstract description 53
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000007084 catalytic combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/12—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using combustion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/22—Fuels; Explosives
- G01N33/225—Gaseous fuels, e.g. natural gas
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
Abstract
The fuel gas is sampled, the sample mixed with an excess of oxygen and completely burnt, and either the oxygen consumed or the excess oxygen remaining after combustion is measured. As shown, the sample is mixed with air at 20 and fed to heated chamber where the oxidation is catalysed by catalytic measuring electrode 34 of solid electrolyte sensor 32, the sensor output being a measure of oxygen consumed. In an alternative embodiment the oxygen for combustion is supplied by a solid electrolyte oxygen pump. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
A BTU meter for monitoring the heating value of fuel gases
This invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for ascertaining the heating value of a fuel gas; more particularly it relates to continual on-line measurement of the heating value of a fuel gas.
The total heating value of a fuel gas is the sum of the heating values of the individual combustible constituents. Heating value tests are regularly performed by gas companies to verify compliance of the fuel with Public Service Commission regulations. Calorimetric methods have been traditionally used to determine the heating value of fuel gases, wherein the method involves the burning of a definite volume of gas, absorbing the heat liberated in a known weight of water and calculating the heat content from the temperature rise of the water. More recently, gas chromatographic analytical methods have replaced the calorimetric method for determining heat values of fuel gases. The gas chromatograph gives a quantitative analysis of the constituents of the gaseous fuel.The heat value of the fuel is then calculated by using the gas analytical data and the known heating values of the individual constituents.
While the gas chromatographic method is more rapid and more convenient than the calorimetric method, neither of the traditional methods is suitable for continuous, on-line measurement of the heating value of the combustible constituents of a fuel gas.
Inasmuch as it is anticipated that future fuel gas supplies will be derived from a variety of sources, i.e., coal gasification, with the resultant variations in heating values, there is a need for a technique which will provide a continuous measurement of the heating value of the fuel both for monitoring and process control purposes. This technique has application in determining the "quality" of gas supplied to industrial and residential consumers.
It has been determined experimentally that the amount of oxygen consumed by the combustion of any gaseous fuel or fuel mixture is an indication of the heating value of the fuel. There is disclosed herein with reference to the accompanying drawing an implementation of this relationship.
The invention in its broad form consists in (apparatus and) a method for measuring the heating value of a fuel which is conveyed for use and can be sampled, the method comprising the steps of, extracting a sample of said fuel, adding oxygen to said sampled fuel for combustion, the amount of oxygen added being such as to assure the presence of residual oxygen after complete combustion of combustible constituent of said fuel, combustibly reacting said oxygen and said fuel constituent to deplete said combustible fuel constituent, and selectively measuring the oxygen consumed by said combustible reaction, and any oxygen remaining following said reaction, said measurement being indicative of the heating value of said sampled fuel.
In a preferred exemplary embodiment described herein, a sample of the fuel gas is mixed with a gas of stable or known oxygen content, i.e., air, and the mixture is supplied to a catalytic sensing electrode of a solid electrolyte oxygen ion conductive electrochemical cell. A reference of stable oxygen concentration, i.e., air, is maintained at the reference electrode of the cell. The catalytic combustion of the fuel/air gas mixture will reduce the oxygen content and the resulting differential oxygen concentration will produce a cell EMF signal which is indicative of the oxygen consumed by the combustion of the fuel gas. The oxygen consumption measurement is indicative of the heating value of the fuel gas.
Alternatively the sample of the fuel gas can be supplied directly to the catalytic electrode, and with the cell operating as an oxygen pump, the oxygen transferred from the reference electrode to the catalytic electrode to react with the fuel gas will produce a cell current indicative of the oxygen consumed by the combustion of the fuel gas. This is a measurement of the heating value of the fuel gas.
The invention will become more readily apparent from the following exemplary description to be studied in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a graphical illustration of the moles of oxygen required for combustion of fuel gases with various heat values;
Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the disclosed technique for determining the heating value of fuel gases;
Figure 3 is a graphical illustration of the equilibrium oxygen concentration after combustion of monitored gas compositions consisting of 3 volume % fuel gas/air mixtures, i.e., a mixture of 97% air and 3% fuel gas; and
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
As shown in Table I below the heat of combustion of most gaseous fuels divided by the number of moles of oxygen (02) required for complete combustion of one mole of fuel is nearly constant. It has been determined experimentally that the amount of oxygen consumed by the combustion of any gaseous fuel or fuel mixture is indicative of the heating value of the fuel. The oxygen consumption calculations for some typical fuel gases are illustrated in Table II below. Further, a plot of this data showing the correlation between oxygen consumption and heating value is illustrated graphically in
Figure 1. The heat of combustion information presented in Table I as well as the heating value information of Table Ill is discussed in the "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 43rd edition,
Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., 1961.
TABLEI
Heat of Combustion and O2 Consumption
For Gaseous Fuels
Heat of Combustion (1,2,5) kcal kcal BTU (Gross) Moles O2 Consumed mole BTU/FT3 (Gross)
Fuel Gas mole FT3 Per Mole Fuel mole O2 mole O2
H2 68 325 .5 136 650
CO - 322 .5 - 644
CH4 212 1015 2.0 106 508
C2H6 372 1789 3.5 106 511
C3H8 530 2573 5.0 106 515 n-C4H10 - 3392 6.5 - 522 n-Pentane 838 4200 8.0 105 525 n-hexane 990* 4762 9.5 104 501
C2H4 337 1614 3.0 112 538
C9H6 490 2383 4.5 109 530
C2H2 312 1488 2.5 125 595
NH3 - 441 .75 - 588 *Liquid value.
TABLE II
O2 Consumption for Combustion of Various Fuel Gases
Moles O2 Consumed in Combustion of BTU (Gross) BTU Fuel Gas Composition 1 FT3 of Gas FT3 Mole O2 Natural Gas C2H6 12.5% 0.51 Sandusky, Ohio CH4 83.5% 1.94 N2 3.8% 0 2.45 1047 427 CO2 .2% 0 Natural Gas C3H8 67.7% 3.93 Follansbee, W. VA. C2H6 31.8% 1.29 } 5.22 2221 425 N2 0.5% 0 Natural Gas CH4 32.3% .75 McKean County, PA. C2H6 67% 2.72 } 3.47 1482 427 N2 0.7% 0 Natural Gas CH4 93.63% 2.17 Tennessee C2H6 3.58% .45 C3H8 1.02% .06 2.40 1013 422 C4H10 .40% .03 CO2 .70% 0 N2 .47% 0 Pure Methane CH4 100% 2.32 1014.6 437 Pure Propane C3H8 100% 5.80 2590 446 Blast Furnace CO 26.2% .94 Gas H2 3.2% .02 # .17 93 547 CO2 13.0% 0 N2 57.6% 0 Blue Water Gas CO2 3.5% 0 CO 43.4% .25 .55 310 563 H2 51.8% .30 N2 1.3% 0 TABLE II (CON'T)
Moles O2 Consumed in Combustion of BTU (Gross) BTU Fuel Gas Composition 1 FT3 of Gas FT3 Mole 2 Carburreted Water CO2 1.5% 0 Gas CO 33.9% .197 C2H4 12.8% .445 1.19 578 485 H2 35.2% .204 CH4 14.8% .343 N2 1.8% 0 Coal Gas CO2 1.1% 0 CO 9.0% .052 C2H4 6.6% .23 1.34 634 473 H2 47.0% .27 CH4 34.0% .79 N2 2.3% 0 Coke Oven Gas CO2 1.4% 0 CO 5.1% .03 C2H4 2.9% .10 H2 57.4% .33 # 1.12 536 478 CH4 28.5% .66 N2 4.2% 0 O2 .5% 0 Coke Oven Gas CO2 2.6% 0 CO 6.1% .035 C2H4 5.2% .18 H2 47.9% .28 1.28 600 469 CH4 33.9% .79 N2 3.7% 0 O2 0.6% O TABLE II (CON'T)
Moles O2 Consumed in Combustion of BTU (Gross) BTU Fuel Gas Composition 1 FT3 of Gas FT3 Mole 2 Oil Gas CO2 2.8% 0 CO 10.6% .06 C H 2.7% .094 H2 53.5% .31 1.094 516 471 CH4 27.0% .63 N2 3.4% 0 Producer Gas CO2 5.7% 0 CO 22.0% .13 C2H4 0.4% .014 H2 10.5% .016 - .265 136 513 CH4 2.6% .06 N2 58.8% 0 For the purposes of discussion, consider a mixture of 5% CH4 in air at typical conditions of temperature and pressure. One liter of this mixture contains 0.05 . 24.4 liter/mole = 0.00205 mole of
CH4. Complete combustion of this methane (CH4) requires 2 x 0.00205 = 0.0041 mole 02, or 0.0041 mole x 24.4 liter/mole = 0.10001iter liter of 2 at room temperature and pressure. Thus, the 0, content of the original one liter of gas mixture would be reduced from 20% to 1 0%. Since, as illustrated above, the oxygen consumption during combustion is directly related to the heat content of a fuel, the measurement of the oxygen consumed, or that remaining, provides an indication of the heat content of the fuel.
An implementation of this novel technique for monitoring the heating value of fuel gases on the basis of oxygen consumed during combustion is typically illustrated in Figure 2. A sample of fuel gas from a fuel gas supply line 10 is supplied to a fuel gas/air mixing apparatus 20 which mixes the sample of the fuel gas with a predetermined amount of a gas of stable oxygen content, i.e., air, to produce a fuel gas/air mixture which is supplied to a commercially available oxygen/measuring detector 30. The fuel gas/air mixture developed by the mixing apparatus 20 is of a constant concentration with the concentration being adjustable in terms of the air introduced into the mixing apparatus 20.While the fuel gas/air concentration mixture can be adjusted to optimize the sensitivity of the system for a particular heating value region, a 3 volume % fuel gas/air mixture (97% air, 3% fuel gas) has been selected for the purpose of discussion. The air content, i.e., 97%, is typically chosen to assure sufficient oxygen to completely combust the fuel at the detector 30 and result in a residual oxygen in the mixture after combustion.
The oxygen detector 30 is illustrated as consisting of an electrochemical cell 32 having an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte element 33 with a catalytic sensing electrode 34 and an oxygen reference electrode 35 disposed on opposite surfaces thereof.
A heating element 36 maintains the electrochemical cell 32 at an operating temperature of between 800 and 100000 to optimize the oxygen ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte 33 and to assure a catalytic combustion reaction between the oxygen and fuel constituents of the gas mixture at the catalytic sensing electrode 34. The electrodes 34 and 35 are typically platinum electrodes with the platinum electrode 34 supporting catalytic combustion of the oxygen and fuel constituents of the gas mixture developed by the mixing apparatus 20. The resulting decrease in the oxygen concentration of the gas mixture following the catalytic combustion reaction produces a change in oxygen partial pressure across the electrochemical cell 32 and the resulting cell EMF is measured electrically by a BTU meter 40 which is connected to the electrodes 34 and 35 via electrical leads 42 and 43.The electrical signal measured by the BTU meter 40 is manifested as a measurement of the heating value of the fuel gas flowing in the fuel gas supply line 10.
The operation of the solid electrolyte electrochemical cell 32 in both a pumping mode and in a potentiometric mode is described in detail in U.S. Patent No. Re. 28,792, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. The use of a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell of the type described in U.S. Patent No. Re. 28,792 is illustrated in detail in U.S.
Patent Nos. 3,791,9364,134,818 and 4,190,499, all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
The amount of oxygen consumed, or that remaining, following the complete fuel combustion of 3 volume % fuel gas/air mixtures, such as that produced by the gas mixing apparatus 20 of Figure 2, for the fuel gases listed in Table II is presented in Table Ill below. The relationship of the equilibrium oxygen concentration of the gas as monitored by the detector 30 after combustion, to the heating values of the variety of commercial fuel gases is graphically illustrated in Figure 3. The oxygen consumed is a linear function of the heating value of the fuel gas as shown in the curves.
TABLE Ill
Equilibrium Oxygen Concentrations After Combustion
of Fuel Gases in Air
(Gas Concentration 3 Vol. %;
Normal Air 2 Concentration = 21 Vol. %)
Oxygen Concentration For
Combustion of 3% Gas
Air Mixture
Heat Value(5) Vol. % Vol. %
Fuel Gas BTU/FT3 Consumed Remaining
Natural Gas
Sandusky, Ohio 1047 6.4 14.0
Natural Gas
Follansbee, W.VA 2221 13.6 6.8
Natural Gas
McKean County, PA 1482 9.0 11.4
Natural Gas
Tennessee 1013 6.2 14.2
Pure Methane 1014.6 6.0 14.4
Pure Propane 2590 15.1 5.3
Blast Fumace Gas 93 .44 19.9
Blue Water Gas 310 1.4 19.0
Carburreted Water Gas 578 3.1 17.3
Coal Gas 634 3.5 16.9
Coke Oven Gas 536 2.9 17.5
Coke Oven Gas 600 3.3 17.1
Oil Gas 516 2.8 17.6
Producer Gas 136 0.7 19.7
While the discussion has been directed to flowing gaseous fuel, the technique is equally applicable to other flowing fuel media such as liquids and solid fuels including powdered coal which can be sampled and is supplied to a power plant.
An alternative embodiment of the heating value measuring technique is illustrated in Figure 4. The fuel gas/air mixing apparatus 20 and air source 22 of Figure 2 are eliminated and the fuel gas sample is supplied directly to the catalytic sensing electrode 34 of the cell 30. In this embodiment, however, a voltage is applied across the cell 30 from a voltage source 38 to establish the cell 30 in a pumping mode of operation. The pumping action transfers oxygen from the oxygen source, e.g., air, at the reference electrode 35 through the cell 30 to the catalytic sensing electrode 34 to combustibly react with the fuel gas sample from the supply line 10. The transfer of oxygen through the cell 30 produces a cell current. The current value corresponding to oxygen required to effect the complete combustion of the fuel content of the fuel gas is measured by the BTU measuring circuit 50 as a measurement of the heating value of the fuel gas. A fuel gas flow rate control apparatus 60 is employed to maintain the flow of the fuel gas to the detector 30 at a stable level and limit the flow to a level which will permit the cell 30 to effect complete combustion of the fuel gas at the catalytic sensing electrode 34.
Claims (8)
1. A method for measuring the heating value of a fuel which is conveyed for use and can be sampled, the method comprising the steps of.
extracting a sample of said fuel,
adding oxygen to said sampled fuel for combustion, the amount of oxygen added being such as to assure the presence of residual oxygen after complete combustion of combustible constituent of said fuel,
combustibly reacting said oxygen and said fuel constituent to deplete said combustible fuel constituent, and
selectively measuring the oxygen consumed by said combustible reaction, and any oxygen remaining following said reaction, said measurement being indicative of the heating value of said sampled fuel.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein, the addition of said oxygen is accomplished by mixing the sampled fuel with an oxygen medium having a known or stable oxygen content,
wherein the step of reacting comprises supplying the mixture to a catalytic sensing electrode of an oxygen ion conductive electrochemical cell having a catalytic sensing electrode and an oxygen reference electrode, and
heating said catalytic sensing electrode to cause said catalytic sensing electrode to produce said combustible reaction, said electrochemical cell generating an EMF signal in response to a change in the differential oxygen pressure across said cell, the method including the steps of
maintaining a known or stable oxygen reference at the reference electrode or the electrochemical cell, and
measuring said EMF signal as an indication of the heating value of said flowing fuel medium.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said measuring step is implemented through the use of an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte cell having a solid electrolyte member and a catalytic sensing electrode on one surface and an oxygen reference electrode on the opposite surface, said method further including the steps of,
maintaining an oxygen reference of stable or known oxygen content at said oxygen reference electrode,
applying an electrical potential across said electrodes to pump oxygen from said oxygen reference electrode through said solid electrolyte member to said catalytic sensing electrode,
supplying the sample of said fuel to said catalytic sensing electrode,
heating said catalytic sensing electrode to produce said combustible reaction between the sample of said fuel and the oxygen, the pumping of said oxygen producing an electrochemical cell current signal, and
measuring said electrochemical cell current as an indication of the heating value of said sampled fuel.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 further including the steps of
controlling a rate of flow of said sampled fuel to the catalytic sensing electrode.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said fuel is a gas.
6. Apparatus for measuring the heating value of a fuel, which is conveyed and can be sampled, the apparatus comprising,
means for extracting a sample of said fuel for combustion;
means for adding oxygen to said sampled fuel to assist combustion, an amount of oxygen added being such as to assure the presence of residual oxygen after complete combustion of the fuel,
means for combustibly reacting said oxygen and said fuel constituent to deplete said fuel, and
means for selectively measuring the oxygen consumed by said combustible reaction, or said residual oxygen remaining following the combustible reaction, said measurement being indicative of the heating value of said sampled fuel medium.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6 wherein said means for combustibly reacting comprises a chamber.
8. Apparatus as in claim 7 including a heating element to maintain said chamber at a predetermined range of temperatures.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US26668481A | 1981-05-22 | 1981-05-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2099589A true GB2099589A (en) | 1982-12-08 |
Family
ID=23015582
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8214784A Withdrawn GB2099589A (en) | 1981-05-22 | 1982-05-20 | A meter for monitoring the heating value of fuel gases |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5821153A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1180917A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3219318A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2506460A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2099589A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1158297B (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3302245A1 (en) | 1983-01-21 | 1984-07-26 | Pavlodarskij industrial'nyj institut, Pavlodar | Method of determining the heat losses due to the incomplete combustion of a fuel and apparatus for carrying out said method |
| FR2542090A1 (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-07 | Pavlodarsk Ind I | Method for determining heat losses by unburnt residues and device for implementation thereof |
| EP0326494A1 (en) * | 1988-01-29 | 1989-08-02 | Gaz De France (Service National) | Apparatus for measuring the calorific power carried by a flow of combustible matter |
| EP0438859A2 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1991-07-31 | International Control Automation Finance S.A. | Measuring energy in fuel gases |
| US5201581A (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1993-04-13 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring mass flow and energy content using a linear flow meter |
| US5226728A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1993-07-13 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring mass flow and energy content using a differential pressure meter |
| US5323657A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1994-06-28 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Volumetric flow corrector and method |
| US5357809A (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-10-25 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Volumetric flow corrector having a densitometer |
| WO2014128077A1 (en) * | 2013-02-19 | 2014-08-28 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas |
| DE102015107751B4 (en) | 2015-05-18 | 2018-05-17 | Uwe Lawrenz | Method and device for continuous calorific value measurement in process gases |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4846081A (en) * | 1987-04-08 | 1989-07-11 | General Signal Corporation | Calorimetry system |
| DE3720684A1 (en) * | 1987-06-23 | 1989-01-05 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MONITORING THE POLLUTANT CONTENT OF EXHAUST GASES IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
| JP6770622B1 (en) * | 2019-09-24 | 2020-10-14 | 東京瓦斯株式会社 | Calorimeter, calorimeter measurement method |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7105976A (en) * | 1971-04-30 | 1972-11-01 | ||
| US4005001A (en) * | 1973-03-27 | 1977-01-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Combustibles sensor |
| FR2367285A1 (en) * | 1976-10-08 | 1978-05-05 | Charbonnages De France | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF A GAS LANGE, SUCH AS AN ATMOSPHERE |
| IT1145264B (en) * | 1979-03-15 | 1986-11-05 | Ricardo Consulting Eng | APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF THE AIR / FUEL MIXTURE SUPPLIED TO AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
-
1982
- 1982-05-11 CA CA000402713A patent/CA1180917A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-20 GB GB8214784A patent/GB2099589A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-05-21 IT IT41584/82A patent/IT1158297B/en active
- 1982-05-22 JP JP57087189A patent/JPS5821153A/en active Pending
- 1982-05-22 DE DE19823219318 patent/DE3219318A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-05-24 FR FR8208970A patent/FR2506460A1/en active Granted
Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2539876A1 (en) * | 1983-01-21 | 1984-07-27 | Pavlodarsk Ind I | Measuring heat losses due to incomplete fuel combustion |
| DE3302245A1 (en) | 1983-01-21 | 1984-07-26 | Pavlodarskij industrial'nyj institut, Pavlodar | Method of determining the heat losses due to the incomplete combustion of a fuel and apparatus for carrying out said method |
| FR2542090A1 (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-07 | Pavlodarsk Ind I | Method for determining heat losses by unburnt residues and device for implementation thereof |
| EP0326494A1 (en) * | 1988-01-29 | 1989-08-02 | Gaz De France (Service National) | Apparatus for measuring the calorific power carried by a flow of combustible matter |
| FR2626673A1 (en) * | 1988-01-29 | 1989-08-04 | Gaz De France | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE HEAT POWER OF A VEHICLE BY A FUEL CURRENT |
| JP2792881B2 (en) | 1988-01-29 | 1998-09-03 | ガーズ、ド、フランス | Method and apparatus for measuring calorific value of fluid fuel |
| EP0438859A3 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1993-11-10 | Int Control Automation Finance | Measuring energy in fuel gases |
| EP0438859A2 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1991-07-31 | International Control Automation Finance S.A. | Measuring energy in fuel gases |
| US5323657A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1994-06-28 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Volumetric flow corrector and method |
| US5226728A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1993-07-13 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring mass flow and energy content using a differential pressure meter |
| EP0543273A2 (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1993-05-26 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring mass flow and energy content using a linear flow meter |
| EP0543273A3 (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1995-02-01 | Badger Meter Inc | |
| USRE35639E (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1997-10-21 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring ratio of mass flow rates and energy flow in a gas pipeline |
| US5201581A (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1993-04-13 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring mass flow and energy content using a linear flow meter |
| US5357809A (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-10-25 | Badger Meter, Inc. | Volumetric flow corrector having a densitometer |
| WO2014128077A1 (en) * | 2013-02-19 | 2014-08-28 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas |
| CN104995507A (en) * | 2013-02-19 | 2015-10-21 | 大陆汽车有限责任公司 | Device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas |
| CN104995507B (en) * | 2013-02-19 | 2016-11-30 | 大陆汽车有限责任公司 | For determining the apparatus and method of the value of gas combustion value |
| US9851317B2 (en) | 2013-02-19 | 2017-12-26 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Device for ascertaining a measure of a caloric value of a gas |
| DE112014000892B4 (en) | 2013-02-19 | 2022-12-22 | Vitesco Technologies GmbH | Device for determining a measure for a calorific value of a gas |
| DE102015107751B4 (en) | 2015-05-18 | 2018-05-17 | Uwe Lawrenz | Method and device for continuous calorific value measurement in process gases |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2506460B1 (en) | 1985-01-04 |
| IT8241584A1 (en) | 1983-11-21 |
| IT8241584A0 (en) | 1982-05-21 |
| CA1180917A (en) | 1985-01-15 |
| DE3219318A1 (en) | 1982-12-16 |
| JPS5821153A (en) | 1983-02-07 |
| FR2506460A1 (en) | 1982-11-26 |
| IT1158297B (en) | 1987-02-18 |
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| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |