GB2068405A - Biodegradable detergent composition - Google Patents
Biodegradable detergent composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2068405A GB2068405A GB8101844A GB8101844A GB2068405A GB 2068405 A GB2068405 A GB 2068405A GB 8101844 A GB8101844 A GB 8101844A GB 8101844 A GB8101844 A GB 8101844A GB 2068405 A GB2068405 A GB 2068405A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- detergent composition
- weight
- parts
- composition according
- biodegradable detergent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
Abstract
A biodegradable detergent composition comprises an aqueous solution of the following active components: A 2 to 35 parts by weight of a higher (C8-24) alkylphenyl polyglycol ether having from 5 to 25 glycol residues, or a mixture thereof, B 5 to 35 parts by weight of an alkanolamine, and C 0.5 to 6 parts by weight of a cation sequestering agent. s
Description
SPECIFICATION
Biodegradable detergent compositions
This invention relates to biodegradable detergent compositions.
The invention provides a biodegradable detergent composition comprising an aqueous solution of the following active components:
A 2 to 35 parts by weight of a higher (C8~24) alkylphenyl polyglycol ether having from 5 to 25 glycol residues, or a mixture thereof,
B 5 to 35 parts by weight of an alkanolamine, and
C 0.5 to 6 parts by weight of a cation sequestering agent.
Preferred compounds for component A are the commercially available isooctylphenol-, di-tert.butylphenol- or nonylphenol polyglycol ethers, or mixtures thereof, having an average of from 8 to 12, preferably 9 or 10, glycol units per molecule.
Preferred alkanolamines (component B) are mono-, di- and triethanolamine, particularly monoethanolamine, triethanolamine or mixtures thereof.
The cation sequestering agent C is preferably an alkali metal gluconate or glucoheptonate, particularly sodium gluconate or glucoheptonate, or a nitrilocarboxylic acid at least partially in form of an alkali metal salt, e.g. nitrilotriacetic acid [N(CH2COOH)3] or, preferably, ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid. Suitable alkali metal salts of nitrilocarboxylic acid are lithium, potassium or sodium, preferably sodium salts.Other suitable sequestering agents include alkali metal salts, preferably sodium salts, of a carboxy group containing polymer, e.g. homopolymers of acrylic acid, a-hydroxyacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, rnesaconic acid, citraconic acid or copolymers of such acids, or of such an acid with one or more further ethylenicaily unsaturated compounds, e.g. ethylene, propylene, vinyl alcohol, vinyl ether, vinyl acetate, furan, acrolein, acryl amide, methacrylic acid and the like.
The detergent composition of the invention has a pH from 11 to 12.5, preferably from 1 1.5 to 12.5.
Preferred proportions of the active components
A, B and C in the mixture (not taking into account the water present) are as follows. All percentages are by weight.
Component A - 1 5-70%, more preferably 1550% Component B - 1 5-70%, more preferably 2060%
Component C - 1-30%, more preferably 325% The detergent composition contains the sum of the above 3 active components A to C in a total amount of 1 5 to 30% by weight, the remainder of the composition being water optionally in admixture with further ingredients such as specified below.
The detergent composition may be prepared by adding the components, preferably in the order in which they are described above, to demineralised
water and stirring until the mixture is
homogeneous.
The detergent composition of the invention
may contain further ingredients, e.g.: -a sulphosuccinic acid (C6 12 )alkyl ester,
preferably the commercially available isooctyl(=2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate; - a condensation product of a (C,6 18)alcohol mixture (comprising unsaturated and saturated alcohols) with 10 to 1 5 mols ethylene oxide, preferably a mixture of cetyl- and oleyl alcohol ethoxylated with an average of 10 to 12 ethylene oxide units per molecule; - a sulphated unsaturated (Cl6 16)carboxylic acid (C2~4)alkyl ester, preferably a sulphated oleic acid (C24)aIkyI ester;; - a higher (C8 ,4)alcohol, preferably a branched-chain primary alcohol, for example a commercial mixture of saturated primary nonanols carrying 4-methyl groups, e.g.
tetramethylnonanol; - a water-soluble silicone; - a lower (C1~4)alcohol;
-a a (C2~6 )glycol, for example hexyleneglycol; - soap, preferably soft soap; an an organic solvent non miscible with water such as white spirit or a chlorinated hydrocarbon; - a dispersing agent for example the sodium salt of an aromatic sulphonic acid, preferably sodium dinaphthylmethane disulphonate.
Both the higher (C8~,4)alcohol and the watersoluble silicone are preferably present when a detergent composition providing little or no foam is desired.
The amount of the above-mentioned ingredients depends on various factors, e.g. the ingredient used, the mode of cleaning, etc. In general, these ingredients may be present in an amount up to 20% by weight of the composition (including water); however, the dispersing agent may be present in a higher amount, depending on the use of such a composition.
Preferred compositions are for example those containing components A, B and C as specified and further 0 to 5 parts by weight of a sulphosuccinic acid (C6~,2)alkyl ester, 0 to 10 parts by weight of a reaction product of a (C,6~,8)alcohol mixture (comprising unsaturated and saturated alcohols) with 10 to 15 mols ethylene oxide, 0 to 10 parts by weight of a sulphated unsaturated (C,6~,6)carboxylic acid (C2~4)alkyl ester, 0 to 10parts by weight of a higher (C8-14)alcohol, and 0 to 2 parts by weight of a water-soluble silicone.
The detergent composition according to the invention has a powerful cleaning action. It may be used for example for the cleaning and degreasing of metal, plastics, synthetic materials, glass and ceramics in all branches of industry, including the foodstuff, animal feed, pharmaceutical, automotive, photography and nuclear energy sector, e.g. machinery, machine parts, kettles, tanks, autoclaves, moulds, instruments, tools, filter press components and filter cloths. It may be used to remove deposits of mineral oil, grease, graphite, blood, albumen, starch derivatives, dust, carbon, dyestuffs etc. It may also be employed for clearing surfaces, e.g.
table tops, floors, walls of hospitals, smoke chambers, slaughterhouses, butcher shops and tunnels. When used for clearing steel and chrome nickel steel, the detergent composition exhibits an additional, highly advantageous anticorrosive effect.
The detergent composition of the invention is also indicated as a detergent for the washing (pre-, main- and/or after-washing) of dyed or undyed natural and regenerated cellulose fibres, e.g.
cotton, linen, viscose staple fibres, and polyester/cellulosic fibre blends; it may be used for domestic purposes or in industrial laundries for the cleaning of e.g. hospital and institutionai linens, workwear, aprons, overalls etc. It can be used in the normal industrial laundry ranges, e.g.
discontinuous washing machines such as wash centrifuges and continuous machines such as washing tunnels.
The detergent composition of the invention may also be used for ultrasonic cleaning.
Mechanical parts such as ball bearings, gear wheels, watches, valves, nozzles. jewellery, crystals, quartz, medical instruments, glass laboratory equipments, electronic circuits etc. may be cleaned with the detergent composition in the presence of an ultrasonic generator. The detergent composition containing additionaily a dispersing agent such as specified is particularly indicated for the ultrasonic cleaning.
For cleaning contaminated objects in a full bath, the aqueous detergent composition (1 5-30% of components A, B and optionally C) is
suitably used in a concentration of 1 to 10% by weight in water, according to the nature of the
contamination to be removed. For cleaning by
spraying or wiping on, the aqueous detergent
composition is preferably used in a concentration
of 5 to 30% by weight in water. As an addition in
sand- or steam-blasting, the aqueous detergent
composition may be used undiluted or in a
concentration of 5 to 10% by weight in water. As
a washing detergent, the composition is used in
an amount depending on the nature and the
degree of the contamination to be removed;
preferably, the aqueous detergent composition is
used in a concentration of 1 to 5% by weight.
The following Examples, in which all parts and
percentages are by weight, illustrate the
invention. The temperatures are indicated in
Centigrades degrees.
EXAMPLE To a container are added at room temperature
700 parts of demineralised water. The following
components are then added singly in the order
given, with continuous stirring. As each
component is added, stirring is continued until
mixing is complete before addition of the next
component.
110 parts commercial nonylphenol polyglycol
ether containing 10 ethylene oxide units/mol, in 35% aqueous solution (corresponding to approximately 40 parts anhydrous substance)
100 parts monoethanolamine
40 parts commercial EDTA in sodium salt form (powder)
50 parts commercial isooctyl sulphosuccinate, in approximately 35% aqueous solution.
After stirring for a further 10 minutes-i hour (according to the size of the batch), the composition is ready for use.
EXAMPLE 2
Example 1 is repeated, except that the initial quantity of water used is 71 5 parts and 100 parts of the nonylphenol polyglycol ether solution (35 parts anhydrous substance) is taken. To the resulting 4-component solution is then added with stirring 20 parts tetramethyinonanol and 5 parts water-soluble silicone oil (commercial antifoaming agent).
Stirring is continued until the resulting 6component mixture is homogeneous.
EXAMPLE 3 Laboratoly apparatus contaminated with dried blood, brain substance and albumin, which has been left to stand for a iong period, is soaked in an aqueous medium containing from 3 to 5% (according to the degree of contamination) of the composition of Example 1, either for 2-3 hours at 800 or for 12 hours at room temperature. The apparatus is fit for reuse after rinsing with water.
EXAMPLE 4
Glassware, metal parts and plastic equipment contaminated with oil or grease can be reused after soaking in an aqueous medium containing from 1 to 5% (according to the degree of contamination) of the composition of Example 1.
EXAMPLE 5
Metal and glass laboratory apparatus, contaminated with old deposits of dried blood and dyestuffs, can be cleaned in an automatic dishwashing machine at 900 with an aqueous medium containing from 2-50 g/i of the composition of Example 2, without problems of excessive foaming.
EXAMPLE 6
By following the procedure of Example 1, there is obtained a detergent composition containing, per 1000 parts:
70 parts of a mixture of nonyl/isooctyl phenol polyglycol ether containing an average of 10 ethylene oxide units/mol
40 parts commercial EDTA in sodium salt form (powder), and
100 parts monoethanolamine.
By replacing the ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid component by sodium gluconate or sodiumglucoheptonate, and monoethanolamine by triethanolamine, a detergent composition with similar properties is obtained.
EXAMPLE 7
White hospital linens are washed in a continuous washing tunnel with 18 sections according to the counter current principle. The pre-washing is carried out in sections 1 to 5, the temperature being raised from 200C to 500C. In section 1, 6 1 of a solution containing, per 1000 parts, 12 parts of the detergent composition of
Example 6 and 20 g of a commercial soil suspending powder, is added; a further amount of 3 1 of the same detergent solution is metered into section 5.The main washing is effected at 8095 C in sections 6-10. After rinsing at 80-600C (sections 11 to 15), the linens are treated in section 1 6 at 20-300C with a sodium hypochlorite solution (containing 0,85 parts sodium hypochlorite 30% for 1000 parts of soft water) and in section 1 7 at 200C with a solution containing 0.1 part hydrogen peroxide 35 vol.% per 1000 parts. After neutralisation with acetic acid if necessary, the linens are rinsed in section 18 at 1 5-1 80C with hard water.
Perfectly cleaned white linens are obtained.
EXAMPLE 8
Heavily soiled polyester/cotton protective clothing is washed in a continuous washing tunnel as indicated in Example 7. The pre-washing is carried out as disclosed in Example 7 except that the 6 1 and 3 1 of detergent solution metered into sections 1 and 3 respectively, contains, per 1000 parts, from 30 to 50 parts of the detergent composition of Example 6 and from 40 to 80 parts of a commercial soil suspending powder. The main washing is carried out at 80-850C, a further amount of 4 1 of the same detergent solution being metered into section 10. After rinsing at 80-600C in sections 11 to 1 7 and, if necessary, neutralising in section 1 7 with acetic acid, the clothing is rinsed in section 1 8 with hard water at 15-180C.
The washed clothing is perfectly clean.
EXAMPLE 9
By following the procedure of Example 1, there is obtained a detergent composition containing:
42.5 parts of the detergent composition of
Example 6
2.5 parts of soft soap
5 parts of hexylenglycol, and
50 parts of a commercial dispersing agent based on an aromatic sulphonic acid sodium salt.
EXAMPLE 10
Contaminated semiprecious stones or electronic circuits are cleaned at 700C with a solution containing 1% of the detergent composition of Example 9 by ultrasonic treatment at 25 kHz for 90 sec.
EXAMPLE 11
Watch cases contaminated with polishing paste are treated at 70-800C in a bath containing 4% of the detergent composition of
Example 9, with ultrasonics for 90 sec.
Claims (19)
1. A biodegradable detergent composition comprising an aqueous solution of the following active components:
A 2 to 35 parts by weight of a higher (C824)aIkylphenyl polyglycol ether having from 5 to 25 glycol residues, or a mixture thereof,
B 5 to 35 parts by weight of an alkanolamine, and
C 0.5 to 6 parts by weight of a cation sequestering agent.
2. A biodegradable detergent composition of claim 1 in which the active components are present in the following proportions by weight, excluding the water present: A- 15-70%
B- 15-70%
C-1-30%
3. A biodegradable detergent composition of
Claim 2, in which the active components are present in the following proportions by weight, excluding the water present: A-15-50%
B-20-60%
C-3--25%
4. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the aqueous solution contains from 1 5 to 30% by weight of the total active components.
5. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which component A is an isooctylphenol-, di- tert.butylphenol- or nonylphenol polyglycol ether or mixtures thereof, having an average of from 8 to
12 glycol units per molecule, component B is mono-, di- or triethanolamine or mixtures, thereof, and component C is an alkali metal gluconate or glucoheptonate or ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid at least partially in form of an alkali metal salt.
6. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of the preceding Claims, containing further ingredients selected from the group consisting of: - a sulphosuccinic acid (C612 )alkyl ester;
-a a condensation product of a (Cl6~18)alcohol mixture (comprising unsaturated and saturated alcohols) with 10 to 1 5 mols ethylene oxide; - a sulphated unsaturated (C16~18)carboxylic acid (C24 )alkyl ester; - a higher (C814)alcohoI; - a water-soluble silicone;
- a lower (C,~4 )alcohol;
- a )glycol;
soap; - an organic solvent non miscible with water; and/or - a dispersing agent.
7. A biodegradable detergent composition according to Claim 6, containing from 0 to 5 parts by weight of a sulphosuccinic acid (C612 )alkyl ester, 0 to 10 parts by weight of a reaction product of a (C16~18)alcohol mixture (comprising unsaturated and saturated alcohols) with 10 to 1 5 mols ethylene oxide, 0 to 10 parts by weight of a sulphated unsaturated (C16~l8)carboxylic acid (C2~4)alkyl ester, 0 to 10 parts by weight of a higher (C814)alcohol, and 0 to 2 parts by weight of a water-soluble silicone.
8. A biodegradable detergent composition according to Claim 7, containing from 0 to 5 parts of isooctylsulphosuccinate or O to 10 parts of a mixture of cetyl- and oleylalcohol ethoxylated with 10 to 12 ethylene oxide units per molecule, at least one of such a component being present,
9. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, containing additionally soap, hexyleneglycol, and a dispersing agent.
10. A biodegradable detergent composition according to Claim 9, in which the dispersing agent is the sodium salt of an aromatic sulphonic acid.
11. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of the preceding Claims, containing a branched-chain primary (C814)alcohol and a water-soluble silicone.
12. A biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of the preceding Claims substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of Examples 1, 2, 6 and 9.
13. A process for the preparation of a biodegradable detergent composition of any one of Claims 1 to 5 comprising the steps of adding the active components to demineralised water and stirring until the mixture is homogeneous.
14. A process according to Claim 1 3 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of Examples 1, 2, 6 and 9.
1 5. A process for cleaning contaminated articles comprising treatment with a biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 11.
16. A process according to Claim 1 5 comprising treatment in a full bath with an aqueous solution containing from 1 to 10% by weight of a detergent composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 8 and 11.
1 7. A process according to Claim 1 5 comprising spraying or wiping on with an aqueous solution containing from 5 to 30% by weight of a detergent composition according to any one of
Claims 1 to 8 and 11.
1 8. A process according to Claim 1 5 comprising ultrasonic treatment in the presence of a biodegradable detergent composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 5 and 9 to 11
19. A process according to any one of Claims
1 5 to 1 8 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of Examples 3,4, 5, 7, 8,10and 11.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH57480A CH644893A5 (en) | 1980-01-24 | 1980-01-24 | Biodegradable cleaning compositions |
CH887580A CH646454A5 (en) | 1980-12-01 | 1980-12-01 | Cleaners and detergents and their use |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB2068405A true GB2068405A (en) | 1981-08-12 |
GB2068405B GB2068405B (en) | 1984-02-01 |
Family
ID=25684998
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB8101844A Expired GB2068405B (en) | 1980-01-24 | 1981-01-21 | Biodegradable detergent composition |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AR (1) | AR227774A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3101041A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2474526A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2068405B (en) |
HK (1) | HK37887A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0189752A2 (en) * | 1985-01-19 | 1986-08-06 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Process for stripping photoresist and stripping rests from semiconductor surfaces |
US4680143A (en) * | 1982-11-16 | 1987-07-14 | Lever Brothers Company | Detergent compositions |
EP0232092A2 (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1987-08-12 | Robert Goldman | Compositions and methods for removing tarnish from household articles |
FR2614898A1 (en) * | 1987-05-06 | 1988-11-10 | Sandoz Sa | BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS |
WO1999018184A1 (en) * | 1997-10-08 | 1999-04-15 | Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert (Gmbh & Co.) | Process for cleaning surgical instruments |
WO1999041349A1 (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 1999-08-19 | Agency Design Services Limited | A cleaning and coating composition for glass, ceramic and metal surfaces |
WO2001046369A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-28 | Unilever Plc | Detergent compositions |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018123454A1 (en) * | 2018-09-24 | 2020-03-26 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Reduced hair damage during bleaching thanks to the use of a biodegradable complexing agent |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA786294A (en) * | 1965-03-31 | 1968-05-28 | Hofer Konrad | Surface cleaning and defatting composition |
US3823094A (en) * | 1969-01-08 | 1974-07-09 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Two part liquid car wash system |
SU511335A1 (en) * | 1973-11-28 | 1976-04-25 | Уральский филиал Всесоюзного научно-исследовательского и проектного института химической промышленности | Solid Surface Wash |
DE2836567C2 (en) * | 1977-08-29 | 1986-12-11 | Sandoz-Patent-Gmbh, 7850 Loerrach | Cleaning agents and processes |
-
1981
- 1981-01-15 DE DE19813101041 patent/DE3101041A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-01-21 GB GB8101844A patent/GB2068405B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-01-23 FR FR8101231A patent/FR2474526A1/en active Granted
- 1981-01-23 AR AR28405581A patent/AR227774A1/en active
-
1987
- 1987-05-14 HK HK37887A patent/HK37887A/en unknown
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4680143A (en) * | 1982-11-16 | 1987-07-14 | Lever Brothers Company | Detergent compositions |
US4786578A (en) * | 1985-01-19 | 1988-11-22 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Agent and method for the removal of photoresist and stripper residues from semiconductor substrates |
EP0189752A3 (en) * | 1985-01-19 | 1986-10-29 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Agent and process for stripping photoresist and stripping rests from semiconductor surfaces |
EP0189752A2 (en) * | 1985-01-19 | 1986-08-06 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Process for stripping photoresist and stripping rests from semiconductor surfaces |
EP0232092A2 (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1987-08-12 | Robert Goldman | Compositions and methods for removing tarnish from household articles |
EP0232092A3 (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1988-08-17 | Robert Goldman | Compositions and methods for removing tarnish from household articles |
FR2614898A1 (en) * | 1987-05-06 | 1988-11-10 | Sandoz Sa | BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS |
WO1999018184A1 (en) * | 1997-10-08 | 1999-04-15 | Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert (Gmbh & Co.) | Process for cleaning surgical instruments |
AU743118B2 (en) * | 1997-10-08 | 2002-01-17 | Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert Gmbh & Co. Kg | Process for cleaning surgical instruments |
US6562296B1 (en) | 1997-10-08 | 2003-05-13 | Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert Gmbh & Co. Kg | Process for cleaning surgical instruments |
WO1999041349A1 (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 1999-08-19 | Agency Design Services Limited | A cleaning and coating composition for glass, ceramic and metal surfaces |
GB2339205A (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 2000-01-19 | Agency Design Services Limited | A cleaning and coating composition for glass, ceramic and metal surfaces |
WO2001046369A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-28 | Unilever Plc | Detergent compositions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2068405B (en) | 1984-02-01 |
HK37887A (en) | 1987-05-22 |
AR227774A1 (en) | 1982-12-15 |
FR2474526A1 (en) | 1981-07-31 |
FR2474526B1 (en) | 1984-11-09 |
DE3101041A1 (en) | 1981-12-10 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |