GB2066693A - Controlling gas separation apparatus - Google Patents

Controlling gas separation apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2066693A
GB2066693A GB8037076A GB8037076A GB2066693A GB 2066693 A GB2066693 A GB 2066693A GB 8037076 A GB8037076 A GB 8037076A GB 8037076 A GB8037076 A GB 8037076A GB 2066693 A GB2066693 A GB 2066693A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
pressure
container
valve means
valve
containers
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Granted
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GB8037076A
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GB2066693B (en
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Draegerwerk AG and Co KGaA
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Draegerwerk AG and Co KGaA
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Publication of GB2066693A publication Critical patent/GB2066693A/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • B01D53/047—Pressure swing adsorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
    • B01D2256/12—Oxygen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
    • B01D2257/102—Nitrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/40007—Controlling pressure or temperature swing adsorption
    • B01D2259/40009—Controlling pressure or temperature swing adsorption using sensors or gas analysers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/402—Further details for adsorption processes and devices using two beds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • B01D53/0454—Controlling adsorption

Abstract

An apparatus for separating one component from a mixture (e.g. nitrogen from air) has first and second containers (6, 7) connected in parallel between an inlet duct (2) and an outlet duct (15) and containing a sorbent for the component. First valve means (4, 9) and second valve means (5, 8) control the flow of mixture through the containers (6, 7) such that the mixture flows through one on other of the containers for sorption of said one component, whilst a part of the product leaving the respective container is directed to the other container to flush the previously sorbed component therefrom. A control unit (10) controls the first and second valve means, in dependence upon the pressure in the inlet duct, the control unit closing one of the valve means and opening the other valve means when the pressure in the inlet duct as monitored by sensor (20) exceeds a predetermined value indicating that, the agent in the container in use is fully used up. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Apparatus for separating one component from a mixture This invention relates to an apparatus for separating one component from a mixture.
- Apparatus for separating a mixture with the aid of an absorption agent, makes it possible to produce a concentrated product, for example oxygen for technical processes or for human respiration from the ambient atmosphere and hence independently of any means for the storage and supply of this gas.
A known control means for an apparatus for separating a mixture, more particularly for an oxygen separator, renders possible the continuous delivery of an oxygen-rich gas, as the product from a supply of compressed air. In this case, the apparatus is periodically changed over by the pneumatic control means between two operating conditions in which the compressed air is fed to the of two containers containing an absorption agent present in the apparatus, while at the same time the other one is regenerated, and vice versa. The switching criterion is the reaching of a predetermined pressure in the container momentarily being supplied with compressed air, whereby the exhausting of this container and its absorption agent is indicated.The triggering of the control for terminating the momentary operating condition takes place by means of a pressure sensor connector to the first container and a pressure sensor connected to the second container when the predetermined limit pressure is reached in the container concerned. Thereafter, pressure equilibrium is established between the two containers. When this pressure equilibrium is reached, the control means is triggered at the beginning of the succeeding operating condition by means of a pressure comparator, which is simultaneously connected to the two containers.
At the triggering of the control means by the pressure obtaining in the containers, differences in the properties of the containers are balanced out and a higher uniformity of the product is obtained than with the previously employed control means operating with a preset time cycle. However, the disadvantage still exists that, on ageing of the pressure sensors, the actuation of the control means takes place at different effective pressure values for the two containers, whereby fluctuations in the concentration of the product are caused, which may unfavourably affect, for example, a patient undergoing respiration by means of this product.
According to the present invention there is provided an apparatus, for separating one component from a mixture, the apparatus comprising: first and second containers each of which includes an agent capable of absorbing and/or adsorbing said one component and which are connected in parallel between an inlet duct and an outlet duct; and first and second valve means for controlling the flow of the mixture through the containers which are arranged so that, in use, in a first operating state, with the first valve means open and the second valve means closed, the mixture flows through the first container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the first container, and a portion of the mixture leaving the first container flows through the second container to flush out the one component therein, and, during a second operating state, with the first valve means closed and the second valve means open, the mixture flows through the second container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the second container, and a portion of the mixture leaving the second container flows through the first container to flush out the one component therein; and a control unit which is connected to and controls the first and second valve means, and which is connected to the inlet duct, the control unit closing the first valve means and opening the second valve means to switch the apparatus from the first to the second operating state, or vice versa, when the pressure of the mixture in the inlet duct exceeds a predetermined value.
Preferably the control unit is connected to the inlet duct via a first pressure-controlled switch which supplies a signal to the control unit when the pressure in the inlet duct exceeds said predetermined value.
The use of only one pressure-controlled switch, which is connected, at the change-over, to the container momentarily connected to the mixture supply duct, ensures that ageing effects undergone by the pressure-controlled switch affect the two containers in the same way. The periodic fluctuations in concentration which arise at the change-over in operation with a plurality of pressure switches which have undergone differing ageing are avoided. Such fluctuations would not only be intolerable to the consumer, but, owing to the fact that the containers are interdependent in respect of the regeneration, they would also shift the functional equilibrium of the apparatus and hence reduce the mean concentration of the product. The apparatus should thus provide a product having an even concentration and uniformity.
Preferably the apparatus includes a pressureequalising duct connected between outlets of the first and second containers, which are connected to the outlet duct, and including a pressure-equalising valve which is controlled by the control unit; the arrangement being such that at the end of the first or second operating state, the first or second valve means respectively is closed and the pressureequalising valve is opened until the pressures in the first and second containers are equal whereupon the pressure-equalising valve is closed and the second or first valve means respectively is opened to commence a second or first operating state respectively.
The outlets of the first and second containers may be connected to a second pressure-controlled switch which supplies a signal to the control unit when the pressures in the two containers are equal. Alternatively, the inlet duct may be connected to a second pressure-controlled switch which is connected to the control unit, and which is such that, in use, with the first and second valve means closed, the second pressure-controlled switch supplies a signal to the control unit to close the pressure-equalising valve and to open the first or second valve means when the pressure in the inlet duct exceeds a second predetermined value.
Preferably the first valve means comprises a first inlet valve connecting the inlet duct to the first container and a second outlet valve connecting the second container to atmosphere and the second valve means comprises a second inlet valve connecting the inlet duct to the second container and a first outlet valve connecting the first container to atmosphere.
The pressure equilibrium between the containers can be detected by a second pressure-controlled switch connected between the containers or by detection of a predetermined pressure in the inlet duct which is indicative that a sufficient time has elapsed for the pressures in the contiainers to be in equilibrium. This time can be determined empirically. The pressure rise in the inlet duct will be due to a continued supply of mixture whilst both inlet valves are closed.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 diagrammatically shows a first embodiment of an apparatus according to the present invention; and Figure 2 diagrammatically shows an apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1, compressed air is supplied, as the mixture to be separated, from a compressedair source 1 by way of a mixture supply duct 2, to which there is connected a mixture reservoir 3. By way of first and second inlet valves 4 and 5 respectively, the mixture supply duct 2 is connected to the inlet of a first container 6 and to the inlet of a second container 7. The containers 6,7 are filled with a nitrogen-absorbing agent. The inlets of the containers 6, 7 can be connected with the atmosphere by means of first and second outlet valves 8 and 9 respectively. The first inlet valve 4 of the first container 6 and the second outlet valve 9 of the second container7 are combined for the purpose of control to form a first valve means or arrangement and are connected to a pneumatic control unit 10.Likewise, the second inlet valve 5 of the second container 7 and the first outlet valve 8 of the first container 6 are combined to form a second valve means or arrangement and are connected to the control unit 10. The outlets of the first container 6 and of the second container7 are connected to one another and to a product reservoir 13 by means of throttles 11 and 12 respectively. An outlet duct 15 leading to the consumer being connected to the product reservoir 13 via a pressure reducer 14. In addition, the outlets of the containers 6, 7 are connected together by means of a pressure-equalising duct 16 and connecting ducts 17. Situated in the pressure-equalising duct 16 is a valve 18 controlled by the control unit 10.
The connecting ducts 17 are connected to a pressure-equalising switch 19, which supplies a signal to the control unit 10 when pressure equilibrium is established in the two ducts 17. A pressurecontrolled switch 20 is connected to the mixture supply duct 2 and supplies a signal to the control unit 10 when a set peak pressure is reached in the mixture supply duct 2.
During operation, in a first state, the valves 4, 9 of the first valve arrangement are open and the valves 5, 8 of the second valve arrangement are closed by the control unit 10. The valve 18 in the pressure equalising duct 16 6 is also closed. The supplied com- pressed air passes through the inlet valve 4 into the first container 6, in which the nitrogen component is absorbed by the absorption agent. A product enriched with oxygen then leaves the first container 6 and passes through the throttle 11 into the product reservoir 13 and hence through the pressure reducer 14 into the outlet duct 15 leading to the consumer. At the same time, a part of the enriched product flows through the throttle 12 into the second container 7 and flushes the nitrogen absorbed therein into the atmosphere through the outlet valve 9.As the absorption of nitrogen in the first container 6 progresses, the pressure in the first container 6 and in the mixture supply duct 2 rises. When a maximum pressure corresponding to an optimum utilisation of the absorption agent in accordance with empirically derived values is reached, the pressure switch 20, set at this pressure, supplies a signal to the control unit 10, which then closes the valves 4, 9 of the first valve arrangement and terminates the first operating state. Simultaneously the control unit 10 opens the valve 18 in the pressure-equalising duct 16, so that a rapid pressure equalisation can take place between the containers 6,7. The pressure in the containers 6, 7 is monitored by the pressure-equalising switch 19 by way of the connecting ducts 17.When pressure equilibrium is established, the pressure-equalising switch 19 supplies a signal to the control unit 10, which then closes the valve 18 and opens the valves 5, 8 of the second valve arrangement. This results in commencement of the second operating state, which is the same as the first operating state except that the functions of the containers 6, 7 are interchanged. Air is now supplied through the second inlet valve 5, the second container 7 and the second throttle 12 to the reservoir 13, whilst some of the air enriched in oxygen leaving the second container 7 flows through the first throttle 11, the first container 6 and the first outlet valve 8 to atmosphere, to flush the nitrogen out of the first container 6.The termination of the second operating state, and the subs# quent change-over to the first operating state also take place in the manner already described. The described sequence of events is repeated in a cyclic manner.
The second embodiment of the apparatus shown in Figure 2 differs from that described with reference to Figure 1 only in that the connecting ducts 17 with the pressure-equalising switch 19 are omitted and a second pressure-controlled switch 21 connected to the mixture supply duct 2 supplies a signs to the control unit 10 when the switching press e is reached. The first operating stets pmce'c- s in the described manner. When it is terminated by closing of the valves 4, 9 of the first valve arrangement, the pressure equalisation is effected with the valve 18 open.Meanwhile, with continuation of the supply of compressed air and with the inlet valves 4, 5 closed, there takes place in the mixture supply duct 2 and in the mixture reservoir 3 connected thereto a time proportional pressure rise which, depending upon the nature of the compressed-air source employed, for example a compressor, is known from empiri cally derived values. The time which has been found to be necessaryforthe establishment of pressure equilibrium in the containers 6 and 7 can thus be correlated with a pressure valve which is reached in the same time in the mixture supply duct 2 and which is chosen as the switching pressure for the second pressure-controlled switch 21. When this switching pressure is reached, and thus pressure equilibrium is also reached in the containers 6 and 7 in accordance with experience, the second pressure switch 21 supplies a signal to the control unit 10, which then closes the valve 18 and opens the valves 5 and 8 of the second valve arrangement to com mence the second operating state. These events also are repeated in a cyclic sequence.

Claims (15)

1. An apparatus, for separating one component from a mixture, the apparatus comprising: first and second containers each of which includes an agent capable of absorbing and/or adsorbing said one component and which are connected in parallel between an inlet duct and an outlet duct; and first and second valve means for controlling the flow of the mixture through the containers which are arranged so that, in use, in a first operating state, with the first valve means open and the second valve means closed, the mixture flows through the first container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the first container, and a portion of the mixture leav ing the first container flows through the second container to flush out the one component therein, and, during a second operating state, with the first valve means closed and the second valve means open, the mixture flows through the second container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the second container, and a portion of the mixture leaving the second container flows through the first container to flush out the one component therein; and a control unit which is connected to and controls the first and second valve means, and which is connected to the inlet duct, the control unit closing the first valve means and opening the second valve means to switch the apparatus from the first to the second operating state, or vice versa, when the pressure of the mixture in the inlet duct exceeds a pre determined value.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control unit is connected to the inlet duct via a first pressurecontrnlled switch which supplies a signal to the control unit when the pressure in the inlet duct exceeds said predetermined value.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which includes a pressure-equalising duct connected between outlets of the first and second containers, which are connected to the outlet duct, and including a pressure-equalising valve which is controlled by the control unit; the arrangement being such that at the end of the first or second operating state, the first or second valve means respectively is closed and the pressure-equalising valve is opened until the pressures in the first and second containers are equal whereupon the pressure-equalising valve is closed and the second or first valve means respectively is opened to commence a second or first operating state respectively.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the outlets of the first and second containers are connected to a second pressure-controlled switch which supplies a signal to the control unit when the pressures in the two containers are equal.
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the inlet duct is connected to a second pressurecontrolled switch which is connected to the control unit, and which is such that, in use, with the first and second valve means closed, the second pressurecontrolled switch supplies a signal to the control unit to close the pressure-equalising valve and to open the first or second valve means when the pressure in the inlet duct exceeds a second predetermined value.
6. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first valve means comprises a first inlet valve connecting the inlet duct to the first container and a second outlet valve connecting the second container to atmosphere and the second valve means comprises a second inlet valve connecting the inlet duct to the second container and a first outlet valve connecting the first container to atmosphere.
7. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first and second containers are connected to the outlet duct via first and second throttles respectively.
8. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the outlet duct is connected to a reservoir and a pressure reducer.
9. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the inlet duct is connected to a further reservoir.
10. An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the agent in the first and second containers is capable of absorbing nitrogen.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inlet duct is connected to a compressed air source.
12. An apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to, and as shown in, Figure 1 or 2 of the accompanying drawings.
New claims or amendments to claims filed on 12-381.
New or amended claims:- 13-15.
13. An apparatus for separating one component from a mixture, the apparatus comprising: first and second containers each of which includes an agent capable of absorbing and/or adsorbing said one component and which are connected in parallel between an inlet duct and an outlet duct; first and second valve means for controlling the flow of the mixture through the containers which are arranged so that, in use, in a first operating state, with the first valve means open and the second valve means closed, the mixture flows from the inlet duct through the first container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the first container, and a portion of the mixture leaving the first container flows through the second container to flush out the one component therein, and, during a second operating state, with the first valve means closed and the second valve means open, the mixture flows from the inlet duct th rough the second container to the outlet duct, said one component is at least partially absorbed and/or adsorbed by the agent in the second container, and a portion of the mixture leaving the second container flows through the first container to flush out the one component therein; a pressure-equalising duct connected between outlets of the first and second containers, which outlets are connected to the outlet duct, and including a pressure-equalising valve; a first pressure-controlled switch which is connected to, and actuatable by a first predetermined pressure in, the inlet duct; a second pressure-controlled switch actuatable when a second predetermined pressure is attained at a point or points in the apparatus; and a control unit which is connected to and controls the first and second valve means and which is connected to the first and second pressure-controlled switches: the arrangement being such that, in use, with mixture supplied through the inlet duct, when the pressure in the inlet duct attains the first predetermined pressure, the first pressure-controlled switch sends a signal to the control unit which then closes the first or second valve means to terminate a respective first or second operating state and opens the pressureequalising valve to commence a pressure equalisation state, and, when the predetermined second pressure is attained during the pressure equalisation state, the second pressure-controlled switch sends a signal to the control unit which then opens the second or first valve means respectively to commence a respective second or first operating state and closes the pressure-equalising valve to terminate the pressure equalisation state.
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the second pressure-controlled switch is connected to the outlets of the first and second containers and is designed to supply a signal to the control unit when the pressures in the two containers are equal.
15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the second pressure-controlled switch is connected to, and is actuatable in response to the pressure in, the inlet duct, such that, in use, with the first and second valve means closed, the second pressurecontrolled switch supplies a signal to the control unit to close the pressure-equalising valve and to open the first or second valve means when the pressure in the inlet duct attains the second predetermined pressure.
GB8037076A 1979-12-21 1980-11-19 Controlling gas separation apparatus Expired GB2066693B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19792951626 DE2951626C2 (en) 1979-12-21 1979-12-21 Device for breaking down a gas mixture

Publications (2)

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GB2066693A true GB2066693A (en) 1981-07-15
GB2066693B GB2066693B (en) 1983-07-06

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4537607A (en) * 1983-08-03 1985-08-27 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Limited Gas flow controllers for aircraft molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4543109A (en) * 1983-03-31 1985-09-24 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Limited Molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4594080A (en) * 1984-02-20 1986-06-10 Normalair-Garrett Holdings Ltd. Molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4732587A (en) * 1982-01-13 1988-03-22 Dragerwerk Ag Device for breaking down a mixture
US4927434A (en) * 1988-12-16 1990-05-22 Pall Corporation Gas component extraction
US5004485A (en) * 1989-04-03 1991-04-02 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Ltd. Molecular sieve-type gas separation systems
EP0848993A2 (en) * 1996-12-18 1998-06-24 Ebara Corporation Method for evaluating performance of chemical filter for cleaning gas
EP1993706A2 (en) * 2006-03-06 2008-11-26 H2gen Innovations Inc. Psa pressure measurement and control system

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI76003C (en) * 1986-02-12 1988-09-09 A Happi Oy FOERSTAERKNINGSFOERFARANDE OCH -ANORDNING FOER GAS.
DD265807A1 (en) * 1987-10-12 1989-03-15 Dresden Komplette Chemieanlag DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING COMPRESSION COMPENSATION IN PRESSURE CHANGE ADSORPTION PLANTS

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3775946A (en) * 1972-10-13 1973-12-04 Howe Baker Eng Adsorption control
US3880616A (en) * 1973-11-19 1975-04-29 Bendix Corp Respiratory support system
US4101298A (en) * 1977-04-05 1978-07-18 The Bendix Corporation Pressure cycling control for fluid separator mechanism
DE2820771C3 (en) * 1978-05-12 1981-12-17 BÖWE Maschinenfabrik GmbH, 8900 Augsburg Adsorption device

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4732587A (en) * 1982-01-13 1988-03-22 Dragerwerk Ag Device for breaking down a mixture
US4543109A (en) * 1983-03-31 1985-09-24 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Limited Molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4537607A (en) * 1983-08-03 1985-08-27 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Limited Gas flow controllers for aircraft molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4594080A (en) * 1984-02-20 1986-06-10 Normalair-Garrett Holdings Ltd. Molecular sieve type gas separation systems
US4927434A (en) * 1988-12-16 1990-05-22 Pall Corporation Gas component extraction
US5004485A (en) * 1989-04-03 1991-04-02 Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Ltd. Molecular sieve-type gas separation systems
EP0848993A2 (en) * 1996-12-18 1998-06-24 Ebara Corporation Method for evaluating performance of chemical filter for cleaning gas
EP0848993A3 (en) * 1996-12-18 1999-08-04 Ebara Corporation Method for evaluating performance of chemical filter for cleaning gas
US6009739A (en) * 1996-12-18 2000-01-04 Ebara Corporation Method for evaluating performance of chemical filter for cleaning gas
EP1993706A2 (en) * 2006-03-06 2008-11-26 H2gen Innovations Inc. Psa pressure measurement and control system
EP1993706A4 (en) * 2006-03-06 2010-07-21 Lummus Technology Inc Psa pressure measurement and control system

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Publication number Publication date
DE2951626C2 (en) 1986-10-09
DE2951626A1 (en) 1981-07-02
GB2066693B (en) 1983-07-06

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