GB1585836A - Equalization of electrical signals - Google Patents

Description

(54) EQUALIZATION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS (71) We, XEROX CORPORATION, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of New York, United States of America, of Rochester, New York 14644, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The invention pertains to frequency-domain automatic equalization for electrical signals used in transmission of information.

Ideally, it is desirable to transmit electrical signals such that no interference occurs between successive symbols. In practice, however, transmission channels are bandlimited and intersymbol interference is controlled utilizing clocked systems with equalization conventionally performed in the time domain.

Most conventional automatic equalizers operate in a feedback mode so that the effects of changes in the equalizer transfer function are monitored and used to produce further changes in the transfer function to obtain the best output signals. In such systems, the measurements of the output signal are made in the time domain. Typically, the transfer function may be constructed in the time domain by adjusting the tap gains of a tapped delay line during an initial training period prior to actual message transmission. Examples of such systems are shown in U.S. Patents 3,375,473 and 3,292,110.

Frequency domain equalization utilizing time domain adjustments are shown, for example, in the U.S. Patent 3,614,673 issued to George Su Kang. Kang utilizes frequency domain measurement and calculations to produce the time domain impulse response of a transversal filter. The impulse response of the transversal filter is applied to set the weights of the transversal filter.

The invention is concerned with providing an automatic equalizer, operable completely in the frequency domain, to provide both frequency domain measurements of the transmitted signal and frequency domain corrections to equalize channel amplitude and phase distortion.

According to the invention there is provided an equalizer for automatically equalizing a received electrical signal x(t) whereby distortion in the received signal is reduced, the equalization being conducted in the frequency domain upon the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of said received electrical signal x(t), said equalizer comprising:: a) means for sampling said received electrical signal x(t) to provide a set of signal sample values Xk, k being a sample time index having values 0, 1,...N-l, and N being an integer, b) means for calculating the discrete Fourier transform of said sample values xk to provide said discrete Fourier (DFT) components Xn, n = 0, 1...N-l, c) means for storing equalizer components generated from test signals and for applying said stored components to said discrete Fourier components, Xn, to equalize said components in the frequency domain, and d) means for calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the set of equalized components to provide an output signal corresponding to one sample time index of said received electrical signal.

According to the invention there is also provided a method of equalizing a received electrical signal x(t) whereby distortion in the received signal is reduced, the equalization being conducted in the frequency domain upon the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of said received electrical signal x(t),said method comprising: a) sampling the received electrical signal x(t) to provide a set of signal sample values Xk, k being a sample time index having values 0, 1...N-l, N being an integer, b) calculating the discrete Fourier transform of said sample values Xk, k = 0,..N-i to provide the discrete Fourier components Xn, n = 0,...N-1, c) storing equalizer components generated from test signals and applying said stored components to said discrete Fourier components, Xn, to equalize said components in the frequency domain, and d) calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the set of equalized components to provide an output signal corresponding to one sample time index of the received electrical signal.

A significant preferred feature of the invention is in the utilization of sliding window samplings of the input waveform to provide a plurality of sample sets each time displaced from successive sets by an amount T/N, where T is the sample set window or time frame and N is the number of samples within a sample set of the input waveform. Each sample set forms a discrete data set which is transformed by an analog discrete Fourier transform (ADFT) into the frequency domain. The spectral coefficients are corrected in the frequency domain employing component-by-component multiplication using previously calculated correction coefficients computed during an initial training period where ideal or test pulses are transmitted.The corrected spectral coefficients are inverse transformed using an analog inverse discrete Fourier transform (AIDFT) to provide an output value corresponding to one sample within the input waveform sample set. The frequency domain corrected spectral coefficients are computed for each window such that the sliding window sampling produces a new output value of the AIDFT N times during the sample period T.

Preferred features of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, given by way of example, wherein: Figure 1 is a block diagram of the overall theoretical model used in the instant invention; Figure 2 is an analog circuit for performing the discrete Fourier transform of a sample set; Figure 3 is a vector diagram of the DFT components for eight sample points; Figure 4 is a folded vector diagram of the DFT components of Figure 3; Figures 5A-5C are vector diagrams indicating step-by-step operations upon the vectors shown in Figure 4; Figure 6 is a tree diagram summarizing the step-by-step operations of Figures 5A-5C; Figure 7A illustrates a tree graph for the inverse discrete Fourier transform; Figure 7B illustrates a tree graph for the sparse inverse discrete Fourier transform;; Figure 7C is an analog implementation of the tree graph algorithm of Figure 7B; Figure 8 is a tree graph for the complete equalization; Figure 9 is an illustration comparing results of an aperiodic convolution with a periodic convolution; Figure 10 is a schematic forthe complex multiplication and holding circuits used in the invention Figure lOA illustrates a circuit for producing reference voltages used in the invention; Figure 11 is a schematic for computing and storing a multiplication parameter used in the invention; Figure 12 is an analog implementation of Figure 8 showing the time sharing circuits of the invention; Figure 13A illustrates a block diagram for providing the DFT coefficients of Figure 12 to output means;; Figure 13B is a block schematic diagram showing the generation of a power spectrum for the components of the discrete Fourier transformation; and Figure 13C is a block schematic diagram showing the generation of a phase spectrum for the components of the discrete Fourier transformation.

A block diagram of the model of the transmission system is shown in Figure 1. The system is assumed linear and it is therefore theoretically immaterial where in the system the distorting elements are located. The transfer function H(w) is a composite of all the ideal elements of the system and is shown in cascade with D(w), which is a composite of all the linear distorting elements of the system. It is assumed that the impulse response h(t) is the ideal symbol and that the information is represented by the magnitude and/or polarity of impulses at the input to H(w) which impulses are spaced in time according to the requirements of h(t) and the detection process. The output of the system is the Fourier transform of H(w) x D(w), or the convolution of h(t) and d(t), and is no longer ideal. The equalizer is connected in cascade with the distortion network and functions to eliminate the effects of D(w), i.e., the transfer function of the equalizer is 1/D(W). The equal per precedes the decision point at the receiver, and the system is capable of determining D w) and then producing the transfer function 1/D(w) in the transmission path.

Figure 2 shows an analog discrete Fourier transform (ADFT) circuit which produces a set of electrical signals which represent the real and imaginary of coefficients respectively of samples of the Fourier transform, i.e., frequency spectrum, of the input signal. The input to the ADFT circuit comprises a discrete sample set of, for example, eight samples Xo, xl,...x7 of the received signal x(t). The sample set may be taken, for example, from terminals of a tapped delay line 5. The discrete i sample set [X]i=xo(i), xl (i),...X7(i) iS transformed by the ADFT circuit into the frequency domain and represented by vectors Xn which are generally complex. Real and imaginary parts of the vector are designated RXn and IXn respectively.Similarly, RH, IH and RD, ID designate respectively the real and imaginary parts of the respective transfer function H and D.

Figure 2 shows a plurality of operational amplifiers 10 having input terminals marked "+" or "-" for indicating the additive or subtractive function performed therein. The gain of the amplifiers is indicated by the multiplication factor shown. All amplifiers have unity gain except those having gain .707 or 0.5. The ADFT circuit shown in Figure 2 receives N samples (N=8) of a real input function x(t). For real time samples of x(t), the frequency components Xn for n > N/2 are the complex conjugates of Xn for n < N/2. Additionally, X0 and XN/2 are real. Consequently, Xo and X4 have real components only. Non-redundant information is obtained using the folded spectral coefficients which comprises vectors Xo and X4 and vectors X1, X2 and X3.The complex vectors Xl, X2 and X4 specify six parameters, and the real vectors Xo, X4 give two more parameters yielding a total of eight parameters consistent with the number of sample points of x(t). (Alternatively, of course, the real values Xo, X4 and complex values X" X6, X7 may be used to form the eight required parameters.) ADFT circuitry is described more generally, for example, in U.S.

Patent 3,851,162 to Robert Munoz.

The circuitry arrangement shown in Figure 2 is not unique and alternate matrix arrangements may be developed. The circuit arrangement of Figure 2 is derived from an analysis of the vector diagram of the discrete Fourier spectral components. The DFT components may be defined by

where, W = e-j2-l/N Equation (1) may be written in terms of real and imaginary components as follows:

Assuming that the input time dependent signal x(t) is real. the spectral components may be folded and equation (2) will hold for A = 1, B = 2 inasmuch as the folded coefficient spectrum will double the magnitude of all frequency components except the band edges Xt, and XN/2.

Figure 3 illustrates a vector diagram for the general case (x(t) complex) of a N = 8 sample set. The frequency index "n" runs horizontally and the time sample index "k" runs vertically with the older sample taken at the zero time reference, k = 0. Each vector represents one term in the summation of equations (1) or (2) for a given value of n. The phase of the vectors is shown by the phase angle, 0 = -2 kn/N, where the vertical direction is taken as the zero phase reference. Thus. vertical components are real (RXn) and horizontal components are imaginary (IXn). The sample weightings are simply the sample values xk of the time signal x(t) and these samples are used to label each row of the vector diagram to indicate that the magnitude of each vector in the corresponding row has a value Xk.For simplicity of illustration. each vector row is shown as having the same magnitude. i.e.. x2 = X3, although in general different magnitudes would be present. The vertical vector sum for each column, n, gives the spectral component Xn as indicated in Figure 3.

To produce the folded spectrum of equation (2) with A = 1, B = 2, the conjugates of frequencies n > 4 are added to their images in the lower range. This folding doubles the magnitude of all the frequencies except the band edges and results in the single-sided spectrum as shown in Figure 4. In order to reduce the number of operations required by equation (2) it is desired to operate on the magnitudes of the vectors in Figure 4 prior to resolving them into their real and imaginary components. The process is outlined in Table 1 below with specific reference to Figure 5.

TABLE 1 Stage Step Operation Figure A Add pairwise every fourth SA sample.

B Subtract pairwise every SA fourth sample.

C Add pairwise every other 5B result of Step A.

D Subtract pairwise every other 5B result of Step A.

2 R2 and 12 are produced E Subtract pairwise the odd results 5B of Step B.

F Add pairwise the odd results of 5B Step B.

G Add pairwise the results of 5C Step C.

R0 is produced.

H Subtract pairwise the results 5C of Step C.

R4 is produced.

I Multiply result of Step E by 5C cos 45".

J Multiply result of Step F by 5C sin 45".

3 K Add result of Step I to (0-4). 5C R1 is produced.

L Stubract result of Step 1 from SC (0-4).

R3 is produced.

M Subtract result of Step J from SC (2-6).

13 is produced.

N Subtract result of Step J from negative of (2-6). SC Il is produced.

For ease of illustration, the sum of two in-phase vectors in Figure 5 is shown normalized, i.e., the resulting magnitude is divided by 2.

The operation listed in Table 1 and shown step-by-step in Figures 5A-5C are summarized in Figure 6. In Figure 6 each node represents a variable and each arrow indicates by its source the variable which contributes to the node at its arrowhead. The contribution is additive. Dotted arrows indicate that the source variable is to be negated before adding, i.e., it is to be subtracted. Change in weighting, i.e., multiplication, is indicated by a constant written close to an arrowhead. For N = 8 only one value is needed for trigonometric weighting since sin 45" = cos 45" = .707. It is convenient, however, to multiply RXo and RX4 by 1/2 rather than multiply all the other components by 2 as indicated in equation (2). Thus, equation (2) is effectively taken with A = 1/2 and B = 1.

The tree diagram of Figure 6 is implemented by the circuitry shown in Figure 2, where operational amplifiers 10 replace the various nodes.

The inverse of the DFT may be performed quite straightforwardly by reversing the DFT of Figure 6. The tree graph for the IDFT is shown in Figure 7A where the inputs are the real and imaginary spectral components of the non-redundant vectors Xn. In the overlapping sliding wmdow sampling of the instant invention significant circuit simplicity is provided in using only a single output of the IDFT. The simplest approach is to utilize the inverse transforms which require only real inputs thus eliminating complex multiplication.

Accordingly, Figure 7B shows a "sparse" IDFT for the 4th time sampling, and Figure 7C shows an analog implementation of Figure 7B. The output signal at the 4th time sampling is representative of the input signal sample x3, for an input sample set X0...XN A A subsequent input sample set is taken later, shifted in time by a fixed amount to where O < to%to provide a saniple set x0...XN and the 4th output sample is again representative of the 4th input time sampling, namely X3. The input sample is again taken, shifted by to and the process repeated to provide an overlapping slidng window input. There is therefore a one-to-one correspondence between the numbers of samples from the IDFT and the number of signal sample sets.Thus, the output signal can be continuous if the input is continuous, as for example, in utilizing an analog delay line, or the output can be sampled if the input is sampled, as, for example, in utilizing an input shift register.

Figure 8 illustrates a tree graph for the complete equalization process. The DFT of the input sample set x0...xN for N = 8 is computed in section 7. The frequency domain equalization is computed in section 9 and the inverse DFT in section 11. As is readily apparent, sections 7 and 11 are identical to Figure 6 and Figure 7B respectively. The frequency domain equalization is achieved by multiplying each spectral coefficient xn by a correction factor Cn which is simply a component of the transfer function of the equalizer C(w). Thus, Yn = XnCn n = 0, 1...N/2 (3) The equalized spectral coefficients, Y,, are then inverse transformed by the IDFT to provide the time domain representation of the input sample set.

The multiplication in equation (3) is performed component-by-component. Indeed, within the frequency domain the equivalent transfer function of two transfer functions in series is the component-by-component product of the two functions, and there are not gross products as in the case of convolutions. The equalization process of Figure 8 takes place entirely in the frequency domain the provides an in-line system for automatically equalizing the incoming signals.

It is noted that for an input sample set stored in an input storage means such as a shift register, the samples within a window or sample time frame are designated xO...xk...xN.ls and each subsequent sample set is shifted relative to the preceding set. Thus, taking upper boundary case (where the sample sets are shifted in time by to = T/N) as an example. if Lxkl represents the i.lth sample set and [Xlkl the ith sample set, one may write, ' - X 1 k 0 1 N2 X = Xk+l k = 0, 1...N-2 x'k = new sample = N-l The sample sets overlap and in forming a new sample set. the oldest sample is discarded.

intermediate samples shifted, and a new sample taken into the window. This overlapping sampling technique in combination with the sparse inverse DFT is appropriate as opposed to a complete replacement of samples x()...xN by a non-overlapping sample set xN...x2N . .x2N.i inasmuch as multiplication in the frequency domain corresponds to a convolution in the time domain. Normal message transmission involves aperiodic time functions (the message signal x(t) for example) so that one needs the counterpart of an aperiodic convolution of the message signal with the inpulse response of the equalizer. The inherent periodicity of the DFT would lead to a periodic or circular convolution if non-overlapping samples were employed.

The relationship between the overlapping sampling technique in combination with the sparse IDFT and the aperiodic convolution may be seen by way of the example illustrated in Figure 9, where, for simplicity, N is taken to be 4. The terms aO...a3 represent the impulse response of the equalizer in the time domain, and the terms .... . x3 represent the samples of the incoming signal x(t). Section A of Figure 9 represents the desired aperiodic convolution in the time domain whereas section B represents the periodic convolutions resulting from the implied periodicity of the DFT.Section B of Figure 9 shows the four distinct product summations which result from convolving the first sample set which appears in the sampling window, namely, sample set to,0,0,0 shown at the top of Figure 9 with the impulse response of the equalizer a0...a3. In forming the "results" of the convolution, the terms a0...a3 are reversed and shifted past the incoming pattern which is shown as periodic, namely, 000x0000xO. The second pattern for the convolution is similarly formed using sample set 00xdtl which is made periodic as, 00xdr100xdrl. The other patterns are similarly produced to represent the various results of a periodic convolution of the incoming sample set as it progresses sequentially through the sampling window which is physically the incoming delay line or input shift register.

The "results" of the aperiodic convolution shown in Section A of Figure 9 are formed by extending with zeros the incoming sequence xO,xl,x2,x3 so that no periodicity is present, i.e., N-l zero values are added to the sample set. It is seen that one term of the "results" of the aperiodic convolution is identical with one fixed-time index term of a corresponding "result" of a periodic convolution. Thus, one may utilize the DFT together with its inherent implied periodicity to effectuate the desired aperiodic convolution if one utilized an overlapping sliding window sampling of the incoming signal in combination with the production of one term of the IDFT. The "sparse" inverse transform is utilized to generate the one time domain output signal as desired.

In general, the number of terms N in the window of the equalizer, i.e., the number of taps on the incoming delay line or the number of stages in the input shift register, need not be equal to the number Nl of sample values of the incoming signal. Let the actual input to the equalizer be x(i), i = 0, 1,. .N1-1 where Nl may be greater than N. Let x(i) be extended by at least N-l zero valued samples (we use N for convenience) to form x'(i), i = 0, 1,2---(N+N,-1). Extending by zeros is equivalent to restricting any repetition of the input signal so that the non-zero response is separated by at least the length of the equalizer.

Referring again to the boundary case (to = T/N) such that the input sampling rate equals the transform sampling rate, if the signal x'(i) is shifted one sample at a time through an N sample equalizer. N+N1 subsets of N samples each are formed according to: Xk(i) = x' (i+k) i = 0,1,2---(N-1) k = 0.1,2---(N+Nl-1) This relationship can also be written

Since the discrete Fourier transform is linear

where x,(i)ck(n) and WR = exp(2Ri). Then

where c(i) is the IDFT of the frequency domain correction factors C. i.e.. c(i)oCn, where represents the DFT/IDFT operation.

The left side of this result is a summation of periodic convolutions, but it has already been shown that one element of a periodic convolution is identical to the corresponding element of an aperiodic covolution. By choosing only this single output of the IDFT. the result can be written

where F5-1 indicates a discrete inverse Fourier transform with a single output and c' (i) is c(i) extended with at least N1 - 1 zero valued samples as implied by an aperiodic convolution. The phase shift factor WR-nk, in the frequency domain indicates that the subsets of the input are taken sequentially, i.e., there is a time shift of the output relative to the transform. The factor l is eliminated because only one of the N outputs of the inverse transform is taken.

Thus, in the running mode the equalizer is performing an aperiodic convolution of an input signal of arbitrary length with the impulse response of the equalizer, which is the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the frequency domain correction factors, C. In practice, the input signal is real so that the negative frequencies associated with the Fourier transform are the complex conjugate of the positive frequencies and do not contain any additional information. Therefore, the discrete Fourier transform is implemented to produce only positive frequencies. Thus, the transformation of N samples results in N real and imaginary coefficients of N2 positive frequencies, plus dc.The inverse transform is implemented to produce only one output and furthermore it is the one which requires only real coefficients namely the oth or 2)th output of the inverse transform.

In order to determine the desired equalizer transfer function C(w), one may assume that an isolated impulse or test signal of known magnitude and polarity is transmitted. This test signal is transmitted during a training period prior to message transmission. In the following description, two test signals are sequentially transmitted to set up or initialize the equalizer to provide the coefficients C. The ideal received signal is h(t), the impulse response of Hw . However, the actual received test signal f(t), the impulse response of F(w) = H(w D(w). It is intended that C(w) should equal 1/D(w) or be the best approximation possible. For the test pulses f(t) one can write the following for each frequency component n.

F(w) = RF + jIF = (RH + jIH) (RD + jID) = (RHRD - IHID) + j(RHID + RDIH), j = and 1 = H(w) D(w) F(w) RH + jIH RF + jIF (RH + jIH) (RF - iIF) (RF)2 + (IF)2 RHRF + IHIF + j (RFIH - RHIF) = (RF)2 + (IF)2 The ADFT performed at the receiver can produce a set of coefficients for each input sample set i representing RF and IF at discrete frequencies. The coefficients of specific interest for set-up or equalizer training purposes are those which are derived by carrying out the ADFT on the sample set which is found to peak closest in point of time to the peak of the assumed impulse response characteristic h(t), it being understood that the underlying assumption is that a single sample set contains essentially the entire test signal f(t). Of course, since h(t) is known, the coefficients RH and IH can easily be determined for the frequencies of the coefficients selected to represent RF and IF. With this information a sample version of 1/D(w) can be produced and used to equalize any signal which is subsequently transmitted through D(W). The equalization function 1/D(w) can be written as 1/D(w) = C(w) = RC + jIC where RHRF + IHIF RC = (RF)2 + (IF)2 RFIH - RHIF IC = (RF)2 + (IF)2 (4) RF and IF for each frequency can be obtained by performing the ADFT on the input test signal as shown in Figure 2 for an eight frequency discrete spectrum. In order to obtain a result that is not a function of time, fort) and h(t) must either by synchronized or sampled.If one assumes that samples of f(t), fk (k=O...N-l), are used to obtain the RF's and IF's, then the RH's and IH's can be treated as constants. Precise phasing of the sampling is not required but all non-zero samples of f(t) should be included. A shift in the sample phasing merely results in a time shift in the output of the equalization process. The circuitry utilized to implement equations (4) is shown in Figures 10 and 11. A two pass system is utilized in which two ideal or test pulses h(t) are transmitted and received in succession. The pulses are separated sufficiently in time so as to avoid mutual interference, but are sampled at the same relative instants.

The numerators of RC and IC are obtained using the circuit shown in Figure 10. The circuit comprises a plurality of switches 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b and a plurality of multipliers 14a, 14b, and 16a, 16b. Operation amplifiers 18 and 20 are shown connected to the multiplier outputs and are used to provide signals to two holding circuits 22 and 24. During pass 1, when the first ideal pulse is received, switches 12 and 13 are placed at position 1, designated P1 in the figures, and constant voltages corresponding to RH, IH are connected to multipliers 14 and 16. The resulting outputs of operational amplifiers 18 and 20 are stored in holding circuits 22 and 24. Holding circuit 22 stores a value corresponding to RFIH - IFRIl and holding circuit 24 stores a value corresponding to RFRH + IFIH.During pass 2, the second ideal pulse is received and switches 12 and 13 are placed at position 2, designated P2 in the Figures. The values stored in the holding circuits 22 and 24 are then connected to multipliers 14 and 16. The subsequent output of the operational amplifiers 18 and 20 is given respectively by RH(RF)2+IF)2) and IH((RF)2 + (IF)2). These values need only be multiplied by the factor 1/((RF)2 + (IF)2) to obtain the desired equalized frequency domain values of the ideal signal RH and IH.

The constant values for the ideal test signal h(t) may be provided as outputs of potentiometers as shown in Figure 10B. Only the circuit for H1 and H2 is illustrated in Figure 10A although any required number of values may be provided.

The multiplying factor 1/((RF)2 + (IF)2) is obtained during the pass 2 operation of the system taking the output from operational amplifiers 18 and 20 and using the circuitry shown in Figure 11. Figure 11 shows a servo and hold circuit 26 and a multiplier 30. The servo and hold circuit 26 comprises an operational amplifier 32, motor 33, and adjustable potentiometer 34, switch 35 and holding circuit 36 all of which are connected in seriatim for connection back to multiplier 30. Potentiometer 34 is controlled in a divider network by motor 33 to provide a controlled voltage through switch 35 and holding circuit 36 to multiplier 20. Inasmuch as the known ideal pulse is again received during pass 2, the output of operational amplifier 32 is forced to the desired multiplication factor using the servo gain control arrangement shown with RH as a reference voltage.This circuit automatically provides the multiplying factor 1/((RF)2 + (IF)2) which is stored in holding circuit 36.

With RC and IC available any signal subsequently transmitted through the system, i.e., the message signal x(t), can be equalized for the distortion D(w) by again employing the same basic circuit of Figure 10 having switches 12 and 13, operable at position P2, and the circuitry of Figure 11 having switch 35 operable at position P1. Holding circuits 22, 24 and 36 store values which correspond, for each frequency, to exact equalization transfer functions.Thus, the incoming message signal x(t) is sampled to produce the samples xk where k = 0...N-1. The samples xk are transformed by a DFT to provide spectral components Xn for n = 0...N-1. The spectral components are equalized to product equalized spectral components Yn = Cn Xn n = O...N-l and the sparse inverse DFT is taken for Yn to product a single time domain output sample Yk corresponding to the original input sample Xk. Employing non-redundant frequency components for the discrete Fourier transforms, where N is an even integer, simplifies the equalization in that circuitry need only be provided for N/2 spectral components.Thus, the DFT circuitry provides components Xn for n = 0, 1...N/2 and, similarly the components Cn and Yn need only be provided for n = 0, 1...N/2. Sliding window sampling of the input signal x(t)j wherein samples are taken every Tenth interval along the delay line 5 (Figure 2), allows utilizing a single output from the IDFT corresponding to each sample set for each window.

Consequently, N output signals are provided at the output of the IDFT for each N input sample sets.

The circuitry shown in Figure 12 represents the analog circuit implementation of the flow diagram of Figure 8, and incorporates therein the circuits of Figure 7C, 10 and 11.

Specifically, the input sample data is taken off a delay line 40 and sample sets i, i + 1... are taken shifted in time relative to one another to provide the sliding window. The DFT, frequency adjustment and sparse inverse DFT are performed for each sample set i, i + 1...

Operational amplifiers 41 are similar to those shown in Figure 2, and the output signals corresponding to the discrete frequency components of the transform X are provided as inputs to the equalizer proper. For each real and imaginary pair, RXn, IXn, circuits similar to that shown in Figures 10 and 11 are provided. The operational amplifier 20 of Figure 10 and the multipliers 16a, 16b of Figure 10 may be time shared for frequency components n = 1, 2 and 3 so that only multipliers 14a, 14b, operational amplifiers 18 and holding circuits 22, 24 need to be separately provided for each frequency channel. Figure 12 shows a time-shared circuit 42 comprising multipliers 44a, 44b and operational amplifier 46 connected equivalently and corresponding to multipliers 16a, 16b and operational amplifier 20 of Figure 10.The output of circuit 42 is fed to a multiplexer 50 for sequential application of the signal values RXnRHn + IXnIHn to corresponding holding circuits 24-1, 24-2 and 24-3 during a pass 1 operation. These holding circuits correspond to the holding circuit 24 of the single frequency embodiment of Figure 10. Similarly, holding circuit 22 of Figure 10 corresponds to holdng circuits 22-1, 22-2 and 22-3 of Figure 12, and multipliers 14a and 14b of Figure 10 correspond to multipliers 14a-1 through 14a-3 and 14b-1 through 14b-3 of Figure 12. A plurality of servo and hold circuits 26 and multipliers 30 are also provided in Figure 12 to correspond to the apparatus of Figure 11.

The inputs to time-shared circuit 42 are provided by another multiplexer 52 which provides the appropriate constant reference voltages IH and RHn for n = 1, 2 and 3.

Signals RXn and IXn for n = 1, 2, 3 are also fed to the input of multiplexer 52. The multiplexers 50 and 52 are controlled by initializing circuit means comprising set-up switch 54, a peak detector 56, counter 58, switch actuating means 60 and, clock means 62. The counter 58 may be a simple two stage counter serving to actuate the clock means 60 and provide enabling pulses to multiplexers 50 and 52 upon detection of the first of the two test pulses. The clock means 62 provides a clock pulse to the switch actuating means 60 and multiplexers 50 and 52. These clock pulses are typically delayed with respect to the peak of the incoming test signal to allow the test signal to be positioned, for example, near the middle of the delay line 40. Switch actuating means 60 controls sets of switches 64, 66 and 68.Switch set 64 corresponds to switches 12a and 13a in Figure 10, which are shown in position P2 for the "run" mode. Switch set 66 corresponds to switchl3b of Figure 10 and is similarly shown in position P2. Switch set 68 corresponding to switches 35 of Figure 11, and position P1, is here identical to the "run" position. During pass 1, the first test pulse is received in the equalizer, set-up switch 54 is closed and all switch sets 64, 66 and 68 are set to position P1. During pass 2, the second test pulse is received and all switches are placed in position P2. Subsequently, all switches are set in their run position and set-up switch 54 is open. For switch sets 64 and 66, the run position is identical with position P2 of the switches, whereas for switch set 68, the run position is identical with position P1.

The DFT coefficients RXn and IXn may be fed directly to output means shown in Figure 13 which may comprise for example an oscilloscope display or appropriate recording or processing means. In such a case, overlapping sliding window sampling enables continuous display, recordation or processing of the spectral coefficients. In addition, the component power spectrum may be generated and provided to output means using the multiplying and summing apparatus of Figure 13B. Further, the spectral coefficients RXn and IXn of Figure 12 may be fed to a component phase spectrum apparatus as shown by Figure 13C to provide a phase display, recordation or processing thereof.

The switches utilized in the instant invention may comprise solid state switching devices such as, for example, transistors. In such a case the switch actuating means 60 comprises appropriate driving circuits. Additionally, the two phases of the equalization process could be performed with one set of time samples if they (or their corresponding frequency coefficients) are stored instead of two successive pulses, as discussed above. If the received signals are noisy, the average of a number of received pulses may be used to reduce noise effects. Averaging can be applied either to the time samples or to their corresponding frequency coefficients during the set-up interval (passes 1 and 2). An averaging circuit (not shown), for example a pair of low pass filters, could be time shared between the frequencies.

In a facsimile system the sync pulses used to achieve line synchronization of the scanning and printing mechanisms can provide an ideal set of known pulses for the purpose of setting up the automatic equalizer. Furthermore, if the sync pulses are continued throught the transmission of facsimile information the automatic equalizer settings can be regularly updated. The system can thus be adaptive in the sense that the equalizer can be made to track changes in channel characteristics which occur during the transmission of a document.

In utilizing an analog tapped delay line to provide the input sets Xk, the equalizer bandwidth is determined by the tap or sample spacing, T = Nut, and is given by BW = 1/2t= In such systems filtering may be used to limit the bandwidth of the incoming sample to BW to avoid aliasing. Images do not occur in an analog delay line since samples are continuously available and the sampling rate may be thought of as infinite. If the input sample set is taken from stages of a shift register, for example, the sampling rate must be at least the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.It is important to note that the input sampling rate may not necessarily be the same as the sampling rate seen by the DFT since one could connect, for example, every other stage of the input shift register to the DFT input circuitry. The input sampling rate determines the rate at which the output samples appear and the image locations of the output signal spectrum.The transform sampling rate determines the equalizer transfer function which is continuous in the analog delay line case since the transform sampling frequency, TN, is twice the bandwidth BW = N27 The equalization transfer function may also be made continuous with shift registers or sample and holding circuits at the input if the transform sample interval is taken at N seconds using a total of N inputs and if the transform sampling rate, Nut, is selected (consistent with the Nyquist criteria) to be 2Wmax, where Wmax is the maximum frequency component of the incoming signal x(t).If the number of samples taken during time T is N, then the equalization will exactly cancel the distortion of N/2 positive frequencies, plus dc, evenly space by S and the impulse response of the equalized system will be exactly correct at N equally spaced points. This type of equalizer is thus ideally suited to digital transmission; however, the equalization function will be a smooth curve between the sample frequencies so that it is also well suited for non-digital transmission such as facsimile and video. Thus, although control of the equalizer occurs at discrete points, the transfer function itself is continuous from dc to BW = N27 and beyond, as an image, where NT is the transform sample spacing. The response in between the control frequencies is a result of the continuous overlapping "windowing" in the time domain.

If the sample set does not include all the non-zero samples of the unequalized system response, the equalization between the sample frequencies will not be good enough to eliminate intersymbol interference in the digital sense. If the samples are not close enough the equalization bandwidth will be too narrow. The equalization function is periodic in the frequency domain with period of 1/':. The sample spacing is easily changed without changing the system complexity. However, if the number of samples is increased the circuit complexity increases faster than linearly, since the number of nodes in the discrete Fourier transform algorithm used is N Log2N.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. An equalizer for automatically equalizing a received electrical signal x(t) whereby distortion in the received signal is reduced, the equalization being conducted in the frequency domain upon the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of said received electrical signal x(t), said equaliser comprising:: a) means for sampling said received electrical signal x(t) to provide a set of signal sample values Xk, k being a sample time index having values 0, 1,...N-l and N being an integer, b) means for calculating the discrete Fourier transform of said sample values xk to provide said discrete Fourier (DFT) components Xn, n = 0, 1...N-l, c) means for storing equalizer components generated from test signals and for applying said stored components to said discrete Fourier components, Xn, to equalize said components in the frequency domain, and d) means for calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the set of equalized components to provide an output signal corresponding to one sample time index of said received electrical signal.

2. An equalizer according to claim 1, wherein said means for sampling comprises: means for sampling said signal x(t) to provide a plurality of sets, i, of sample values Xk, k = 0, 1...N-l, said values xk corresponding to samples of the signal x(t) time displaced by an amount NT from one another where T is a sample time frame and N is an integer; said sampling means providing the ith sample set time delayed from the i-l'h sample set by an amount t() where, 0 < t() S N thereby providing an overlapping sliding window sampling of said signal x(t); and wherein said means for generating the discrete Fourier transform components generates components corresponding to each sample set of values xk of said plurality of sample sets.

3. An equalizer according to claim 2 wherein said sampling means comprises an analog delay line having taps spaced an amount N from one another, said sample values xk being

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (19)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. updated. The system can thus be adaptive in the sense that the equalizer can be made to track changes in channel characteristics which occur during the transmission of a document. In utilizing an analog tapped delay line to provide the input sets Xk, the equalizer bandwidth is determined by the tap or sample spacing, T = Nut, and is given by BW = 1/2t= In such systems filtering may be used to limit the bandwidth of the incoming sample to BW to avoid aliasing. Images do not occur in an analog delay line since samples are continuously available and the sampling rate may be thought of as infinite. If the input sample set is taken from stages of a shift register, for example, the sampling rate must be at least the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.It is important to note that the input sampling rate may not necessarily be the same as the sampling rate seen by the DFT since one could connect, for example, every other stage of the input shift register to the DFT input circuitry. The input sampling rate determines the rate at which the output samples appear and the image locations of the output signal spectrum.The transform sampling rate determines the equalizer transfer function which is continuous in the analog delay line case since the transform sampling frequency, TN, is twice the bandwidth BW = N27 The equalization transfer function may also be made continuous with shift registers or sample and holding circuits at the input if the transform sample interval is taken at N seconds using a total of N inputs and if the transform sampling rate, Nut, is selected (consistent with the Nyquist criteria) to be 2Wmax, where Wmax is the maximum frequency component of the incoming signal x(t).If the number of samples taken during time T is N, then the equalization will exactly cancel the distortion of N/2 positive frequencies, plus dc, evenly space by S and the impulse response of the equalized system will be exactly correct at N equally spaced points. This type of equalizer is thus ideally suited to digital transmission; however, the equalization function will be a smooth curve between the sample frequencies so that it is also well suited for non-digital transmission such as facsimile and video. Thus, although control of the equalizer occurs at discrete points, the transfer function itself is continuous from dc to BW = N27 and beyond, as an image, where NT is the transform sample spacing. The response in between the control frequencies is a result of the continuous overlapping "windowing" in the time domain. If the sample set does not include all the non-zero samples of the unequalized system response, the equalization between the sample frequencies will not be good enough to eliminate intersymbol interference in the digital sense. If the samples are not close enough the equalization bandwidth will be too narrow. The equalization function is periodic in the frequency domain with period of 1/':. The sample spacing is easily changed without changing the system complexity. However, if the number of samples is increased the circuit complexity increases faster than linearly, since the number of nodes in the discrete Fourier transform algorithm used is N Log2N. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. An equalizer for automatically equalizing a received electrical signal x(t) whereby distortion in the received signal is reduced, the equalization being conducted in the frequency domain upon the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of said received electrical signal x(t), said equaliser comprising:: a) means for sampling said received electrical signal x(t) to provide a set of signal sample values Xk, k being a sample time index having values 0, 1,...N-l and N being an integer, b) means for calculating the discrete Fourier transform of said sample values xk to provide said discrete Fourier (DFT) components Xn, n = 0, 1...N-l, c) means for storing equalizer components generated from test signals and for applying said stored components to said discrete Fourier components, Xn, to equalize said components in the frequency domain, and d) means for calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the set of equalized components to provide an output signal corresponding to one sample time index of said received electrical signal.

2. An equalizer according to claim 1, wherein said means for sampling comprises: means for sampling said signal x(t) to provide a plurality of sets, i, of sample values Xk, k = 0, 1...N-l, said values xk corresponding to samples of the signal x(t) time displaced by an amount NT from one another where T is a sample time frame and N is an integer; said sampling means providing the ith sample set time delayed from the i-l'h sample set by an amount t() where, 0 < t() S N thereby providing an overlapping sliding window sampling of said signal x(t); and wherein said means for generating the discrete Fourier transform components generates components corresponding to each sample set of values xk of said plurality of sample sets.

3. An equalizer according to claim 2 wherein said sampling means comprises an analog delay line having taps spaced an amount N from one another, said sample values xk being

provided at said taps.

4. An equalizer according to claim 2, wherein said sampling means comprises a shift register for storing said iith sample set of values Xk; and said it sample set of values xlk being formed by shifting said values xk in said shift register such that, Xlk = Xk+l k = 0, 1...N-2 and X'N I iS a new sample value of the signal x(t) displaced in time from the sample value X N-2

5. An equalizer according to any of claims 2 to 4, wherein said values xk are real, N is an even integer and the DFT components, XW, are generated for n belonging to one of the groups n = 0, 1...N/2 and n = 0, N/2, 2 + , N

6.An equalizer according to claim 5, wherein said means for calculating said inverse discrete Fourier transform comprises means for calculating only one output signal per sample set.

7. An equalizer according to claim 6, wherein said one output signal of the inverse discrete Fourier transform corresponds to either the 0th or the n/2th time sample index.

8. An equalizer according to claim 6 or 7, wherein said means for calculating said inverse discrete Fourier transform comprises a sparse inverse discrete Fourier transform circuit having only real parts of said equalized components as inputs thereto.

9. An equalizer according to any of claims 2 to 8, wherein N/T is selected to be greater than or equal to 2Wmax where wmax is the maximum frequency component of the signal x(t).

10. An equalizer according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein it additionally comprises means for displaying said generated DFT components.

11. An equalizer according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein it additionally comprises means for generating a phase spectrum from said generated DFT components and means for displaying same.

12. A method of equalizing a received electrical signal x(t) whereby distortion in the received signal is reduced, the equalization being conducted in the frequency domain upon the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of said received electrical signal x(t), said method comprising: a) sampling the received electrical signal x(t) to provide a set of signal sample values xk.

k being a sample time index having 0, 1...N-l, N being an integer, b) calculating the discrete Fourier transform of said sample values Xk, k = 0,.. N-i to provide the discrete Fourier components X,, n = 0,...N-1, c) storing equalizer components generated from test signals and applying said stored components to said discrete Fourier components, X,, to equalize said components in the frequency domain, and d) calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the set of equalized components to provide an output signal corresponding to one sample time index of the received electrical signal.

13. A method according to claim 12, which comprises: a) replacing the sample set Xk, k = 0,...N-1 by a sample set shifted in time amount to. O < to > Ns where T is the sample set time frame.

b) calculating the discrete Fourier transform components Xn of the shifted sample set.

c) providing equalized components for the shifted sample set, d) calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the set of equalized components for said shifted sample set to provide an output signal corresponding to said one sample time index of said received electrical signal.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein said sample values have only real values.

N is an even integer and said discrete Fourier transform. said inverse discrete Fourier transform and said equalized components are calculated for n ranging in one of the groups.

n = 0, 1...N/2 and n = 0, N/2, N + 1. N + 2,...N-1.

15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said one time sample index of said inverse discrete Fourier transform is either the oth or the N/2'h time sample index.

16. A method according to any of claims 12 to 15, wherein said step of sampling the received signal comprises sampling at a rate given by N/T wherein said sampling rate is at least equal to the Nyquist sampling rate for the signal x(t).

17. A method according to any of claims 12 to 16, wherein said step of calculating the inverse discrete Fourier transform includes providing only real parts of said equalised components an inputs thereto.

18. An equalizer for automatically equalizing a received electrical signal substantially as herein described with reference to Figure 12 of the accompanying drawings.

19. A method of equalizing a received electrical signal substantially as herein described with reference to Figure 12 of the accompanying drawings.