GB1108800A - Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing machines - Google Patents

Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing machines

Info

Publication number
GB1108800A
GB1108800A GB13606/65A GB1360665A GB1108800A GB 1108800 A GB1108800 A GB 1108800A GB 13606/65 A GB13606/65 A GB 13606/65A GB 1360665 A GB1360665 A GB 1360665A GB 1108800 A GB1108800 A GB 1108800A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
address
instruction
interruption
decimal
programme
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB13606/65A
Inventor
Gene Myron Amdahl
Jacob Raymond Johnson
John Willis Rood
Richard Joseph Cranevale
Bruce Martin Updike
Anthony Eugene Villante
Gerrit Anne Blaauw
Helmut Weber
Peter Calingaert
Richard Paul Case
Elaine Marie Boehm
William Porter Hane
Charles Bertram Perkins Jr
Arthur Frederick Collins
Jack Ellis Greene
Albert Allan Magdall
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Publication of GB1108800A publication Critical patent/GB1108800A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/48—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using non-contact-making devices, e.g. tube, solid state device; using unspecified devices
    • G06F7/57—Arithmetic logic units [ALU], i.e. arrangements or devices for performing two or more of the operations covered by groups G06F7/483 – G06F7/556 or for performing logical operations
    • G06F7/575—Basic arithmetic logic units, i.e. devices selectable to perform either addition, subtraction or one of several logical operations, using, at least partially, the same circuitry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
    • G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
    • G06F11/1629—Error detection by comparing the output of redundant processing systems
    • G06F11/1641—Error detection by comparing the output of redundant processing systems where the comparison is not performed by the redundant processing components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/14—Protection against unauthorised use of memory or access to memory
    • G06F12/1458—Protection against unauthorised use of memory or access to memory by checking the subject access rights
    • G06F12/1466—Key-lock mechanism
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
    • G06F13/10—Program control for peripheral devices
    • G06F13/12—Program control for peripheral devices using hardware independent of the central processor, e.g. channel or peripheral processor
    • G06F13/122—Program control for peripheral devices using hardware independent of the central processor, e.g. channel or peripheral processor where hardware performs an I/O function other than control of data transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
    • G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
    • G06F13/20—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus
    • G06F13/22—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus using successive scanning, e.g. polling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
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    • G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
    • G06F13/20—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus
    • G06F13/24—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus using interrupt
    • G06F13/26—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to input/output bus using interrupt with priority control
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F15/00—Digital computers in general; Data processing equipment in general
    • G06F15/76—Architectures of general purpose stored program computers
    • G06F15/78—Architectures of general purpose stored program computers comprising a single central processing unit
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/12—Digital output to print unit, e.g. line printer, chain printer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/48—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using non-contact-making devices, e.g. tube, solid state device; using unspecified devices
    • G06F7/50—Adding; Subtracting
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
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    • G06F9/226—Microinstruction function, e.g. input/output microinstruction; diagnostic microinstruction; microinstruction format
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    • G06F9/22—Microcontrol or microprogram arrangements
    • G06F9/26—Address formation of the next micro-instruction ; Microprogram storage or retrieval arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/22—Microcontrol or microprogram arrangements
    • G06F9/26—Address formation of the next micro-instruction ; Microprogram storage or retrieval arrangements
    • G06F9/262—Arrangements for next microinstruction selection
    • G06F9/264—Microinstruction selection based on results of processing
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/30007—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations on data operands
    • G06F9/3001—Arithmetic instructions
    • G06F9/30014—Arithmetic instructions with variable precision
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/30007—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations on data operands
    • G06F9/30036—Instructions to perform operations on packed data, e.g. vector, tile or matrix operations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/30007—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations on data operands
    • G06F9/30036—Instructions to perform operations on packed data, e.g. vector, tile or matrix operations
    • G06F9/30038—Instructions to perform operations on packed data, e.g. vector, tile or matrix operations using a mask
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/3005—Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations for flow control
    • G06F9/30058—Conditional branch instructions
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30094—Condition code generation, e.g. Carry, Zero flag
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30—Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30145—Instruction analysis, e.g. decoding, instruction word fields
    • G06F9/3016—Decoding the operand specifier, e.g. specifier format
    • G06F9/30167—Decoding the operand specifier, e.g. specifier format of immediate specifier, e.g. constants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F2207/38—Indexing scheme relating to groups G06F7/38 - G06F7/575
    • G06F2207/3804—Details
    • G06F2207/3808—Details concerning the type of numbers or the way they are handled
    • G06F2207/3856—Operand swapping

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Executing Machine-Instructions (AREA)
  • Document Processing Apparatus (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Debugging And Monitoring (AREA)
  • Bus Control (AREA)
  • Test And Diagnosis Of Digital Computers (AREA)

Abstract

1,108,800. Electric digital calculators and data-storage. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. 31 March, 1965 [6 April, 1964], No. 13606/65. Headings G4A and G4C. In a data processor, variable-format macroinstructions read from a main memory into selected registers control accessing of a microprogramme read-only store. Data representations-The machine can handle: (a) Fixed-point numbers which are signed binary numbers of one of two lengths. (b) Floating-point numbers (signed) consisting of a " fraction " field of single or double precision length containing binary-coded hexadecimal digits, the fraction field being considered multiplied by 16 raised to the power of a number given in a 7-bit " characteristic " field. (c) Decimal numbers containing a variable number of binary-coded decimal digits, the code 1101 being used to indicate " minus " and the other unused four-bit codes to indicate " plus." Two BCD digits occupy an 8-bit byte in the so-called packed format, or the byte contains one digit plus zone bits in the unpacked (or zoned) format. (d) Logical information in various length fields. Macro-instruction format.-(Figs. 21-25, not shown). Each macro-instruction contains besides an operation code, either (a) the addresses of two operands (RR), or (b) the address of one operand, and two fields which when added give the address of a register containing a number to be added to another field in the instruction to give a second operand address (RX), or (c) two operand addresses and a field to be added to the contents of a register specified by another field in the instruction to give a third operand address (RS), or (d) fields specifying the lengths of two operands, the addresses of two registers and two numbers which when added to the contents of the registers respectively give the addresses of the left-most bytes of the two operands (SS), or (e) one operand (directly) and the address of a register the contents of which are to be added to those of another field in the instruction to get the address of a single-byte second operand (SI). The formats used for different types of operations are as follows: floating-point (RR, RX), fixed-point (RR, RX, RS), decimal (SS), logical (RR, RX, RS, RI, SS). In all macro-instructions, the first two bits of the operation code portion specify the instruction format and length. Programme status words (Fig. 27a, not shown).-One of these words partially controls machine operation at any one time. When operation is interrupted (e.g. for I/O servicing), the current programme status word (PSW) is stored and another is introduced. The PSW has fields to specify: (a) which possible sources of interruption are permitted to cause interruption, (b) storage protection key, (c) whether detection of a machine malfunction is to result in interruption, and execution of diagnostic procedures, (d) whether the CPU is running or waiting, (e) whether the CPU is executing a problem programme or a monitor programme, (f) cause of interruption, (g) length of last instruction executed, (h) condition code, (i) which of four events are to result in interruption, the events being fixed-point overflow, decimal overflow, exponent overflow, and " significance " (i.e. the occurrence of an allzero fraction in the result of a floating-point addition or subtraction), (j) address of next macro-instruction. Possible sources of interruption.-(a) Request for I/O operation. (b) Programme interruption due to programme error. (c) Monitor call. (d) External, e.g. when a timer value is decremented beyond zero, when an operator presses a button or when an external unit (e.g. another CPU) signals on any one of six lines provided. (e) Detection of machine malfunction. A predetermined priority order is provided for simultaneous interrupt attempts. If the storage protection feature is not provided in the computer, detection of a non-zero protection key in the PSW causes an immediate interruption. Manual controls.-These include: (a) A rate switch determining whether the machine will operate continuously on being started, or perfoim one macro-instruction and then stop until restarted. (b) Address keys to address a storage location within a storage area selected by a storage selection switch. (c) Data keys for specifying data to be stored in an addressed location, (d) A button to cause display of information in an addressed location. (e) Address compare switches to set an address on recognition of which the CPU will stop. Read-only storage.-(Figs. 4am, 45a-45c, 46a-46d, not shown).-Two decoders select a driver transistor by signals applied to the base and emitter terminals respectively to read out two words in a capacitive read-only store to sense-amplifiers, the outputs of half the amplifiers being stored in latches under control of a further address bit. By this scheme the number of drivers is halved by doubling the number of amplifiers. Alternatively, each driver may read out four words, the number of amplifiers being twice as large again, and so on. Arithmetic and logic unit and checking. (Figs. 35a-35i, not shown).-The ALU can perform addition or subtraction (binary or decimal) or AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE-OR functions, depending on control signals. Operations are done on the normal and inverted forms of the operands and the results compared to give an error indication if inconsistent. Multiplication.-Binary multiplication is done utilizing tables in which the multiplier is stored in both single and doubled form. Decimal multiplication is done by an algorithm involving successive subtractions followed by multiplicand end digit testing operations and shift of multiplier. Division.-Binary division is by repeated addition or subtraction operations of the divisor to/from the dividend, each followed by shift of the dividend, whether the addition or subtraction operation is used at any time depending on the sign of the result of the last operation. Decimal division is done by repeated subtraction. Other features.-The Specification describes a complete micro-programme-controlled computer in considerable detail, including for instance a complete dictionary of micro-instruction words, and micro-programmes for representative macroinstructions. Also described are details of control of input/output (I/O) operations, editing, branching, memory protection and other features, which are, however, the subject of separate patents.
GB13606/65A 1964-04-06 1965-03-31 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing machines Expired GB1108800A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US357372A US3400371A (en) 1964-04-06 1964-04-06 Data processing system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB1108800A true GB1108800A (en) 1968-04-03

Family

ID=23405304

Family Applications (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB1054725D Active GB1054725A (en) 1964-04-06
GB5906/65A Expired GB1061361A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-02-11 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing systems
GB8602/65A Expired GB1045425A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-01 Improvements relating to arithmetic and logic units
GB10973/65A Expired GB1108802A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements relating to program controlled electronic data processing systems
GB10969/65A Expired GB1108801A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing systems
GB10974/65A Expired GB1055704A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements relating to electronic data processing systems
GB13606/65A Expired GB1108800A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-31 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing machines

Family Applications Before (6)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB1054725D Active GB1054725A (en) 1964-04-06
GB5906/65A Expired GB1061361A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-02-11 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing systems
GB8602/65A Expired GB1045425A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-01 Improvements relating to arithmetic and logic units
GB10973/65A Expired GB1108802A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements relating to program controlled electronic data processing systems
GB10969/65A Expired GB1108801A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements in or relating to electronic data processing systems
GB10974/65A Expired GB1055704A (en) 1964-04-06 1965-03-16 Improvements relating to electronic data processing systems

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US3400371A (en)
AT (4) AT264162B (en)
BE (5) BE662154A (en)
CH (6) CH432065A (en)
DE (6) DE1246289B (en)
ES (3) ES311385A1 (en)
FI (1) FI46568C (en)
GB (7) GB1061361A (en)
IL (1) IL23159A (en)
NL (5) NL143351B (en)
NO (1) NO117054B (en)
SE (3) SE316936B (en)

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