FR2718074A1 - Fabrication of complex composite material parts - Google Patents

Fabrication of complex composite material parts Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2718074A1
FR2718074A1 FR9403870A FR9403870A FR2718074A1 FR 2718074 A1 FR2718074 A1 FR 2718074A1 FR 9403870 A FR9403870 A FR 9403870A FR 9403870 A FR9403870 A FR 9403870A FR 2718074 A1 FR2718074 A1 FR 2718074A1
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FR
France
Prior art keywords
manufacturing
part according
complex part
resin
fibrous structures
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
FR9403870A
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French (fr)
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FR2718074B1 (en
Inventor
Girault Daniel
Persuy Monique
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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SNECMA SAS
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Priority to FR9403870A priority Critical patent/FR2718074B1/en
Publication of FR2718074A1 publication Critical patent/FR2718074A1/en
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Publication of FR2718074B1 publication Critical patent/FR2718074B1/en
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29DPRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D99/00Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • B29D99/0003Producing profiled members, e.g. beams
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/70Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by moulding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114Single butt joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/532Joining single elements to the wall of tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/54Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-shells, to form hollow articles, e.g. for making balls, containers; Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-cylinders, to form tubular articles
    • B29C66/543Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-shells, to form hollow articles, e.g. for making balls, containers; Joining several hollow-preforms, e.g. half-cylinders, to form tubular articles joining more than two hollow-preforms to form said hollow articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/61Joining from or joining on the inside
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/304In-plane lamination by juxtaposing or interleaving of plies, e.g. scarf joining
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29DPRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D99/00Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • B29D99/001Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings
    • B29D99/0014Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings provided with ridges or ribs, e.g. joined ribs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C53/00Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C53/56Winding and joining, e.g. winding spirally
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7214Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
    • B29C66/72141Fibres of continuous length
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B29C66/73941General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset characterised by the materials of both parts being thermosets

Abstract

Complex parts, composed of elements joined together, in material formed of fibres embedded in cured resin are made by prodn. of separate elements. The elements (1,2,3) are made from fibrous structures, injected with resin except in zones left dry where the joining will occur, and the resin is cured. The dry fibre zones are then joined to form the assembly and resin injected into and cured in those zones.

Description

PROCEDE DE FABRICATION D ' UNE PIECE COMPLEXE EN MATERIAU
COMPOSITE
DESCRIPTION
L'invention ressortit à un procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe en matériau composite.
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A COMPLEX PART OF MATERIAL
COMPOSITE
DESCRIPTION
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a complex part made of composite material.

Des pièces telles les carters formés d'une enveloppe sensiblement cylindrique renforcée par des bras internes radiaux sont difficiles à construire en matériau composite à cause de la nécessité de raccorder correctement les fibres du réseau qui forme l'armature du matériau aux jonctions entre l'enveloppe et les bras. Dans de nombreux procédés connus, on élude ce problème en construisant séparément les éléments à leur dimension définitive et en les collant ensemble, ou encore en interposant une pièce de fixation mécanique aux jonctions. La résistance inhérente aux pièces d'un seul tenant est perdue dans les deux cas. Parts such as the casings formed by a substantially cylindrical envelope reinforced by internal radial arms are difficult to build from composite material because of the need to correctly connect the fibers of the network which forms the reinforcement of the material at the junctions between the envelope and arms. In many known methods, this problem is avoided by constructing the elements separately to their final dimension and by gluing them together, or even by interposing a mechanical fastening part at the junctions. The inherent strength of integral parts is lost in both cases.

On a aussi décrit un certain nombre de procédés de drapage dans lesquels le réseau de fibres est modelé à la forme de la pièce qu'on veut obtenir, en drapant des bandes de fibres autour d'un gabarit ou en injectant des fibres dans un moule, après quoi la résine est versée dans les interstices du réseau de fibres et durcit. On obtient alors un réseau de fibres ininterrompu, mais ce genre de technique n'est employé que pour des pièces de structure simple, telles que des plaques, des profilés à section constante ou des enveloppes lisses. A number of draping methods have also been described in which the network of fibers is shaped to the shape of the part that is to be obtained, by draping strips of fibers around a template or by injecting fibers into a mold. , after which the resin is poured into the interstices of the fiber network and hardens. An uninterrupted network of fibers is then obtained, but this kind of technique is only used for parts of simple structure, such as plates, profiles with constant section or smooth envelopes.

L'invention a pour sujet un procédé qui permet de construire commodément des pièces de forme complexe et son objet principal est de construire séparément les éléments qui la composent avant de les assembler tout en veillant à la continuité ou à la bonne jonction du réseau de fibres. Plus précisément, on construit des structures fibreuses à la forme des éléments, on y injecte de la résine hormis en des parties libres situées aux jonctions des éléments entre eux, et on durcit la résine de façon connue. On joint ensuite les parties libres des structures fibreuses pour former des assemblages, et on injecte de la résine dans les assemblages avant de la durcir. En maniant les éléments séparés déjà solides, on a une grande facilité pour disposer les extrémités libres des fibres de la façon qui convient. On peut assembler les parties libres des fibres des éléments à joindre en les superposant, en les enchevêtrant ou en les aboutant après les avoir mises en couches qu'on coupe en dégradé. On a toute liberté pour ajouter des structures fibreuses aux zones de jonction afin de renforcer les zones de jonction avant de couler la résine et de la durcir. The subject of the invention is a method which makes it possible to conveniently construct parts of complex shape and its main object is to separately construct the elements which compose it before assembling them while ensuring the continuity or the correct junction of the network of fibers. . More precisely, fibrous structures are constructed in the shape of the elements, resin is injected therein except in free parts situated at the junctions of the elements between them, and the resin is hardened in a known manner. The free parts of the fibrous structures are then joined to form assemblies, and resin is injected into the assemblies before hardening. By handling the separate elements which are already solid, it is very easy to arrange the free ends of the fibers in the suitable manner. One can assemble the free parts of the fibers of the elements to be joined by superimposing them, by entangling them or by abutting them after having put them in layers which one cuts in gradient. There is complete freedom to add fibrous structures to the junction zones in order to reinforce the junction zones before pouring the resin and hardening it.

L'étape cruciale du procédé est donc le maintien de parties libres des réseaux de fibres dont le reste est noyé dans la résine. Plusieurs solutions satisfaisantes sont fournies pour parvenir à ce résultat : on verra qu'il suffit d'établir une barrière à la coulée de résine, cette barrière pouvant être de nature chimique ou thermique pour obliger la résine coulant jusque-là à se solidifier, ou mécanique pour arrêter la coulée. The crucial stage of the process is therefore the maintenance of free parts of the fiber networks, the rest of which is embedded in the resin. Several satisfactory solutions are provided to achieve this result: it will be seen that it is sufficient to establish a barrier to the pouring of resin, this barrier being able to be of chemical or thermal nature to force the resin flowing hitherto to solidify, or mechanical to stop the casting.

L'invention va maintenant être décrite de façon plus précise à l'aide des figures suivantes
la figure 1 représente la pièce finie,
la figure 2 représente un mode de superposition de
bandes de fibres,
la figure 3 représente un mode de tissage
d'enveloppe,
la figure 4 évoque l'assemblage des éléments,
la figure 5 représente une barrière chimique à la
coulée de résine, le réseau de fibres étant vu de
dessus,
la figure 6 représente une barrière mécanique à la
coulée de résine, le réseau de fibres étant vu
suivant l'épaisseur,
la figure 7 représente deux barrières thermiques
parallèles à la coulée de résine, le réseau de
fibres étant vu suivant l'épaisseur,
la figure 8 représente un autre genre de barrière
chimique,
la figure 9 représente un assemblage de fibres par
enchevêtement des couches,
la figure 10 représente un assemblage de fibres par
superposition,
et la figure 11 représente un assemblage de fibres
à boutonnière et avec un renfort.
The invention will now be described in more detail using the following figures
FIG. 1 represents the finished part,
FIG. 2 represents a mode of superposition of
fiber bands,
Figure 3 shows a weaving method
envelope,
FIG. 4 evokes the assembly of the elements,
FIG. 5 represents a chemical barrier to
resin casting, the fiber network being seen from
above,
Figure 6 shows a mechanical barrier to
resin casting, the fiber network being seen
depending on the thickness,
Figure 7 shows two thermal barriers
parallel to the resin casting, the network of
fibers being seen according to the thickness,
Figure 8 shows another kind of barrier
chemical,
FIG. 9 represents an assembly of fibers by
tangle of layers,
FIG. 10 represents an assembly of fibers by
overlay,
and FIG. 11 represents an assembly of fibers
buttonhole and with reinforcement.

La figure 1 représente un carter à construire, qui est composé d'une enveloppe extérieure 1, d'une enveloppe intérieure appelée moyeu 2 qui délimite avec la précédente un espace annulaire, et encore de bras 3 radiaux joignant les enveloppes 1 et 2. FIG. 1 represents a housing to be constructed, which is composed of an outer casing 1, of an inner casing called hub 2 which delimits with the preceding one an annular space, and again of radial arms 3 joining the casings 1 and 2.

I1 faut d'abord arranger des structures fibreuses sèches pour construire ces éléments du carter, et les enveloppes 1 et 2 peuvent être constituées de bandes de fibres 4 disponibles dans le commerce et superposées par couches comme on le représente à la figure 2. I1 est commode et avantageux que les discontinuités 5 entre les bandes 4 soient décalées pour chaque couche, pour éviter d'obtenir des zones affaiblies. Le drapage autour d'un noyau 6 se fait sans difficultés. Ou encore, on peut d'après la figure 3 utiliser une fibre 7 unique obtenue d'une bobine non représentée et qu'on enroule autour du noyau 6, qu'on prévoit ici tournant. Notamment dans cette réalisation, l'enveloppe 1 ou 2 peut être pourvue d'élargissements 8 aux extrémités axiales afin de la guider plus commodément dans l'outillage d'injection de résine, qui est constitué de pièces de moulage délimitant un espace à la forme de l'enveloppe et dans lequel la structure fibreuse est introduite. Le tissu obtenu comprend alors un fil de trame unique qu'on peut éventuellement renforcer par des bandes dont les fibres sont orientées dans le sens de chaîne (selon l'axe de l'enveloppe 1 ou 2). Les élargissements 8 sont obtenus simplement en entourant le noyau 6 de coquilles amovibles qui l'épaississent aux endroits de ces élargissements. It is first necessary to arrange dry fibrous structures to build these elements of the casing, and the envelopes 1 and 2 may consist of strips of commercially available fibers 4 and superimposed in layers as shown in FIG. 2. It is convenient and advantageous that the discontinuities 5 between the strips 4 are offset for each layer, to avoid obtaining weakened zones. The draping around a core 6 is done without difficulty. Alternatively, it is possible from FIG. 3 to use a single fiber 7 obtained from a coil not shown and which is wound around the core 6, which is provided here for rotation. In particular in this embodiment, the casing 1 or 2 can be provided with widenings 8 at the axial ends in order to guide it more conveniently in the resin injection tool, which consists of molding parts delimiting a space with the shape of the envelope and into which the fibrous structure is introduced. The fabric obtained then comprises a single weft thread which can optionally be reinforced with strips whose fibers are oriented in the warp direction (along the axis of the envelope 1 or 2). The widenings 8 are obtained simply by surrounding the core 6 with removable shells which thicken it at the locations of these widenings.

Les bras 3 peuvent être formés selon la méthode de la figure 2, c'est-à-dire en superposant des bandes 4 et en les coupant à la forme souhaitée. Les structure fibreuses obtenues sont ensuite disposées dans des outillages dans lesquels de la résine est coulée puis chauffée selon un principe connu pour se solidifier. On obtient une pièce solide en matériau composite dont les fibres constituent l'armature. The arms 3 can be formed according to the method of Figure 2, that is to say by superimposing strips 4 and cutting them to the desired shape. The fibrous structures obtained are then placed in tools in which resin is poured and then heated according to a known principle to solidify. A solid piece of composite material is obtained, the fibers of which constitute the reinforcement.

L'originalité de l'invention consiste à restreindre la coulée en laissant subsister des zones sèches correspondant à des parties libres 9 sensiblement circulaires ou elliptiques sur la surface des enveloppes 1 et 2 et aux extrémités 10 des ébauches des bras 3. Les fibres sont apparentes à ces endroits. On voit à la figure 4 que les extrémités 10 des bras 3 seront jointes aux parties libres 9 de l'enveloppe 2 ; les autres extrémités 10 seront de même jointes aux parties libres 9 de l'enveloppe 1.The originality of the invention consists in restricting the casting by leaving dry zones corresponding to free parts 9 substantially circular or elliptical on the surface of the envelopes 1 and 2 and at the ends 10 of the blanks of the arms 3. The fibers are visible at these places. It can be seen in FIG. 4 that the ends 10 of the arms 3 will be joined to the free parts 9 of the envelope 2; the other ends 10 will likewise be joined to the free parts 9 of the envelope 1.

I1 existe un certain nombre de moyens pour empêcher la résine de couler jusqu'à ces zones. Une solution, illustrée à la figure 5, consiste à verser du produit durcisseur pour former un cordon 11 au périmètre des parties libres 9 ou à la limite des extrémités 10. Le durcisseur peut concrètement être appliqué au pinceau par couches successives jusqu'à ce que toute la profondeur du tissu soit imprégnée. Dès que la résine atteint le cordon 11, elle le contourne mais durcit en l'atteignant et ne pénètre donc pas à l'intérieur. Il faut bien entendu que le cordon 11 s'étende sur toute l'épaisseur de la structure fibreuse. There are a number of ways to prevent the resin from flowing to these areas. One solution, illustrated in FIG. 5, consists in pouring hardener to form a bead 11 at the perimeter of the free parts 9 or at the limit of the ends 10. The hardener can concretely be applied by brush with successive layers until the entire depth of the fabric is impregnated. As soon as the resin reaches the cord 11, it bypasses it but hardens on reaching it and therefore does not penetrate inside. Naturally, the cord 11 extends over the entire thickness of the fibrous structure.

Au lieu d'un durcisseur, on pourrait utiliser un autre produit tel qu'un adhésif, qui subsiste après la fabrication de la pièce. Il est responsable d'une rupture de la nature du matériau de remplissage sur le produit fini mais n'affaiblit que peu la pièce, dont la résistance est conférée essentiellement par les fibres. Instead of a hardener, one could use another product such as an adhesive, which remains after the manufacture of the part. It is responsible for a rupture in the nature of the filling material on the finished product but does not weaken the part, which resistance is mainly conferred by the fibers.

Le même effet de barrière à la coulée peut être créé par un pincement de la structure fibreuse en utilisant (figure 6) des plaques 12 à la surface des matrices 13 d'un outillage habituel des côtés de la pièce et dont la fonction est de mettre la structure fibreuse à la forme souhaitée et de délimiter le volume de coulée. Cependant, les plaques 12 réduisent localement la distance des matrices 13 et resserrent les fibres jusqu'à les faire se toucher sans jeu ou presque pour opposer un obstacle infranchissable à la résine. Les plaques 12 s'étendent devant les limites des zones sèches ou sur toute la surface de ces zones. The same barrier effect to casting can be created by pinching the fibrous structure by using (FIG. 6) plates 12 on the surface of the dies 13 of a usual tool on the sides of the part and whose function is to put the fibrous structure to the desired shape and to define the casting volume. However, the plates 12 locally reduce the distance of the dies 13 and tighten the fibers until they make contact with almost no play to oppose an impassable obstacle to the resin. The plates 12 extend in front of the limits of the dry zones or over the entire surface of these zones.

On peut encore remplacer sur les matrices 13 les plaques 12 par des moyens de chauffage 14 devant les limites des zones sèches 9 et 10, ce que la figure 7 représente. Le chauffage de la résine qui coule devant ces moyens 14 est suffisamment énergique pour conclure le durcissement avant que la résine n'ait pu les dépasser. Enfin, un tampon de cire 15 peut être coulé en préliminaire à l'endroit des zones sèches (figure 8). On laisse la résine couler librement ensuite. Après le durcissement, un chauffage supplémentaire fond la cire 15 et dégage ainsi les zones sèches. On procède donc selon la technique de moulage à la cire perdue. The plates 12 can also be replaced on the dies 13 by heating means 14 in front of the limits of the dry zones 9 and 10, which FIG. 7 represents. The heating of the resin which flows in front of these means 14 is sufficiently energetic to conclude the hardening before the resin has been able to exceed them. Finally, a wax pad 15 can be pre-poured at the location of the dry areas (Figure 8). The resin is then allowed to flow freely. After hardening, additional heating melts the wax 15 and thus releases the dry areas. We therefore use the lost wax molding technique.

On dispose donc d'une assez grande liberté pour joindre les fibres des parties libres 9 et des extrémités 10 en fonction des situations concrètes déterminées en particulier par la surface ou la longueur de ces zones sèches et par le mode de tissage ou de drapage des fibres. Il est par exemple possible de les enchevêtrer ou de les entremêler, c'est-à-dire de faire s'entrecroiser des extrémités de fibres sur des jonctions 16 communes (figure 9), ce qui est très facile si les fibres sont disposées en couches superposées qu'on fait alterner. Pour la pièce de la figure 1, où les couches de fibres sont perpendiculaires aux raccords, les jonctions 16 peuvent avoir une section triangulaire, les fibres des extrémités 10 étant divergentes et celles des parties libres 9 étant recourbées. On a figuré par 29 les moulures de résine solidifiée qui terminent les zones sèches. Ou encore, une superposition des fibres des parties 9 et 10 est possible. C'est ce qu'on représente sur la figure 10 où plusieurs couches de fibres de la partie libre 9 sont continues et tendues. On divise alors le panache des fibres de l'extrémité 10 pour en former deux pans divergents 17 et 18 qu'on plaque sur des couches continues la partie libre 9. Ici, la superposition n'est que partielle et un compromis est fait avec la méthode précédente, car d'autres couches de fibres de la partie libre 9 ont été coupées et leurs extrémités libres sont enchevêtrées avec celles des pans 17 et 18. Dans ce cas comme dans les autres, les matrices 19 et 20 d'un autre outillage maintiennent les fibres des zones sèches à la forme souhaitée. There is therefore a fairly great freedom to join the fibers of the free parts 9 and of the ends 10 according to the concrete situations determined in particular by the surface or the length of these dry zones and by the mode of weaving or draping of the fibers. . It is for example possible to entangle or intertwine them, that is to say to make the ends of fibers intersect on common junctions 16 (FIG. 9), which is very easy if the fibers are arranged in superimposed layers that we alternate. For the part of Figure 1, where the fiber layers are perpendicular to the fittings, the junctions 16 may have a triangular section, the fibers of the ends 10 being divergent and those of the free parts 9 being bent. The solidified resin moldings which end the dry areas have been shown by 29. Or, a superposition of the fibers of parts 9 and 10 is possible. This is what is shown in FIG. 10 where several layers of fibers of the free part 9 are continuous and stretched. The plume of the fibers of the end 10 is then divided to form two divergent sections 17 and 18 which the free part 9 is placed on continuous layers. Here, the superposition is only partial and a compromise is made with the previous method, because other layers of fibers of the free part 9 have been cut and their free ends are entangled with those of the panels 17 and 18. In this case as in the others, the dies 19 and 20 of another tool keep the fibers of the dry areas in the desired shape.

L'outillage 19 du côté de la partie libre 9 de l'enveloppe 1 ou 2 est ici une plaque à la courbure locale de l'enveloppe, alors que la matrice 20 du côté de l'extrémité 10 du bras 3 est un tube muni d'une base 21 qui comprime les pans 17 et 18 contre la partie libre 9.The tool 19 on the side of the free part 9 of the casing 1 or 2 is here a plate with the local curvature of the casing, while the die 20 on the side of the end 10 of the arm 3 is a tube provided a base 21 which compresses the sides 17 and 18 against the free part 9.

Un troisième mode d'assemblage principal est possible. Il consiste à couper les fibres des parties libres 9 et 10 en dégradé, selon des couches 22 superposées qui peuvent correspondre aux bandes 4 de drapage. Dans la réalisation représentée, une union intime des parties libres 9 et 10 est obtenue en creusant la partie libre 9 en boutonnière, c'est-à-dire en épargnant quelques couches 22 de la partie libre 9 du côté opposée au bras 3, puis en coupant les couches 22 suivantes, mais de moins en moins largement vers le côté du bras 3, de sorte que la dernière couche 22 n'est coupée que d'une surface correspondante à la section du bras 3 et qu'une cavité large et de petite ouverture est créée dans la partie libre 9, qu'on emplit par les couches 22, coupées de façon correspondantes, de l'extrémité 10 courbée comme précédemment en pans 17 et 18. Des couches de fibres de renfort 23 peuvent être ajoutées autour du bras 3 et sur les couches 22 pour épaissir l'assemblage à la jonction. A third main assembly mode is possible. It consists in cutting the fibers of the free parts 9 and 10 in a gradient, according to superimposed layers 22 which can correspond to the draping strips 4. In the embodiment shown, an intimate union of the free parts 9 and 10 is obtained by digging the free part 9 in a buttonhole, that is to say by sparing a few layers 22 of the free part 9 on the side opposite the arm 3, then by cutting the following layers 22, but less and less broadly towards the side of the arm 3, so that the last layer 22 is only cut from a surface corresponding to the section of the arm 3 and that a wide cavity and a small opening is created in the free part 9, which is filled by the layers 22, cut in corresponding manner, of the end 10 curved as previously in sections 17 and 18. Layers of reinforcing fibers 23 can be added around of the arm 3 and on the layers 22 to thicken the assembly at the junction.

Après avoir réalisé la jonction des fibres des zones sèches, on procède à une nouvelle coulée de résine et à son durcissement aux assemblages pour obtenir la pièce définitive et unitaire.  After carrying out the junction of the fibers of the dry zones, a new casting of resin is carried out and its hardening in the assemblies to obtain the final and unitary part.

Claims (15)

REVEND I CAT IONSRESELL I CAT IONS 1. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe, composée d'éléments joints, en matériau formé de fibres noyées dans de la résine durcie, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à construire des structures fibreuses à la forme des éléments, à injecter de la résine dans des structures fibreuses hormis à des zones sèches et à durcir la résine, puis à joindre les zones sèches des structures fibreuses en formant des assemblages, et à injecter puis durcir de la résine dans les assemblages. 1. A method of manufacturing a complex part, composed of joined elements, of a material formed of fibers embedded in hardened resin, characterized in that it consists in building fibrous structures in the shape of the elements, in injecting the resin in fibrous structures apart from dry areas and hardening the resin, then joining the dry areas of the fibrous structures by forming assemblies, and injecting and then curing resin in the assemblies. 2. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la pièce est un carter dont les éléments comprennent au moins une enveloppe (1, 2) et des bras (3) joints par des bouts (10) à des parties de raccord (9) de l'enveloppe, et les zones sèches de la structure fibreuse comprennent lesdits bouts et lesdites parties de raccord. 2. Method for manufacturing a complex part according to claim 1, characterized in that the part is a casing the elements of which comprise at least one casing (1, 2) and arms (3) joined by ends (10) to connection parts (9) of the casing, and the dry areas of the fibrous structure comprise said ends and said connection parts. 3. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la structure fibreuse de l'enveloppe, qui est sensiblement cylindrique, est composée d'enroulements d'une seule fibre. 3. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 2, characterized in that the fibrous structure of the envelope, which is substantially cylindrical, is composed of windings of a single fiber. 4. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la structure fibreuse de l'enveloppe, qui est sensiblement cylindrique, est composée de bandes superposées (4) se refermant par des lignes de joint (5) décalées. 4. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 2, characterized in that the fibrous structure of the envelope, which is substantially cylindrical, is composed of superimposed strips (4) closing with joint lines (5) staggered. 5. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches (9, 10) sont délimitées par une barrière de nature chimique (11, 15).  5. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the dry areas (9, 10) are delimited by a barrier of a chemical nature (11, 15). 6. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la barrière est formée d'une addition de durcisseur dans la résine. 6. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 5, characterized in that the barrier is formed by an addition of hardener in the resin. 7. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la barrière est formée d'un produit fusible (15). 7. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 5, characterized in that the barrier is formed of a fusible product (15). 8. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la barrière est formée d'un adhésif. 8. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 5, characterized in that the barrier is formed of an adhesive. 9. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches sont délimitées par un pincement des structures fibreuses (figure 6). 9. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the dry areas are delimited by pinching the fibrous structures (Figure 6). 10. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches sont délimitées par une barrière de chauffage (14). 10. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the dry areas are delimited by a heating barrier (14). 11. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches des structures fibreuses sont jointes par superposition (figure 10). 11. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the dry areas of the fibrous structures are joined by superposition (Figure 10). 12. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches des structures fibreuses sont jointes par enchevêtrement (figure 9). 12. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the dry areas of the fibrous structures are joined by entanglement (Figure 9). 13. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les zones sèches des structures fibreuses sont jointes par aboutement de couches superposées (22) et coupées en dégradé.  13. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the dry areas of the fibrous structures are joined by abutment of superimposed layers (22) and cut in gradation. 14. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les parties libres des structures fibreuses sont jointes en boutonnière (figure 11). 14. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the free parts of the fibrous structures are joined in a buttonhole (Figure 11). 15. Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce complexe selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que des structures fibreuses d'épaississement (23) sont ajoutées sur les zones sèches des structures fibreuses après avoir joint ces zones sèches et avant d'avoir injecté la résine.  15. A method of manufacturing a complex part according to claim 2, characterized in that thickening fibrous structures (23) are added to the dry areas of the fibrous structures after joining these dry areas and before having injected the resin.
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US20160332392A1 (en) * 2015-05-15 2016-11-17 Airbus Operations Limited Method of forming composite structures

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