TECHNICAL FIELD
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The present invention relates to wireless communication for luminaires, particularly to luminaires with integrated radio modules for use in smart buildings and Internet of Things (IoT) environments. More specifically, the invention relates to methods and systems to enable reliable wireless communication between luminaires and other radio-based devices, even when separated by radio-attenuating elements such as partition walls, concrete, brick, metal facades, or fireproof walls.
BACKGROUND
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With the increasing integration of smart lighting systems into modern buildings, the demand for wireless control and communication between luminaires and other smart devices has grown significantly. Wireless control systems, such as those using Bluetooth, Zigbee, or Wi-Fi protocols, offer the advantage of flexible, wire-free installation, which is particularly useful for retrofitting existing buildings without the need for additional wiring infrastructure.
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However, current wireless communication systems face significant limitations in environments with structural barriers, such as partition walls, fire-resistant walls, or floors made of concrete, brick, metal, or glass. These materials cause severe attenuation, reflection, and absorption of radio signals, leading to limited signal range and unreliable communication between luminaires in different rooms. The issue is particularly acute in cellular office layouts or multi-room spaces, where each room is separated by walls, making it difficult for a radio signal to propagate from one room to another. As a result, existing solutions are often restricted to single-room control rather than multi-room control.
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For instance, systems like Casambi and other commercially available wireless lighting control solutions are commonly approved only for single-room use. Attempts to expand control to adjacent rooms or across hallways often fail due to the signal attenuation caused by partition walls. These limitations present a significant obstacle, particularly in refurbishment projects, where existing commercial or office spaces need to be equipped with a wireless lighting control system without significant structural modifications.
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Existing solutions attempt to overcome these problems using mesh network topologies, where each device relays the signal to the next. However, mesh networks require a dense distribution of luminaires or additional repeaters, which increases costs and system complexity. Moreover, the signal path in mesh networks is often unpredictable and can fail if intermediate nodes are removed or obstructed.
SUMMARY
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In view of the above-discussed challenges, this invention aims to facilitate a more reliable and energy-efficient method of enabling wireless communication between luminaires in separate, partitioned rooms or between rooms and hallways without the need for mesh networks or additional hardware. One objective is to provide targeted, beam-oriented communication, thereby increasing signal penetration and reducing energy loss. Another objective is reducing the need for complex mesh topologies, lowering the system cost and simplifying network design.
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These and other objectives are achieved by the solution of this disclosure as described in the independent claims. Advantageous implementations are further defined in the dependent claims.
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According to a first aspect of the invention, a luminaire is provided. The luminaire comprises a casing, a driver for providing electrical power to the luminaire, lighting means disposed within the casting, configured to emit light upon receiving power from the driver, and at least one radiofrequency (RF) antenna module with directed transceiving characteristic is integrated into or attached to the casing, the antenna module being configured to enable point-to-point wireless communication between the luminaire, other luminaire and an external building device or network.
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This invention proposes luminaires facilitating wireless communication for lighting systems, enabling integration with building control systems, IoT networks, or adjacent luminaires. The luminaires may be indoor luminaires such as ceiling-mounted or wall-mounted smart lights (often LED-based) that can communicate wirelessly for control (like on/off, dimming) or for use in IoT/smart building systems.
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The RF antenna module may include a directional antenna designed to transmit and receive RF signals. Said RF antenna module may be an antenna system for directional RF communication and/or beam shaping. For instance, the system may include at least one RF antenna and optionally a beam shaping component, such as a slot antenna or equivalent means integrated within the apparatus housing. It operates as a point-to-point antenna, enabling wireless communication even through highly attenuating elements (partition walls made of concrete, brick, or gypsum board).
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According to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention, the RF antenna module's direction, cone angle, and/or the number of cones for signal transmission can be adjusted preferably manually by a user, preferably also when the luminaire is in an installed state.
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This configuration provides flexibility to optimize the antenna's orientation for improved signal focus and penetration, particularly through walls or in complex environments. For example, the direction of the antennas is re-orientable after installation. The user can manually adjust the direction of the antenna through rotation or reorientation without disassembling the luminaire.
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According to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention, the RF antenna module includes or consists of a slot antenna element.
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Notably, a slot antenna is typically a specific type of antenna where the slots are cut into a conductive surface (like metal) to form a radiating structure. Slot antennas offer a cost-effective, compact design with strong directional capabilities, ensuring effective and energy-efficient communication.
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According to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention, the slot antenna element is provided in a metal element of the casing and arranged such that it is not covered by an RF signal attenuating element.
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This configuration minimizes signal loss or interference caused by the luminaire's casing materials, enhancing signal strength and reliability.
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According to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention, the RF antenna module has a point-to-point characteristic that can be selectively enabled or disabled, e.g., by opening or closing slots in a metal part of the casing of the luminaire.
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For instance, the RF antenna module may comprise multiple slot antenna elements. The antenna slots may be exposed or covered by opening or closing a cover part on the casing to change the antenna's point-to-point characteristic. This configuration allows on-site adjustment of the antenna functionality, providing versatility to meet varying communication requirements in the installation environment.
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According to an implementation of the first aspect of the invention, the luminaire is an indoor luminaire.
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According to a second aspect of the invention, a system comprising a luminaire according to the first aspect or any implementation of the first aspect. The system further comprises an additional building technology device (e.g., another luminaire) with an RF antenna communicating with the RF antenna module through a structural barrier, such as an inner or outer building wall, or through an RF signal attenuating element.
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This embodiment overcomes limitations in existing wireless systems by enabling communication across physical barriers, extending coverage, and improving reliability in partitioned spaces. The structural barrier may be composed of various materials, such as concrete, brick, wood, drywall, or RF-attenuating materials, such as conductive coatings or ferrite absorbers. The RF signal traverses the barrier, enabling communication with a device located on the opposite side of the barrier.
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According to an implementation of the second aspect of the invention, the RF antenna module is arranged such that its main beam is directed at a substantially right angle relative to the surface of the structural barrier.
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A perpendicular alignment minimizes signal attenuation and optimizes penetration through walls, ensuring robust and targeted communication. The RF antenna module may be oriented such that its main lobe or main beam is at a substantially 90° angle to the wall, allowing maximum power transfer through the barrier.
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According to an implementation of the second aspect of the invention, the luminaire is connected to a mesh network, at least via the RF antenna module.
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The mesh network is decentralized, where devices (like luminaires) form peer-to-peer connections to send and receive messages, enabling self-healing and multi-hop communication. In this configuration, the RF antenna module is arranged to transmit and receive wireless signals to and from other nodes in the mesh network, including nodes positioned on the opposite side of a structural barrier, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling.
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According to an implementation of the second aspect of the invention, the luminaire is connected to a mesh network via a non-directional antenna.
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It may be understood that the luminaire is also equipped with a non-directional RF antenna configured to transmit and receive wireless signals. Luminaires can act as nodes in smart home or smart building mesh networks (like Zigbee, Thread, or Wi-Fi mesh). The non-directional RF antenna is configured to establish multi-hop communication with at least one other node in the mesh network.
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According to a second aspect of the invention, a method for wirelessly communicating with a luminaire, which has a casing provided. The luminaire further comprises a driver disposed within said casing, configured to provide electrical power to the luminaire; lighting means disposed within said casing, configured to emit light upon receiving power from the driver; and at least one RF antenna module with directed transceiving characteristic attached to or integrated with said casing, the antenna configured to enable point-to-point wireless communication between the luminaire and an external device or network. The method comprises the step of: wirelessly communicating with the luminaire via said RF antenna module, wherein the wireless communication traverses a structural barrier, such as an inner or outer building wall, or an RF signal attenuating element.
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The proposed method provides a practical and energy-efficient solution for ensuring reliable communication in buildings where walls or other structural elements traditionally disrupt RF signals.
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The invention enables a highly adaptable and effective wireless communication solution for luminaires, addressing the challenges of signal attenuation in modern buildings with partitioned spaces. By leveraging directional antennas, such as slot antennas, and providing options for adjustability and selective activation, the system ensures robust, energy-efficient, and targeted communication through walls or other barriers. This makes it particularly suitable for applications in smart buildings, industrial environments, and retrofit installations.
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All steps that are performed by the various components described in this application and the functionalities described to be performed by the various components are intended to mean that the respective component is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. Even if, in the following description of specific embodiments, a specific functionality or step to be performed by external components is not reflected in the description of a specific detailed element of that component that performs that specific step or functionality, it should be clear to a skilled person that these methods and functionalities can be implemented in respective software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
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The above-described aspects and implementation forms are now further explained with respect to the drawings by way of example only and not for limitation. In the drawings:
- Figure 1
- shows an exemplary luminaire according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 2
- shows an exemplary multi-room environment.
- Figure 3
- shows a system comprising proposed indoor luminaires, according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 4
- shows an exemplary luminaire according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 5
- shows an exemplary extendable RF antenna module according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 6
- shows an exemplary luminaire according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 7
- shows an exemplary luminaire according to an embodiment of this invention.
- Figure 8
- shows a method according to an embodiment of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
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Illustrative embodiments of a luminaire, a system, and a method for method for wirelessly communicating with a luminaire having a casing are described with reference to the figures. Although this description provides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of the application.
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An embodiment/example may refer to other embodiments/examples. For example, any description including but not limited to terminology, element, process, explanation, and/or technical advantage mentioned in one embodiment/example is applicable to the other embodiments/examples. The same elements are labeled with the same reference signs and may function similarly or likewise.
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Figure 1 illustrates a luminaire 10 designed to enable both lighting functionality and radio communication. The luminaire 10 includes:
- A casing 11 that houses the core components of the luminaire 10.
- A driver (not shown) located within the casing, responsible for supplying electrical power to the luminaire 10.
- Lighting means (not shown) situated within the casing, configured to emit light when powered by the driver.
- At least one RF antenna module 12 with directed transceiving characteristic, which is either integrated into or attached to the casing 11. The RF antenna module 12 is configured to establish point-to-point wireless communication between the luminaire 10 and the external building device or network.
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This disclosure proposes an RF antenna module 12 that allows the wireless communication signal to be directed, adjusted, and optimized based on the positioning and orientation of the luminaire. Said RF antenna module 12 may comprise an antenna system for directional RF communication and/or beam shaping. For instance, the system may include at least one RF antenna and optionally a beam shaping component, such as a slot antenna or equivalent means integrated within the apparatus housing.
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In certain embodiments, the antenna design may include specific slots in the casing, preferably in a metal section, which are arranged to avoid interference from any RF attenuating materials. These slots may be selectively activated, deactivated, or adjusted to modify the antenna's directional transmission characteristics.
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Figure 2 depicts the challenges of radio communication in indoor environments with partitioned spaces. This figure shows two rooms separated by partition walls (e.g., concrete, brick, or gypsum). Inside each room, luminaires (shown as circles) communicate wirelessly with one another, as indicated by the dashed lines connecting luminaires.
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However, due to the attenuating effect of the walls, communication between luminaires located in different rooms is disrupted or heavily degraded.
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Figure 3 depicts a system 1 comprising the proposed luminaire featuring a directional radio transmission capability, according to an embodiment of this invention.
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The luminaires are equipped with directional radio communication technology. Directed beams (shown as bidirectional arrows) are used to establish point-to-point communication between luminaires across partition walls. The beams are specifically focused and aligned to penetrate the walls more effectively, ensuring reliable wireless connectivity between adjacent rooms. The luminaire in the system may be a luminaire 10, as shown in Figure 1, particular an indoor luminaire.
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As shown in Figure 3, the luminaire 10 may comprise more than one RF antenna module 12, each facing different directions in order to facilitate wireless connections to the luminaire in the adjacent room and also to the luminaire in the hallway.
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Luminaires installed in the hallway may be linked together via a standard mesh network. Luminaires located inside the rooms establish directed radio communication links to the luminaires positioned in the hallway. These connections effectively bypass the partition walls, which would otherwise attenuate or block the signals.
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In this configuration, the beams are oriented perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly to the partition walls, which is the most effective angle for minimizing signal attenuation. This approach allows the signal to traverse strongly attenuating materials, such as concrete or fire-resistant walls, to maintain connectivity.
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The RF module, which comprises the RF antenna can function in two ways:
- Single-Module Configuration: Balances energy between directional radiation (through the slot) and general omnidirectional radiation.
- Dual-Module Configuration: A second RF module can be added to the luminaire to dedicate one module for directional communication (e.g., a specific RF beam path) while the other handles general signal coverage.
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In this invention, the system may incorporate well-known antenna types that offer strong directional characteristics, such as: Horn antennas, Yagi antennas, or Patch antennas.
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In a preferred embodiment, the RF antenna module comprises at least one slot antenna element, which can be integrated into the luminaire casing. The slot antenna is typically a rectangular or L-shaped slot cut into a conductive surface, which is simpler and cost-effective.
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The slot antenna may be energized by a standard radio module, meaning no specialized or new radio modules are required. Instead, the existing wireless modules are reused to generate directional signals.
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For luminaires with plastic casing, the slot antenna may be implemented using a metal casing with slots positioned along the four main axes (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°).
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For luminaires with metal casing, the slots may be integrated directly into the luminaire construction, ensuring minimal interference and optimized signal performance.
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The slots are strategically designed to allow signal escape without compromising the structural or shielding integrity of the luminaire.
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Integrating slot antennas into luminaire casings-whether the housing is metal or plastic-offers several advantages:
- Cost-Effectiveness: No need for external antennas or complex redesigns.
- Adjustable Directionality: Slots allow antennas to focus RF signals precisely where needed.
- Improved Performance: By enabling signals to escape through defined slots, barriers like walls can be effectively penetrated.
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The system shown in Figure 3 contrasts the limitations of traditional wireless communication systems with the improved performance achieved using luminaires that incorporate directional radio transmission. By focusing radio energy into specific beams, communication is successfully maintained across rooms, overcoming the challenges posed by partition walls and other attenuating structures. This enables more reliable and efficient wireless communication in multi-room environments, such as offices, buildings, or industrial spaces.
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Figure 4 [SB1]demonstrates a luminaire 10 according to an embodiment of this invention. The figure demonstrates two stages of signal improvement through adjustable radio modules integrated into the luminaires.
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In particular, Figure 4 shows a luminaire casing 11 of the luminaire 10. The luminaire is equipped with radio modules (e.g., directional RF antenna) that can be integrated into its design in a flat, standard configuration. This figure represents a luminaire with two possible antenna placements: Hole 1 and Hole 2.
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Hole 1 is designed to accommodate a directional RF antenna, e.g., the RF antenna module 12 as shown in Figure 1. It enables wireless communication with external devices, such as control systems or smart building networks, through barriers like walls, focusing the signal in a specific direction.
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The RF antenna module 12 may be a directional antenna system emitting signals in a focused, narrow beam. This configuration is particularly effective for improving signal strength and range when the target external device lies in a specific direction (e.g., another room separated by a wall).
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Hole 2 accommodates a normal antenna, likely omnidirectional. Omnidirectional antennas radiate signals equally in all directions. The signal radiates uniformly in 360 degrees (horizontal plane), providing general coverage. While this is suitable for close-range communication, it may be less effective at penetrating walls compared to the directional antenna.
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In a basic setup as shown in Figure 4(a), the directional RF antenna module 12 inside Hole 1 remains fully embedded (flush with the surface of the casing 10). The antenna inside Hole 2 is also installed flat within the casing. The antenna remains aesthetically integrated but may perform sub-optimally in challenging environments.
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In an enhanced setup shown in Figure 4(b), the directional RF antenna module 12 in Hole 1 is extended outward or partially extended outward from the luminaire casing 11.
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For instance, the antenna module can be pulled out slightly or angled asymmetrically for better signal emission. The antenna's directionality is adjusted (potentially angled asymmetrically).
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By extending the antenna, the signal coupling efficiency improves significantly. The signal is stronger and better directed, making it more effective at penetrating barriers such as walls.
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Angling the antenna improves signal efficiency and side radiation behavior. For instance, the RF signal radiates sideward (horizontally), improving communication with external devices in adjacent rooms or spaces. The adjustment ensures minimal signal obstruction from the luminaire casing itself.
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For specific luminaire positions that require improved signal penetration through walls or where signal conditions are challenging, the antenna module can be extended or shifted out of its flat position. By protruding the module or adjusting its orientation, the signal can achieve better alignment and energy focus toward the wall, enhancing communication with luminaires or devices in adjacent rooms.
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This adjustable directional transmission is particularly beneficial for applications where wireless signals must traverse attenuating walls (e.g., concrete or gypsum), or cover larger distances or overcome installation challenges in complex environments.
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In particular, the radio signal can be focused in a primary direction for optimal wall penetration. Additionally, the system allows for signal transmission in one, two, or three secondary directions, enabling communication with luminaires in multiple rooms or specific areas.
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Optionally, this configuration may allow for the addition of a second antenna module. In situations where enhanced directional communication is required, the second directional RF antenna can be added to the luminaire 10. This second module focuses exclusively on the directional signal.
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Alternatively, a single antenna module can be used to balance and distribute the available energy between general, omnidirectional transmission and the focused, directional beam.
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Figure 5 shows an exemplary directional RF antenna module according to an embodiment of this invention. In this design, the directional RF antenna module is an extendable slot antenna.
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Figure 5(a) shows a side view of the extendable slot antenna system in two different states: extended (left) and embedded (right).
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This figure shows a coordinate system (X, Y, Z) defining the movement and orientation of the antenna in relation to the main body of the system. In the embedded state, the antenna remains close to the luminaire casing 11, minimizing space requirements. In the extended state, the antenna arm extends outward in the Z-direction, optimizing its position for signal transmission and reception.
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Figure 5(b) shows a 3D perspective view of the extendable slot antenna integrated with a circuit board assembly (e.g., PCB) .
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The circuit board serves as the ground plane for the slot antenna and contains various electronic components necessary for operation. The slot antenna is disposed on the circuit board, with its distinct L-shaped geometry, which enables it to function effectively as a radiating element.
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Figure 6 further shows another design of the luminaire 10 according to an embodiment of the invention. Similar to Figure 4, Figure 6 shows a luminaire casing 11 of the luminaire 10, where the luminaire has two possible antenna placements: Hole 1 and Hole 2.
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Hole 1 and Hole 2 are both designed to accommodate directional RF antennas, e.g., the directional RF antenna module 12 as shown in Figure 1. These antennas enable wireless communication with external devices, such as control systems or smart building networks, through barriers like walls, by focusing the signal in a specific direction. This is particularly useful for transmitting signals through barriers like walls.
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This design achieves adjustable directional radiation through a slot antenna mechanism integrated into the luminaire casing 11. This design allows wireless signal optimization for applications such as connecting rooms via RF communication, overcoming obstacles like signal-damping walls or addressing issues related to larger distances and complex installation environments.
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The luminaire casing 11 may include predefined slots aligned along the four primary axes (e.g., 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°). As shown in Figure 6, the luminaire casing 11 includes predefined slots or openings, such as 13a and 13b.
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These slots are initially covered to maintain the integrity of the luminaire design. For instance, at the time of manufacturing, the slots are sealed using materials such as metal plates, copper tape, or other removable coverings. These coverings also provide RF shielding to control or block signal emissions when the antenna is fully embedded.
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Depending on the desired directionality of the signal, the covering materials can be selectively removed to open the slots. For instance, during installation, these slots can be opened or removed based on the desired directional focus and alignment of the radio beam. This enables on-site customization to optimize signal performance for specific building conditions.
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The slot can be opened by removing these covering materials, e.g., cover 13a, as shown in Figure 6(b) . This opening allows the RF antenna module 12 to gain a clear path to radiate its signal outward. The RF signal can now propagate effectively through the luminaire casing 11, achieving targeted directional radiation. This enhances signal strength and ensures optimized performance for applications like wireless communication with devices in adjacent rooms.
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In this embodiment, the luminaire housing 11 is preferably made of plastic. If metallic luminaires are used, the luminaire should have similar slots that can be opened variably or pre-stamped to be broken out.
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Advantageously, installers or technicians can adapt the antenna's direction on-site by selectively opening or adjusting slots based on local conditions (e.g., wall positions or signal obstructions), or the desired direction of signal transmission.
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This eliminates the need for significant modifications or redesign of the luminaire casing, providing a cost-effective and practical solution for optimizing RF signal performance.
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This system further allows the directional focus to be adjusted to suit the application:
- Single Direction: Focused radiation in one primary direction, as shown in Figure 6(b).
- Multiple Directions: Slots can be opened in two, three, or four directions to achieve radiation patterns toward multiple rooms. For instance, the cover 13b may also be opened.
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Figure 7 illustrates a further embodiment of the luminaire 10 designed to optimize the performance of directional RF antennas for wireless communication. This embodiment focuses on achieving adjustable and maximum signal performance, particularly in open spaces or through barriers like concrete walls. The luminaire casing 11 includes two designated antenna positions: Hole 1 and Hole 2.
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Hole 1 is designed to accommodate an extendable directional RF antenna module. The directional RF antenna module is embedded inside the luminaire housing but is designed to radiate signals even in its retracted (embedded) state.
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The directional RF antenna module may have a sheet metal housing. In the embedded state shown in Figure 7(a), the antenna emits a weaker signal (comparing to the extended state shown in Figure 7(b)), which is sufficient for shorter-range or localized communication. When the antenna is extended outward, or slid out, through the slot, the signal becomes stronger and more focused, achieving improved directionality and performance, enabling better communication through barriers such as walls.
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The antenna module can be partially extended outward or optionally rotated, as shown in the embodiment, to fine-tune the directionality of the RF signal. Rotatable alignment is also possible. This flexibility ensures that signal optimization can be achieved as per on-site requirements.
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Hole 2 accommodates a normal antenna, which emits signals uniformly in all directions. This antenna provides baseline omnidirectional coverage within the luminaire's immediate environment.
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The luminaire casing 11 incorporates a predefined slot at Hole 1 that allows the antenna to be extended outward. Even when the slot remains partially or fully covered, signals can still escape to some extent. However, opening the slot and extending the antenna significantly improves the signal's radiation pattern and strength.
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Compared to the embodiment shown in Figure 6, this design allows the embedded directional antenna at Hole 1 to radiate signals, albeit at a reduced strength.
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Extending the antenna outward through the slot, as shown in Figure 7(b), boosts signal strength and improves directional focus. This provides a cost-effective way to optimize performance without redesigning the luminaire casing.
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The design allows for dual-level performance:
- Embedded state: Moderate signal strength for normal use.
- Extended state: Maximum performance for penetrating barriers or achieving long-range communication.
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For luminaires with plastic housings, the signal can propagate more easily, even in the embedded state.
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Figure 8 illustrates a method 800 for wirelessly communicating with a luminaire 10 that is equipped with an RF antenna module 12 for establishing reliable communication links between the luminaire 10 and other luminaire, an external device or network, even when an RF signal attenuating element, such as a wall, is present between the luminaire and the external device or network.
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The method involves the following step:
Step 801: wirelessly communicating with the luminaire 10 via said RF antenna module 12, wherein the wireless communication traverses a structural barrier, such as an inner or outer building wall, or an RF signal attenuating element.
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The luminaire 10 uses its RF antenna module 12 to establish a wireless communication link with an external device or network. Unlike standard omnidirectional communication, the directional RF antenna module focuses the radio signal in a specific direction, ensuring optimized energy transmission.
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The wireless communication link is designed to traverse a wall or other elements that typically attenuate RF signals, such as: concrete walls, brick or gypsum partitions, or metal facades.
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The method leverages the focused nature of the directional RF antenna, such as slot antennas, to overcome signal degradation caused by these barriers.
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The method ensures that the wireless signal is aligned (substantially) perpendicularly to the wall, which is the most efficient angle for RF signal penetration. By focusing the energy into a narrow beam, the method minimizes signal loss and maximizes the communication range.
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To summarize, this invention proposes a solution to enable wireless communication between a luminaire and outside devices through a structural barrier, such as an inner or outer building wall, or an RF signal attenuating element. The luminaire is equipped with a directional RF antenna. By focusing the wireless signal in a specific direction, the communication link successfully traverses walls or RF attenuating elements, ensuring reliable connectivity with an external device or network. This invention provides an efficient solution for overcoming signal attenuation issues in partitioned spaces, enabling robust communication in indoor environments such as offices, buildings, or industrial facilities.
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While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the invention should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
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Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations, and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.