EP4748150A1 - Mechanisms for sensing service continuity - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems, methods, devices, and instrumentalities are described herein related to sensing service continuity. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may connect with a first cell. The WTRU may send a first message to a network node that indicates sensing and location related information. The WTRU may receive a second message from the network node that indicates a sensing service associated with a sensing service area restriction (SSAR) list. The WTRU may determine that the sensing service is activated. The WTRU may perform idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure based on the sensing service associated with the SSAR list. The WTRU may determine the quality of the first cell falls below a threshold. The WTRU may connect with a second cell for reselection based on the SSAR list and determination of the quality of the first cell falling below the threshold.

Description

MECHANISMS FOR SENSING SERVICE CONTINUITY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional U.S. Patent Application No.63/528,192, filed July 21, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND [0002] Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to evolve. A fifth generation of mobile communication radio access technology (RAT) may be referred to as 5G new radio (NR). A previous (legacy) generation of mobile communication RAT may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE). SUMMARY [0003] Systems, methods, devices, and instrumentalities are described herein related to sensing service continuity. [0004] A device (e.g., wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)) may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1). The WTRU may receive a trigger for sensing service coordination with a network. The WTRU may send (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination) a first message to a network node (e.g., an access and mobility function (AMF)) that indicates sensing and location related information. The first message may be sent via uplink non-status stratum (UL NAS) signaling (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, service request, or other procedures). The sensing and location relation information may include supported sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type performance, location coordinates, geo-fencing information, etc. [0005] The AMF may coordinate the first message (e.g., request) sent from the WTRU with sensing operation management function (SOMF)/integrated sensing assistance NF (ISANF). The AMF may consider at least one of the provided sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities), dynamic radio conditions, or WTRU authorization determined for the area. The WTRU may receive a second message from the AMF that indicates a sensing service associated with a sensing service area restriction list (SSAR) (e.g., based on the sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system, dynamic radio conditions, or the WTRU authorization determined for the area). The SSAR list may be per target sensing service type (e.g., sensing service SSID-1 supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). [0006] The WTRU may determine that the sensing service is activated. The sensing service(s) may be activated by the network node or by the WTRU. In examples, the WTRU may receive a message from the network node (e.g., an AMF downlink (DL) sensing service activated message) that indicates a network activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). In examples, the WTRU may send a message to the network node (e.g., a WTRU uplink (UL) sensing service activated message) that indicates a WTRU activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). [0007] The WTRU may perform idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure based on the sensing service associated with the sensing SSAR list (e.g., SSID-1). The WTRU may determine that the quality of the first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1) falls below a threshold. The WTRU may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a second cell (e.g., cell-3) for reselection based on the SSAR list and the determination of the quality of the first cell falling below the threshold. The second cell may support the activated sensing service associated with the SSAR list. In examples, the SSAR list may include a list of location IDs and geo-fencing locations. In examples, the sensing service may be a continuous sensing service type, a periodic sensing service type, or an event driven sensing service type. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] FIG.1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. [0009] FIG.1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A according to an embodiment. [0010] FIG.1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A according to an embodiment. [0011] FIG.1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A according to an embodiment. [0012] FIG.2 illustrates an example reference model of a 5G/NextGen network. [0013] FIG.3 illustrates an example of pedestrian/animal intrusion detection. [0014] FIG.4 illustrates an example of intruder detection in surroundings of a smart home. [0015] FIG.5 illustrates an example of sensing service continuity in idle mode. [0016] FIG.6 illustrates an example of sensing service continuity in connected mode. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0017] FIG.1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like. [0018] As shown in FIG.1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and/or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE. [0019] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements. [0020] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions. [0021] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). [0022] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA). [0023] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro). [0024] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR). [0025] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB). [0026] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA20001X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. [0027] The base station 114b in FIG.1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG.1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115. [0028] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG.1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology. [0029] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. [0030] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG.1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology. [0031] FIG.1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG.1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0032] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG.1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. [0033] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. [0034] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG.1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116. [0035] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example. [0036] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown). [0037] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. [0038] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location- determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0039] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor. [0040] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (UL) (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)). [0041] FIG.1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106. [0042] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. [0043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG.1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. [0044] The CN 106 shown in FIG.1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [0045] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA. [0046] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. [0047] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. [0048] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. [0049] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS.1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network. [0050] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN. [0051] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication. [0052] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS. [0053] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel. [0054] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC). [0055] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac.802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine- Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life). [0056] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available. [0057] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code. [0058] FIG.1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115. [0059] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c). [0060] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0061] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. [0062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG.1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface. [0063] The CN 115 shown in FIG.1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a,184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [0064] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi. [0065] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like. [0066] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like. [0067] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b. [0068] In view of Figures 1A-1D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions. [0069] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications. [0070] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be testing equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data. [0071] Reference to a timer herein may refer to the determination of a time or the determination of a period of time. Reference to a timer expiration herein may refer to determining that the time has occurred or that the period of time has expired. Reference to a timer herein may refer to a time, a time period, tracking the time, tracking the period of time, etc. Reference to a timer expiration herein may refer to determining that the time has occurred or that the period of time has expired. [0072] Systems, methods, devices, and instrumentalities are described herein related to sensing service continuity. [0073] A device (e.g., wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)) may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1). The WTRU may receive a trigger for sensing service coordination with a network. The WTRU may send (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination) a first message to a network node (e.g., an access and mobility function (AMF)) that indicates sensing and location related information. The first message may be sent via uplink non-access stratum (UL NAS) signaling (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, service request, or other procedures). The sensing and location relation information may include supported sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type performance, location coordinates, geo-fencing information, etc. [0074] The AMF may coordinate the first message (e.g., request) sent from the WTRU with sensing operation management function (SOMF)/integrated sensing assistance NF (ISANF). The AMF may consider at least one of the provided sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities), dynamic radio conditions, and/or WTRU authorization determined for the area. The WTRU may receive a second message from the AMF that indicates a sensing service associated with the sensing service area restriction list (SSAR) (e.g., based on the sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system, dynamic radio conditions, and/or the WTRU authorization determined for the area). The SSAR list may be per target sensing service type (e.g., sensing service SSID-1 supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). [0075] The WTRU may determine that the sensing service is activated. The sensing service(s) may be activated by the network node or by the WTRU. In examples, the WTRU may receive a third message from the network node (e.g., an AMF downlink (DL) sensing service activated message) that indicates a network activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bitmap that includes a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). In examples, the WTRU may send a fourth message to the network node (e.g., a WTRU uplink (UL) sensing service activated message) that indicates a WTRU activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bit map that indicates a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). [0076] The WTRU may perform idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure based on the sensing service associated with the sensing SSAR list (e.g., SSID-1). The WTRU may determine that the quality of the first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1) falls below a threshold. The WTRU may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a second cell (e.g., cell-3) for reselection based on the SSAR list and the determination of the quality of the first cell falling below the threshold. The second cell may support the activated sensing service associated with the SSAR list. In examples, the SSAR list may include a list of location IDs and geo-fencing locations. In examples, the sensing service may be a continuous sensing service type, a periodic sensing service type, or an event driven sensing service type. [0077] A WTRU may send a message to a network node (e.g., AMF) via UL NAS signaling (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, service request, or other procedures). The message may provide information (e.g., additional information) related to supported sensing services and type (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type preference, location coordinates, geo-fencing information, etc. [0078] The AMF may coordinate the request from the WTRU with SOMF/ISANF. The AMF may be with the sensing service provider. The AMF may consider the information provided by the WTRU and provide a sensing service area restriction (SSAR) list per target sensing service (e.g., sensing service SSID-1 supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). The sensing services may be activated by either the WTRU (e.g., WTRU UL sensing service activated message) or the network node (e.g., AMF DL sensing service activated message). [0079] In examples, via the sensing service activated (e.g., SSID-1), a corresponding SSAR list (e.g., if available) may be used by the WTRU for idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure. In examples, the AMF may provide the updated mobility restriction list to the gNBs using NGAP signaling (e.g., initial contest setup request, downlink NAS transport). The NGAP signaling may include the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing services. The updated mobility restriction list along with additional information related to sensing (e.g., an SSAR list) may be used by the gNB for mobility and access restrictions (e.g., handover, secondary cell group (SCG) selection during dual connectivity, assignment of RNAs). [0080] FIG.2 illustrates an example reference model of a 5G/NextGen network. In FIG.2, RAN may refer to a radio access network based on the 5G RAT or Evolved E-UTRA that connects to the NextGen core network. The Access Control and Mobility Management Function (AMF) may include the following functionalities: Registration management, Connection management, Reachability management, Mobility Management, etc. The Session Management Function (SMF) may include the following functionalities: session management (including session establishment, modification, and release), WTRU IP address allocation, selection and control of UP function, etc. The User Plane Function (UPF) may include the following functionalities: packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection, traffic usage reporting, etc. [0081] Examples of integrated sensing are provided herein. Integrated sensing may include potential parameters (e.g., requirements) for enhancement of a system, such as a 5G system, to provide sensing services addressing different target verticals and applications (e.g., autonomous/assisted driving, V2X, UAVs, 3D map reconstruction, smart city, smart home, factories, healthcare, maritime sector). For integrated sensing, there may be a process of collecting sensing measurement data. The sensing measurement data may be data collected about radio/wireless signals impacted (e.g., reflected, refracted, diffracted) by an object or environment of interest for sensing purposes. For integrated sensing, there may be a process for deriving sensing results from processing sensing measurement data. There may be an area defined for sensing (e.g., called a sensing service area location). The sensing service area location may be an area location, with or without obstacle, the system (e.g., 5G system) may provide sensing service for with certain quality. In examples, sensing measurement data may be transparent to a system (e.g., 5GS) such that the data may be communicated using a standard protocol to an interface defined by the system (e.g., 5GS). [0082] Sensing may refer to using radio signals to detect and estimate characteristics of target objects in the environment. By integrating sensing into the communications network, the network may act as a radar sensor, using its own radio signals to sense and comprehend the physical world in which it operates. This may allow the network to collect data using base stations and WTRUs on the range, velocity, position, orientation, size, shape, image, materials of objects, devices, a combination thereof, and the like. The sensing data collected and processed by the network may be leveraged to enhance the network’s own operations, augment existing services such as XR and digital twinning, and enable new sensing services, such as gesture and activity recognition, object detection and tracking, along with imaging and environment reconstruction. In examples, the sensing services that may be provided by the system (e.g., 5G system) include pedestrian/animal intrusion detection on the highway, rainfall monitoring in a specific area, UAV flight trajectory tracing, network-assisted sensing (e.g., to avoid UAV collision), sensing for parking space determination, autonomous mobile robots (AMR) collision avoidance in smart factories, a combination thereof, and the like. [0083] FIG.3 illustrates an example of pedestrian/animal intrusion detection. FIG.4 illustrates an example of intruder detection in surroundings of a smart home. In FIGs.3-4, a base station or WTRU may detect the intrusion in the sensing area of the base station itself or by collaboration between the WTRU and the base station. The sensing measurement may be transferred to the network and further processed into the sensing result. [0084] 5G base stations (gNBs) may provide communication capabilities and may, for example, sense the surrounding environment (e.g., obstacles or people in the desired trajectory). gNBs may transmit the sensing signals and receive the reflected signals to get sensing information. gNBs may (e.g., may then) report the real-time sensing data to the core network. The core network may process and analyze the sensing data for outputting the sensing result. Such a sensing result may be exposed to a trusted third- party (e.g., automation platform of a factory to enable autonomous mobile robots (AMR) to know more information about the surrounding environment to improve efficiency and driving safety). [0085] In examples, service continuity may be applied in cases of unobtrusive health monitoring. In examples, AMR collision avoidance may be applied in smart factories. The 5G system may be able to provide the continuity of a sensing service for a specific target object across indoor and outdoor areas. The system (e.g., 5G system) may support the continuity of sensing of a target that may move across a sensing area that may be bigger than the coverage area of a single sensing transmitter. The system (e.g., 5G system) may support simultaneous wireless sensing of a target by means of multiple sensing devices. [0086] The system (e.g., 5G system) may be enhanced on how to support continuity of the wireless sensing services (e.g., sensing of a moving object) by providing seamless continuity for idle and connected mode target WTRU capability. The system may be enhanced to provide accurate and continuous sensing service/information to a moving target object (e.g., an AMR may track a WTRU in a geo-fenced area). This may request (e.g., require) multiple base stations with sensing capabilities to work together to provide sensing accuracy and sensing service continuity taking into consideration idle and connected mode mobility. System enhancements (e.g., 5G system enhancements) may be provided to enable the sensing service continuity for a moving target (e.g., WTRU/object) while the WTRU may be in idle or connected mode (e.g., taking into consideration cell selection and reselection aspects in idle mode, and taking into considering handover and dual connectivity during connected mode). [0087] Examples of sensing service continuity in idle mode are provided herein. The system (e.g., 5G system) may be enhanced to ensure accurate and continuous sensing results are being provided to the end consumer. This service continuity may ensure that the target WTRU/object may be able to provide/consume sensing data irrespective of the target WTRU mobility (e.g., idle or connected mode). [0088] The WTRU may send sensing and location related information. The sensing and location related information may support sensing services and types (e.g., continuous, periodic, event driven), sensor type preference, location coordinates, geo-fencing, etc. An AMF may take into consideration the provided information by the WTRU and coordinate with the sensing NFs (e.g., SOMF/ISANF). The AMF may request (e.g., require) coordination with the sensing service provider and respond back to the WTRU with a sensing service area restriction (SSAR) list. The SSAR list may be associated with sensing service (e.g., sensing service ID, SSID-1 with a sensing service area list as cell-1 and cell-3). The SSAR list may include at least one of: the list of location IDs (e.g., cell IDs/TAIs/RAIs) or other geo-fencing locations. The SSAR list may be associated with a corresponding sensing service. The sensing service may be identified with the sensing service identifier (sensing service ID). The WTRU may use the received information to perform idle mode cell selection and reselection via the activated sensing service associated with the SSAR list. [0089] FIG.5 illustrates an example of sensing service continuity in idle mode. At 1, the WTRU may establish a connection with (e.g., camped successfully on) cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1). The WTRU may receive a trigger for sensing service coordination (e.g., an exchange of the sensing capabilities, requested sensing services by the WTRU, and the availability of the sensing services on the 5GS side) with a network node (e.g., third party application inputs, user inputs, initial power on or recovery from lack of coverage). If an SSAR list is available, the WTRU may use SSAR list information for the initial cell selection process (e.g., ensuring that the cell selection takes into consideration the desired sensing service by the user/third party and availability of cells in the SSAR list). [0090] At 2, a first message (e.g., a UL NAS signal (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, a service request, or other procedures)) may be sent from the WTRU to the AMF providing information (e.g., additional information). The information may include sensing and location related information. The sensing and location related information may include requested sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type preference, location coordination, geo-fencing information, etc. (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination). [0091] At 3, an AMF may coordinate the information received from (e.g., the information requested from) the WTRU with SOMF/ISANF. The AMF may (e.g., may also) coordinate the requested sensing services and types with the sensing service provider. The AMF may consider at least one of the following: the provided information from the WTRU; the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities); dynamic radio conditions; or a WTRU authorization determined for the area to determine the SSAR list and accordingly respond back to the WTRU. [0092] At 4, the AMF may take inputs from the SOMF/ISANF and respond back to the WTRU with an SSAR list associated with a target sensing service (e.g., sensing service SSID-1, supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). The 5GS may take into consideration the sensing and location information from the WTRU, dynamic radio conditions (e.g., wireless signals being blocked, cell becoming unsuitable for wireless sensing), sensing system availability, the WTRU authorization determined for the area, etc. to update the SSAR list dynamically toward the target WTRU (e.g., to ensure seamless cell selection and reselection for the target WTRU). This dynamic reconfiguration of the SSAR list may have an impact on serving SOMFs and the SSAR list may include an area that is served by more than one SOMF. [0093] At 5, sensing service(s) may be activated by either the WTRU or by the network. The AMF may send a message (e.g., a DL sensing service activated message) with the bitmap of the sensing services which are activated (e.g., SSID-1 is active). This information may be relayed by the network or the WTRU as part of the NAS signaling messages (e.g., as a new information element (IE)). [0094] At 6, the WTRU may inform the AMF via a message (e.g., UL sensing service activated message) about sensing services which may be activated by the WTRU (e.g., a bit map indicating SSDI-1 is active). The AMF may respond back to the WTRU with a negative response. In the case of a negative response, the AMF/sensing NFs may not activate the requested (e.g., desired) sensing service (e.g., SSDI- 1). The AMF may pass this information to the AF via a sensing service exposure framework. This information may be relayed by the WTRU as part of other NAS signaling messages (e.g., as a new information element (IE)). [0095] At 7, via the sensing service activated (e.g., SSDI-1), the corresponding SSAR list (e.g., if available) may be used by the WTRU for an idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure. The NAS entity of the WTRU may provide this information to the access stratum to be used by the access stratum for cell reselection while the sensing service is active. NAS-AS may coordinate to ensure that information about the SAR list is updated. [0096] At 8, the cell-1 (e.g., on which WTRU is camped on) may be deteriorating. If the cell quality is bad and falls below a threshold, the WTRU/access stratum may trigger the cell reselection to a cell with better cell quality and ensure that it meets the parameters (e.g., requirements) as per the SSAR list associated with the active sensing service. [0097] At 9, the candidate cells available for cell reselection may be cell-2 and cell-3. Based on the active sensing service SSID-1 and availability of the SSAR list, cell-2 may not be suitable for reselection and cell-3 may be selected by the WTRU. The WTRU may successfully select cell-3 and continue with the normal WTRU and sensing operations. [0098] At any time, if the system (e.g., 5GS) is not able to provide continuous and accurate sensing information to the target WTRU, it may inform the target WTRU about not providing the information via control plane signaling. The 5GS may pass this information to the sensing application via NFs. The sensing application may ensure the target WTRU/user is aware of the information. This event may result in a termination of service, reselection of a different network, or re-registration with the network. [0099] A device (e.g., wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)) may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1). The WTRU may receive a trigger for sensing service coordination with a network. The WTRU may send (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination) a first message to a network node (e.g., an AMF) that indicates sensing and location related information. The first message may be sent via UL NAS signaling (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, service request, or other procedures). The sensing and location relation information may include supported sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type performance, location coordinates, geo-fencing information, etc. [0100] The AMF may coordinate the first message (e.g., request) sent from the WTRU with SOMF/ISANF. The AMF may consider at least one of the provided sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities), dynamic radio conditions, or WTRU authorization determined for the area. The WTRU may receive a second message from the AMF that indicates a sensing service associated with a sensing service area restriction (SSAR) list (e.g., based on the sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system, dynamic radio conditions, or the WTRU authorization determined for the area). The SSAR list may be per target sensing service type (e.g., sensing service SSID-1 supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). [0101] The sensing service(s) may be activated by the network node or by the WTRU. In examples, the WTRU may receive a message from the network node (e.g., an AMF DL sensing service activated message) that indicates a network activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). In examples, the WTRU may send a message to the network node (e.g., a WTRU UL sensing service activated message) that indicates a WTRU activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, the activated sensing service from the plurality of sensing services). [0102] The WTRU may perform idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure based on the sensing service associated with the sensing SSAR list (e.g., SSID-1). The WTRU may determine the quality of the first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1) falls below a threshold. The WTRU may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a second cell (e.g., cell-3) for reselection based on the SSAR list and the quality of the determination of the first cell falling below the threshold. The second cell may support the activated sensing service associated with the SSAR list. In examples, the SSAR list may include a list of location IDs and geo-fencing locations. In examples, the sensing service may be a continuous sensing service type, a periodic sensing service type, or an event driven sensing service type. [0103] Examples of sensing service continuity in connected mode are provided herein. The WTRU may send sensing and location related information. The sensing and location related information may include supported sensing services and types (e.g., continuous, periodic, event driven), sensor type preference, location coordinates, geo-fencing, etc. An AMF may take into consideration the provided information by the WTRU, coordinate with the sensing NFs (e.g., SOMF/ISANF), coordinate with the sensing service provider and respond back to the WTRU with an SSAR list per sensing service (e.g., sensing service ID, SSID-1 with a sensing service area list of cell-1 and cell-3). The AMF may (e.g., may also) provide this information to the 5G-RAN (gNB). This may assist the gNB for connected mode handover and seamless sensing service continuity. [0104] FIG.6 illustrates an example of sensing service continuity in connected mode. At 1, the WTRU may establish a connection with (e.g., camped successfully on) cell-1 (gNB-1). The WTRU may receive the trigger for sensing service coordination (e.g., an exchange of the sensing capabilities, requested sensing services by the WTRU, and availability of the same on the 5GS side) with the network node (e.g., third party application inputs, user inputs, initial power on or recovery from lack of coverage). If the SSAR list is available, the WTRU may use SSAR list information for the initial cell selection process (e.g., which may ensure that cell selection takes into consideration requested (e.g., desired) sensing service by the user/third party and availability of cells in the SSAR list). [0105] At 2, a first message (e.g., a UL NAS signal (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, a service request, or other procedures)) may be sent from the WTRU to the AMF providing information (e.g., additional information). The information may include sensing and location related information. The sensing and location related information may include requested sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type preference, location coordination, geo-fencing information, etc. (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination). [0106] At 3, an AMF may coordinate the information received from (e.g., the information requested from) the WTRU with SOMF/ISANF. The AMF may (e.g., may also) coordinate the requested sensing services and types with the sensing service provider. The AMF may consider at least one of: the provided information from the WTRU; the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities), dynamic radio conditions, or a WTRU authorization determined for the area to determine the SSAR list and accordingly respond back to the WTRU. [0107] At 4, the AMF may take inputs from the SOMF/ISANF and respond back to the WTRU with an SSAR list associated with a target sensing service (e.g., sensing service SSID-1, supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). The 5GS may take into consideration the sensing and location information from the WTRU, dynamic radio conditions (e.g., wireless signals being blocked, a cell becoming unsuitable for wireless sensing), sensing system availability, the WTRU authorization determined for the area, etc. to update the SSAR list dynamically toward the target WTRU (e.g., to ensure seamless cell selection and reselection for the target WTRU). This dynamic reconfiguration of the SSAR list may have an impact on serving SOMFs and the SSAR list may include an area that is served by more than one SOMF. [0108] At 4a, the AMF may provide the updated mobility restriction list to the cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1) using the NGAP signaling (e.g., initial contest setup request, downlink NAS transport) including the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing service (e.g., none at this point of time). The mobility restriction list, along with information (e.g., additional information) with respect to sensing (e.g., SSAR list), may be used by the gNB for mobility and access restrictions (e.g., handover, SCG selection during dual connectivity, assignment of RNAs). [0109] At 5, sensing service(s) may be activated by either the WTRU or by the network. The AMF may send a message (e.g., a DL sensing service activated message) with the bitmap of the sensing services that are activated (e.g., SSID-1 is active). This information may be relayed by the network or the WTRU as part of the NAS signaling messages (e.g., as a new information element (IE)). [0110] At 6, the WTRU may inform the AMF via a message (e.g., a UL sensing service activated message) about sensing services that may be activated by the WTRU (e.g., a bit map indicating SSDI-1 is active). The AMF may respond back to the WTRU with a negative response. In the case of a negative response, the AMF/sensing NFs may not activate the requested (e.g., desired) sensing service (e.g., SSDI- 1). The AMF may pass on this information to the AF via a sensing service exposure framework. This information may be relayed by the WTRU as part of other NAS signaling messages (e.g., as a new information element (IE)). [0111] At 7, based on the activated sensing service (e.g., SSID-1), a second network node (e.g., the AMF) may provide the updated mobility restriction list to the first network node (e.g., cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1)) using the NGAP signaling, including the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing services set to SSID-1. The updated mobility restriction list along with additional information with respect to sensing (e.g., SSAR list), may be used by the gNB for mobility and access restrictions (e.g., handover, SCG selection during dual connectivity, assignment of RNAs). [0112] At 8, the WTRU may be in connected mode (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) connected mode) with an active ongoing UL/DL data exchange with cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1) and may move toward cell-2 (e.g., gNB-2) and cell-3 (e.g., gNB-3). The cell-1 (e.g., on which the WTRU is camped on) radio conditions may be deteriorating. [0113] At 9, based on the measurement reports from the WTRU and other information (e.g., cell load, WTRU mobility restrictions, radio capabilities), the first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may determine that a WTRU is in a state of ongoing active sensing service. Based on at least one of: the measurement reports from the WTRU; the updated mobility restriction list; the WTRU being in a state of ongoing active sensing service; or other information (e.g., cell load, WTRU mobility restrictions, radio capabilities), the first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may decide to handover the WTRU. The first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may send a first message (e.g., a handover required message) to the second network node (e.g., AMF) (e.g., based on the updated mobility restriction list and the WTRU being in a state of ongoing active sensing service). The first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may provide information about the ongoing active sensing services (e.g., SSID-1). [0114] At 10, the AMF may coordinate with the sensing NFs (e.g., SOMF/ISANF) to check if an update is requested (e.g., required) to the mobility restriction list as per the active sensing service SSID-1. [0115] At 11, the AMF may determine the target gNB (e.g., gNB-3 or cell-3) via the SSAR list, support for sensing services, ongoing active sensing service (e.g., SSID-1), and may accordingly send a handover request to the target gNB (e.g., gNB-3). The AMF may (e.g., may also) provide the mobility restriction list with information (e.g., additional information) including the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing services set to SSID-1. [0116] At 12, the gNB-3 may respond back with a handover request acknowledge message informing the AMF that the target gNB may have prepared the resources for handover and may admit the WTRU. [0117] At 13, the AMF may send a handover command to the serving gNB-1. The serving gNB-1 may send the handover command to the WTRU via an RRC reconfiguration message. The WTRU may use this as the trigger to start camping on the target cell (e.g., cell-3). [0118] At 14, the WTRU may successfully camp on the target cell (e.g., cell-3). [0119] At 15, the gNB-3 (e.g., target gNB) may send the handover notify to the AMF. The handover may be (e.g., may then be) considered successful. [0120] At 16, the second network node (e.g., AMF) may inform the first network node (e.g., gNB-1) about the successful handover via a second message (e.g., a handover success message). [0121] At 17, successful handover of the WTRU in connected mode may be to the gNB-3 (e.g., cell-3). With sensing service continuity for UL/DL data, the path may be successfully switched from gNB-1 to gNB- 3. [0122] At any time, if the system (e.g., 5GS) is not able to provide continuous and accurate sensing information to the target WTRU, the 5GS may inform the target WTRU about not providing the information via control plane signaling. The 5GS may pass this information to the sensing application via NFs. The sensing application may ensure the target WTRU/user is aware of the information. This event may result in a termination of service, reselection of a different network, or re-registration with the network. [0123] In examples, a device (e.g., wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)) may associate with (e.g., establish a connection with or camp on) a first cell (e.g., cell-1 or gNB-1). The WTRU may receive a trigger for sensing service coordination with a network. The WTRU may send (e.g., based on the trigger for sensing service coordination) a first message to a network node (e.g., an AMF) that indicates sensing and location related information. The first message may be sent via UL NAS signaling (e.g., registration, UL NAS transport, service request, or other procedures). The sensing and location relation information may include supported sensing services and types (e.g., continuous/periodic/intermittent/event driven), sensor type performance, location coordinates, geo-fencing information, etc. [0124] The AMF may coordinate the first message (e.g., request) sent from the WTRU with SOMF/ISANF. The AMF may consider at least one of the provided sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system (e.g., sensing infrastructure, base stations, and other sensor availabilities), dynamic radio conditions, or WTRU authorization determined for the area. The WTRU may receive a second message from the AMF that indicates a sensing service associated with a sensing service area restriction (SSAR) list (e.g., based on the sensing and location related information, the availability of the sensing system, dynamic radio conditions, or the WTRU authorization determined for the area). The SSAR list may be per target sensing service type (e.g., sensing service SSID-1 supported in sensing service area cell-1 and cell-3). [0125] The second network node (e.g., AMF) may provide an updated mobility restriction list to the first network node (e.g., cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1)) using NGAP signaling (e.g., initial contest setup request, downlink NAS transport). The updated mobility restriction list may include the SSAR list per sensing service and a flag for active sensing services (e.g., none at this time). The updated mobility restriction list and additional information with respect to sensing (e.g., SSAR list) may be used by the gNB for mobility and access restrictions (e.g., handover, SCG selection during dual connectivity, assignment of RNAs). [0126] The sensing service(s) may be activated by the network node or by the WTRU. In examples, the WTRU may receive a message from the network node (e.g., an AMF DL sensing service activated message) that indicates a network activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bit map that indicates the sensing service is activated. In examples, the WTRU may send a message to the network node (e.g., a WTRU UL sensing service activated message) that indicates a WTRU activated sensing service (e.g., includes a bit map that indicates the sensing service is activated). Based on a sensing service being activated (SSID-1), the AMF may provide the updated mobility restriction list to cell-1 (e.g., gNB-1) using the NGAP signaling (e.g., including the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing services set to SSID-1). [0127] The WTRU may determine the WTRU is in connected mode (e.g., RRC connected mode). The WTRU may generate measurement reports used to handover the device. The first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may determine that the WTRU is in a state of ongoing active sensing service. The first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may decide to handover the WTRU and send a first message (e.g., a handover required message) to the second network node (e.g., AMF) (e.g., based on the updated mobility restriction list and the WTRU being in a state of ongoing active sensing service). The first network node (e.g., gNB-1) may provide information about the ongoing active sensing services (e.g., SSID-1). The AMF may determine the target gNB (e.g., cell-3 or gNB-3) per the SSAR list, support for sensing services, and ongoing active sensing service (e.g., SSID-1). The AMF may send a handover request to the target gNB. The AMF may provide the mobility restriction list with additional information including the SSAR list per sensing service and an additional flag for active sensing services set to SSID-1. The WTRU may be successfully handed over the cell-3 (e.g., gNB-3) using a handover procedure. The second network node (e.g., AMF) may inform the first network node (e.g., gNB-1) about the successful handover via a second message (e.g., a handover success message). In examples, the WTRU may receive a message from the AMF indicating a handover command to the device. The device may use the handover command to associate with (e.g., connect with or camp on) a second cell. [0128] In examples, a first network node (e.g., gNB-1 or cell-1) may receive, from a second network node, an updated mobility restriction list via NGAP signaling. The first network node may determine that a WTRU is in a state of outgoing active sensing service. The first network node may send, to the second network node, a first message. The first message may include at least a handover of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) based on the updated mobility restriction list and the WTRU being in a state of ongoing active sensing service. The first message may include (e.g., may further include) information about the ongoing active sensing services. The first network node may receive, from the second network node, a second message that indicates the handover has been successful. [0129] Although features and elements described above are described in particular combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments, or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. [0130] Although the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it is understood that the implementations described herein are not restricted to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) or 5G specific protocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are not restricted to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systems as well. [0131] The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program, software, and/or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and/or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over wired and/or wireless connections) and/or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and/or optical media such as compact disc (CD)-ROM disks, and/or digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and/or any host computer. ^

Claims

CLAIMS What is Claimed: 1. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), comprising: a processor configured to: establish a connection with a first cell; send a first message to a network node that indicates sensing and location related information; receive a second message from the network node that indicates a sensing service associated with a sensing service area restriction list; determine the sensing service is activated; perform an idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure via the activated sensing service associated with the sensing service area restriction list; determine a quality of the first cell is below a threshold; and based on the determination that the quality of the first cell is below the threshold and the sensing service area restriction list, establish a connection with a second cell for reselection, wherein the second cell supports the activated sensing service..

2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the sensing service area restriction list includes a list of location IDs and geo-fencing locations.

3. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the sensing service area restriction list is based on at least one of: the sensing and location related information, sensing system availability, dynamic radio conditions, or a WTRU authorization determined for an area.

4. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the sensing and location related information comprise at least one of: a requested sensing service and a sensing service type, a sensor type preference, location coordinates, or geo-fencing information.

5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the sensing service type is at least one of a continuous sensing service type, a periodic sensing service type, or an event driven sensing service type.

6. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a trigger for sensing service coordination with the network node, wherein the first message is sent to the network node based on the received trigger.

7. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the sensing service is determined to be activated based on a downlink (DL) sensing service activated message received from the network node that includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, wherein the activated sensing service is from the plurality of sensing services.

8. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to send an uplink (UL) sensing service activated message to the network node that includes a bitmap that indicates a plurality of sensing services, wherein the activated sensing service is from the plurality of sensing services.

9. A method associated with a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: establishing a connection with a first cell; sending a first message to a network node that indicates sensing and location related information; receiving a second message from the network node that indicates a sensing service area restriction list, wherein the sensing service area restriction list is associated with a sensing service; determining the sensing service is activated; performing idle mode cell selection and reselection procedure via the activated sensing service associated with the sensing service area restriction list; determining a quality of the first cell is below a threshold; and based on the determination that the quality of the first cell is below the threshold and the sensing service area restriction list, establishing a connection with a second cell for reselection, wherein the second cell supports the activated sensing service.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the sensing service area restriction list includes a list of location IDs and geo-fencing locations.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the sensing service area restriction list is based on at least one of: the sensing and location related information, sensing system availability, dynamic radio conditions, or a WTRU authorization determined for an area.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the sensing and location related information comprise at least one of: a requested sensing service and a sensing service type, a sensor type preference, location coordinates, or geo-fencing information.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the sensing service type is at least one of a continuous sensing service type, a periodic sensing service type, or an event driven sensing service type.

14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving a trigger for sensing service coordination with the network node, wherein the first message is sent to the network node based on the received trigger.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the first message is sent via uplink non-access stratum (UL NAS) signaling. ^