EP4736412A1 - Merge mode intra-template matching prediction - Google Patents

Abstract

For encoding and decoding video with intra-template matching prediction, a merge mode may be used. A device for video decoding and/or encoding may identify a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block. The first block vector-predicted video block may be associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTMP). The device may obtain an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block. The device may infer a candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block. The device may decode and/or encode the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter. The intra-template parameters may include parameters such as an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, an intra-template sub-pel direction index, and/or the like.

Description

MERGE MODE INTRA-TEMPLATE MATCHING PREDICTION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. 23306109.2, filed June 30, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, e.g., to reduce the storage and/or transmission bandwidth needed for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and/or object-based systems.

SUMMARY

[0003] For encoding and decoding video with intra-template matching prediction, a merge mode may be used. Intra-template parameters used for decoding a coding unit that is intra-template matching prediction encoded may be inherited for use decoding a neighboring coding unit. Signaling may include information indicating that the intra-template parameters for a coding unit may be inherited for use with a neighboring coding unit. The intra-template parameters may include parameters such as an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra- template fusion flag, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, an intra-template sub-pel direction index, or the like.

[0004] In examples, a device for video decoding and/or encoding may identify a first block vector- predicted video block that neighbors a second video block. The first block vector-predicted video block may be associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTM P). The device may obtain an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block. The device may infer a candidate intraTM P parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector- predicted video block. The device may decode and/or encode the second video block based on the candidate intraTM P parameter. [0005] The device may include one or more features as described herein. The device may receive, in video data, an indication indicating that intra-template merge mode may be used for the second video block. The inference of the candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block may be performed based on the indication indicating that intra-template merge mode may be used for the second video block. The device may indicate, in video data, that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may be at least one of an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra- template index, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, or an intra-template sub-pel direction index. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may include a block vector associated with the first video block. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may include a block vector associated with the first video block. The device may be configured to identify a reduced search area based on the block vector associated with the first video block. The device may identify a refined block vector for the second block in the reduced search area by minimizing a template cost.

[0006] A video encoding and/or decoding method may include identifying a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block. The first block vector-predicted video block may be associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTMP). The method may include obtaining an intra- template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block. The method may include determining a candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block. The method may include encoding and/or deciding the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter.

[0007] The method may include one or more features as described herein. The method may include receiving, in video data, an indication indicating that intra-template merge mode may be used for the second video block. The inference of the candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block may be performed based on the indication indicating that intra-template merge mode may be used for the second video block. The method may include indicating, in video data, that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may be at least one of an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, or an intra-template sub-pel direction index. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may include a block vector associated with the first video block. The method may include refining the candidate intraTMP parameter based on a template of the second video block. The intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block may include a block vector associated with the first video block. The method may include identifying a reduced search area based on the block vector associated with the first video block. The method may include identifying a refined block vector for the second block in the reduced search area by minimizing a template cost.

[0008] A computer program product which may be stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium and includes program code instructions for implementing any one or and/or a combination of steps of a method as described herein when executed by a processor. Video data may include information representative of the encoded current block generated according to a method as described herein.

[0009] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve a decoder. In some examples, the systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve an encoder. In some examples, the systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve a signal (e.g., from an encoder and/or received by a decoder). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions which, when the program is executed by one or more processors, may cause the one or more processors to carry out the methods described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0011] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0012] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0013] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an example video encoder.

[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates an example video decoder.

[0016] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a a system in which various aspects and examples may be implemented.

[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates an example intra-template matching search area.

[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates example template and reference samples.

[0019] FIG 7. Illustrates using motion information of subblocks of a current block.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0020] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0021] FIG. 1 A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0022] As shown in FIG. 1 A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a ON 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station” and/or a "STA”, may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0023] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a g N B, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0024] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0025] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0026] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR). [0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0030] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1 X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0031] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

[0032] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0033] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.

[0034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0035] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. [0037] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0038] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0039] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0040] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0041] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. [0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0043] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.

[0044] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0045] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0046] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the

WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0047] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0048] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0049] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0052] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. [0053] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0054] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0055] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad- hoc” mode of communication.

[0056] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0057] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0058] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0059] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11 ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non- TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0060] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0061] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0062] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0063] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0064] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0065] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. [0066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0067] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0068] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi. [0069] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernetbased, and the like.

[0070] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0071] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0072] In view of Figures 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0073] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0074] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0075] This application describes a variety of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, approaches, etc. Many of these aspects are described with specificity and, at least to show the individual characteristics, are often described in a manner that may sound limiting. However, this is for purposes of clarity in description, and does not limit the application or scope of those aspects. Indeed, all of the different aspects may be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Moreover, the aspects may be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier filings as well.

[0076] The aspects described and contemplated in this application may be implemented in many different forms. FIGS. 5-7 described herein may provide some examples, but other examples are contemplated. The discussion of FIGS. 5-7 does not limit the breadth of the implementations. At least one of the aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a bitstream generated or encoded. These and other aspects may be implemented as a method, an apparatus, a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods described, and/or a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods described. [0077] In the present application, the terms "reconstructed” and "decoded” may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel” and "sample” may be used interchangeably, the terms "image,” "picture” and "frame” may be used interchangeably.

[0078] Various methods are described herein, and each of the methods comprises one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as "first”, "second”, etc. may be used in various examples to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., such as, for example, a "first decoding” and a "second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an ordering to the modified operations unless specifically required. So, in this example, the first decoding need not be performed before the second decoding, and may occur, for example, before, during, or in an overlapping time period with the second decoding.

[0079] Various methods and other aspects described in this application may be used to modify modules, for example, decoding modules, of a video encoder 200 and decoder 300 as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Moreover, the subject matter disclosed herein may be applied, for example, to any type, format or version of video coding, whether described in a standard or a recommendation, whether pre-existing or future- developed, and extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless indicated otherwise, or technically precluded, the aspects described in this application may be used individually or in combination. [0080] Various numeric values are used in examples described the present application, such as with regard to window sizes (e.g., an 8x8 a window a current block vector described herein). These and other specific values are for purposes of describing examples and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values. [0081] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example video encoder. Variations of example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the encoder 200 is described below for purposes of clarity without describing all expected variations.

[0082] Before being encoded, the video sequence may go through pre-encoding processing (201), for example, applying a color transform to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of the input picture components in order to get a signal distribution more resilient to compression (for instance using a histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing, and attached to the bitstream.

[0083] In the encoder 200, a picture is encoded by the encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units of, for example, coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, either an intra or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in an intra mode, it performs intra prediction (260). In an inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which one of the intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit, and indicates the intra/inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. Prediction residuals are calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0084] The prediction residuals are then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, as well as motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the nontransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is coded directly without the application of the transform or quantization processes.

[0085] The encoder decodes an encoded block to provide a reference for further predictions. The quantized transform coefficients are de-quantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode prediction residuals. Combining (255) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block, an image block is reconstructed. In-loop filters (265) are applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking/SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) filtering to reduce encoding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0086] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a video decoder. In example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below. Video decoder 300 generally performs a decoding pass reciprocal to the encoding pass as described in FIG. 2. The encoder 200 also generally performs video decoding as part of encoding video data.

[0087] In particular, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coded information. The picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. The decoder may therefore divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partitioning information. The transform coefficients are de-quantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals. Combining (355) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block, an image block is reconstructed. The predicted block may be obtained (370) from intra prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter prediction) (375). In-loop filters (365) are applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0088] The decoded picture can further go through post-decoding processing (385), for example, an inverse color transform (e.g. conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or an inverse remapping performing the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (201). The post-decoding processing can use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded images (e.g., after application of the in-loop filters (365) and/or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be sent to a display device for rendering to a user.

[0089] FIG. 4A is a diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein may be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and is configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices, include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400, singly or in combination, may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and/or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder/decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and/or discrete components. In various examples, the system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems, or other electronic devices, via, for example, a communications bus or through dedicated input and/or output ports. In various examples, the system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0090] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, the various aspects described in this document. Processor 410 can include embedded memory, input output interface, and various other circuitries as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device, and/or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440, which can include non-volatile memory and/or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), flash, magnetic disk drive, and/or optical disk drive. The storage device 440 can include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including detachable and non-detachable storage devices), and/or a network accessible storage device, as non-limiting examples.

[0091] System 400 includes an encoder/decoder module 430 configured, for example, to process data to provide an encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder/decoder module 430 can include its own processor and memory. The encoder/decoder module 430 represents module(s) that may be included in a device to perform the encoding and/or decoding functions. As is known, a device can include one or both of the encoding and decoding modules. Additionally, encoder/decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400 or may be incorporated within processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.

[0092] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder/decoder 430 to perform the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. In accordance with various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder/decoder module 430 can store one or more of various items during the performance of the processes described in this document. Such stored items can include, but are not limited to, the input video, the decoded video or portions of the decoded video, the bitstream, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0093] In some examples, memory inside of the processor 410 and/or the encoder/decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and to provide working memory for processing that is needed during encoding or decoding. In other examples, however, a memory external to the processing device (for example, the processing device may be either the processor 410 or the encoder/decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be the memory 420 and/or the storage device 440, for example, a dynamic volatile memory and/or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, an external non-volatile flash memory is used to store the operating system of, for example, a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory such as a RAM is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0094] The input to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) portion that receives an RF signal transmitted, for example, over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) a Component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a Universal Serial Bus (USB) input terminal, and/or (iv) a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples, not shown in FIG. 4A, include composite video.

[0095] In various examples, the input devices of block 445 have associated respective input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF portion may be associated with elements suitable for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band-limiting a signal to a band of frequencies), (ii) downconverting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower band of frequencies to select (for example) a signal frequency band which may be referred to as a channel in certain examples, (iv) demodulating the downconverted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and/or (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired stream of data packets. The RF portion of various examples includes one or more elements to perform these functions, for example, frequency selectors, signal selectors, band-limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF portion can include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, downconverting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF portion and its associated input processing element receives an RF signal transmitted over a wired (for example, cable) medium, and performs frequency selection by filtering, downconverting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the above-described (and other) elements, remove some of these elements, and/or add other elements performing similar or different functions. Adding elements can include inserting elements in between existing elements, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and an analog-to-digital converter. In various examples, the RF portion includes an antenna.

[0096] The USB and/or HDMI terminals can include respective interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and/or HDMI connections. It is to be understood that various aspects of input processing, for example, Reed-Solomon error correction, may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410 as necessary. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented within separate interface ICs or within processor 410 as necessary. The demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410, and encoder/decoder 430 operating in combination with the memory and storage elements to process the datastream as necessary for presentation on an output device.

[0097] Various elements of system 400 may be provided within an integrated housing, Within the integrated housing, the various elements may be interconnected and transmit data therebetween using suitable connection arrangement 425, for example, an internal bus as known in the art, including the Inter- IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and printed circuit boards.

[0098] The system 400 includes communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and to receive data over communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a modem or network card and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and/or a wireless medium. [0099] Data is streamed, or otherwise provided, to the system 400, in various examples, using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network, for example IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signal of these examples is received over the communications channel 460 and the communications interface 450 which are adapted for Wi-Fi communications. The communications channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks including the Internet for allowing streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples provide streamed data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers the data over the HDMI connection of the input block 445. Still other examples provide streamed data to the system 400 using the RF connection of the input block 445. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, for example a cellular network or a Bluetooth® network. [0100] The system 400 can provide an output signal to various output devices, including a display 475, speakers 485, and other peripheral devices 495. The display 475 of various examples includes one or more of, for example, a touchscreen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and/or a foldable display. The display 475 may be for a television, a tablet, a laptop, a cell phone (mobile phone), or other device. The display 475 can also be integrated with other components (for example, as in a smart phone), or separate (for example, an external monitor for a laptop). The other peripheral devices 495 include, in various examples, one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disk player, a stereo system, and/or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide a function based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disk player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400. [0101] In various examples, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speakers 485, or other peripheral devices 495 using signaling such as AV. Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communications protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. The output devices may be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to system 400 using the communications channel 460 via the communications interface 450. The display 475 and speakers 485 may be integrated in a single unit with the other components of system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.

[0102] The display 475 and speakers 485 can alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various examples in which the display 475 and speakers 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs.

[0103] The examples may be carried out by computer software implemented by the processor 410 or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. The memory 420 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. The processor 410 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment, and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general purpose computers, special purpose computers, and processors based on a multi-core architecture, as non-limiting examples.

[0104] Various implementations involve decoding. "Decoding”, as used in this application, can encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence in order to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, for example, entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also, or alternatively, include processes performed by a decoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, receiving an intra-template parameter for a first coding unit, determining that an intra-template parameter for the first coding unit may be used for decoding a second coding unit, and decoding the first coding unit based on the intra-template parameter and the second coding unit based on the intra-template parameter.

[0105] As further examples, in one example "decoding” refers only to entropy decoding, in another example "decoding” refers only to differential decoding, and in another example "decoding” refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process” is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to the broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific descriptions and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0106] Various implementations involve encoding. In an analogous way to the above discussion about "decoding”, "encoding” as used in this application can encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on an input video sequence in order to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, for example, partitioning, differential encoding, transformation, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes also, or alternatively, include processes performed by an encoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, determining an intra-template parameter for encoding a first coding unit, applying the intra-template parameter to a second coding unit that neighbors the first coding unit, encoding video comprising the first coding unit and the second coding unit with intra- template matching prediction, and/or signaling information that the intra-template parameter for the first coding unit may be used for decoding the second coding unit.

[0107] As further examples, in one example "encoding” refers only to entropy encoding, in another example "encoding” refers only to differential encoding, and in another example "encoding” refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process” is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to the broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific descriptions and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0108] Note that syntax elements as used herein, for example, coding syntax such as syntax for intra- template parameters (e.g., an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, an intra-template sub-pel direction index, and the like) are descriptive terms. As such, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0109] When a figure is presented as a flow diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of a corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when a figure is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flow diagram of a corresponding method/process.

[0110] The implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (for example, discussed only as a method), the implementation of features discussed can also be implemented in other forms (for example, an apparatus or program). An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. The methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which refers to processing devices in general, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cell phones, portable/personal digital assistants ("PDAs"), and other devices that facilitate communication of information between end-users.

[0111] Reference to "one example” or "an example” or "one implementation” or "an implementation”, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the appearances of the phrase "in one example” or "in an example” or "in one implementation” or "in an implementation”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0112] Additionally, this application may refer to "determining” various pieces of information. Determining the information can include one or more of, for example, estimating the information, calculating the information, predicting the information, or retrieving the information from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and/or determining.

[0113] Further, this application may refer to "accessing” various pieces of information. Accessing the information can include one or more of, for example, receiving the information, retrieving the information (for example, from memory), storing the information, moving the information, copying the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.

[0114] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving is, as with "accessing”, intended to be a broad term. Receiving the information can include one or more of, for example, accessing the information, or retrieving the information (for example, from memory). Further, "receiving” is typically involved, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing the information, processing the information, transmitting the information, moving the information, copying the information, erasing the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.

[0115] It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following "and/or”, and "at least one of, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, "A and/or B” and "at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of "A, B, and/or C” and "at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as is clear to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items as are listed.

[0116] Also, as used herein, the word "signal” refers to, among other things, indicating something to a corresponding decoder. Encoder signals may include, for example, signaling information that the intratemplate parameter for a first coding unit may be inherited for a second coding unit. Encoder signals may include, for example, signaling information indicating use of an intra-template matching prediction merge mode. In this way, in an example the same parameter is used at both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, an encoder can transmit (explicit signaling) a particular parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same particular parameter. Conversely, if the decoder already has the particular parameter as well as others, then signaling may be used without transmitting (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the particular parameter. By avoiding transmission of any actual functions, a bit savings is realized in various examples. It is to be appreciated that signaling may be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, one or more syntax elements, flags, and so forth are used to signal information to a corresponding decoder in various examples. While the preceding relates to the verb form of the word "signal”, the word "signal” can also be used herein as a noun.

[0117] As will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, implementations may produce a variety of signals formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted. The information can include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data produced by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry the bitstream of a described example. Such a signal may be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (for example, using a radio frequency portion of spectrum) or as a baseband signal. The formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream. The information that the signal carries may be, for example, analog or digital information. The signal may be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is known. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0118] Many examples are described herein. Features of examples may be provided alone or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. Further, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, alone or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. For example, features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal that includes information generated as described herein. The information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, the encoder, bitstream, and/or decoder according to any of the embodiments described. For example, features described herein may be implemented by creating and/or transmitting and/or receiving and/or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that performs decoding. The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may display (e.g. using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) a resulting image (e.g., an image from residual reconstruction of the video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0119] Intra prediction (e.g., intra prediction that improves the intra template matching (IntraTMP) prediction process) may be performed. For example, a merge mode may be used with IntraTMP. For example, a neighboring CU's information may be used for the current block. Such an approach may reduce signaling overhead.

[0120] IntraTMP may include a coding tool where a prediction block may be copied from a reconstructed area in the current frame, for example through template matching to find the position of the reference block. [0121] IntraTMP may include one or more parameters to code. For example, an index may be signaled to indicate a selected candidate. Other flags may be signaled to indicate whether the prediction is made of fusion of multiple candidate, whether sub-pixel is used, and the like.

[0122] As disclosed herein, one or more of these parameters may be used from neighboring CU's. For example, if a neighboring CU is IntraTMP coded, a flag may be signaled to indicate the current CU copies the IntraTMP information for the neighboring CU.

[0123] IntraTMP may include an intra prediction mode that, inter alia, copies a prediction block (e.g., the best prediction block) from a reconstructed part of a current frame, e.g., whose L-shaped template matches a current template. For example, for a predefined search range, the encoder may search for a similar template (e.g., the most similar template) to the current template in a reconstructed part of the current frame. The encoder may use the corresponding block as a prediction block. The encoder may signal the usage of this mode. In an example, a corresponding prediction operation (e.g., a same prediction operation) may be performed at the decoder side.

[0124] The prediction signal may be generated by matching the L-shaped causal neighbor of the current block with another block in a predefined search area, for example as shown in FIG. 5. To illustrate, in FIG.

5, R1 may represent a current CTU, R2 may represent a top-left CTU, R3 may represent an above CTU, and R4 may represent a left CTU. Here, a sum of absolute differences (SAD) may be used as a cost function, for example.

[0125] Within each region, the decoder may search for a template that has an appropriate SAD (e.g., a least SAD) with respect to the current one. The decoder may use its corresponding block as a prediction block.

[0126] The dimensions of the regions (Search Range_w, SearchRange_h) may be set proportional to the block dimension (BlkW, BlkH), e.g., to have a fixed number of SAD comparisons per pixel. That is, in an example:

Search Range_w = a * BlkW

SearchRange_h = a * BlkH

Parameter ‘a’ may represent a constant that controls the gain/complexity trade-off. In an example, ‘a’ may be equal to 5. [0127] FIG. 6 may illustrate an intra template matching search area to be used. The search range of search regions (e.g., all search regions) may be subsampled by a factor of 2 (e.g., to speed-up the template matching process). This may lead to a reduction of template matching search by 4. After finding a match (e.g., the best match), a refinement process may be performed. The refinement may be done via a second template matching search around the match (e.g., the first best match) with a reduced range. The reduced range may be defined as min(BlkW, BlkH)/2.

[0128] In an example, the Intra template matching tool may be enabled for CUs with size less than or equal to 64 in width and height. This maximum CU size for intra template matching may be configurable.

[0129] The intra template matching prediction mode may be signaled (e.g., at a CU level) through an indication (e.g., a dedicated flag). For example, intra template matching prediction mode may be signaled (e.g., at a CU level) through a dedicated flag when DIMD is not used for the current CU.

[0130] Multi-candidate IntraTMP may be considered. A candidate list may be constructed with candidate block vectors (BV) ranked in ascending order of their template matching costs. An index of the selected candidate may be signalled in the bitstream.

[0131] IntraTMP fusion may be performed. Multiple IntraTMP matched blocks may be derived. The multiple IntraTMP matched blocks may be fused (e.g., to produce a better overall prediction).

[0132] Sub-pel precision may be considered in IntraTMP. The sub-pel positions around the integer-pel position obtained by template matching may be further enabled to IntraTMP. For example, a DCT-IF filter may be used for sub-pel interpolation.

[0133] IntraTMP with a filter model may be performed. For example, filter parameters may be derived using a template of the current block and a corresponding matching template. The prediction block may be obtained by applying the model to filter the reference block.

[0134] In IntraTMP fusion, multiple reference blocks may be blended. The blending of multiple reference blocks may be used to derive a final prediction block. In an example, the final prediction block may be derived via a Wiener-filter based weight derivation method. Reference blocks may be obtained by Block Vectors (BVs) in template matching search process, for example.

[0135] Certain IntraTMP modes may be considered, such as "left template”, "above template”, and "L- shape fusion” modes. For example, the left and above template modes may employ a left side or an above side to derive template matching candidates. For example, a fusion mode may fuse two or more L-shape candidates (e.g., the best 2, the best 5, or the like, L-shape candidates). For example, the fusion mode may fuse two or more L-shape candidates via a specified technique, such as a template matching costbased technique and/or a MSE minimization based linear combination formula, or the like. [0136] The search range of IntraTMP may include a search range that is extended to the adjacent search area of IntraTMP. The search range of the IntraTMP may include a search range that is extended to enlarge the search range for small blocks.

[0137] An example syntax for IntraTMP, as disclosed herein, may be represented as follows:

[0138] The intra_tmp_flag may indicate whether the intra prediction type for current block is IntraTMP or not. The intra_tmp_fusion_flag may indicate whether fusion is used or not for current block. The intra_tmp_fusion_idx may specify the candidate set used for IntraTMP fusion. The range of intra_tmp_fusion_idx may include 0 to 2, for example. The intra_tmp_fusion_idx may be used to indicate a candidate set. For example, it may indicate one of the three candidate sets (e.g., {BVO to BV4}, {BV5 to BV9}, {BV10 to BV14}.) The intra_tmp_fusion_weight_type may indicate whether the SAD based weight derivation method or the Wiener-filter based weight derivation method is used. The intrajmpjdx may specify the index of BV in the candidate list used for current block. The range of intrajmpjdx may be 0 to 18, for example. Candidates from L-shape template, top template and left template may be included in the same candidate list. The intra Jmp_sub_pel_precisionJdx may specify a precision index for current block. The range of intra Jmp_sub_pel_precisionJdx may include 0 to 3, for example, indicating integer-pel precision, 1/2-pel precision, 1/4-pel precision and 3/4-pel precision, respectively. The intra Jmp_sub_pel_directionJdx may specify the sub-pel direction index for current block. The range of intra Jmp_sub_pel_phase_idx may include 0 to 7.

[0139] A video encoding/decoding process that incorporates an adaptive reordering of merge candidates with template matching approach (such as adaptive reordering of merge candidates template matching (ARMC-TM)) may enable effective prediction in video coding.

[0140] Merge candidates may be adaptively reordered with template matching (TM). For example, in regular merge mode, TM merge mode, and affine merge mode (e.g., excluding the SbTMVP candidate). In the TM merge mode, merge candidates may be reordered before the refinement process.

[0141] An initial merge candidate list may be constructed according to a given checking order, such as spatial, TMVPs, non-adjacent, HMVPs, pairwise, virtual merge candidates. The candidates in the initial list may be divided into several subgroups. For the template matching (TM) merge mode with adaptive DMVR mode, each merge candidate in the initial list may be firstly refined by using TM/multi-pass DMVR. Merge candidates in each subgroup may be reordered to generate a reordered merge candidate list. The reordering may be according to cost values based on template matching. The index of selected merge candidate in the reordered merge candidate list may be signaled to the decoder. In an example, merge candidates that are in the last but are not the first subgroup may not be reordered. Zero candidates from the ARMC reordering process may be excluded during the construction of merge motion vector candidates list. In an example, the subgroup size may be set to 5 for regular merge mode and TM merge mode. The subgroup size may be set to 3 for affine merge mode.

[0142] FIG. 6 illustrates example template and reference samples. The template matching cost of a merge candidate during the reordering process may be measured by the SAD between samples of a template of the current block and their corresponding reference samples. The template may include a set of reconstructed samples neighboring to the current block. Reference samples of the template may be located by the motion information of the merge candidate. When a merge candidate utilizes bi-directional prediction, the reference samples of the template of the merge candidate may be generated by biprediction. [0143] Refinement of the initial merge candidate list may include discarding low-quality candidates. When multi-pass DMVR is used to derive the refined motion to the initial merge candidate list, a first pass (e.g., only the first pass, also e.g., a PU level) of multi-pass DMVR may be applied in reordering. When template matching is used to derive the refined motion, the template size may be set equal to 1 , for example. The above or left template (e.g., only the above or left template) may be used during the motion refinement of TM. For example, the above or left template (e.g., only the above or left template) may be used during the motion refinement of TM when the block is flat with a block-width greater than 2 times of height or with a block-height greater than 2 times of width. TM may be extended to perform 1/16-pel MVD precision. For example, the first four merge candidates may be reordered with the refined motion in TM merge mode.

[0144] For subblock-based merge candidates with subblock size equal to Wsub x Hsub, the above template may comprise several sub-templates with the size of Wsub x 1 . The left template may comprise several sub-templates with the size of 1 x Hsub, for example. As shown in FIG. 6, the motion information of the subblocks in the first row and the first column of current block may be used to derive the reference samples of each sub-template.

[0145] A candidate may be considered redundant in the reordering process, for example, if the cost difference between the candidate and its predecessor is less than a lambda value, for example |D1-D2| < A, where D1 and D2 are the costs obtained during the first ARMC ordering and A is the Lagrangian parameter used in the RD criterion at the encoder side.

[0146] For example, the minimum cost difference between a candidate and its predecessor among all candidates in the list may be determined. If the minimum cost difference is greater than or equal to A, the list may be considered diverse enough and the reordering may stop, for example. If this minimum cost difference is less than A, the candidate may be considered as redundant. It may be moved to a further position in the list. For example, this further position may be the first position where the candidate is diverse enough compared to its predecessor. The algorithm may stop after a finite number of iterations, for example if the minimum cost difference is not inferior to A.

[0147] This approach may be applied to certain merge modes (e.g., Regular, TM, BM, and Affine merge modes). A corresponding approach may be applied to Merge MMVD and/or sign MVD prediction methods that may also use ARMC for the reordering.

[0148] The value of A may be set equal to the A of the rate distortion criterion used to select a merge candidate (e.g., the best merge candidate) at the encoder side for low delay configuration. The value of A may be set equal to the value A corresponding to a another QP for Random Access configuration. A set of A values corresponding to each signaled QP offset is provided in the SPS or in the Slice Header for the QP offsets which are not present in the SPS.

[0149] The ARMC design may also be applicable to the AMVP mode, for example wherein the AMVP candidates may be reordered according to the TM cost. For the template matching for advanced motion vector prediction (TM-AMVP) mode, an initial AMVP candidate list may be constructed, followed by a refinement from TM to construct a refined AMVP candidate list. In addition, an MVP candidate with a TM cost larger than a threshold, which may be equal to five times of the cost of the first MVP candidate, may be skipped.

[0150] In an example, when wrap around motion compensation is enabled, the MV candidate may be clipped with wrap around offset taken into account, for example.

[0151] FIG. 7 illustrates a template and reference samples of the template for a block with sub-block motion using the motion information of the subblocks of the current block.

[0152] As disclosed herein, IntraTMP may be employed with a merge mode approach. For example, if a neighboring CU is IntraTMP coded, its information may be used for a current CU. This approach may reduce the signaling overhead (e.g., in view of the information being reused). This approach may provide the encoder with some candidates that were not available previously.

[0153] One or more of the relevant intraTMP signaled parameters may be inherited from neighboring CU's. For example, the intra_tmp_fusion_flag may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_fusion_idx may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_fusion_weight_type may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_idx may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_filter_flag may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_sub_pel_precision_idx may be inherited from a neighboring CU. For example, the intra_tmp_sub_pel_precision_idx may be inherited from a neighboring CU.

[0154] Such parameters need not be signaled for each CU that employs IntraTMP in view of the syntax elements being inherited from neighboring CUs. The usage of the merge mode may be signaled. A syntax element may indicate which of the merge candidates is signaled and/or received/parsed.

[0155] Inherited information may be modified to better suit a current block. For example, inherited information may be modified or refined (e.g., to improve the prediction quality). For example, a block vector that is inherited via the merge process may be refined using a template matching process. For example, a new block vector may be found by minimizing the template cost. The search range may be limited to a small area around the current block vector (e.g., to reduce the computation cost). In an example, a window of 8x8 around the current block vector may be used to find a block vector that has a lower template cost. [0156] The refinement of the filtering parameters may be performed. For example, if the inherited information contains a filtering flag (e.g., intra_tmp_filter_flag) activated, the same filtering parameters may be used to filter the current prediction. A filtering indication may indicate that prediction filtering is activated (e.g., when it is equal to one), for example. In an example, the parameters for a current block may be recalculated and applied. This approach may better conform to current block statistics. This approach may improve the overall prediction quality.

[0157] Inherited parameters may be included inside the current IntraTMP, for example. In an example, the block vectors obtained from neighboring CU's may be used for the current intraTMP without signaling a merge mode flag (e.g., in order to make further use of the merge candidates). For example, if IntraTMP is used for the current block, template matching search may be used to deduce several candidates (e.g., nineteen candidates) that may be sorted according to their template matching cost. The candidate list can be augmented with block vectors obtained from neighboring CU's, which may be ordered using template cost (e.g., so as to not change the maximum number of candidates). This approach may enable the reuse of existing information.

[0158] ARMC may be performed in connection with the disclosed merge mode approach. For example, the merge candidates of IntraTMP can be sorted according to their template cost. A list may be constructed that contains the best N candidate, and an index may be signaled to indicate which candidate is used.

[0159] In an example, a neighboring CU may be IBC coded (e.g., instead of IntraTMP coded). The approach disclosed herein may be applied to IBC (e.g., because IBC associates with block vectors that may be uni-prediction (single block vector) or bi-prediction (2 block vectors). IBC may operate with local illumination compensation (LIC). LIC may improve the prediction by considering a multiplication factor and an offset from the reference samples.

[0160] In the case of IBC being activated in one or more of the neighboring CU's, for example, certain inherited information may be used. For example, the block vectors from IBC (uni and bi directional) may be inherited in merge mode. For example, they may be included in a merge list, as disclosed above. For example, they may be included for the current IntraTMP list, as disclosed above. For example, the block vectors may be subject to further refinement, as disclosed herein. For example, IBC subpel information may be reused. For example, the LIC flag may be inherited. For example, LIC may be applied with the same parameters as IBC. For example, LIC may be recalculated for the current block.

[0161] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

Claims

1 . A device for video decoding comprising a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: identify a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block, wherein the first block vector-predicted video block is associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTM P); obtain an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; infer a candidate intraTM P parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; and decode the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter.

2. A device for video encoding comprising a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: identify a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block, wherein the first block vector-predicted video block is associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTMP); obtain an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; determine a candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; and encode the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: receive, in video data, an indication indicating that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block, wherein the inference of the candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block is performed based on the indication indicating that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block.

4. The device of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to: indicate, in video data, that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block.

5. The device of any one of claims 1 -4, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first block vector- predicted video block comprises at least one of an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, or an intra-template sub-pel direction index.

6. The device of any one of claims 1 -5, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first block vector- predicted video block comprises a block vector associated with the first video block.

7. The device of any one of claims 1 -6, wherein the processor is further configured to: refine the candidate intraTMP parameter based on a template of the second video block.

8. The device of any one of claims 1 -5, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first block vector- predicted video block comprises a block vector associated with the first video block, and the processor is further configured to: identify a reduced search area based on the block vector associated with the first video block; and identify a refined block vector for the second block in the reduced search area by minimizing a template cost.

9. A video decoding method comprising: identifying a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block, wherein the first block vector-predicted video block is associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTMP); obtaining an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; inferring a candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block based on the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; and decoding the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter.

10. A video encoding method comprising: identifying a first block vector-predicted video block that neighbors a second video block, wherein the first block vector-predicted video block is associated with intra-template matching prediction (intraTMP); obtaining an intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; determining a candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block based on the intra- template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block; and encoding the second video block based on the candidate intraTMP parameter.

11 . The method of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises: receiving, in video data, an indication indicating that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block, wherein the inference of the candidate intraTMP parameter for the second video block is performed based on the indication indicating that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises: indicating, in video data, that intra-template merge mode is to be used for the second video block.

13. The method of any one of claims 9-12, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block comprises at least one of an intra-template fusion flag, an intra-template fusion index, an intra-template fusion weight type, an intra-template index, an intra-template sub-pel precision index, or an intra-template sub-pel direction index.

14. The method of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first block vector-predicted video block comprises a block vector associated with the first video block.

15. The method of any one of claims 9-14, further comprising: refining the candidate intraTMP parameter based on a template of the second video block.

16. The method of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the intra-template parameter for the first vector- predicted video block comprises a block vector associated with the first video block, and wherein the method further comprises: identifying a reduced search area based on the block vector associated with the first video block; and identifying a refined block vector for the second block in the reduced search area by minimizing a template cost.

17. A computer program product which is stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium and comprises program code instructions for implementing the steps of a method according to claim 10, 12, or claim 10 and any one of claims 13-16, when executed by a processor.

18. Video data comprising information representative of the encoded current block generated according to the method of claim 10, 12, or claim 10 and any one of claims 13-16.