EP4725194A1 - Gpm with inter and ibc prediction - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for performing geometric partition mode (GPM) with Inter and intra block copy (IBC) prediction. For example, inter prediction may be combined with IBC prediction. For example, GPM may be combined with IBC. GPM with inter prediction and IBC prediction may be supported by constructing an alternative IBC merge candidate list. GPM with inter prediction and IBC prediction may use alternative geometry partitioning modes.

Description

GPM WITH INTER AND IBC PREDICTION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATOINS

[0001] The application claims the benefit of European Patent Application Number 23306094.6, filed June 30, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, e.g., to reduce the storage and/or transmission bandwidth needed for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and/or object-based systems.

SUMMARY

[0003] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for performing geometric partition mode (GPM) with inter and intra block copy (IBC) prediction. For example, inter prediction may be combined with IBC prediction. For example, GPM may be combined with IBC. GPM with inter prediction and IBC prediction may be supported by constructing an alternative IBC merge candidate list. GPM with inter prediction and IBC prediction may use alternative geometry partitioning modes.

[0004] A device (e.g., video decoder, video encoder, etc.) may perform GPM with IBC. For example, a device may determine to use GPM for a coding block. The device may determine a partition (e.g., based on GPM) for the coding block. The device may determine a first subblock and a second subblock based on the partition. The device may determine whether IBC is used for each of the first subblock and the second subblock. The device may obtain an indication that indicates whether IBC is used for the first subblock. If an indication indicates to use IBC with the first subblock, a first merge index indication may be signaled for the first subblock, and a second merge index indication may be signaled for the second subblock. If an indication indicates to refrain from using IBC with the first subblock, a second indication may be obtained that indicates to use IBC with the second subblock. Prediction samples may be obtained for each of the subblocks. For example, prediction samples may be obtained based on IBC if IBC is determined to be used for the subblock. The device may decode/encode the coding block based on the prediction samples associated with the subblocks.

[0005] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve a decoder. In some examples, the systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve an encoder. In some examples, the systems, methods, and instrumentalities described herein may involve a signal (e.g., from an encoder and/or received by a decoder). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions which, when the program is executed by one or more processors, may cause the one or more processors to carry out the methods described herein.

[0006] The device may include a video decoding device. The video decoding device may include a processor. The video decoding device may determine to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block. The video decoding device may (e.g., based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block) obtain a GPM set indication that indicates whether a first GPM set or a second GPM set is selected. The video decoding device may obtain a GPM partition mode index. The video decoding device may determine a partition line based on the GPM set indication and the GPM partition mode index. The video decoding device may obtain a partitioning indication. The video decoding device may determine a partition line based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block. The partition line may be determined based on the partitioning indication. The video decoding device may determine a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block. The first subblock and the second subblock may be determined based on the partition line. The video decoding device may determine a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock, for example, based on IBC. The video decoding device may obtain a first IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the first subblock. The determination of whether to use IBC for the first subblock may be based on the first IBC indication. The video decoding device may obtain a second IBC indication, for example, based on a determination to use IBC for the first subblock. The second IBC indication may indicate a first IBC merge index. The determination of the first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock may be further based on the first IBC merge index. The video decoding device may determine a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock, for example, based on inter prediction. The video decoding device may obtain a third IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the second subblock. The determination whether to use IBC for the first subblock is based on the third IBC indication. The video decoding device may determine that IBC is not used for the second subblock based on the third IBC indication. The video decoding device may (e.g., based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock) obtain a prediction mode flag that indicates whether inter prediction is used for the second subblock. The video decoding device may determine that inter prediction is used for the second subblock, for example, based on the prediction mode flag. The determined second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock may be further based on the determination that inter prediction is used for the second subblock. The video decoding device may determine that IBC is not used for the second subblock. The video decoding device may (e.g., based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock) determine to use IBC for the first subblock. The video decoding device may construct an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block. The first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples may be further based on the constructed IBC merge candidate list. The video decoding device may decode the video block based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples.

[0007] The device may include a video encoding device. The video encoding device may include a processor. The video encoding device may determine to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block. The video encoding device may determine a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block. The video encoding device may determine a partition line, for example, based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block. The first subblock and the second subblock may be determined based on the partition line. The video encoding device may determine a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock, for example, based on IBC. The video encoding device may determine to use IBC for the first subblock. The video encoding device may determine a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock, for example, based on inter prediction. The video encoding device may determine to use inter prediction for the second subblock. The video encoding device may construct an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block. The first set of prediction samples and/or the second set of prediction samples may be based on (e.g., further based on) the constructed IBC merge candidate list. The video encoding device may encode the video block, for example, based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples. The video encoding device may include in video data the encoded video block and an indication that indicates to use GPM and IBC for the video block. A partitioning indication that indicates the partition line may be included in the video data. A first IBC indication that indicates to use IBC for the first subblock and/or a second IBC indication that indicates an IBC merge index associated with the first subblock may be included in the video data, for example, based on a determination to used IBC for the first subblock. A prediction mode indication that indicates to use inter prediction for the second subblock may be included in the video data, for example, based on the determination to use inter prediction for the second subblock. In examples, the video encoding device may determine a first GPM set and a second GPM set. The first GPM set may include a first plurality of GPMs. The second GPM set may include a second plurality of GPMs. The video encoding device may determine to use a GPM from the first GPM set for the video block. The first GPM set may be indicated in the video data. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0009] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0010] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0011] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an example video encoder.

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an example video decoder.

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a system in which various aspects and examples may be implemented.

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of splitting a CU into one or more partitions.

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a weight w_0.

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of one or more motion vectors in a merge index.

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates examples of a parallel angular mode, a perpendicular angular mode, and a planar mode.

[0019] FIG. 9A illustrates an example of a partition mode and one or more intra prediction modes.

[0020] FIG. 9B illustrates an example of a partition mode and one or more intra prediction modes.

[0021] FIG. 10 illustrates example partition modes.

[0022] FIG. 11 illustrates an example syntax design of IBC-GPM.

[0023] FIG. 12 illustrates an example modified syntax design of the IBC-GPM.

[0024] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of proposed candidates determined for sub-regions.

[0025] FIG. 14 illustrates an example syntax design of GPM-IBC.

[0026] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of IBC merge list construction.

[0027] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of above, above-right, above-left, left, and bottom-left neighboring samples.

[0028] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of non-adjacent spatial candidates. [0029] FIG. 18 illustrates an example modified syntax design of the proposed IBC-GPM with inter prediction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0031] FIG. 1 A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT LIW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0032] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRLIs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/1 13, a CN 106/1 15, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 1 10, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and/or a “ST A”, may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE. [0033] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 1 14a and/or a base station 1 14b. Each of the base stations 114a, 1 14b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/1 15, the Internet 1 10, and/or the other networks 1 12. By way of example, the base stations 1 14a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node- B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 1 14a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 1 14b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0034] The base station 1 14a may be part of the RAN 104/1 13, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 1 14a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 1 14a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0035] The base stations 1 14a, 1 14b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 1 16, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0036] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/1 13 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 1 15/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed LIL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 1 16 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE- Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 1 16 using New Radio (NR).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0040] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.1 1 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0041] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.1 1 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 1 14b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 1 14b may have a direct connection to the Internet 1 10. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 1 10 via the ON 106/115. [0042] The RAN 104/1 13 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile locationbased services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high- level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/1 13 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0043] The CN 106/1 15 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 1 10, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 1 12 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/1 13 or a different RAT.

[0044] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 1 14b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0045] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0046] The processor 1 18 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 1 18 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRLI 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 1 18 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 1 18 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 1 18 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. [0047] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 1 14a) over the air interface 1 16. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, LIV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0048] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRLI 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRLI 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRLI 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0049] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRLI 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRLI 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.1 1 , for example.

[0050] The processor 1 18 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 1 18 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 1 18 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0051] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0052] The processor 1 18 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0053] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e- compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.

[0054] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 1 18). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0055] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-LITRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 1 16. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0056] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRLI 102a.

[0057] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0058] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0059] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[0060] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0061] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0062] The ON 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the ON 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communications devices. For example, the ON 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the ON 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the ON 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 1 12, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0063] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0064] In representative embodiments, the other network 1 12 may be a WLAN.

[0065] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.1 1 e DLS or an 802.1 1z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[0066] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.1 1 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS. [0067] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0068] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0069] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 1 af and 802.1 1 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 1 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.1 1 n, and 802.1 1 ac. 802.1 1 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 1 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0070] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.1 1 n, 802.1 1 ac, 802.1 1 af, and 802.1 1 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0071] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 1 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 1 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0072] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 1 15 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 1 13 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 1 16. The RAN 1 13 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0073] The RAN 1 13 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 1 13 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0074] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0075] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0076] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0077] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0078] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 1 13 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRLIs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 1 13 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0079] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 1 15 via an N1 1 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 1 15 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0080] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 1 13 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 1 10, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0081] The CN 1 15 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 1 15 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 1 15 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 1 12, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0082] In view of Figures 1 A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1 A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0083] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0084] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0085] This application describes a variety of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, approaches, etc. Many of these aspects are described with specificity and, at least to show the individual characteristics, are often described in a manner that may sound limiting. However, this is for purposes of clarity in description, and does not limit the application or scope of those aspects. Indeed, all of the different aspects may be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Moreover, the aspects may be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier filings as well.

[0086] The aspects described and contemplated in this application may be implemented in many different forms. FIGS. 5-18 described herein may provide some examples, but other examples are contemplated. The discussion of FIGS. 5-18 does not limit the breadth of the implementations. At least one of the aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a bitstream generated or encoded. These and other aspects may be implemented as a method, an apparatus, a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods described, and/or a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods described. [0087] In the present application, the terms “reconstructed” and “decoded” may be used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” may be used interchangeably, the terms “image,” “picture” and “frame” may be used interchangeably.

[0088] Various methods are described herein, and each of the methods comprises one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as “first”, “second”, etc. may be used in various examples to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., such as, for example, a “first decoding” and a “second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an ordering to the modified operations unless specifically required. So, in this example, the first decoding need not be performed before the second decoding, and may occur, for example, before, during, or in an overlapping time period with the second decoding.

[0089] Various methods and other aspects described in this application may be used to modify modules, for example, decoding modules, of a video encoder 200 and decoder 300 as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. Moreover, the subject matter disclosed herein may be applied, for example, to any type, format or version of video coding, whether described in a standard or a recommendation, whether pre-existing or future-developed, and extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless indicated otherwise, or technically precluded, the aspects described in this application may be used individually or in combination.

[0090] Various numeric values are used in examples described the present application. These and other specific values are for purposes of describing examples and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0091] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example video encoder. Variations of example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the encoder 200 is described below for purposes of clarity without describing all expected variations.

[0092] Before being encoded, the video sequence may go through pre-encoding processing (201 ), for example, applying a color transform to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YcbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of the input picture components in order to get a signal distribution more resilient to compression (for instance using a histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing, and attached to the bitstream.

[0093] In the encoder 200, a picture is encoded by the encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units of, for example, coding units (Cus). Each unit is encoded using, for example, either an intra or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in an intra mode, it performs intra prediction (260). In an inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which one of the intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit, and indicates the intra/inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. Prediction residuals are calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0094] The prediction residuals are then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, as well as motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the nontransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is coded directly without the application of the transform or quantization processes.

[0095] The encoder decodes an encoded block to provide a reference for further predictions. The quantized transform coefficients are de-quantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode prediction residuals. Combining (255) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block, an image block is reconstructed. In-loop filters (265) are applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking/SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) filtering to reduce encoding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0096] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a video decoder. In example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below. Video decoder 300 generally performs a decoding pass reciprocal to the encoding pass as described in FIG. 2. The encoder 200 also generally performs video decoding as part of encoding video data.

[0097] In particular, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coded information. The picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. The decoder may therefore divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partitioning information. The transform coefficients are de-quantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals. Combining (355) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block, an image block is reconstructed. The predicted block may be obtained (370) from intra prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter prediction) (375). In-loop filters (365) are applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0098] The decoded picture can further go through post-decoding processing (385), for example, an inverse color transform (e.g. conversion from YcbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or an inverse remapping performing the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (201 ). The post-decoding processing can use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded images (e.g., after application of the in-loop filters (365) and/or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be sent to a display device for rendering to a user.

[0099] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein may be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and is configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices, include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400, singly or in combination, may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple les, and/or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder/decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple les and/or discrete components. In various examples, the system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems, or other electronic devices, via, for example, a communications bus or through dedicated input and/or output ports. In various examples, the system 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0100] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, the various aspects described in this document. Processor 410 can include embedded memory, input output interface, and various other circuitries as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device, and/or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440, which can include non-volatile memory and/or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read- Only Memory (PROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), flash, magnetic disk drive, and/or optical disk drive. The storage device 440 can include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including detachable and non-detachable storage devices), and/or a network accessible storage device, as non-limiting examples.

[0101] System 400 includes an encoder/decoder module 430 configured, for example, to process data to provide an encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder/decoder module 430 can include its own processor and memory. The encoder/decoder module 430 represents module(s) that may be included in a device to perform the encoding and/or decoding functions. As is known, a device can include one or both of the encoding and decoding modules. Additionally, encoder/decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400 or may be incorporated within processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.

[0102] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder/decoder 430 to perform the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. In accordance with various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder/decoder module 430 can store one or more of various items during the performance of the processes described in this document. Such stored items can include, but are not limited to, the input video, the decoded video or portions of the decoded video, the bitstream, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0103] In some examples, memory inside of the processor 410 and/or the encoder/decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and to provide working memory for processing that is needed during encoding or decoding. In other examples, however, a memory external to the processing device (for example, the processing device may be either the processor 410 or the encoder/decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be the memory 420 and/or the storage device 440, for example, a dynamic volatile memory and/or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, an external non-volatile flash memory is used to store the operating system of, for example, a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory such as a RAM is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0104] The input to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) portion that receives an RF signal transmitted, for example, over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) a Component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a Universal Serial Bus (USB) input terminal, and/or (iv) a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples, not shown in FIG. 4, include composite video.

[0105] In various examples, the input devices of block 445 have associated respective input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF portion may be associated with elements suitable for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or bandlimiting a signal to a band of frequencies), (ii) downconverting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower band of frequencies to select (for example) a signal frequency band which may be referred to as a channel in certain examples, (iv) demodulating the downconverted and bandlimited signal, (v) performing error correction, and/or (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired stream of data packets. The RF portion of various examples includes one or more elements to perform these functions, for example, frequency selectors, signal selectors, band-limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF portion can include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, downconverting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF portion and its associated input processing element receives an RF signal transmitted over a wired (for example, cable) medium, and performs frequency selection by filtering, downconverting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the above-described (and other) elements, remove some of these elements, and/or add other elements performing similar or different functions. Adding elements can include inserting elements in between existing elements, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and an analog-to-digital converter. In various examples, the RF portion includes an antenna.

[0106] The USB and/or HDMI terminals can include respective interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and/or HDMI connections. It is to be understood that various aspects of input processing, for example, Reed-Solomon error correction, may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410 as necessary. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented within separate interface les or within processor 410 as necessary. The demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410, and encoder/decoder 430 operating in combination with the memory and storage elements to process the datastream as necessary for presentation on an output device.

[0107] Various elements of system 400 may be provided within an integrated housing, Within the integrated housing, the various elements may be interconnected and transmit data therebetween using suitable connection arrangement 425, for example, an internal bus as known in the art, including the Inter-IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and printed circuit boards.

[0108] The system 400 includes communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and to receive data over communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a modem or network card and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and/or a wireless medium.

[0109] Data is streamed, or otherwise provided, to the system 400, in various examples, using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network, for example IEEE 802.1 1 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signal of these examples is received over the communications channel 460 and the communications interface 450 which are adapted for Wi-Fi communications. The communications channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks including the Internet for allowing streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples provide streamed data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers the data over the HDMI connection of the input block 445. Still other examples provide streamed data to the system 400 using the RF connection of the input block 445. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a nonstreaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, for example a cellular network or a Bluetooth® network.

[0110] The system 400 can provide an output signal to various output devices, including a display 475, speakers 485, and other peripheral devices 495. The display 475 of various examples includes one or more of, for example, a touchscreen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and/or a foldable display. The display 475 may be for a television, a tablet, a laptop, a cell phone (mobile phone), or other device. The display 475 can also be integrated with other components (for example, as in a smart phone), or separate (for example, an external monitor for a laptop). The other peripheral devices 495 include, in various examples, one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disk player, a stereo system, and/or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide a function based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disk player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400.

[0111] In various examples, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speakers 485, or other peripheral devices 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communications protocols that enable device-to- device control with or without user intervention. The output devices may be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to system 400 using the communications channel 460 via the communications interface 450. The display 475 and speakers 485 may be integrated in a single unit with the other components of system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.

[0112] The display 475 and speakers 485 can alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various examples in which the display 475 and speakers 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs. [0113] The examples may be carried out by computer software implemented by the processor 410 or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. The memory 420 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductorbased memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. The processor 410 may be of any type appropriate to the technical environment, and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general purpose computers, special purpose computers, and processors based on a multi-core architecture, as non-limiting examples.

[0114] Various implementations involve decoding. “Decoding”, as used in this application, may encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence in order to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes may include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, for example, entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes may also, or alternatively, include processes performed by a decoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, determining to use GPM for a coding block, determining a first subblock and a second subblock associated with the coding block, determining whether to use IBC for each of the first subblock and second subblock, determining a set of prediction samples associated with each respective subblock; performing a decoding function based on the sets of prediction samples; etc.

[0115] As further examples, in one example “decoding” refers only to entropy decoding, in another example “decoding” refers only to differential decoding, and in another example “decoding” refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase “decoding process” is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to the broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific descriptions and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0116] Various implementations involve encoding. In an analogous way to the above discussion about “decoding”, “encoding” as used in this application may encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on an input video sequence in order to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, for example, partitioning, differential encoding, transformation, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes also, or alternatively, include processes performed by an encoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, determining to use GPM for a coding block, determining a first subblock and a second subblock associated with the coding block, determining whether to use IBC for each of the first subblock and second subblock, determining a set of prediction samples associated with each respective subblock; performing a decoding function based on the sets of prediction samples; performing an encoding function on the coding block based on the sets of prediction samples; indicating whether GPM is used for a coding block; indicating whether IBC is used for each subblock; indicating prediction samples associated with each subblock; etc.

[0117] As further examples, in one example “encoding” refers only to entropy encoding, in another example “encoding” refers only to differential encoding, and in another example “encoding” refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase “encoding process” is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or generally to the broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific descriptions and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0118] Note that syntax elements, as used herein, for example, coding syntax on signaling GPM, motion vectors, prediction samples, intra-prediction, split mode, merge indices, etc., are descriptive terms. As such, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0119] When a figure is presented as a flow diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of a corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when a figure is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flow diagram of a corresponding method/process.

[0120] The implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (for example, discussed only as a method), the implementation of features discussed can also be implemented in other forms (for example, an apparatus or program). An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. The methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which refers to processing devices in general, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cell phones, portable/personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate communication of information between end-users.

[0121] Reference to “one example” or “an example” or “one implementation” or “an implementation”, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one example” or “in an example” or “in one implementation” or “in an implementation”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0122] Additionally, this application may refer to “determining” various pieces of information. Determining the information can include one or more of, for example, estimating the information, calculating the information, predicting the information, or retrieving the information from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and/or determining.

[0123] Further, this application may refer to “accessing” various pieces of information. Accessing the information can include one or more of, for example, receiving the information, retrieving the information (for example, from memory), storing the information, moving the information, copying the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.

[0124] Additionally, this application may refer to “receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving is, as with “accessing”, intended to be a broad term. Receiving the information can include one or more of, for example, accessing the information, or retrieving the information (for example, from memory). Further, “receiving” is typically involved, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing the information, processing the information, transmitting the information, moving the information, copying the information, erasing the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.

[0125] It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following 7”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as is clear to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items as are listed.

[0126] Also, as used herein, the word “signal” refers to, among other things, indicating something to a corresponding decoder. Encoder signals may include, for example, indications to perform GPM, IBC (e.g., for specific subblocks), prediction samples, merge indices, etc. In this way, in an example the same parameter is used at both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, an encoder can transmit (explicit signaling) a particular parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same particular parameter. Conversely, if the decoder already has the particular parameter as well as others, then signaling may be used without transmitting (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the particular parameter. By avoiding transmission of any actual functions, a bit savings is realized in various examples. It is to be appreciated that signaling may be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, one or more syntax elements, flags, and so forth are used to signal information to a corresponding decoder in various examples. While the preceding relates to the verb form of the word “signal”, the word “signal” can also be used herein as a noun.

[0127] As will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, implementations may produce a variety of signals formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted. The information can include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data produced by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry the bitstream of a described example. Such a signal may be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (for example, using a radio frequency portion of spectrum) or as a baseband signal. The formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream. The information that the signal carries may be, for example, analog or digital information. The signal may be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is known. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0128] Many examples are described herein. Features of examples may be provided alone or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. Further, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, alone or in any combination, across various claim categories and types. For example, features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal that includes information generated as described herein. The information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, the encoder, bitstream, and/or decoder according to any of the embodiments described. For example, features described herein may be implemented by creating and/or transmitting and/or receiving and/or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that performs decoding. The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may display (e.g. using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) a resulting image (e.g., an image from residual reconstruction of the video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding. [0129] Geometric Partition Mode (GPM) (also known as Geometric merge mode (GEO)) may be performed and/or enabled.

[0130] A geometric partition mode (GPM) may be used, for example, with 64 partitions (e.g., in total) for inter prediction. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of splitting a CU into one or more partitions. A CU may be split into two partitions by a geometrically located straight line (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5), for example, if (e.g., when) the GPM is used. The location of the splitting line may be (e.g., mathematically) derived, for example, from the angle <p_i and distance offset p_i of a specific partition. A (e.g., each) partition in the CU may be inter-predicted using its own motion parameters. Uniprediction (e.g., only uni-prediction) may be used (e.g., may be allowed) for a (e.g., each) partition (e.g., each partition may have one motion vector and one reference index). The sample values along the splitting edge may be adjusted using a blending process with adaptive weights, for example, after predicting each of the partitions.

[0131] The blending weight for each position of the CU may be derived based on the distance between the individual position and the partition edge. The distance for a position (x,y) to the partition edge may be derived according to Eq. 1 . d(x, y) = (2% + 1 — w) cos(<Pf) + (2y + 1 — /i) sin(<pj) — p_t Eq. 1

[0132] The weights for a (e.g., each) part of a geometric partition may be derived according to Eqs. 2-4. wldxL(x,y) = partldx ? 32 + d(x, y) : 32 — d(x, y) Eq. 3

Wi(x,y) = 1 - w₀(x,y) Eq. 5 where partldx may depend on the angle index i. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a weight w_0. [0133] A uni-prediction candidate list construction for GPM may be used and/or performed. [0134] The GPM uni-prediction candidate list may be derived (e.g., directly) from the merge candidate list constructed according to the extended merge prediction process. The index of the uniprediction motion in the GPM uni-prediction candidate list may be denoted as n. The LX motion vector of the n-th extended merge candidate (e.g., with X equal to the parity of n) may be used as the n-th uni-prediction motion vector for GPM partition mode (e.g., as shown marked with “x” in FIG. 7). FIG. 7 illustrates an example of motion one or more vectors in a merge index. The L(1 -X) motion vector of the same candidate may be used (e.g., instead) as the uni-prediction motion vector for the GPM candidate, for example, in case a corresponding LX motion vector of the n-th extended merge candidate does not exist (e.g., is unable to be used).

[0135] There may be (e.g., up to) 5 uni-prediction candidates. A device (e.g., encoder) may test (e.g., all) the combinations of candidates (e.g., one for each partition) with the splitting directions and offsets.

[0136] Motion field storage may be enabled and/or used for geometric partitioning mode.

[0137] MV1 from a first part of the geometric partition, MV2 from a second part of the geometric partition, and a combined MV of MV1 and MV2 may be stored in the motion field of a geometric partitioning mode coded CU.

[0138] MV1 or MV2 may be stored in the corresponding motion field, for example, if the motion field may be part of partition 0 (e.g., white part as shown in FIG. 6) or 1 (e.g., black part as shown in FIG. 6). Otherwise (e.g., if the motion field belongs to the blended part (e.g., as shown as the grey part of FIG. 5)), a combined MV from MV1 and MV2 may be stored. The combined MV may be generated using one or more of the following.

[0139] MV1 and MV2 may be combined (e.g., simply combined) to form the bi-prediction motion vectors. For example, if MV1 and MV2 are from different reference picture lists (e.g., one from LO and the other from L1 ).

[0140] Uni-prediction motion MV2 (e.g., only uni-prediction motion MV2) may be stored, for example, if MV1 and MV2 are from the same list.

[0141] GPM may be performed and/or enabled with merge motion vector differences (GPM- MMVD).

[0142] GPM may be extended by applying motion vector refinement on top of the existing GPM uni-directional MVs. An indication (e.g., flag) may be signaled for a GPM CU, for example, to specify whether this mode is used. A (e.g., each) geometric partition of a GPM CU may further decide whether to signal MVD or not, for example, if the mode is used. The motion of the partition may be (e.g., further) refined by the signaled MVDs information, for example, if the MVD is signaled for a geometric partition (e.g., after a GPM merge candidate is selected). The rest of the procedures may be kept the same as in GPM.

[0143] The MVD may be signaled as a pair of distance and direction, for example, similar to merge motion vector differences (MMVD). There may be multiple (e.g., nine) candidate distances (e.g., %- pel, ¹/2-pel, 1 -pel, 2-pel, 3-pel, 4-pel, 6-pel, 8-pel, 16-pel), and there may be (e.g., eight) candidate directions (e.g., four horizontal/vertical directions and four diagonal directions) involved in GPM with MMVD (GPM-MMVD). The MVD may be left shifted (e.g., by 2 as in MMVD), for example, if (e.g., when) an indication (e.g., pic_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag) is equal to 1.

[0144] GPM with template matching (GPM-TM) may be enabled and/or performed.

[0145] Template matching (TM) may be applied to GPM. A CU-level flag may be signaled to indicate whether TM is applied to both geometric partitions, for example, if (e.g., when) GPM mode is enabled for a Oil. Motion information for each geometric partition may be refined using TM. A template may be constructed using left, above or, left and above neighboring samples according to partition angle, for example, as shown in Table 1 (e.g., if/when TM is chosen). The motion may be refined by minimizing the difference between the current template and the template in the reference picture using the same search pattern of merge mode with half-pel interpolation filter disabled.

T able 1 : T emplate for the 1 st and 2nd geometric partitions, where A represents using above samples, L represents using left samples, and L+A represents using both left and above samples.

[0146] A GPM candidate list may be constructed, for example, according to one or more of the following.

[0147] Interleaved List-0 MV candidates and List-1 MV candidates may be derived directly from the regular merge candidate list, for example, where List-0 MV candidates are higher priority than List-1 MV candidates. A pruning method with an adaptive threshold based on the current CU size may be applied to remove redundant MV candidates.

[0148] Interleaved List-1 MV candidates and List-0 MV candidates may be derived directly from the regular merge candidate list, for example, where List-1 MV candidates are higher priority than List-0 MV candidates. The same pruning method with the adaptive threshold may be applied to remove redundant MV candidates.

[0149] Zero MV candidates may be padded, for example, until the GPM candidate list is full.

[0150] The GPM-MMVD and GPM-TM may be enabled (e.g., exclusively enabled) to one GPM CU. This may be done by (e.g., firstly) signaling the GPM-MMVD syntax. An indication (e.g., GPM- TM flag) may be signaled to indicate whether the template matching is applied to the two GPM partitions, for example, if (e.g., when) control indications (e.g., both two GPM-MMVD control flags) are equal to false (e.g., the GPM-MMVD are disabled for two GPM partitions). Otherwise (e.g., at least one GPM-MMVD flag is equal to true), the value of the GPM-TM flag may be inferred to be false.

[0151] GPM with inter and intra prediction (GPM-lntra) may be performed and/or enabled.

[0152] Intra modes adding to GPM to combine an inter prediction with an intra prediction may be enabled and/or performed.

[0153] In GPM with inter and intra prediction (GPM-lntra), the final prediction samples may be generated by weighting inter predicted samples and intra predicted samples for a (e.g., each) GPM- separated region. The inter predicted samples may be derived by the same scheme as the GPM whereas the intra predicted samples may be derived by an intra prediction mode (I PM) candidate list and an index signaled (e.g., from the encoder). The IPM candidate list size may be pre-defined (e.g., as 3). FIG. 8 illustrates examples of a parallel angular mode, a perpendicular angular mode, and a planar mode. The available IPM candidates may be the parallel angular mode against the GPM block boundary (e.g., Parallel mode), the perpendicular angular mode against the GPM block boundary (e.g., Perpendicular mode), and/or the Planar mode as shown FIG. 8.

[0154] In decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) and neighboring mode based IPM derivation, Parallel mode may be registered first. Candidates (e.g., max two IPM candidates) derived from the DIMD method and/or the neighboring blocks may be registered, for example, if the IPM candidate is not in the list (e.g., there is not the same IPM candidate in the list). There may be positions (e.g., five positions at most) for available neighboring blocks (e.g., for the neighboring mode derivation). The positions may be restricted by the angle of GPM block boundary as shown in Table 1 , for example, which may be already used for GPM-TM. [0155] GPM-lntra may be combined with GPM-MMVD. Template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) may be used for IPM candidates of GPM-lntra to improve the coding performance. The Parallel mode may be registered (e.g., first), then IPM candidates of TIMD, DIMD, and neighboring blocks.

[0156] Spatial GPM (SGPM) may be enabled and/or performed.

[0157] Spatial GPM (SGPM) may extend GPM to intra prediction.

[0158] FIG. 9A illustrates an example of a partition mode and one or more intra prediction modes. As shown in FIG. 9A, SGPM may include of one partition mode and two associated IPMs. A candidate list may be employed. The candidate index (e.g., only the candidate index) may be signaled in the bit-stream (e.g., video data). A (e.g., each) candidate in the list may derive a combination of one partition mode and two intra prediction modes (e.g., as shown in FIG. 9B). FIG. 9B illustrates an example of a partition mode and one or more intra prediction modes. The number of possible partition mode and intra prediction modes may be reduced (e.g., only 26 out of 64 partition modes are used), for example, to reduce the complexity of building the candidate list. FIG. 10 illustrates example partition modes. The selected partition mode candidates for SGPM may be marked as shown gray dash box in FIG. 10. An IPM candidate list (e.g., with 3 entries) may be constructed using a similar method as GPM intra.

[0159] Intra block copy with geometry partitioning (IBC-GPM) may be enabled and/or performed.

[0160] Intra block copy with geometry partitioning mode (IBC-GPM) may be a coding tool, for example, which may divide an IBC-predicted CU into (e.g., two) sub-partitions geometrically. An indication (e.g., CU flag) may be signaled to indicate the use of IBC-GPM (e.g., IBC_GPM_flag). The prediction signals of the two sub-partitions may be generated using IBC and intra prediction. An IPM candidate list with 3 entries may be constructed using the same method as GPM-lntra. There may be 48 geometry partitioning modes in total, for example, which are divided into two geometry partitioning mode sets shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 - Geometry partitioning modes in the first geometry partitioning mode set

Table 3 - Geometry partitioning modes in the second geometry partitioning mode set

[0161] An IBC-GPM geometry partitioning mode set indication (e.g., split_mode_set_flag) may be signaled to indicate whether the first or the second geometry partitioning mode set is selected, for example, followed by the geometry partitioning mode index (e.g., split_mode_set_index), e.g., if (e.g., when) IBC-GPM is used. An IBC-GPM intra indication (e.g., intra_prediction_flag) may be signaled to indicate whether intra prediction is used for the first sub-partition. An intra prediction mode index (e.g., intra_mode_index) may be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) intra prediction is used for a sub-partition. A merge index (e.g., mergejndex) may be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) IBC is used for a sub-partition. FIG. 11 illustrates an example syntax design of IBC-GPM.

[0162] IBC-GPM may be extended by allowing the generation of the prediction samples of both partitions using the IBC, for example, to improve the efficiency. The core IBC-GPM design (e.g., 48 GPM modes, the IBC merge candidate list, the IPM list) may be kept the same. The signaling (e.g., only the signaling) of the existing IBC-GPM may be slightly modified to enable the proposed IBC-IBC combination. Indications (e.g., two flags) may be signaled to indicate the prediction modes of two partitions. The first indication (e.g., intra_prediction_flag_0) may be signaled (e.g., always signaled) to indicate whether the first partition is intra predicted or not. The second indication (e.g., flag) may be signaled (e.g., only needs to be signaled), for example, if (e.g., when) the first indication (e.g., flag) is false (e.g., the first partition is IBC predicted) to indicate whether the intra prediction is applied to the second partition (e.g., intra_prediction_flag_1 ). The (e.g., maximum) codeword of the second partition may be reduced by 1 (e.g., due to the fact that the merge indexes of two partitions may not be identical), for example, if (e.g., when) both flags are false (e.g., indicating that both partitions are generated using the IBC). FIG. 12 illustrates an example modified syntax design of the IBC-GPM.

[0163] Intra block copy coding (IBC)

[0164] IBC may be a tool used for screen content coding (SCC). IBC may improve (e.g., significantly improve) the coding efficiency of screen content materials. Block matching (BM) may be performed (e.g., at the encoder) to find the optimal block vector (BV) or motion vector for a CU (e.g., each CU), for example, because IBC mode may be implemented as a block level coding mode. A block vector may indicate the displacement from the current block to a reference block, which may already be reconstructed inside the current picture. The luma block vector of an IBC-coded CU may be in integer precision. The chroma block vector may round to integer precision. The IBC mode may switch between 1 -pel and 4-pel motion vector precisions, for example, if (e.g., when) combined with adaptive motion vector resolution (AMVR). An IBC-coded CU may be treated as the third prediction mode (e.g., other than intra or inter prediction modes). The IBC mode may apply to the CUs with width and height smaller than or equal to 64 luma samples.

[0165] IBC mode may be signaled (e.g., at the CU level) with an indication (e.g., with a flag), and it may be signaled as IBC advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) mode, or IBC skip/merge mode as described herein.

[0166] IBC skip/merge mode may be signaled as a merge candidate index which may be used to indicate which of the block vectors in the list from neighboring candidate IBC coded blocks may be used to predict the current block. The merge list may include spatial, history-based motion vector predictor (HMVP), and pairwise candidates.

[0167] IBC AMVP mode may be signaled, and a block vector difference may be coded in the same way as a motion vector difference. The block vector prediction may use two candidates as predictors, which may be picked from the merge list with minimum cost (e.g., if IBC coded). A default block vector may be used as a predictor, for example, if (e.g., when) either neighbor s not available. An indication (e.g., flag) may be signaled to indicate the block vector predictor index.

[0168] IBC merge/AMVP list construction may be enabled and/or performed.

[0169] The IBC merge/AMVP list construction may be modified, for example, as described as follows/

[0170] An IBC merge/AMVP candidate may be inserted into the IBC merge/AMVP candidate list, for example, (e.g., only) if an IBC merge/AMVP candidate is valid. [0171] Above-right, bottom-left, and above-left spatial candidates, and one pairwise average candidate may be added into the IBC merge/AMVP candidate list.

[0172] Template based adaptive reordering (ARMC-TM) may be applied to IBC merge list.

[0173] The HMVP table size for IBC may be increased (e.g., to 25 entries). Merge candidates are reordered together, for example, after a number of (e.g., up to 20 IBC) merge candidates are derived with full pruning. After reordering, the first 6 candidates with the lowest template matching costs may be selected as the final candidates in the IBC merge list.

[0174] The candidates from zero vectors to pad the IBC Merge/AMVP list may be replaced with a set of block vector prediction (BVP) candidates located in the IBC reference region. A zero vector may be invalid as a block vector in IBC merge mode. A zero vector (e.g., invalid block vector) may be discarded as BVP in the IBC candidate list.

[0175] Three candidates may be located on the nearest corners of the reference region, and three additional candidates may be determined in the middle of the three sub-regions (A, B, and C). The coordinates of the candidates may be determined by the width and the height of the current block and the AX and AY parameters (e.g., as shown in FIG. 13). FIG. 13 illustrates an example of proposed candidates determined for sub-regions.

[0176] GPM may allow inter-inter combination. GPM-lntra may allow inter-intra combination. SGPM may allow intra-intra combination. IBC-GPM may allow (e.g., both) IBC-intra and IBC-IBC combination, for example, to generate predictions for the two GPM partitions.

[0177] GPM or IBC-GPM combining an inter prediction with an IBC prediction, in inter slices (e.g., in B and P slices), to further improve the coding efficiency may be enabled and/or allowed.

[0178] GPM to combine an inter prediction with an IBC prediction in an inter predicted block may be performed and/or may be enabled.

[0179] GPM may be supported with inter prediction and IBC prediction, for example, which may include one or more of the following: constructing an alternative IBC merge candidate list; using alternative geometry partitioning modes; etc.

[0180] IBC-GPM may be allowed (e.g., enabled) to combine an IBC prediction with an inter prediction (e.g., in an IBC predicted block inside the inter slices).

[0181] GPM with inter and IBC prediction (GPM-IBC) may be enabled and/or performed.

[0182] GPM may (e.g., be allowed/enabled to) combine an inter prediction with an IBC prediction, in an inter predicted block. [0183] The GPM with inter and IBC prediction (GPM-IBC) may divide an inter-predicted ClI into two sub-partitions geometrically. The final prediction samples may be generated by weighting inter predicted samples and IBC predicted samples for a GPM-separated region (e.g., each a GPM- separated region). The inter predicted samples may be derived by the same scheme as the GPM and the IBC predicted samples may be derived by a BV derived from the IBC merge candidate list. The total number of geometry partitioning may be specified (e.g., kept as 64). A corresponding GPM partitioning mode index (e.g., gpm_partitioning_index) may be signaled to indicate the portioning shape. An indication (e.g., one GPM-IBC flag, e.g., gpm_ibc_flag_O) may be further signaled to indicate whether IBC prediction is used for the first sub-partition, for example, if (e.g., when) GPM is used for the current CU (e.g., merge_gpm_flag). An IBC merge index used for the first sub-partition (e.g., ibc_gpm_merge_index_O) may be signaled (e.g., from the encoder to the decoder) and an (e.g., another) inter GPM merge index (e.g., gpm_merge_index_1 ) may be signaled for the second sub-partition, for example, if (e.g., when) IBC is used for the first sub-partition (e.g., gpm_ibc_flag_O equals to true). An (e.g., another) indication (e.g., another GPM-IBC flag, e.g., gpm_ibc_flag_1 ) may be (e.g., needs to be) further signaled to indicate whether IBC prediction is used for the second subpartition, for example, (e.g., only) if (e.g., when) the first GPM-IBC flag is false (e.g., gpm_ibc_flag_O equals to false). Two inter GPM merge candidate indexes may be signaled (e.g., gpm mergeJndex O and gpm_merge_index_1 ), for example, if (e.g., when) both GPM-IBC flags gpm_ibc_flag_O and gpm_ibc_flag_1 are false. FIG. 14 illustrates an example syntax design of GPM- IBC.

[0184] GPM-IBC mode may be considered as an individual inter merge mode, and an indication (e.g., CU flag) may be signaled to indicate the usage of GPM-IBC for a given inter block. An indication (e.g., additional flag) may be further signaled to indicate which sub-partition is IBC predicted, for example, if GPM-IBC is applied for a given CU. For example, a (e.g., one) GPM-IBC partition flag (gpm_ibc_flag_O) may be further signaled to indicate whether IBC prediction is used for the first subpartition or not. IBC prediction may be applied for the first sub-partition, for example, (e.g., if gpm_ibc_flag_O is true), and the second sub-partition may be inferred to use the inter prediction (e.g., or vice versa). For example, IBC prediction may be applied for the second sub-partition, and the first sub-partition may be inferred to use the inter prediction.

[0185] GPM-IBC mode may be considered as a subordinate mode under GPM-lntra, and a PU flag may be signaled to indicate whether the sub-partition is intra coded or IBC coded.

[0186] GPM-IBC mode may be used (e.g., only allowed) under some certain specific criteria and conditions, for example, such as one or more of the following: the block size, color components, QP, slice type, sequence class, configuration, etc. For example, GPM-IBC mode may be used (e.g., only allowed) for inter slices (e.g., in B and P slices).

[0187] IBC merge candidate list construction for GPM-IBC may be performed and/or enabled.

[0188] An IBC merge candidate list for GPM-IBC may be constructed.

[0189] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of IBC merge list construction. As shown in FIG. 15, spatial candidates (e.g., including five spatial neighbors in order as shown in FIG. 16 (e./g., left, above, above-right, bottom-left, and above-left spatial candidates)) may be derived. As shown in FIG. 15, HMVP candidates (e.g., up to 6 HMVP candidates with lowest template matching costs are selected) may be inserted. Pairwise average candidates may be inserted (e.g., as shown in FIG. 15). As shown in FIG. 15, block vector prediction (BVP) candidates located in the IBC reference region (e.g., up to 3 BVP candidates as depicted in FIG. 13) may be inserted.

[0190] An IBC merge candidate may be inserted into the IBC merge candidate list, for example, if (e.g., only if) an IBC merge candidate is valid. A pruning process may be applied for a candidate redundancy check. Template based adaptive reordering (ARMC-TM) may be applied to IBC merge list.

[0191] This regular IBC merge candidate list may be directly re-used for the proposed GPM-IBC mode. Modifications (e.g., some modifications) may be added, for example, such as one or more of the following.

[0192] As for derivation of spatial candidates, there may be (e.g., still) five positions for available neighboring blocks at most but they may be restricted by the angle of GPM block boundary, for example, as the example shown in Table 4. They may be considered valid IBC merge candidates, for example, if (e.g., only when) the positions of the neighboring blocks are available inside the IBC predicted sub-partition.

[0193] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of above, above-right, above-left, left, and bottom-left neighboring samples. As for insertion of HMVP candidates, the template to select the 6 HMVP candidates may be constructed using left, above or left and above neighboring samples according to partition angle (e.g., as shown in Table 1 ), which may already have been used for GPM-TM.

[0194] As for the ARMC-TM used to reorder the IBC merge list, the template may be constructed using left, above, or left and above neighboring samples according to partition angle, as shown in Table 1 .

[0195] Some spatial non-adjacent candidates may be used to generate IBC merge candidate list. A similar grid pattern used for spatial non-adjacent candidates of regular inter may be reused for IBC merge mode, as depicted in FIG. 17. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of non-adjacent spatial candidates. Those spatial non-adjacent candidates may be inserted between spatial candidates and HMVP candidates.

[0196] In examples, the proposed IBC merge candidate list may be applied for other GPM modes, such as IBC-GPM.

Table 4. Spatial candidates for the 1 st and 2nd geometric partitions, where A represents using above neighboring block, L represents using left neighboring block, AR represents using above-right neighboring block, BL represents using bottom-left neighboring block, and AL represents using above-left neighboring block.

[0197] In an example, geometry partitioning modes may be used for GPM-IBC.

[0198] In examples, other geometry partitioning modes may be used for GPM-IBC.

[0199] For example, reduced geometry partitioning modes may be used for GPM-IBC. In examples, 26 selected partition mode candidates out of 64 for GPM-IBC are marked in gray dash box as shown in FIG. 10, which may already be used for SGPM.

[0200] Similar to IBC-GPM, the total (e.g., 64) geometry partitioning modes may be divided into two geometry partitioning mode sets. A GPM-IBC geometry partitioning mode set indication (e.g., gpmibc_split_mode_set_flag) may be signaled to indicate whether the first or the second geometry partitioning mode set is selected, followed by the geometry partitioning mode index (e.g., gpmibc_split_mode_set_index). The (e.g., total 64) geometry partitioning modes may be divided into several (e.g., more than two) geometry partitioning mode sets. [0201] IBC-GPM with inter prediction may be enabled and/or performed.

[0202] IBC-GPM to combine an IBC prediction with an inter prediction, in an IBC predicted block inside the inter slices (e.g., B and P slices) may be enabled and/or performed (e.g., allowed).

[0203] IBC-GPM with IBC and inter prediction may divide an IBC-predicted ClI into two subpartitions geometrically. The final prediction samples may be generated by weighting IBC predicted samples and inter predicted samples for a IBC-GPM separated region (e.g., each IBC-GPM separated region). The IBC predicted samples and the inter predicted samples may be derived by the same scheme as the GPM-IBC (e.g., as described herein).

[0204] The core IBC-GPM design (e.g., 48 GPM modes, the IBC merge candidate list, the IPM list) may be kept the (e.g., almost) same (e.g., as designed described herein with respect to intra block copy with geometry partitioning (IBC-GPM). A GPM candidate list may be added, and the signaling of the existing IBC-GPM may be further modified to enable the IBC-inter combination.

[0205] The GPM candidate list may be derived directly from the merge candidate list constructed according to the extended merge prediction process, which may use a similar scheme as the GPM (e.g., the same scheme as the GPM).

[0206] For signaling, several mode flags may be signaled to indicate the prediction modes of two partitions. The indication (e.g., non_ibc_prediction_flag_0) may be (e.g., always) signaled to indicate whether the first partition is IBC predicted or not. An indication (e.g., additional flag intra_prediction_flag_0) may (e.g., only needs to) be signaled if (e.g., when) the flag non_ibc_prediction_flag_0 is true (e.g., the first partition is not IBC predicted), for example, to indicate whether the intra prediction or inter prediction is applied to the first partition, and the second partition may be inferred to be IBC predicted (e.g., non_ibc_prediction_flag_1 inferred to be false). The indication (e.g., flag non_ibc_prediction_flag_1 ) may be signaled to indicate whether the second partition is IBC predicted or not, for example, if (e.g., when) the indication (e.g., flag non_ibc_prediction_flag_0) is false (e.g., the first partition is IBC predicted). A (e.g., another additional) flag intra_prediction_flag_1 may (e.g., only needs to) be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) the flag non_ibc_prediction_flag_1 is true.

[0207] An intra prediction mode index (e.g., intra_mode_index) ismay be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) intra prediction is used for a sub-partition. An IBC merge index (e.g., ibc_merge_index) may be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) IBC is used for a sub-partition. An inter GPM merge index (e.g., gpm mergejndex) may be signaled, for example, if (e.g., when) inter prediction is used for a sub-partition. [0208] The (e.g., maximum) codeword of the second partition may be reduced by 1 (e.g., due to the fact that the merge indexes of two partitions cannot be identical), for example, if both flags non_ibc_prediction_flag_0 and non_ibc_prediction_flag_1 are false (e.g., indicating that both partitions are generated using the IBC). FIG. 18 illustrates an example modified syntax design of the proposed IBC-GPM with inter prediction.

[0209] For the proposed IBC-GPM with inter prediction mode, the GPM candidate list may be derived from a merge candidate list constructed, for example, according to the adaptation to the angle of IBC-GPM split boundary.

[0210] IBC-GPM with inter prediction mode may be allowed (e.g., only allowed), for example, based on certain specific criteria and conditions, such as the block size, color components, QP, slice type, sequence class, and configuration.

[0211] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A video decoding device, comprising: a processor configured to: determine to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block; determine a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block; determine a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock based on IBC; determine a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock based on inter prediction; and decode the video block based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples.

2. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a partition line based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line.

3. The video decoding device of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to: obtain a partitioning indication, wherein the determination of the partition line is further based on the partitioning indication.

4. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: obtain a first IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the first subblock, wherein a determination whether to use IBC for the first subblock is based on the first IBC indication; and based on a determination to use IBC for the first subblock, obtain a second IBC indication that indicates a first IBC merge index, wherein the determination of the first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock is further based on the first IBC merge index.

5. The video decoding device of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to: obtain a third IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the second subblock, wherein a determination whether to use IBC for the first subblock is based on the third IBC indication; determine that IBC is not used for the second subblock based on the third IBC indication; based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock, obtain a prediction mode flag that indicates whether inter prediction is used for the second subblock; and determine that inter prediction is used for the second subblock based on the prediction mode flag, wherein the determined second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock is further based on the determination that inter prediction is used for the second subblock.

6. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: determine that IBC is not used for the second subblock; and based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock, determine to use IBC for the first subblock.

7. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: construct an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the determined first set of prediction samples and the determined second set of prediction samples are further based on the constructed IBC merge candidate list.

8. The video decoding device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, obtain a GPM set indication that indicates whether a first GPM set or a second GPM set is selected; obtain a GPM partition mode index; and determine a partition line based on the GPM set indication and the GPM partition mode index, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line.

9. A video encoding device, comprising: a processor configured to: determine to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block; determine a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block; determine a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock based on IBC; determine a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock based on inter prediction; encode the video block based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples; and include in video data the encoded video block and an indication that indicates to use GPM and IBC for the video block.

10. The video encoding device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a partition line based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line, wherein the video data further includes a partitioning indication that indicates the determined partition line.

11 . The video encoding device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine to use IBC for the first subblock, wherein the video data further includes a first IBC indication that indicates to use IBC for the first subblock and indicates a second IBC indication that indicates an IBC merge index associated with the first subblock; and determine to use inter prediction for the second subblock, wherein the video data further includes a prediction mode indication that indicates to use inter prediction for the second subblock.

12. The video encoding device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: construct an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the determined first set of prediction samples and the determined second set of prediction samples are further based on the constructed IBC merge candidate list.

13. The video encoding device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a first GPM set comprising a first plurality of GPMs and a second GPM set comprising a second set of GPMs; and determine to use a GPM from the first GPM set for the video block, wherein the video data further indicates the first GPM set.

14. A video decoding method, the video decoding method comprising: determining to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block; determining a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block; determining a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock based on IBC; determining a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock based on inter prediction; and decoding the video block based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples.

15. The video decoding method of claim 14, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: determining a partition line based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line.

16. The video decoding method of claim 15, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: obtaining a partitioning indication, wherein the determination of the partition line is further based on the partitioning indication.

17. The video decoding method of claim 14, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: obtaining a first IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the first subblock, wherein a determination whether to use IBC for the first subblock is based on the first IBC indication; and based on a determination to use IBC for the first subblock, obtaining a second IBC indication that indicates a first IBC merge index, wherein the determination of the first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock is further based on the first IBC merge index.

18. The video decoding method of claim 17, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: obtaining a third IBC indication that indicates whether to use IBC for the second subblock, wherein a determination whether to use IBC for the first subblock is based on the third IBC indication; determining that IBC is not used for the second subblock based on the third IBC indication; based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock, obtaining a prediction mode flag that indicates whether inter prediction is used for the second subblock; and determining that inter prediction is used for the second subblock based on the prediction mode flag, wherein the determined second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock is further based on the determination that inter prediction is used for the second subblock.

19. The video decoding method of claim 14, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: determining that IBC is not used for the second subblock; and based on the determination that IBC is not used for the second subblock, determining to use IBC for the first subblock.

20. The video decoding method of claim 14, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: constructing an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the determined first set of prediction samples and the determined second set of prediction samples are further based on the constructed IBC merge candidate list.

21. The video decoding method of claim 14, wherein the video decoding method further comprises: based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, obtaining a GPM set indication that indicates whether a first GPM set or a second GPM set is selected; obtaining a GPM partition mode index; and determining a partition line based on the GPM set indication and the GPM partition mode index, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line.

22. A video encoding method, the video encoding method comprising: determining to use geometric partition mode (GPM) and intra block copy (IBC) for a video block; determining a first subblock and a second subblock of the video block; determining a first set of prediction samples associated with the first subblock based on IBC; determining a second set of prediction samples associated with the second subblock based on inter prediction; encoding the video block based on the first set of prediction samples and the second set of prediction samples; and including in video data the encoded video block and an indication that indicates to use GPM and IBC for the video block.

23. The video encoding method of claim 22, wherein the video encoding method further comprises: determining a partition line based on the determination to use GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the first subblock and the second subblock are determined based on the partition line, wherein the video data further includes a partitioning indication that indicates the determined partition line.

24. The video encoding method of claim 22, wherein the video encoding method further comprises: determining to use IBC for the first subblock, wherein the video data further includes a first IBC indication that indicates to use IBC for the first subblock and indicates a second IBC indication that indicates an IBC merge index associated with the first subblock; and determining to use inter prediction for the second subblock, wherein the video data further includes a prediction mode indication that indicates to use inter prediction for the second subblock.

25. The video encoding method of claim 22, wherein the video encoding method further comprises: constructing an IBC merge candidate list associated with using GPM and IBC for the video block, wherein the determined first set of prediction samples and the determined second set of prediction samples are further based on the constructed IBC merge candidate list.

26. The video encoding method of claim 22, wherein the video encoding method further comprises: determining a first GPM set comprising a first plurality of GPMs and a second GPM set comprising a second set of GPMs; and determining to use a GPM from the first GPM set for the video block, wherein the video data further indicates the first GPM set.