LAYERD CATALYTIC ARTICLE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
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The present invention relates to a layered catalytic article for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides, which comprises a layer comprising a vanadium-based catalyst and a layer comprising a precious metal-based catalyst. The present invention also relates to a method and a system for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides.
BACKGROUND
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Engine exhaust substantially consists of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (HC) , carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) . The engine exhaust needs to be treated with an engine exhaust system before emission to air. Control of NOx emission is always one of the most important topics for exhaust treatment, particularly for diesel engines, due to the environmentally negative impact of NOx on ecosystem, human beings, animals and plants.
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Various treatment processes, for example catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides, have been used to abate NOx in exhaust stream. One typical catalytic reduction process is selective catalytic reduction with ammonia (NH3) or ammonia precursor as a reducing agent in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, which is also referred to as SCR process. The SCR process is considered superior since a high degree of NOx abatement can be obtained with a small amount of reducing agent. Typically, the nitrogen oxides and the reducing agent NH3 are reacted in accordance with following equations:
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4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2+6H2O (standard SCR reaction)
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2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 → 3N2+6H2O (slow SCR reaction)
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NO + NO2 +2NH3 → 2N2+3H2O (fast SCR reaction) .
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In the SCR process, a stoichiometric excess of the reducing agent NH3 or precursor thereof is usually dosed into the exhaust stream to abate NOx in a conversion as high as possible. The excess ammonia may exit the tailpipe of an automobile. Another potential scenario where ammonia may exit the tailpipe is desorption of a considerable amount of ammonia, which has been retained on the surface of a SCR catalyst during low temperature phase of a typical driving cycle, from the SCR catalyst when the operation temperature increases. A number of problems will arise if release of ammonia into air occurs, which is also referred to as ammonia slip. Ammonia slip is detrimental to human’s health and to the environment. It is known that ammonia may cause noticeable eye and throat irritation above 100 ppm, noticeable skin irritation above 400 ppm, and the IDLH value of ammonia is 500 ppm in air. In addition, ammonia is caustic, especially in its aqueous form. Condensation of ammonia and water in cooler regions of the exhaust line downstream of exhaust treatment catalysts will result in a corrosive mixture, damaging to the exhaust line. Ammonia should be eliminated before passing
into the tailpipe. An ammonia oxidation (AMOx) catalyst (also known as ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) ) installed downstream of a SCR catalyst is generally used to convert the slipped ammonia into N2.
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Ammonia oxidation (AMOx) catalysts are known, which comprise a precious metal active species for oxidizing ammonia, and usually also comprise an SCR active species. As known SCR active species, zeolites are widely used, while vanadium-based species is seldom applied due to the significant poisoning effect of vanadium species on precious metals.
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US 2014/0212350A1 describes a catalytic article for treating an emission gas which comprises (a) a first catalyst layer having a plurality of consecutive sub-layers, wherein each sub-layer includes vanadium oxide on a first refractory metal oxide support; (b) a second catalyst layer comprising one or more noble metals disposed on a second refractory metal oxide support; and (c) a substrate, wherein the first and second catalyst layers are on and/or within the substrate. The catalytic article in Examples of the patent application comprises vanadia and tungsten oxide in the first catalyst layer.
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US2014/0178273A1 describes a treatment device configured to receive a flow of exhaust from a power source, comprising a first layer including a selective catalytic reduction layer, a second layer disposed downstream of the first layer and including an oxidation catalyst support, a substrate layer disposed adjacent to the second layer, and an additive disposed between the first and second layers, wherein the additive is operative to substantially prohibit migration of a component of the second layer to the first layer upon treatment of the flow of exhaust by the oxidation catalyst support. The SCR catalyst materials may include a zeolite component or may include vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, and/or molybdenum oxide deposited onto titanium oxide.
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JP2019035340A describes an exhaust emission control system comprising an exhaust pipe through which exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine passes, and a composite catalyst device provided in the exhaust pipe and having a composite catalyst in which at least one of an SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) catalyst and a PGM (Platinum Group Metal) catalyst and a copper oxide catalyst are mixed or are multi-layered. The SCR catalyst may include zeolite or vanadium.
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It will be desirable if low-cost vanadium-based SCR active species can be applied in ammonia oxidation (AMOx) catalysts with less less poisoning effect on the precious metal and thus desirable removal efficacy of NH3.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
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It is an object of the present invention to provide an AMOx catalytic article comprising a vanadium-based SCR catalyst and a precious metal-based catalyst, which will undergo
alleviated poisoning of precious metal species and thus can provide improved NH3 conversion, especially at the low temperature operation phase of an exhaust treatment system.
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Surprisingly, the object was achieved by a layered catalytic article which comprises a layer of inorganic oxide particles in addition to a layer comprising a vanadium-based catalyst and a layer comprising a precious metal-based catalyst.
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Accordingly, in the first aspect, the present invention relates to a catalytic article for treating an exhaust stream, comprising
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-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
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-a first coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
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-a second coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
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-a third coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
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wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
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In the second aspect, the present invention relates to a system for treating an exhaust stream, which comprises a reductant source (e.g., NH3 or a precursor thereof) , the catalytic article as described in the first aspect of the present invention, and optionally one or more of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) , selective catalytic reduction catalyst (SCR) , three-way conversion catalyst (TWC) , four-way conversion catalyst (FWC) , non-catalyzed or catalyzed soot filter (CSF) , NOx trap, hydrocarbon trap catalyst, sensor and mixer.
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In the third aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides, which includes passing the exhaust stream through the system as described in the second aspect of the present invention in the presence of NH3 as a reductant.
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In the fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a method for alleviating poisoning of a precious metal component in a catalytic article comprising a first coating layer comprising vanadium-based catalyst and a second coating layer comprising precious metal-based catalyst, which includes incorporating a layer of inorganic oxide at least partially between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, wherein the inorganic oxide is selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide.
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It has been surprisingly found by the inventors that the poisoning on a precious metal component in an AMOx catalytic article comprising a vanadium-based catalyst and a precious metal-based catalyst can be effectively suppressed by the layered configuration with an
intermediate layer of inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
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Figure 1a schematically illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of the layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article according to Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 6.
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Figure 1b schematically illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of the layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article according to Comparative Example 7.
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Figure 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b schematically illustrate exemplary longitudinal sectional views of the layered configurations from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate which may also be adopted by the catalytic article according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
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The present invention will be described in detail hereinafter. It is to be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many different ways and shall not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
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Herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The terms “comprise” , “comprising” , etc. are used interchangeably with “contain” , “containing” , etc. and are to be interpreted in a non-limiting, open manner. That is, e.g., further components or elements may be present. The expressions “consists of” or “consists essentially of” or cognates may be embraced within “comprises” or cognates.
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The term “region” as used herein is just intended to refer to a part of the catalytic article which comprises specified materials and extends a certain length in the exhaust stream flow direction.
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Herein, the term “vanadium-based” within the context of a catalyst is intended to refer to a catalyst containing vanadium active species such as vanadium oxide.
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Herein, the term “precious metal-based” within the context of a catalyst is intended to refer to a catalyst containing precious metal active species.
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Herein, any reference to “upstream” and “downstream” will be understood to be relative positions with respect to a stream flow direction, for example flow direction of an exhaust stream.
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The terms “first” and “second” by themselves, within the context of catalysts or coating layers, are not intended to impose any limitations to the arrangement or configuration way of the catalysts or coating layers in the catalytic article.
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According to the first aspect, the present invention provides a catalytic article for treating an exhaust stream, comprising
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-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
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-a first coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
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-a second coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
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-a third coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
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wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
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<First Coating Layer>
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The first catalyst in the first coating layer may be a vanadium-based SCR catalyst, which refers to any materials containing a vanadium component, typically in form of oxides, as a main active species for selective catalytic reduction of NOx which is generally supported on particles of support. The materials containing a vanadium component useful for selective catalytic reduction of NOx are well known in the art. There is no particular restriction to the vanadium-based SCR catalysts useful for the first coating layer.
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The vanadium-based SCR catalyst generally contains or consists of a vanadium component (e.g., V2O5) as the main active species and optionally an additional metal or metalloid component as a promoter component, which are supported on particles of support. The additional metal or metalloid may include but are not limited to boron (B) , aluminum (Al) , bismuth (Bi) , silicon (Si) , tin (Sn) , lead (Pb) , antimony (Sb) , chromium (Cr) , manganese (Mn) , iron (Fe) , cobalt (Co) , nickel (Ni) , copper (Cu) , zinc (Zn) , gallium (Ga) , cerium (Ce) , yttrium (Y) , niobium (Nb) , molybdenum (Mo) , barium (Ba) , samarium (Sm) , erbium (Er) and tungsten (W) . Particularly, the vanadium-based SCR catalyst contains a vanadium oxide and optionally at least one oxide of metal or metalloid selected from silicon (Si) , antimony (Sb) , molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) . The additional metal or metalloid component may be present in form of respective oxides, or a composite oxide thereof with vanadium and/or one another metal or metalloid, or a combination thereof.
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In some embodiments according to the present invention, the vanadium-based SCR catalyst contains or consists of a vanadium component and at least one metal or metalloid component
selected from silicon (Si) component, antimony (Sb) component, molybdenum (Mo) component and tungsten (W) component, which are supported on particles of support. Particularly, the vanadium-based SCR catalyst may contain a vanadium (V) component, an antimony (Sb) component, and optionally a further metal or metalloid component, which are supported on particles of support.
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It will be understood that the vanadium component and the additional metal or metalloid component (when present) in the first catalyst may be in form of respective oxides, any composite oxides of two or more of vanadium and the additional metal or metalloid, or any combinations thereof, which are supported on particles of support.
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For example, in some embodiments, the first catalyst contains a vanadium oxide, an antimony oxide and optionally a composite oxide of vanadium and antimony, which are supported on particles of support.
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In some particular embodiments, the first catalyst contains or consists of vanadium oxide, antimony oxide, silicon dioxide, and optionally any composite oxide thereof, which are supported on particles of support.
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Useful materials as the support for the vanadium component and optionally the additional metal or metalloid component in the first catalyst may include, but are not limited to molecular sieves and oxides of a metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, W, Al, Ce, Zr, Mg, Ca, Ba, Y, La, Pr, Nb, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn and Bi. Preferably, the support may be one or more selected from titania (preferably anatase) , silica, alumina, zirconia, and any dopant-stabilized forms thereof.
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The first catalyst may contain the vanadium component in an amount of 0.5 to 8%by weight or 1 to 6%by weight, calculated as V2O5, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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Each of the additional metal or metalloid component, when present, may be contained in the first catalyst in an amount of 0.1 to 30%by weight, 1 to 15%by weight, or 2 to 10%by weight, calculated as respective oxides, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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The support may be contained in the first catalyst in an amount of at least 45%by weight, at least 60%by weight, at least 70%by weight or at least 75%by weight, based on the total weight of the first catalyst. The amount of the support may be up to 95%by weight or up to 90%by weight, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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In some embodiments, the first catalyst may contain an antimony component, calculated as Sb2O3, in an amount of 0.5 to 16%by weight or 2 to 9%by weight, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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In some embodiments, the first catalyst contains or consists of
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(a) 0.5 to 8%by weight of a vanadium oxide, calculated as V2O5,
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(b) 0.5 to 16%by weight of an antimony oxide, calculated as Sb2O3,
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(c) 1 to 15%by weight of SiO2, and
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(e) 70 to 95%by weight of TiO2,
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each being based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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In some further embodiments, the first catalyst contains or consists of
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(a) 1 to 6%by weight of a vanadium oxide, calculated as V2O5,
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(b) 2 to 9%by weight of an antimony oxide, calculated as Sb2O3,
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(c) 2 to 10%by weight of SiO2, and
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(e) 75 to 95%by weight of TiO2,
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each being based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
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The total weight of the first catalyst in each case as described herein will be 100%by weight.
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The first coating layer may also comprise one or more components in addition to the first catalyst, which may be non-catalytically active components, for example processing aids useful for deposition of the coating layer on the substrate, such as lubricants and binders. The other components may also be catalytically active, for example active species other than those catalysts as described herein.
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The first coating layer may extend a partial or entire axial length of the substrate. The loading of the first catalyst coating layer may be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 g/in3 or from 0.5 to 8 g/in3, based on the substrate or substrate region comprising or carrying the first coating layer. Additionally or alternatively, the first catalyst may be present in an amount providing 0.005 to 1.5 g/in3, 0.01 to 1.0 g/in3 or 0.03 to 0.5 g/in3 of vanadium, calculated as V2O5, based on the substrate or substrate region comprising or carrying the first coating layer.
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<Second Coating Layer>
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The second catalyst in the second coating layer may be a precious metal-based oxidation catalyst containing a precious metal component, preferably a platinum group metal component, which is generally supported on particles of support. The precious metal component may contain one or more selected from ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold, on particles of support. Preferably, the precious metal component contains one or more selected from ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum, more preferably palladium and platinum, most preferably platinum, on particles of support.
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It will be understood that the precious metal may be present in any possible valence state, for example respective metals or metal oxides as the catalytically active form, or may be for example respective metal compounds, complexes and the like, which will decompose or otherwise convert to the catalytically active form upon calcination or use of the catalyst.
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Useful materials as the support for the precious metal in the second catalyst may be any materials suitable for receiving and carrying precious metals, for example molecular sieves, oxides of a metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, W, Al, Ce, Zr, Mg, Ca, Ba, Y, La, Pr, Nb, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn, Sm, Eu, Hf, and Bi. Particularly, the support for the precious metal may be selected from high surface area alumina, silica, titania, ceria, zirconia, lanthana, baria, yttria, neodymia, praseodymia, titania, europia, samaria, hafnia, and any composite or combination thereof. Exemplary supports may be a composite oxide of silica and alumina, a composite oxide of silica and titania, and the like.
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Optionally, the second catalyst may further contain a zeolitic or non-zeolitic molecular sieve catalyst component in addition to the precious metal component.
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Molecular sieves refer to framework materials based on an extensive three-dimensional network of oxygen ions containing generally tetrahedral type sites and having a substantially uniform pore distribution. Suitable molecular sieves for the purpose of the present invention may be microporous or mesoporous.
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Particularly, the molecular sieves may be zeolites, which is optionally metal-promoted. Herein, the term “metal-promoted” within the context of the molecular sieve is intended to mean a metal capable of improving any performance of the zeolite has been incorporated into and/or onto the zeolite.
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Preferably, suitable molecular sieves may include, but are not limited to aluminosilicate zeolites having a framework type selected from the group consisting of AEI, AEL, AFI, AFT, AFO, AFX, AFR, ATO, BEA, CHA, DDR, EAB, EMT, ERI, EUO, FAU, FER, GME, HEU, JSR, KFI, LEV, LTA, LTL, LTN, MAZ, MEL, MFI, MOR, MOZ, MSO, MTW, MWW, OFF, RTH, SAS, SAT, SAV, SBS, SBT, SFW, SSF, SZR, TON, TSC and WEN. More preferably, the molecular sieves include zeolites having a framework type selected from the group AEI, BEA (e.g., beta) , CHA (e.g., chabazite, SSZ-13) , AFT, AFX, FAU (e.g., zeolite Y) , MOR, MFI (e.g., ZSM-5) , MOR (e.g., mordenite) and MEL, among which AEI, BEA and CHA are particularly preferred.
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It will be appreciated that when a zeolite is mentioned by reference to the framework type code as generally accepted by the International Zeolite Association (IZA) herein, it is intended to include not only the reference material but also any isotypic framework materials having SCR catalytic activities. The list of reference material and the isotypic framework materials for each framework type code are available from the database of IZA (http: //www. iza-structure. org/databases/) .
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In some embodiments, the second catalyst contains a metal-promoted molecular sieve catalyst component. The promoter metal may be selected from precious metals such as Au and Ag, platinum group metals such as Ru, Rh, Pd, In and Pt, base metals such as Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Fe, Mn, W, V, Al, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb, Sn and Bi, alkali earth metals such as Ca and Mg, and any combinations thereof. The promoter metal is preferably Fe or Cu or a combination thereof.
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In some illustrative embodiments, the second catalyst contains, as the molecular sieve catalyst component, Cu and/or Fe promoted zeolite having the framework type of AEI, BEA, CHA, AFT, AFX, FAU, FER, KFI, MOR, MFI, MOR or MEL, particularly Cu and/or Fe promoted zeolite having the framework of AEI, BEA or CHA.
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The promoter metal may be present in the metal-promoted molecular sieve in an amount of 0.1 to 20%by weight, or 0.5 to 15%by weight, or 1 to 10%by weight, or 2 to 6%by weight, on an oxide basis, based on the total weight of metal-promoted molecular sieve. In some illustrative embodiments wherein Cu or Fe is used as the promoter metal, the promoter metal is preferably present in an amount of 0.5 to 15%by weight, or 1 to 15%by weight, or 1 to 10%by weight, on an oxide basis, based on the total weight of the metal-promoted molecular sieve.
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The precious metal component and the molecular sieve catalyst component as described for the second catalyst may be present in any possible forms, for example as a physical mixture thereof or in separate forms.
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The second coating layer may also comprise one or more components in addition to the second catalyst, which may be non-catalytically active components, for example processing aids useful for deposition of the second coating layer on the substrate, such as lubricants and binders. The components may also be catalytically active, for example active species other than those catalysts as described herein.
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The second coating layer may extend a partial or entire axial length of the substrate. The loading of the second catalyst coating layer may be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 g/in3 or from 0.1 to 5 g/in3, based on the substrate or substrate region comprising or carrying the second coating layer. Additionally or alternatively, the precious metal component may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 g/ft3, preferably 0.5 to 10 g/ft3, calculated as respective precious metal, based on the substrate or substrate region carrying the second coating layer.
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The first coating layer and the second coating layer may be comprised in a weight ratio in the range of from 50 : 1 to 0.5 : 1, from 30 : 1 to 1 : 1 or from 20 : 1 to 5 : 1, based on the loadings of those coating layer.
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<Third Coating Layer>
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The inorganic oxide in the third coating layer may be selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof.
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There is no particular restriction to the specific valence states of those inorganic oxides, which may have any stable valence states as in respective commercially available products and/or as resulted from any possible reaction during the manufacturing the catalytic articles.
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In some embodiments, the inorganic oxide may be selected from titania, silica, ceria, zirconia, lanthana, silicon-titanium composite oxide, tungsten-titanium composite oxide, lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide, or any combinations thereof.
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In some further embodiments, the inorganic oxide may be selected from zirconia, ceria, a lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide, a combination of titania and silica, a combination of silica and silicon-titanium composite, or a combination of silica and tungsten-titanium composite oxide.
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Generally, the inorganic oxide may be present in the third coating layer in form of particles. The particles of the inorganic oxide may have a particle size D90 in the range of from 1 to 100 microns (μm) .
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Preferably, the third coating layer does not comprise any vanadium-based SCR catalyst component or precious metal-based oxidation catalyst component. In some embodiments, the third coating layer consists of the inorganic oxide as described herein within the context of the third coating layer.
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The third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate. The loading of the third coating layer may be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 g/in3, preferably from 0.1 to 5 g/in3, based on the substrate or substrate region comprising or carrying the third coating layer.
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It has been surprisingly found that the NH3 removal performance of catalytic articles comprising a layer of vanadium-based catalyst and a layer of precious metal-based catalyst for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides has been improved by applying the inorganic oxide as an intermediate layer in the catalytic articles.
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<Substrate>
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The term “substrate” as used herein generally refers to a structure that is suitable for withstanding conditions encountered in an exhaust stream, on which a catalytic material is carried, in the form of a coating, typically a washcoat. The substrate may have an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length thereof and a plurality of fine, parallel gas flow passages extending along the axial length.
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The substrate is usually inert and conventionally made of, for example, ceramic or metal materials, which is also known as “inert substrate” . The substrate may alternatively be active, and may consist of, for example, extrudate containing catalytically active species.
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The substrate may be a monolithic flow-through structure, which has a plurality of fine, parallel gas flow passages extending from an inlet end to an outlet end of the substrate such that
passages are open to fluid flow therethrough. The passages, which are essentially straight paths from their fluid inlet to their fluid outlet, are defined by walls on which the catalytic material is applied as washcoat so that the stream flowing through the passages contact the catalytic material. The flow passages of the monolithic substrate are thin-walled channels, which can be of any suitable cross-sectional shape and size such as trapezoidal, rectangular, square, sinusoidal, hexagonal, oval, circular, etc. Such structures may contain 50 to 900 or more flow passages (or "cells" ) per square inch of cross section. For example, the substrate may have 50 to 600 cells per square inch ( "cpsi" ) or 200 to 450 cpsi. The wall thickness of flow-through substrates may vary, with a typical range from 2 mils to 0.1 inches.
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The substrate may also a monolithic wall-flow structure having a plurality of fine, parallel gas flow passages extending along from an inlet end to an outlet end of the substrate wherein alternate passages are blocked at opposite ends. The passages are defined by walls on which the catalytic material is applied as washcoat so that the stream flowing through the passages contact the catalytic material. The configuration requires the stream flow through the porous walls of the wall-flow substrate to reach the outlet end. The wall-flow substrates may have up to 700 cpsi, for example 100 to 400 cpsi. The flow passages of the monolithic substrate are thin-walled channels, which can be of any suitable cross-sectional shape and size such as trapezoidal, rectangular, square, sinusoidal, hexagonal, oval, circular, etc. The wall thickness of wall-flow substrates may vary, with a typical range from 2 mils to 0.1 inches.
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The term “washcoat” has its usual meaning in the art and refers to a thin, adherent coating of a catalytic or other material applied to a substrate. A washcoat is generally formed by preparing a slurry containing the desired material and optionally processing aids such as binder with a certain solid content (e.g., 15 to 60%by weight) and then applying the slurry onto a substrate, dried and calcined to provide a washcoat layer. The washcoat, in form of one or more layers, is generally loaded on the substrate in an amount of 0.1 to 10 g/in3, for example 0.5 to 7 g/in3.
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<Catalytic Article Configuration>
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In the catalytic article according to the present invention, the first, second and third coating layers may be comprised in any suitable layered configurations as known in the art, for example those conventional configurations of AMOx catalytic articles comprising a layer of SCR catalyst and a layer of oxidation catalyst, provided that the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
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Preferably, the first coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising a first catalyst containing a vanadium component, is positioned as a top layer. More preferably, the first coating layer extends the entire axial length of the substrate. The second coating layer may positioned as a bottom layer and extends a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
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In some embodiments, the first coating layer and the second coating layer both extend the entire axial length of the substrate. Preferably, the first coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising a first catalyst containing a vanadium component, is positioned as a top layer; the second coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, is positioned as a bottom layer; and the third coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising an inorganic oxide as described herein, is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
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In some particular embodiments, the catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
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-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
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-a first coating layer as a top layer extending entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
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-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
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-a third coating layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
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wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer.
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A longitudinal sectional view of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article is schematically illustrated in Figure 1a.
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In some other particular embodiments, the catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
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-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
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-a first coating layer as a top layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
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-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
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-a third coating layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
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wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial axial length of the substrate from the inlet end or the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate, preferably from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate.
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Exemplary longitudinal sectional views of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article are schematically illustrated in Figure 2a and 2b.
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It can also be contemplated that the catalytic article according to the present invention may comprise
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-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
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-a first coating layer as a top layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
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-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
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-a third coating layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
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wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial axial length of the substrate with a distance from both the inlet end and the outlet end.
-
An exemplary longitudinal sectional view of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article is schematically illustrated in Figure 2c.
-
In some other embodiments, the first coating layer extends the entire axial length of the substrate, and the second and third coating layers extend a partial axial length of the substrate. Preferably, the first coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising a first catalyst containing a vanadium component, is positioned as a top layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate; the second coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, is positioned as a bottom layer extending from the inlet end or the outlet end of the substrate over a partial length of the substrate; and the third coating layer, i.e., the coating layer comprising an inorganic oxide as described herein, is positioned as an intermediate layer extending within a region where the second coating layer is positioned over a length same as or less than the length of the second coating layer.
-
In some particular embodiments, the catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
-
-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
-
-a first coating layer as a top layer extending entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
-
-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
-
-a third coating layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten
oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
-
wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, and wherein the second layer and third coating layer both extend from the inlet end or the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate over the same partial axial length of the substrate, preferably from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate.
-
Exemplary longitudinal sectional views of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article are schematically illustrated in Figure 3a and 3b.
-
In some other particular embodiments, the catalytic article according to the present invention comprises
-
-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
-
-a first coating layer as a top layer extending entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
-
-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
-
-a third coating layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
-
wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, wherein the second layer and third coating layer both extend from the inlet end or the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate, preferably from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate, and wherein the third coating layer extends an axial length less than the axial length of the second coating layer.
-
Exemplary longitudinal sectional views of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article are schematically illustrated in Figure 4a and 4b.
-
It can also be contemplated that the catalytic article according to the present invention may comprise
-
-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length,
-
-a first coating layer as a top layer extending entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
-
-a second coating layer as a bottom layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
-
-a third coating layer extending a partial axial length of the substrate, which comprises an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten
oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
-
wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, wherein the second coating layer extends from the inlet end or the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate, preferably from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate, and wherein the third coating layer is positioned with a distance from both the inlet end and the outlet end of the substrate and extends within a region where the second coating layer is positioned over an axial length less than the axial length of the second coating layer.
-
Exemplary longitudinal sectional views of the above layered configuration from an inlet end to an outlet end on the substrate of the catalytic article are schematically illustrated in Figure 5a and 5b.
-
The catalytic article according to the present invention may be used to treat exhaust streams from internal combustion engines of automobiles, especially diesel engines. The catalytic article according to the present invention may particularly be effective to treat exhaust streams from heavy-duty diesel engines, including on-road and off-road heavy-duty diesel engines.
-
Accordingly, in the second aspect, the present invention relates to a system for treating an exhaust stream, especially originating from heavy-duty diesel engines, including on-road and off-road heavy-duty diesel engines, which comprises a reductant source (e.g., NH3 or a precursor thereof) and the catalytic article as described in the first aspect hereinabove.
-
The system for treating an exhaust stream may further comprise one or more conventional exhaust stream treatment elements. Conventional exhaust stream treatment elements include, but are not limited to diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) , selective catalytic reduction catalyst (SCR) , three-way conversion catalyst (TWC) , four-way conversion catalyst (FWC) , non-catalyzed or catalyzed soot filter (CSF) , NOx trap, hydrocarbon trap catalyst, sensor and mixer.
-
In some embodiments, the system for treating an exhaust stream further comprises a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst located downstream of the engine and upstream of the catalytic article as described in the first aspect hereinabove. Preferably, the system for treating an exhaust stream further comprises a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) , a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst and a catalyzed soot filter (CSF) located upstream of the catalytic article as described in the first aspect hereinabove.
-
In the third aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides, which includes passing the exhaust stream through the system as described in the second aspect in the presence of NH3 as a reductant.
-
In some embodiments, the method is useful for treating an exhaust stream originating from diesel engines, especially heavy-duty diesel engines, for example on-road and off-road heavy-duty diesel engines.
-
In the fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a method for alleviating poisoning of a precious metal component in a catalytic article comprising a first coating layer comprising vanadium-based catalyst and a second coating layer comprising precious metal-based catalyst, which includes incorporating a layer of inorganic oxide at least partially between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, wherein the inorganic oxide is selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide.
-
Embodiments
-
Various embodiments are listed below. It will be understood that the embodiments listed below may be combined with all aspects and other embodiments in accordance with the scope of the invention.
-
1. A catalytic article for treating an exhaust stream, comprising
-
-a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end which define an axial length, -a first coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a first catalyst containing a vanadium component,
-
-a second coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises a second catalyst containing a precious metal component, and
-
-a third coating layer extending a partial or entire axial length of the substrate, which comprises or consists of an inorganic oxide selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide thereof,
-
wherein the third coating layer is positioned as an intermediate layer between the first coating layer and the second coating layer over a partial or entire axial length of the substrate.
-
2. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 1, wherein the substrate is a flow-through substrate or a wall-flow substrate.
-
3. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 2, wherein the substrate is a flow-through substrate.
-
4. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first coating layer and the second coating layer both extend entire axial length of the substrate.
-
5. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first coating layer is a top layer extending the entire axial length of the substrate, and the second coating layer is a bottom layer.
-
6. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 5, wherein the second layer and third coating layer extend the entire axial length of the substrate.
-
7. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 5, wherein the third coating layer extends a partial axial length of the substrate.
-
8. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 7, wherein the second coating layer extends the entire axial length of the substrate and the third coating layer extends a partial axial length of the substrate from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate.
-
9. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 7, wherein the second layer and third coating layer both extend from the outlet end toward the opposite end of the substrate over the same partial axial length of the substrate.
-
10. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first catalyst contains the vanadium component in an amount of 0.5 to 8%by weight, calculated as V2O5, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
-
11. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 10, wherein the first catalyst contains the vanadium component in an amount of 1 to 6%by weight, calculated as V2O5, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
-
12. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first catalyst contains an antimony component.
-
13. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 12, wherein the first catalyst contains an antimony component in an amount of 0.5 to 16%by weight, calculated as Sb2O3, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
-
14. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 13, wherein the first catalyst contains an antimony component in an amount of 2 to 9%by weight, calculated as Sb2O3, based on the total weight of the first catalyst.
-
15. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first catalyst contains a vanadium oxide, an antimony oxide and optionally a composite oxide of vanadium and antimony, which are supported on particles of support.
-
16. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 15, wherein the support includes one or more of molecular sieves and oxides of a metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, W, Al, Ce, Zr, Mg, Ca, Ba, Y, La, Pr, Nb, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn and Bi.
-
17. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the precious
metal component contains one or more selected from ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum, more preferably palladium and platinum, most preferably platinum, which are supported on particles of support.
-
18. The catalytic article according to Embodiment 17, wherein the support in the precious metal component is one or more of molecular sieves and oxides of a metal or metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, W, Al, Ce, Zr, Mg, Ca, Ba, Y, La, Pr, Nb, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn, Sm, Eu, Hf, and Bi.
-
19. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the second catalyst contains a zeolitic or non-zeolitic molecular sieve catalyst component in addition to the precious metal component.
-
20. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the third coating layer comprises or consists of an inorganic oxide selected from titania, silica, ceria, zirconia, lanthana, silicon-titanium composite oxide, tungsten-titanium composite oxide, lanthanum-zirconium composite oxide, or any combinations thereof.
-
21. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the third coating layer is present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 g/in3, preferably 0.1 to 5 g/in3.
-
22. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the first coating layer is present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 g/in3, preferably 0.5 to 8 g/in3.
-
23. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the second coating layer is present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 g/in3, preferably 0.1 to 5 g/in3.
-
24. The catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, wherein the precious metal component is present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 g/ft3, preferably 0.5 to 10 g/ft3, calculated as each precious metal.
-
25. A system for treating an exhaust stream, which comprises a reductant source (e.g., NH3 or a precursor thereof) , the catalytic article according to any of preceding Embodiments, and optionally one or more of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) , selective catalytic reduction catalyst (SCR) , three-way conversion catalyst (TWC) , four-way conversion catalyst (FWC) , non-catalyzed or catalyzed soot filter (CSF) , NOx trap, hydrocarbon trap catalyst, sensor and mixer.
-
26. The system according to Embodiment 25, wherein the exhaust stream originates from an internal combustion engine, especially a diesel engine.
-
27. A method for treating an exhaust stream containing nitrogen oxides, which includes passing the exhaust stream through the system as defined in Embodiment 25 or 26 in the presence of NH3 as a reductant.
-
28. A method for alleviating poisoning of a precious metal component in a catalytic article comprising a first coating layer comprising vanadium-based catalyst and a second coating layer comprising precious metal-based catalyst, which includes incorporating a layer of inorganic oxide at least partially between the first coating layer and the second coating layer, wherein the inorganic oxide is selected from titanium oxides, silicon oxides, zirconium oxides, tungsten oxides, rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxides and cerium oxides, any combination thereof or composite oxide.
-
The invention will be further illustrated by following Examples, which set forth particularly advantageous embodiments. While the Examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, they are not intended to limit it.
-
Examples
-
Example 1
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Step 1.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
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A Cu-CHA slurry was prepared by mixing 218.7 g of a Cu-CHA zeolite from Zeolyst and 6.2 g of Al2O3 powder into 300 g of deionized (DI) water, wherein the Cu-CHA zeolite has a SiO2 to Al2O3 molar ratio of 28, CuO weight content of 3.2%, X-ray crystallinity of 98%, BET surface area of 750 m2/g and D90 of 5 microns.
-
A Pt slurry was prepared by mixing 69 g of colloidal Pt solution having a Pt content of 2 wt%with 100 g of DI water to form a uniform mixture, which was impregnated to 207g of 8%SiO2 doped TiO2 powder and stirred for 30 min, adjusted to pH of 4 with tartaric acid, and then milled to a particle size of D90 of 5 microns, as measured with a Sympatec particle size analyzer.
-
The Cu-CHA slurry and the Pt slurry were mixed, adjusted to pH of 5 with tartaric acid and then stirred for 20 minutes, to obtain a homogenous slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto a flow-through cordierite monolith substrate of 300 cpsi with a wall thickness of 5 mils by dipping the substrate into the slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying at 130 ℃ and calcination at 550 ℃. After cooling to room temperature, the process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total washcoat loading of 0.5 g/in3 on the substrate was obtained, wherein the Cu-CHA loading is 0.25g/in3, Pt loading is 3 g/ft3.
-
Step 1.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising TiO2 Particles
-
150 g of TiO2 in anatase form having a titanium content of 95.9 wt%calculated as TiO2 was added in 200 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a 25%aqueous ammonia solution was used to adjust the pH to 7.0. Then 15g of SiO2 sol having a SiO2 content of 40 wt%was added. After stirring for 1 hour, a homogenous slurry
having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 1.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained on the substrate.
-
Step 1.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
132.8 g of TiO2 in anatase form having a titanium content of 95.9 wt%calculated as TiO2, 57.1 g of vanadyl oxalate solution having a vanadium content of 10.8 wt%calculated as V2O5, and 9.0 g of Sb2O3 were mixed in 200 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a 25%aqueous ammonia solution was further added to raise the system pH to 7.0. Then 25.5 g of SiO2 sol having a SiO2 content of 30.1 wt%was added. After stirring for 1 hour, a homogenous slurry for the V-based catalyst was obtained, into which the substrate with a 2-layerd washcoat as obtained from Step 1.2 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The V-based catalyst has a vanadium content of 4.0 wt%, calculated as V2O5, based on the total weight of V-based catalyst.
-
The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the top washcoat layer of 3.0 g/in3 was obtained, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 2
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Step 2.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 2.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising SiO2 doped TiO2 Particles
-
150 g of 5 wt%SiO2 doped TiO2 in anatase form having a solid content of 95 wt%calculated as SiO2/TiO2 was added in 200 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a 25%aqueous ammonia solution was used to adjust the pH to 7.0. Then 15g of SiO2 sol having a SiO2 content of 40 wt%was added. After stirring for 1 hour, a homogenous slurry having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 2.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of
dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained.
-
Step 2.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the coated substrate as obtained from Step 2.2, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 3
-
Step 3.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 3.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising WO3 doped TiO2 Particles
-
150 g of 10 wt%WO3 doped TiO2 in anatase form having a solid content of 96 wt%calculated as WO3/TiO2 was added in 200 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a 25%aqueous ammonia solution was used to adjust the pH to 7.0. Then 15g of SiO2 sol having a SiO2 content of 40 wt%was added. After stirring for 1 hour, a homogenous slurry having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 3.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained.
-
Step 3.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the coated substrate as obtained from Step 3.2, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 4
-
Step 4.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 4.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising CeO2 Particles
-
300 g of CeO2 having a solid content of 98 wt%calculated as CeO2 was added in 550 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a homogenous slurry having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 4.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained.
-
Step 4.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the coated substrate as obtained from Step 4.2, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 5
-
Step 5.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 5.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising ZrO2 Particles
-
300 g of ZrO2 having a solid content of 97 wt%calculated as ZrO2 was added in 550 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes and milling, a homogenous slurry having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 5.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained.
-
Step 5.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the coated substrate as obtained from Step 5.2, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 6 (Comparative)
-
Step 6.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 6.2 Applying a Middle Washcoat Layer Comprising Al2O3 Particles
-
300 g of Al2O3 having a solid content of 97 wt%calculated as Al2O3 was added in 550 g of DI water at room temperature. After stirring the obtained suspension for 30 minutes, a homogenous slurry having a particle size of D90 of below 15 microns was provided, into which the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 6.1 was dipped to load enough slurry. Extra loaded slurry was blown off with an air knife carefully, followed by drying with hot air at 150 ℃ for 15 minutes and then calcining at 450 ℃ for 1 hour in air. The process of dipping, drying and calcining was repeated until a total loading of the middle washcoat layer of 1.0 g/in3 was obtained.
-
Step 6.3 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the coated substrate as obtained from Step 6.2, to provide a catalytic article with a 3-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1a.
-
Example 7 (Comparative)
-
Step 7.1 Applying a Bottom Washcoat Layer Comprising a Pt-based catalyst on a Substrate
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.1 was repeated to provide a substrate with a bottom washcoat layer.
-
Step 7.2 Applying a Top Washcoat Layer Comprising a V-based Catalyst
-
The procedure according to the above Step 1.3 was repeated onto the substrate with a bottom washcoat as obtained from Step 7.1, to provide a catalytic article with a 2-layered washcoat configuration as shown in Figure 1b.
-
Performance Test
-
The catalytic articles as prepared in each Examples were subjected to a hydrothermally treatment in 10 vol%water/air at 550℃ for 100 hours to provide aged catalytic articles. Cores having a diameter of 1 inch and a length of 3 inches were cut from the aged catalytic articles as the test samples, and placed in a fixed lab simulator for testing.
-
The feed gas contains, by volume, 500 ppm NH3, 7%H2O, 10%O2, 8%CO2 and the balance of N2. The test was conducted at a gas space velocity of 100,000 h-1 and at a temperature as
shown in Table 1.
-
The results for NH3 conversion and testing temperatures are listed in Table 1.
-
Table 1
*MC: Middle Washcoat Layer
-
As can be seen, the aged catalytic articles with a middle layer according to the present invention had higher NH3 conversion performance than the comparative counterparts, i.e., the catalytic articles of Examples 6 and 7. Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that the lower NH3 conversion of the catalytic articles of Examples 6 and 7 were resulted from severer platinum poisoning by vanadium during aging.
-
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.