EP4706278A1 - Compensation techniques in joint communication and sensing (jcas) systems - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments attempt to solve challenges in a wireless communications system. Embodiments describe various techniques, systems, and devices to support a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system using one or more reference signals of a wireless communications system to detect objects, such as a wireless communications system comprising a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system, including long-term evolution (LTE), fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR), or sixth generation (6G) cellular networks, among other types of wireless communications systems. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Description

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES IN JOINT COMMUNICATION AND SENSING (JCAS) SYSTEMS [0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to previously filed United States Provisional Patent Application Serial Number 63/499,658, filed May 2, 2023, entitled “COMPENSATION OF RANGE/DOPPLER MIGRATION IN SENSING”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND [0002] Joint communication and sensing (JCAS) is one of the key technologies envisioned for 6G communication systems to support operation of both communication and sensing functions and potentially improve the mutual performance with coordinated operation of the two functions. JCAS presents several unique challenges and design considerations. Regarding the coexistence of communication and sensing operations, a key challenge is to have a flexible design that can operate under different communication and sensing performance and hardware/complexity tradeoffs. Sensing signal resource attributes and structure, as well as resource multiplexing between sensing and communication services, are important parts of this challenge. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS [0003] To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced. [0004] FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless communication system in accordance with one embodiment. [0005] FIG. 2 illustrates a wireless communication system in accordance with one embodiment. [0006] FIG. 3 illustrates an operating environment in accordance with one embodiment. [0007] FIG. 4 illustrates a Joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system in accordance with one embodiment. [0008] FIG. 5 illustrates a transceiver in accordance with one embodiment. [0009] FIG. 6 illustrates a sensing processing block in accordance with one embodiment. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0010] FIG. 7 illustrates a graph in accordance with one embodiment. [0011] FIG. 8 illustrates an apparatus in accordance with one embodiment. [0012] FIG. 9 illustrates a logic flow in accordance with one embodiment. [0013] FIG. 10 illustrates a first network in accordance with one embodiment. [0014] FIG. 11 illustrates a second network in accordance with one embodiment. [0015] FIG. 12 illustrates a third network in accordance with one embodiment. [0016] FIG. 13 illustrates a computer readable storage medium in accordance with one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0017] A Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS) system represents an innovative fusion of wireless communication and environmental sensing technologies within a single framework, leveraging the advanced capabilities of cellular networks like fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), and beyond. By integrating these functionalities, JCAS systems can simultaneously support high-speed data transmission and acquire critical information about the surrounding environment. This dual-purpose approach capitalizes on the existing cellular infrastructure, making it a cost-effective solution that enhances both the efficiency and utility of wireless networks. JCAS systems enable a range of applications, from autonomous driving and smart cities to industrial automation and remote healthcare, by providing real-time data for decision-making and interaction with the environment. [0018] In practice, JCAS systems utilize the cellular base stations or dedicated transmitters equipped with sophisticated signal processing capabilities for both broadcasting communication signals to devices and interpreting the signals reflected back from objects for sensing purposes. This approach requires careful management of signal interference and efficient allocation of spectral and computational resources to ensure optimal performance for both communication and sensing tasks. The advent of JCAS introduces technical challenges, including interference management, regulatory compliance, and the development of new algorithms and standards to support the seamless integration of communication and sensing functions. However, the potential benefits in terms of enhanced connectivity, improved safety, and the opening of new avenues for technological innovation make JCAS a promising direction for the future of cellular networks. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0019] Embodiments may implement a JCAS system using various wireless communications systems, such as Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) systems, including long-term evolution (LTE), 5G New Radio (NR) and 6G cellular networks, for example. Various 3GPP documents define various aspects of a wireless communications system using different specifications, including specifications covering signal generation, defining reference signals, mapping to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resources, configurations such as muting, devices, radios, systems, and so forth. A 5G NR and 6G system may be defined by various 3GPP Technical Standards (TS), Technical Reports (TR), Change Request (CR), and/or Work Items (WI). Various embodiments discussed herein may be implemented in a wireless communications system, for example, as defined by the 3GPP TS 138.211 titled “NR; Physical channels and modulation (Release 17),” V18.2.0 (2024-03), and other 3GPP standards developed as part of technology development for 6G standardization. It may be appreciated that the embodiments may be implemented in accordance with other 3GPP TS, TR, CR and WI, as well as other wireless standards released by other standards entities. Embodiments are not limited in this context. [0020] The 3GPP standards define various types of reference signals (RS). In a 5G system, for example, reference signals are used for functions including channel estimation, synchronization, and system information dissemination, supporting the network and devices in adapting to varied radio environments. Examples of reference signals include synchronization signals such as a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Reference Signal (SSS) for time and frequency syncing; a Broadcast Channel Signal (BCS) for carrying system access information; a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) and a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) for decoding and beamforming optimization; a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS) and a Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS) for signal stability; and a Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) for accurate location services. These signals provide for the robust, flexible, and efficient operation of 5G networks, accommodating everything from urban to wide-area deployments and enabling a vast range of applications from broadband to low-latency communications. [0021] Some embodiments may implement a JCAS system as a 3GPP system using one or more 3GPP defined reference signals for sensing applications. For example, in a 5G new radio (NR) system, a Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) may be used for sensing and detecting objects. A PRS is a specialized signal designed for accurate location and timing measurements, Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT facilitating advanced positioning capabilities. Embedded within the 5G network's signal framework, PRS enables devices to calculate their position with high precision by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) or the angle of arrival (AOA) of signals from multiple base stations. This feature is crucial for applications requiring precise location information, such as autonomous vehicles, augmented reality, and various location-based services. The deployment of PRS in 5G networks marks a significant step forward from previous generations, offering enhanced location accuracy, reduced latency, and improved reliability in both outdoor and challenging indoor environments, thereby enabling a wide range of innovative applications and services. Although some embodiments discuss using a reference signal such as PRS for sensing applications, it may be appreciated that other 5G NR reference signals may be used for sensing applications as well. Embodiments are not limited in this context. [0022] In some cases, however, using a standard PRS of a 5G NR system may result in sub- optimal performance for sensing certain objects. For example, sensing performance improves over wider bandwidths and larger integration sensing frames by providing better range resolution and speed resolution, respectively, as well as potentially better detection accuracy. However, a high time-bandwidth product (e.g., the product of the total bandwidth and the total sensing frame duration), can cause deleterious effects, such as range and/or Doppler migration. This results in dispersion of the targets in a delay-Doppler profile, and degrades the detection performance. As such, signal processing algorithms are needed to compensate for the migration. [0023] In a cellular-based JCAS, higher coherent bandwidths are desired in order to obtain improved detection performance. Bandwidth aggregation provides higher coherent bandwidths while introducing additional technical problems, such as radio-frequency (RF) impairments, handling of discontinuities between the aggregated bandwidths, and so forth. Therefore, JCAS solutions need to address these technical problems in order to take advantage of a wide composite coherent bandwidth that is available in frequency together with an integration frame duration in time. The integration frame duration, sometimes referred to as a “sensing frame,” is a frame structure that a transmitter and/or receiver ("transceiver") uses to transmit and/or receive cellular-based JCAS sensing signals on a periodic, aperiodic, or on-demand basis. [0024] As used herein, the terms base station (BS), cell, next generation node B (gNB), and transmission-reception point (TRP) are interchangeably used to denote a network entity which transmits and/or receives radio signals. The terms sensing entity, sensing entities, sensing and Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT communication entity, or sensing and communication entities are used herein to refer to a BS, cell, gNB, or TRP that performs sensing operations. A TRP is a set of geographically co- located antennas (e.g., an antenna array with one or more antenna elements) supporting transmission point and/or reception point functionality. A transmission point (TP) is a set of geographically co-located transmit antennas (e.g., an antenna array with one or more antenna elements) for one cell, part of one cell or one PRS-only TP. Transmission points can include base station (e.g., eNodeB) antennas, remote radio heads, a remote antenna of a base station, an antenna of a PRS-only TP which only transmits PRS signals for PRS-based transport block size (TBS) positioning and is not associated with a cell as defined in 3GPP TS 137.355, TS 138.211, and other 3GPP standards. One cell can be formed by one or multiple transmission points. For a homogeneous deployment, each transmission point may correspond to one cell. Embodiments are not limited to these examples and terminology. [0025] Embodiments may be implemented using various sensing frameworks and/or architectures in a wireless system, such as a cellular system, for example. In cellular systems, depending on various sensing applications, use cases, and capabilities, JCAS operations can be base station (BS)-based, user equipment (UE)-based, or based on both the base station and user equipment. For example, a gNB (e.g., a NR base station) may send a sensing radio signal and receives/measures/processes its reflections from objects/environment, in time, frequency, and spatial/angular domains. If the same gNB also receives/measures/processes the reflected signal, the scenario is referred to herein as a gNB-based monostatic sensing mode. If other gNB(s) are involved in receiving/measurement/processing, the scenario is referred to herein as a gNB-based bi-static (multi-static) sensing mode by cooperative network nodes. In another example, a gNB may send a sensing radio signal and a UE receives/measures/processes its reflections (e.g., in a bi-static sensing mode). In yet another example, a UE may send a sensing radio signal and a same or different UE(s) receives/measures its reflections, thereby corresponding to UE-based monostatic and bi/multi-static sensing modes, respectively. [0026] In some embodiments, for example, the sensing radio signal can be based on a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) (DL PRS), some extended or adapted version of the DL PRS, or a newly designed sensing signal. There is also the possibility of combining scenarios, where the UE receives/measures the gNB’s radio signal for positioning purposes, e.g., when the gNB’s signal is based on the DL PRS signal. As can be seen from the above Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT cases, sensing operations may implement transmission/reception from multiple nodes to perform coordinated environment or neighborhood perception by multiple gNBs and/or UEs. [0027] Further, by enabling PRS-based sensing, the JCAS system can support both base station-based monostatic sensing and user equipment-based bi-static sensing, where the base station operates as the PRS signal transmitter and the user equipment operates as the PRS signal sensing receiver, as well as user equipment-based positioning. [0028] The disclosure herein is not limited to a particular sensing architecture or use-case and is kept general to the extent possible. In some embodiments, gNB-based sensing is the sensing scenario and architecture. Further, while the air-interface signal design can be applicable to monostatic or bi/multi-static sensing architectures, in some embodiments, the air-interface signal design is monostatic wherein the base station uses its own transmitted signals and their reflections in order to scan/monitor the environment, identify objects/targets, etc. This means that the transmitter and receiver for the sensing node would be the same network element, e.g., same base station. Similarly, this disclosure is not limited to a particular use-case family. [0029] The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout, and wherein the illustrated structures and devices are not necessarily drawn to scale. As utilized herein, terms “component,” “system,” “interface,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, hardware, software (e.g., in execution), and/or firmware. For example, a component can be a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, a controller, or other processing device), a process running on a processor, a controller, an object, an executable, a program, a storage device, a computer, a tablet PC and/or a user equipment (e.g., mobile phone, etc.) with a processing device. By way of illustration, an application running on a server and the server can also be a component. One or more components can reside within a process, and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. A set of elements or a set of other components can be described herein, in which the term “set” can be interpreted as “one or more.” [0030] Further, these components can execute from various computer readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon such as with a module, for example. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network, such as, the Internet, Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT a local area network, a wide area network, or similar network with other systems via the signal). [0031] As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, in which the electric or electronic circuitry can be operated by a software application or a firmware application executed by one or more processors. The one or more processors can be internal or external to the apparatus and can execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts; the electronic components can include one or more processors therein to execute software and/or firmware that confer(s), at least in part, the functionality of the electronic components. [0032] Use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” Additionally, in situations wherein one or more numbered items are discussed (e.g., a “first X”, a “second X”, etc.), in general the one or more numbered items may be distinct or they may be the same, although in some situations the context may indicate that they are distinct or that they are the same. [0033] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include a circuit, an integrated circuit (IC), a monolithic IC, a discrete circuit, a hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a microcircuit, a hybrid circuit, a microchip, a chip, a chiplet, a chipset, a multi-chip module (MCM), a semiconductor die, a system on a chip (SoC), a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), a processor circuit, a processing circuit, or associated memory (shared, dedicated, or group) operably coupled to the circuitry that execute one or more software or firmware Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT programs, a combinational logic circuit, or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware. [0034] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100. For purposes of convenience and without limitation, the example wireless communications system 100 is described in the context of the long-term evolution (LTE) and fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) (5G NR) cellular networks communication standards as defined by one or more 3GPP TS 38.133 Standards, 3GPP TS 38.304 Standards, 3GPP TS 38.331 Standards, 3GPP TS 38.700 Standards, 3GPP TS 137.355 Standards, 3GPP TS 138.211 Standards, or other 3GPP standards or specifications. However, other types of wireless standards are possible as well. [0035] The wireless communications system 100 supports two classes of UE devices, including a reduced capability (RedCap) UE 102a and standard UE 102b (collectively referred to as the "UEs 102"). In one embodiment, the UE 102a may have a set of one or more reduced capabilities relative to a set of standard capabilities of the standard UE 102b. Examples of reduced capabilities may include without limitation: (1) 20 megahertz (MHz) in sub-7 gigahertz (GHz) or 100 MHz in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands; (2) a single transmit (Tx) antenna (1 Tx); (3) a single receive (Rx) antenna (1 Rx), with 2 antennas (2 Rx) being optional; (4) optional support for half-duplex FDD; (5) lower-order modulation, with 256-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) being optional; and (6) support for lower transmit power. In one embodiment, for example, the standard UE 102b may have a 2 Rx antenna, while the UE 102a may only have a 1 Rx antenna. The UE 102a may have other reduced capabilities as well. Embodiments are not limited in this context. [0036] In this example, the UEs 102 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks). In other examples, any of the UEs 102 can include other mobile or non-mobile computing devices, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or "smart" appliances, machine-type communications (MTC) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or combinations of them, among others. [0037] In some implementations, any of the UEs 102 may be IoT UEs, which can include a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device using, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN), proximity services (ProSe), device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, IoT networks, or combinations of them, among others. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which can include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages or status updates) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. [0038] The UEs 102 are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with a radio access network (RAN) 112. In some implementations, the RAN 112 may be a next generation RAN (NG RAN), an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), or a legacy RAN, such as a UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) or a GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN). As used herein, the term "NG RAN" may refer to a RAN 112 that operates in a 5G NR wireless communications system 100, and the term "E-UTRAN" may refer to a RAN 112 that operates in an LTE or 4G wireless communications system 100. [0039] To connect to the RAN 112, the UEs 102 utilize connections (or channels) 118 and 120, respectively, each of which can include a physical communications interface or layer, as described below. In this example, the connections 118 and 120 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over cellular (POC) protocol, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G NR protocol, or combinations of them, among other communication protocols. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0040] The UE 102b is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP) 104 (also referred to as "WLAN node 104," "WLAN 104," "WLAN Termination 104," "WT 104" or the like) using a connection 122. The connection 122 can include a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, in which the AP 104 would include a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) router. In this example, the AP 104 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system, as described in further detail below. [0041] The RAN 112 can include one or more nodes such as RAN nodes 106a and 106b (collectively referred to as "RAN nodes 106" or "RAN node 106") that enable the connections 118 and 120. As used herein, the terms "access node," "access point," or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data or voice connectivity, or both, between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as base stations (BS), gNodeBs, gNBs, eNodeBs, eNBs, NodeBs, RAN nodes, rode side units (RSUs), transmission reception points (TRxPs or TRPs), and the link, and can include ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell), among others. As used herein, the term "NG RAN node" may refer to a RAN node 106 that operates in an 5G NR wireless communications system 100 (for example, a gNB), and the term "E-UTRAN node" may refer to a RAN node 106 that operates in an LTE or 4G wireless communications system 100 (e.g., an eNB). In some implementations, the RAN nodes 106 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. [0042] In some implementations, some or all of the RAN nodes 106 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a cloud RAN (CRAN) or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). The CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) split in which radio resource control (RRC) and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other layer two (e.g., data link layer) protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 106; a medium access control (MAC)/physical layer (PHY) split in which RRC, PDCP, MAC, and radio link control (RLC) layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 106; or a "lower PHY" Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT split in which RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 106. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 106 to perform, for example, other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 106 may represent individual gNB distributed units (DUs) that are connected to a gNB central unit (CU) using individual F1 interfaces (not shown in FIG. 1). In some implementations, the gNB-DUs can include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs, and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 112 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 106 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), including RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 102, and are connected to a 5G core network (e.g., core network 114) using a next generation interface. [0043] In vehicle-to-everything (V2X) scenarios, one or more of the RAN nodes 106 may be or act as RSUs. The term "Road Side Unit" or "RSU" refers to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. A RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where a RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a "UE-type RSU," a RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an "eNB-type RSU," a RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a "gNB-type RSU," and the like. In some implementations, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 102 (vUEs 102). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications or other software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications, or both. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT outdoor installation, and can include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network, or both. [0044] Any of the RAN nodes 106 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 102. In some implementations, any of the RAN nodes 106 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 112 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. [0045] In some implementations, the UEs 102 can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 106 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, OFDMA communication techniques (e.g., for downlink communications) or SC-FDMA communication techniques (e.g., for uplink communications), although the scope of the techniques described here not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. [0046] The RAN nodes 106 can transmit to the UEs 102 over various channels. Various examples of downlink communication channels include Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), and Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). Other types of downlink channels are possible. The UEs 102 can transmit to the RAN nodes 106 over various channels. Various examples of uplink communication channels include Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). Other types of uplink channels are possible. [0047] In some implementations, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 106 to the UEs 102, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time- frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time- frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. [0048] The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 102. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 102 about the transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information related to the uplink shared channel. Downlink scheduling (e.g., assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 102b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 106 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 102. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 102. [0049] The PDCCH uses control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. In some implementations, each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, in which each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements collectively referred to as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. In LTE, there can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). [0050] Some implementations may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some implementations may utilize an enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced CCEs (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements collectively referred to as an enhanced REG (EREG). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs. [0051] The RAN nodes 106 are configured to communicate with one another using an interface 132. In examples, such as where the wireless communications system 100 is an LTE Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT system (e.g., when the core network 114 is an evolved packet core (EPC) network), the interface 132 may be an X2 interface 132. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 106 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to the EPC 114, or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 114, or both. In some implementations, the X2 interface can include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a master eNB to a secondary eNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP protocol data units (PDUs) to a UE 102 from a secondary eNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 102; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the secondary eNB for transmitting to the UE user data, among other information. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs or user plane transport control; load management functionality; inter-cell interference coordination functionality, among other functionality. [0052] In some implementations, such as where the wireless communications system 100 is a 5G NR system (e.g., when the core network 114 is a 5G core network), the interface 132 may be an Xn interface 132. The Xn interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 106 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to the 5G core network 114, between a RAN node 106 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to the 5G core network 114 and an eNB, or between two eNBs connecting to the 5G core network 114, or combinations of them. In some implementations, the Xn interface can include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 102 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 106, among other functionality. The mobility support can include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 106 to new (target) serving RAN node 106, and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 106 to new (target) serving RAN node 106. A protocol stack of the Xn-U can include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GPRS tunneling protocol for user plane (GTP-U) layer on Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT top of a user datagram protocol (UDP) or IP layer(s), or both, to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack can include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP or XnAP)) and a transport network layer (TNL) that is built on a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point- to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack or the Xn-C protocol stack, or both, may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein. [0053] The RAN 112 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network 114 (referred to as a "CN 114"). The CN 114 includes multiple network elements, such as network element 108a and network element 108b (collectively referred to as the "network elements 108"), which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 102) who are connected to the CN 114 using the RAN 112. The components of the CN 114 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes and can include components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer- readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some implementations, network functions virtualization (NFV) may be used to virtualize some or all of the network node functions described here using executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums, as described in further detail below. A logical instantiation of the CN 114 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 114 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more network components or functions, or both. [0054] An application server 110 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS packet services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, among others). The application server 110 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, among others) for the UEs 102 using the CN 114. The Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT application server 110 can use an IP communications interface 130 to communicate with one or more network elements 108a. [0055] In some implementations, the CN 114 may be a 5G core network (referred to as "5GC 114" or "5G core network 114"), and the RAN 112 may be connected with the CN 114 using a next generation interface 124. In some implementations, the next generation interface 124 may be split into two parts, a next generation user plane (NG-U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 106 and a user plane function (UPF), and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface 126, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 106 and access and mobility management functions (AMFs). Examples where the CN 114 is a 5G core network are discussed in more detail with regard to later figures. [0056] In some implementations, the CN 114 may be an EPC (referred to as "EPC 114" or the like), and the RAN 112 may be connected with the CN 114 using an S1 interface 124. In some implementations, the S1 interface 124 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 128, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 106 and the serving gateway (S-GW), and the S1-MME interface 126, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 106 and mobility management entities (MMEs). [0057] As previously discussed, in some implementations, an individual RAN node 106 may be implemented as a gNB dual-architecture comprising multiple gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU using individual F1 interfaces. An example of a gNB dual-architecture for a RAN node 106 is shown in FIG. 2. [0058] FIG. 2 illustrates wireless communications system 200. The wireless communications system 200 is a sub-system of the wireless communications system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. The wireless communications system 200 depicts a 202 connected to a first base station 204 over a connection 214. The 202 and connection 214 are similar to the UE 102 and the connections 118, 120 described with reference to FIG. 1. The first base station 204 is similar to the RAN node 106, and represents an implementation of the RAN node 106 as a gNB with a dual-architecture. [0059] As depicted in FIG. 2, the first base station 204 is divided into two physical entities referred to a centralized or central unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU). The first base station 204 may comprise a gNB-CU 212 and one or more gNB-DU 210. The gNB-CU 212 is further divided into a gNB-CU control plane (gNB-CU-CP) 206 and a gNB-CU user plane (gNB-CU- UP) 208. The gNB-CU-CP 206 and the gNB-CU-UP 208 communicate over an E1 interface. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT The gNB-CU-CP 206 communicates with one or more gNB-DU 210 over an F1-C interface. The gNB-CU-UP 208 communicates with the one or more gNB-DU 210 over an F1-U interface. [0060] In some implementations, there is a single gNB-CU 212 for each first base station 204 that controls multiple gNB-DU 210. For example, the first base station 204 may have more than 100 gNB-DU 210 connected to a single gNB-CU 212. Each gNB-DU 210 is able to support one or more cells, where one first base station 204 can potentially control hundreds of cells in a 5G NR system. [0061] The gNB-CU 212 is mainly involved in controlling and managing the overall network operations, performing tasks related to the control plane, such as connection establishment, mobility management, and signaling. It is responsible for non-real-time functionalities, which include policy decisions, routing, and session management among others. The gNB-CU-CP 206 and the gNB-CU-UP 208 provides support for higher layers of a protocol stack such as Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and RRC. [0062] The gNB-DU 210 is responsible for real-time, high-speed functions, such as the scheduling of radio resources, managing the data plane, and performing error handling and retransmissions. The gNB-DU 210 provides support for lower layers of the protocol stack such as Radio Link Control (RLC), MAC layer, and PHY layer. [0063] As depicted in FIG. 2, the gNB-DU 210 includes a scheduler 218. In the wireless communications system 100 and/or the wireless communications system 200, scheduling of measurement gaps for 202, including their configuration and allocation, is primarily handled by the base station of the serving cell, by the scheduler 218. The scheduler 218 is involved in real- time operations and is responsible for making immediate decisions regarding the allocation of radio resources, managing interference, and adhering to Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different services and users. The scheduler 218 within the gNB-DU 210 makes decisions about resource allocation, including when and how to schedule measurement gaps for the 202. It considers the capabilities of the 202, mobility state, quality of service requirements, and current network conditions, among other factors. [0064] Based on scheduling decisions, the gNB-DU 210 sends configuration information to the 202, instructing it when to perform measurements by allocating specific time intervals as measurement gaps. This information is usually conveyed through Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages, such as RRC Reconfiguration messages, among other types of messages. The Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT RRC layer is responsible for managing the signaling between the 202 and the gNB-DU 210, including the signaling related to the configuration of measurement gaps. The RRC layer in the gNB-DU 210 thus plays a crucial role in orchestrating the scheduling and allocation of measurement gaps based on decisions made by the scheduler 218. After receiving the configuration, the 202 performs measurements during the allocated gaps and reports the results back to the network, enabling the gNB-DU 210 to make further decisions, such as handovers or beam adjustments. [0065] Although the scheduler is located within the gNB-DU, it frequently interacts with the gNB-CU. The gNB-CU provides the necessary control and configuration information to the gNB-DU, which it uses to make real-time scheduling decisions and manage radio resources effectively. The configuration, policies, and user-specific QoS parameters provided by the gNB-CU aid the scheduler 218 in the gNB-DU to allocate resources and manage user traffic efficiently, catering to diverse service requirements in 5G and 6G networks. [0066] FIG. 3 illustrates a JCAS system 300. The JCAS system 300 illustrates an example of the wireless communications system 100 and/or the wireless communications system 200 suitable for implementing a JCAS system. The JCAS system 300 utilizes cellular base stations or dedicated transmitters equipped with sophisticated signal processing capabilities for both broadcasting communication signals to devices and interpreting the signals reflected back from objects for sensing purposes. This approach requires careful management of signal interference and efficient allocation of spectral and computational resources to ensure optimal performance for both communication and sensing tasks. [0067] FIG. 3 is an example of an architecture for sensing one or more objects 304 using a cellular system, such as wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200 according to some embodiments. FIG. 3 depicts a transceiver 302 configured to detect an object 304 using wireless signals. The transceiver 302 may remain in a fixed position, such as when implemented as part of first base station 204, or the transceiver 302 could be moving relative to the object 304, such as when implemented as part of an autonomous vehicle. Similarly, the object 304 may be a stationary object or a moving object relative to the transceiver 302 within a transmission envelope of the transceiver 302. [0068] The transceiver 302 may be implemented for monostatic sensing or bi-static sensing, similar to a radar sensing system. Monostatic sensing and bi-static sensing are two configurations used in radar systems, defined by the relative positions of the transmitter (e.g., Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT the source of the radar signal) and the receiver (e.g., the detector of the radar signal). In a monostatic radar system, the transmitter and receiver are co-located, meaning they share the same geographical location or are integrated into the same unit. This configuration is common in many applications due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The same antenna may be used for both transmitting and receiving radar signals, with the time difference between transmission and reception used to calculate the distance to the target. Bi-static radar systems have the transmitter and receiver at different locations, separated by a distance that can range from a few meters to several kilometers. This separation introduces unique operational characteristics, such as the ability to detect objects that are stealthy to monostatic radar, improved spatial coverage, and enhanced resilience to electronic countermeasures. However, bi-static systems are often more complex and may require sophisticated coordination between the transmitter and receiver. Each configuration offers distinct advantages and challenges, with the choice between monostatic and bi-static sensing depending on the specific requirements of the radar application, such as the need for stealth, coverage area, and the specific characteristics of the targets to be detected. [0069] The transceiver 302 may be implemented as part of any device capable of implementing a sensing application for functions ranging from navigation to safety and beyond. Example devices include without limitation a base station, an eNB, a gNB, an access point, a wireless access point, an autonomous vehicle, a drone, a robot, smartphones and wearables, home automation systems, healthcare devices, retail systems, security systems, and so forth. Embodiments are not limited to these examples. [0070] In one embodiment, for example, the transceiver 302 is implemented as part of a first base station, such as a first base station 204. In operation, the transceiver 302 generates a sensing signal 306. For example, the sensing signal 306 may comprise a reference signal as defined by 3GPP, such as a PRS or DL PRS. The transceiver 302 maps the sensing signal 306 to time and frequency resources of an OFDM resource grid and it transmits the sensing signal 306 towards the object 304 over a duration of a single sensing frame 316. The sensing frame 316 may comprise multiple time slots 318. The transmitted sensing signal 306 bounces off an object 304 as a reflected sensing signal 308. Inter-cell interference from sensing or communication symbols to the sensing receiver may also occur from a second base station, such as second base station 312. In such cases, a backhaul connection 314 may be disposed between the base stations to coordinate operation and reduce inter-cell interference. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0071] In one embodiment, for example, the transceiver 302 is designed for sensing over wider bandwidths and larger sensing frames relative to conventional JCAS systems. Sensing over wider bandwidths and a larger integration sensing frame provides better range resolution and speed resolution, respectively, as well as potentially better detection accuracy. However, a high time-bandwidth product (e.g., the product of the total bandwidth and the total sensing frame duration), can cause range/Doppler migration. This results in dispersion of the targets in delay-Doppler profile, and degrades the detection performance. As such, the transceiver 302 may implement one or more signal processing algorithms to compensate for the migration, such as described with reference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. [0072] FIG. 4 illustrates an example architecture for a transceiver 302. The transceiver 302 is configured to perform sensing target detection receiver processing. Although not shown, the transceiver 302 may further include blocks to perform interpolation and windowing before calculation of a range-Doppler image. [0073] In general, the transceiver 302 comprises transmit circuitry that converts analog and/or digital data from an application executing on processing circuitry of a device to radio- frequency (RF) signals for transmission over RF medium 418. Conversely, the transceiver 302 comprises receive circuitry that converts RF signals received from the RF medium 418 into analog data and/or digital data for the same or different application executing on the processing circuitry of the device. In one embodiment, for example, the application is a sensing application to detect sensing information 428 for an object 304. The sensing information 428 may comprise information such as a position of the object 304, a location for the object 304, a speed of the object 304, a velocity of the object 304, an image of the object 304, a direction of the object 304, and other properties or characteristics associated with the object 304. [0074] In one embodiment, the transceiver 302 is implemented as part of a 3GPP 5G New Radio (NR) or 6G system. For example, the transceiver 302 is designed for monostatic sensing, where transceiver 302 implements transmit circuitry 402 and receive circuitry 404 which are co-located together in a same circuitry, device or location. [0075] The transmit circuitry 402 may include a transmit chain comprising various transmit blocks performing different operations for the transmit process. By way of example, the transmit circuitry starts by encoding and modulating the data to prepare it for transmission over radio-frequency (RF) spectrum. This involves converting the digital data into a form suitable for radio transmission, using modulation schemes such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT (QAM) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). For example, 5G NR typically employs higher order modulation schemes like 256-QAM to achieve high data rates. Once the data is modulated, it is mapped to different layers and undergoes a process called precoding. This operation is for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) operations, which are fundamental to 5G NR for enhancing the data throughput and reliability. Precoding is used to manage interference and optimize signal reception at the multiple antennas of the receiver. The transmit circuitry 402 allocates the necessary resources for the transmission, which includes deciding on the frequency band, bandwidth, and time slots. In 5G NR, for example, flexible resource allocation is supported to accommodate various service types, from high throughput data applications to low latency communications for critical services. An advanced technique used in 5G NR transmitters is beamforming, where the transmitter directs the radio beams toward the intended receiver rather than broadcasting in all directions. This directionality improves signal strength and efficiency, reducing interference and increasing throughput, especially in dense urban environments. Further, power control is implemented to optimize signal strength and maintain the quality of service while minimizing interference with other users. In 5G NR, power control is dynamically managed based on the feedback from the receiver and the network conditions. The transmit circuitry 402 may incorporate mechanisms like error coding and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols to ensure data integrity and reliability. Forward Error Correction (FEC) is commonly used to correct errors that occur during the transmission process. Accurate timing and synchronization are essential, especially since 5G NR operates in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) environment where transmission and reception occur in the same frequency band but at different times. The transmit circuitry 402 ensures that the signal is precisely timed to avoid interference with the reception. Link adaptation techniques are used to dynamically adjust the transmission parameters based on the changing channel conditions. This includes selecting the appropriate modulation and coding schemes to maximize the data rate while ensuring robust and reliable communication. Each of these operations is managed by sophisticated algorithms and controlled by the network’s core systems, ensuring that the 5G NR transmit circuitry can efficiently handle high-speed data transmission, support a massive number of devices, and deliver services that meet varied user and application demands. [0076] The receive circuitry 404 may include a receive chain comprising various receive blocks performing different operations for the receive process. For example, the receive Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT circuitry 404 begins its operations by capturing the radio signals transmitted by the transceiver 302. These signals are typically conveyed using advanced modulation techniques like QAM or OFDM and may be focused through beamforming technologies aimed directly at the receiver's location. Once the signals are received, the receive circuitry 404 demodulates and decodes them to retrieve the original data. This involves reversing the modulation process to convert the RF signals back into a digital format. The decoding process also includes error correction, using schemes such as Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, to correct any errors that occurred during transmission. For signals that have been transmitted using MIMO techniques, the receive circuitry 404 performs layer demapping and de-precoding. This involves separating the multiple data streams that have been simultaneously transmitted and correctly aligning them as intended in the transmission process. After successfully decoding the received data, the receive circuitry 404 informs the network that the resources (like time slots and frequency bands) initially allocated for that particular transmission can now be released or reallocated for other uses. For adaptive transmissions, the receive circuitry 404 sends feedback to the transmit circuitry 402 regarding the quality of the received signal. This feedback includes information about the channel conditions, signal strength, and error rates, which assists the transmitter in adjusting its power levels, modulation schemes, and coding rates to optimize future transmissions. Synchronization between the transmit circuitry 402 and receive circuitry 404 is maintained to ensure accurate timing and phasing of the signals, particularly important in TDD systems where transmission and reception occur alternately on the same frequency channel. In systems utilizing beamforming, the receive circuitry 404 plays an active role in managing and optimizing the beams. This includes measuring and reporting back on beam quality to help the transmit circuitry 402 refine its beamforming algorithms, ensuring the most effective signal focusing. Based on the feedback regarding channel conditions, the receive circuitry 404 may adjust its settings to better accommodate the variations in signal quality, ensuring more robust data reception under fluctuating network conditions. The receive operations collectively ensure that the receive circuitry 404 can handle high data throughput and maintain reliable communication even in environments with high user density and diverse service demands. [0077] As part of the transmit chain, a signal generator 406 for the transmit circuitry 402 may generate one or more reference signals 408. In one embodiment, for example, the signal generator 406 may generate a PRS or DL PRS for sensing information about the object 304. In some cases, signal generator 406 may generate a reference signal 408 that uses a pseudorandom Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT sequence 412, as defined by one or more 3GPP standards. Further, in some cases, the pseudorandom sequence 412 may be initialized to an initial state 410 prior to, or during, generation of the pseudorandom sequence 412. In one embodiment, the signal generator 406 generates a reference signal 408 such as a PRS that is modified for sensing operations, as described with reference to FIG. 5. In one embodiment, for example, the reference signal 408 may have a modified initial state 410 and/or pseudorandom sequence 412 to facilitate sensing operations, such as improving detection of sensing information by the receive circuitry 404. [0078] As previously described, the receive process may involve various receive operations, some of which are generally an inverse of the transmit operations. In addition, the receive process may perform further signal processing on the received signal for a specific application, such as a sensing application. [0079] As depicted in FIG. 4, the signal generator 406 of the transmit circuitry 402 of the transceiver 302 may generate or receive a pseudorandom sequence 412 having an initial state 410. The pseudorandom sequence 412 is received by a modulator 414. The modulator 414 transforms or modulates the pseudorandom sequence 412 using a modulation scheme, such as QPSK, for example. The modulator 414 outputs the modulated signal to the transmitter 416. The transmitter 416 transmits the data as RF signals over RF medium 418. For example, the transmitter 416 transmits the sensing signal 306 to sense the object 304. An example of the sensing signal 306 is an OFDM signal, such as a reference signal as defined by one or more 3GPP standards. One example of a reference signal is a PRS, among other defined signals. The object 304 reflects the sensing signal 306 as reflected sensing signal 308. The receiver 420 receives the reflected sensing signal 308 from the RF medium 418, and the receive circuitry 404 processes the reflected sensing signal 308 through a receive chain comprising set of receive processing blocks to obtain sensing information about the object 304. For example, the receiver 420 outputs the reflected sensing signal 308 to the demodulator 422 to demodulate the reflected sensing signal 308 and output it to an element wise divider 424. An element-wise element wise divider 4240 in a wireless receiver 420 is a computational unit or algorithm designed to perform division operations on corresponding elements of two data vectors or arrays. In the context of a wireless receiver 420, it typically processes incoming signals to separate or decode the desired information. This operation is often used in signal processing tasks such as normalization, channel equalization, or decoding of received signals where the division of corresponding elements of signal and noise or signal and channel response vectors Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT is required to extract or improve the quality of the received information. Such a component is used for algorithms that require adaptive processing or precise control over the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on an element-by-element basis within the received signal array. The element wise divider 424 outputs the divided information to a sensing processing block 426. [0080] In addition to general receive blocks for the transceiver 302, the transceiver 302 may implement functional blocks dedicated to sensing operations. For example, the receive circuitry 404 may implement a sensing processing block 426 to receive demodulated reflected sensing signal 308 from an element wise divider 424. The sensing processing block 426 may process the reflected sensing signal 308 to generate sensing information 428 about the object 304. The sensing information may comprise information such as a position of the object 304, a location for the object 304, a speed of the object 304, a velocity of the object 304, an image of the object 304, a direction of the object 304, and other properties or characteristics associated with the object 304. An architecture for the sensing processing block 426 is described in more detail with reference to FIG. 5. [0081] FIG. 5 illustrates an example architecture of a sensing processing block 426 to process reflected sensing signals 308 from an object 304. As depicted in FIG. 5, the sensing processing block 426 comprises a migration compensation block 502, an image generator block 504, a beam integration block 506, a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) CFAR processing block 508, an angular resolution block 510, and a target detection block 512. It may be appreciated that the sensing processing block 426 may be implemented using more or less processing blocks as needed for a given application. Embodiments are not limited in this context. [0082] The migration compensation block 502 performs migration compensation for a reflected sensing signal 308. Migration compensation in radar systems refers to the process of correcting distortions in radar images caused by the movement of the target or the radar platform during the signal acquisition time. This phenomenon, sometimes known as range migration due to its common appearance in the range dimension of the radar imagery, occurs because the target's position relative to the radar changes as the radar's transmitted pulses travel out and are reflected back. As a result, the target appears stretched or smeared over several pixels or resolution cells in the radar image. The compensation process involves mathematical algorithms and signal processing techniques that re-align the data to its correct position, essentially “migrating” it back to its true location in the image. This correction is crucial for high-resolution radar systems, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), where precise imaging Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT of the ground or target scene is necessary for detailed analysis. Without migration compensation, the utility of radar imagery for surveillance, reconnaissance, and geological observations would be significantly diminished due to reduced image clarity and accuracy. [0083] The image generator block 504 performs image generation from a reflected sensing signal 308. Image generation in a radar system refers to the process of converting the electromagnetic energy reflected back from targets or landscapes into a visual representation, typically called a radar image. This process involves several operations, starting with the transmission of radio waves towards a target or area of interest. These waves bounce off the objects and return to the radar system, where the received signals are collected. The signals contain information about the distance (range), angle, and sometimes the speed of the objects relative to the radar system, based on the time delay and frequency shift of the reflected waves. Image generation involves signal processing techniques to interpret this information and construct an image. The process includes filtering, noise reduction, and applying algorithms to correct for motion, among other techniques, to enhance image quality and interpretability. The resulting radar images can display various features depending on the type of radar and its application, from simple two-dimensional maps showing terrain contours and objects in the case of SAR, to more complex three-dimensional images for weather radar systems that can show the distribution of precipitation and storm structures. These images are invaluable in numerous fields including meteorology, geology, oceanography, surveillance, and navigation. [0084] The beam integration block 506 combines energy for a reflected sensing signal 308. Beam integration in radar systems refers to the process of combining the energy of multiple radar pulses transmitted over a certain period, or across a specified angle, to improve the detection capability of the radar system. This technique increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because the energy of the returning signals from a target is accumulated, making it easier to differentiate the target from background noise. In practical terms, beam integration can be achieved in several ways, including: (1) Temporal Integration that involves the integration or summing of multiple pulses directed toward the same target area over time to enhance detectability of smaller or more distant objects; (2) Spatial Integration which combines the energy from multiple receiving antennas or from different positions of a scanning or phased array radar beam as it sweeps across a target to improv resolution and target identification in cluttered environments; (3) and Frequency Integration which integrates information from Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT multiple frequencies to improve target detection and reduce the effects of interference or jamming. [0085] The CFAR processing block 508 implements an algorithm used to detect targets by dynamically adjusting the threshold of detection based on the noise levels of the environment. This method helps to maintain a constant false alarm rate even in varying background noise conditions. By analyzing the surrounding clutter or noise levels, CFAR algorithms adjust the sensitivity of the radar, ensuring that the probability of detecting false targets remains constant. This is crucial for radar systems operating in diverse scenarios, such as those encountered in surveillance, maritime, and aerospace applications, where the environment can significantly affect the performance of the radar detection capabilities. [0086] The angular resolution block 510 attempts to distinguish between two or more targets that are close together in angle, either in azimuth (horizontal plane) or elevation (vertical plane). It essentially measures the minimum angular separation at which the radar can identify individual targets as separate entities rather than a single merged target. Angular resolution is determined by the size and shape of the radar beam, with a narrower beamwidth providing better resolution. Beamwidth, in turn, is influenced by several factors, including the size of the antenna and the wavelength of the transmitted radar signal. A larger antenna or a shorter wavelength leads to a narrower beam and thus, improves the angular resolution. Good angular resolution is critical for accurately determining the location and separation of objects in scenarios where targets are close to each other. It plays a vital role in various applications such as air traffic control, where safely distinguishing between aircraft flying in close proximity is essential, or in military radar systems, where identifying the precise position of potential threats is critical for decision-making. In summary, angular resolution is a key parameter in radar performance, influencing how well a radar can resolve closely spaced objects and provide accurate information about their positions and movements. [0087] The target detection block 512 identifies objects 304 (targets) within its detection range by distinguishing the reflected sensing signals 308 from background noise or clutter. The target detection block 512 analyzes these returning signals, looking for characteristics that indicate the presence of a target, such as specific patterns, intensities, or time delays that differ from the surrounding environment. The reflected sensing signal 308 is processed to filter out noise and to enhance the detection of signals that represent potential targets. Techniques such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to analyze the frequency and phase of the received Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT signals, aiding in distinguishing between true targets and background clutter. The target detection block 512 then outputs sensing information about the object 304. [0088] Returning to operations of the migration compensation block 502, in particular, the JCAS system 300 provides bandwidth aggregation to obtain higher coherent bandwidths in order to obtain improved detection performance. However, bandwidth aggregation provides higher coherent bandwidths while introducing additional technical problems, such as radio- frequency (RF) impairments, handling of discontinuities between the aggregated bandwidths, and so forth. Therefore, the migration compensation block 502 of the JCAS system 300 is designed to address these technical problems in order to take advantage of a wide composite coherent bandwidth that is available in frequency together with an integration frame duration in time. The integration frame duration, sometimes referred to as a sensing frame 316, is a frame structure that the transceiver 302 uses to transmit and/or receive cellular-based JCAS sensing signals on a periodic, aperiodic, or on-demand basis. [0089] The JCAS system 300 is designed to address various implications of wideband and/or long-integration-time sensing on Doppler estimation and techniques. The JCAS system 300 may offer a bandwidth aggregation feature using multiple carrier bands or the original system bandwidth over a single carrier to achieve wider bandwidths. Further, the JCAS system 300 implements either feature without violating any narrowband assumptions, as described further below. The JCAS system 300 implements various signal processing algorithms and techniques to compensate for the impact of wider bandwidths and longer sensing frames on sensing performance. [0090] In OFDM radar processing, an OFDM signal such as reflected sensing signal 308 is echoed or reflected from a target, such as object 304. The reflected sensing signal 308 undergoes a certain delay and is modified further by the radial velocity of the object 304 before reaching the transceiver 302. The effect of the radial velocity is considered as the shift in the frequency of the reflected sensing signal 308, which is referred to as a Doppler shift. A Doppler shift refers to a change in frequency or wavelength of the reflected sensing signal 308 that occurs when the object 304 reflecting the radar waves is moving relative to the transceiver 302. This phenomenon is based on the Doppler Effect, which describes how the frequency of a wave changes for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. In the context of radar systems, this allows for the detection of moving objects by analyzing the frequency shift of the returned radar signal. The magnitude of the Doppler shift is proportional to the relative velocity Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT of the object along the direction of the radar beam, making it a valuable tool for measuring the speed of detected objects. [0091] In conventional OFDM radar processing, there are two fundamental underlying assumptions when performing Doppler processing. First, the Doppler shift is the same on every sub-carrier within the bandwidth. Second, a distance for the object 304 remains constant during the transmission of one sensing frame. These assumptions are never exactly true for non-zero Doppler shifts, but they simplify the design of the algorithm immensely as they imply that the sinusoids have identical frequencies on all the rows and columns, respectively. On the other hand, these assumptions are not crude approximations either. Particularly, the first assumption is fair if the center frequency is much larger than the total bandwidth, e.g., larger than 20 times the total system bandwidth. The second assumption is also usually reasonable if the OFDM frame durations are on the order of milliseconds, since even fast objects may not move a distance larger than the available range resolution within this time interval. [0092] The first assumption is also referred to as a narrowband assumption, and it assumes that the signal used to detect the targets’ Doppler is a narrowband signal. As such, the Doppler can be calculated based on the central carrier frequency. The central carrier frequency is a carrier frequency that is generally the middle point of the band, and it is assumed to be representative of the entire bandwidth. This means that when processing the received OFDM signal (e.g., reflected sensing signal 308), all the sub-carriers are shifted by the same amount, and the Doppler frequency shift causes a consistent frequency shift across the bandwidth. Such Doppler frequency shift approximates the actual Doppler Effect, which is a scaling of the signal. Accordingly, the approximation is accurate only when the narrowband assumption is satisfied. For the case of bandwidth aggregation in JCAS system 300, the narrowband assumption is enforced across the entire aggregated component carriers (CCs) and/or positioning frequency layers. Otherwise, it is necessary to consider the fact that the Doppler shift can be different for different parts of the spectrum. [0093] Overall, the validity of the Doppler approximations depends on the (integration) time- bandwidth product of the JCAS system 300 as well as the maximum target velocity of interest. While most narrowband radar signals satisfy the assumptions underlying the Doppler shift approximation, as system bandwidth and/or the sensing frame duration are increased to achieve higher range and/or Doppler resolutions and accuracies, the Doppler assumptions may not necessarily hold. Particularly, in the JCAS system 300, the speed of the object 304, the range Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT resolution of the object 304, and the speed resolution of the object 304, have interconnections due to the dependency on time-bandwidth product. [0094] For a moving object with speed , the Doppler shift at carrier frequency , can be calculated as , where is the speed of the light. The scaling factor , when compared to the time-bandwidth product of the radar system, provides insights with respect to the validity of the Doppler assumptions. The narrowband assumptions relate the signal time-bandwidth product with the velocity of the object 304 such that the scaling of the signal within the duration of the measurement is not significant and a point scatterer movement within that measurement duration is confined to one range cell. [0095] Violation of the narrowband assumption gives rise to two closely related inaccuracies in modeling of signal echo. In a first case, if the time of a single OFDM symbol is considered in the time-bandwidth product to be compared to the scaling factor , the migration within one symbol is modeled, which is called the Doppler scaling effect, which happens if the following condition is violated as expressed in Equation (1): [0096] This leads to Equation (2): EQUATION (2) [0097] Consequently, , where the bandwidth of the signal, BW, equals Equation (3): EQUATION (3) Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0098] The range resolution equals . Particularly, when the object 304 is fast enough and/or the signal bandwidth is large enough, the actual Doppler effect may reveal itself as scaling of the signal. Such Doppler effect is not accounted for by the Doppler shift in the frequency of the signal. The narrowband assumption is tied to the number of subcarriers in the OFDM chip. The scaling of OFDM signal echo, is not only a time domain phenomenon, as the harmonic components constituting the OFDM signal are also scaled. This can be considered as each carrier undergoing a Doppler shift in proportion to its own frequency. Thus, carriers with higher frequency have undergone a larger Doppler shift than those with lower frequency. This scaling is usually assumed to be insignificant compared to the Doppler shift associated with the RF carrier frequency. However, the failure of the narrowband assumption also manifests as a frequency-domain scaling that should be considered. This frequency-domain scaling changes the outcome of the Doppler compensation that is cyclically shifting the carrier locations. [0099] In a second case, if the time of integrated OFDM symbols is considered in the time- bandwidth product scaling factor , the migration within the coherent processing (e.g., integration) time is modeled, which is called the range migration effect which happens if the following condition is violated as expressed in Equation (4): EQUATION (4) [0100] This leads to Equation (5), as follows: EQUATION (5) [0101] where denotes the symbol repetition interval, providing the at the Nyquist rate required to estimate the velocity unambiguously, and is an integer number representing the slow-time (Doppler) FFT size, which defines the total sensing integration time frame by . The change in target range is compared to range resolution of radar signal, determined by signal’s Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT bandwidth, to assess its significance. The target may migrate between the range cells throughout the coherent Doppler integration duration (dwell time). This may occur even at relatively moderate velocities when the dwell time is kept long to obtain high Doppler resolution, as expressed in Equation (6): EQUATION (6) [0102] The range migration manifests in the signal echo model as a time-dependent phase change, which is not considered in conventional processing techniques developed for a narrowband echo model. This leads to range cell blurring in the two-dimensional (2D) Range- Doppler figure. The signal processing gain from the coherent integration is reduced when the target range changes by more than the range resolution during the coherent integration duration. The range migration is produced due to the coupling between slow-time and fast- time: and ( since the change in the target’s range from one OFDM symbol to the next due to the target’s velocity, is a function of ). [0103] As can be seen, range migration occurs first at the level of coherent Doppler integration, where OFDM processing can still assume the Doppler effect to be a frequency shift rather than a frequency scaling. Particularly, as the target velocity increases, the narrowband assumption is violated first for the coherent Doppler integration. The time duration of the sensing frame means that the target can migrate from one range bin to the next even at moderate velocities, especially if the range resolution of the radar is high. At higher velocities and/or bandwidths, where the change in the target range during one OFDM chip is greater than the size of a resolution cell, the scaling becomes significant for OFDM processing. In other words, target migrates from one range cell to the next, or even further, during one OFDM chip duration. [0104] In terms of the OFDM radar processing, the range migration introduces an extra phase term, which can be seen as , where is the OFDM chip index, is the target’s range, and is target range from OFDM symbol to symbols due to the target’s velocity. As such, the range migration is produced due to the coupling between the fast-time and the slow-time: and ( is a function of ). The fast-time frequency and Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT velocity are not separable in this expression, but instead are coupled in the slow-time phase term, which is not desired and the coupling needs to be removed via compensation techniques. [0105] Embodiments implement novel compensation techniques for both effects. However, as will be seen from the Tables 1-5, the range migration is the more restrictive condition with higher likelihood of happening compared to the scaling effect. The Doppler scaling normally may not come into the picture for the identified cellular use-cases. Further, even if the narrowband condition for the scaling effect is violated, the range migration is also already happening. As such, the need to compensate for the range migration, seems to be of higher priority. [0106] In Tables 1-4, examples of sensing-related system and frame structure parameters are provided, with and without carrier aggregation, over FR1 and FR2, respectively. Each table also includes different constraints on the maximum detectable speed, to enable fair comparison and insights. The shaded entries in each table, show the cases where the maximum migration- free speed supported by the system, puts the highest restriction, and the need for migration compensation is seen. The last row in the tables also show the integration loss due to the range migration, which will be elaborated below.

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT TABLE 1 - Example Sensing System Parameters in FR1

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT TABLE 2 - Example Sensing System Parameters for CCA with 4 CCs in FR1

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT TABLE 3 - Example Sensing System Parameters in FR2

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT TABLE 4 - Example Sensing System Parameters for CCA with 4 CCs in FR 2 [0107] As can be seen from Tables 1-2, for FR1, range migration can even happen over the bandwidth of single component carrier, depending on the carrier frequency, the SRI, the sensing frame duration, and the target’s velocity. The condition to avoid the range migration, may be violated at lower speeds than the maximum supported unambiguous speed. In other words, for carrier frequencies below 6.5GHz, even with single component carrier, if the migration is not compensated, reducing the SRI to support higher speeds may not be possible, because the maximum supported speed is bounded by the migration-free speed. [0108] For FR2, given the SRIs of 7 or 14 OFDM symbols, such situation is more likely to happen over aggregated carrier bandwidths, since increased bandwidth e.g., by bandwidth aggregation, cuts off the speed boundary to a very low speed. [0109] In general, the maximum supported detectable velocity, range resolution, and speed resolution in a sensing system are tightly correlated. The range migration occurs for fast- moving targets or in wide-bandwidth systems with fine range resolution and smaller spacing between range bins, so that a given amount of motion crosses more bins. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0110] Table 5 provides comparison of Doppler scaling factor based on the maximum expected use-case’s supported speed, for different use-cases, and the time-bandwidth products based on the system parameters provided in tables 1-4. The light-yellow entries indicate the cases where the migration happens for some system parameters (i.e., for some of the time- bandwidth product values listed).

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT TABLE 5 - Comparison of Doppler Scaling Factor and Time-Bandwidth Product Use Cases [0111] The JCAS system 300 compensates for range migration due to allowing use of wider bandwidths (e.g., through bandwidth aggregation) using the migration compensation block 502 of the receive circuitry 404 of the transceiver 302. Conventional range-Doppler (RD) processing collects a coherent processing interval (CPI) of fast-time/slow-time data (“ft” and “st”) and performs a slow-time discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on all range bins to convert it to an RD matrix. Implicit is the assumption that target velocity, CPI duration, and range bin spacing are such that the target’s range change within CPI is less than one range bin (e.g., the target stays in the same range bin over the duration of CPI). If this is the case, all target signature will be in the same range bin, and a 1D slow-time DFT results in a well-formed, full- resolution Doppler spectrum. When the range migration happens, the target does not remain within a single range bin over the CPI. A coupling between the subcarriers (fast time indices) and slow time is then introduced, e.g., the fast-time frequency and velocity are not separable, but instead are coupled in the slow-time phase term. This is not desired, and the coupling needs to be removed. Without the range migration compensation, the target appears to cover a number of range bins larger than its physical dimensions correspond to. Moreover, the velocity of the target is determined less accurately when there is range walk due to the target response appearing in the wrong Doppler bin and smeared over the neighboring bins. Range migration will cause the target echo energy to be dispersed in different range units, and it becomes more difficult to achieve coherent accumulation. The target’s Doppler signature will smear in both range and Doppler (Spreads over multiple range-Doppler cells). It smears in range because portions of target signature appear in more than one range bin. It smears in Doppler because any one range bin contains the signature for only a portion of the CPI. As such, the JCAS system 300 implements a process that will compensate for the range migration so that the range-Doppler spectrum of the data is not smeared. [0112] The change in phase from one pulse to the next manifests itself as the Doppler frequency shift which is measured in the coherent integration stage through utilizing the DFT in conventional pulse Doppler radars. As a result of range and Doppler frequency migration, the peak in the radar image is smeared, which significantly reduces its resolution as well as SNR. As such, classical 2D-FFT processing is hardly capable of resolving the closely located targets. Not only is the signal to noise ratio (SNR) reduced and peaks are harder to resolve, but even in case the peaks are resolved and detected properly, the subsequent DOA estimation is Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT affected due to spread of the targets’ energy. More specifically, for each target peak in the radar image, the DOA estimation will deliver multiple targets since considerable amount of energy from the other target is present in the same cell. Since these additional targets do not physically exist, such behavior is to be avoided. [0113] To compensate for the range migration, one solution is to incorporate a phase correction operation that is in concert with the Doppler compensation, for the rate of phase migration determined by the target velocity. However, the number of targets and their velocities are not known beforehand to do such pre-compensation. [0114] The migration compensation block 502 of the JCAS system 300 may implement different techniques to perform range migration compensation, such as time re-scaling (e.g., range shifting), Keystone transformation, and all-cell migration compensation (ACMC). Each technique is described below. [0115] In one embodiment, the migration compensation block 502 of the JCAS system 300 implements time re-scaling to solve the range migration problem. In order to compensate for range migration induced spread, one class of methods tries to address the Doppler scaling relation with a time domain (TD)-based compensation by time re-scaling (or shifting or resampling) of the whole received signal. [0116] For example, the fractional delays form one set of time-based methods which introduce small time delays before individual compressed pulses to address a particular target motion (the actual shift is implementable in frequency domain (FD) as well). These time-domain methods have to be performed either target specific whereby a particular target motion could be addressed or multiple velocity spans to be considered. A limited set of larger spans may be needed depending on how much a deviation in target’s speed contributes to a difference in integration gain. To quantify how much difference in performance a deviation in speed causes, and how much degradation is expected due to pre-compensation with a non-accurate speed value, the following analysis can be used. [0117] Every point scatterer that moves with velocity will extend in a range-Doppler analysis, which becomes visible if the motion is strong compared to the achieved processing resolution. If the range cell spacing depends on the sampling rate (greater than or equal the bandwidth BW), the following number of cells will be as expressed in Equation (7) and Equation (8), as follows: Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0118] FIG. 6 illustrates a graph 602 that shows an integration loss in terms of velocity for four different time-bandwidth products, and provide guidance on the amount of expected loss with an inaccurate velocity pre-compensation. [0119] The total number of affected range-Doppler cells then results in a significant surface spread in the case of a large instantaneous bandwidth BW. An integration loss can be then defined as expressed in Equation (9), as follows: [0120] , which indicates the impact of a constant speed on the achievable coherent integration gain: A direct consequence of spread over multiple range-Doppler cells is that energy of single confined and point-like scattering points becomes equally distributed over a surface. The range migration spread depends on the bandwidth BW, sampling rate , effectively measurable velocity and the sensing timespan , independently of the actual RF carrier frequency . Whenever > 1 (i.e., for ), the high time-bandwidth products cause large integration losses in classical range-Doppler processing. The loss is worsened quadratically by every increase of the integration time or bandwidth. The integration loss can be plotted versus velocity for different time-bandwidth products , or versus time-bandwidth products for different better understand the amount of integration dBs), corresponding to a set of parameters. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0121] In one embodiment, for example, for a given signal’s bandwidth and frame duration , for speeds greater than or equal to , if a deviation in velocity within a certain range , leads to a difference of up to in the integration loss, that range of speed may be included in the same span by a single value of velocity). For higher time-bandwidth products, larger number of smaller spans can be defined. For example, as can be seen in FIG. 6, the black curve with the highest time-bandwidth product, also has the largest slope in velocity amongst the four curves, resulting in larger integration loss by increasing the velocity. Multiple objects could therefore be missed if this effect is not considered. This is expressed in Equation (10) and Equation (11), as follows: [0122] In one example, starting from (i.e., the lowest desired speed to be detected), the corresponding value for the speed span duration can be computed based on the above equation. Then, by setting = + , the next span duration is determined, and so on and so forth. When the entire desired span detectable velocities are covered, then the receiver may pre-compensate with a speed value from that span (e.g., the middle point of each span, etc.). Since the range migration is produced due to the coupling between slow-time and fast- time, and , the crucial connection between the range migration and the target velocity, is exploited at this stage to generate a range migration compensating factor specifically for each cyclic shift (to remove the coupling). The process of pre-compensation at receiver, is as follows. After applying the first DFT (FFT) over the modulated symbols, and performing the one-tap equalization (i.e., element-wise division of the received symbols with the transmitted symbols), the result for each subcarrier n and OFDM symbol index is multiplied with the compensation factor, (see the block with green font in Figure 2), where for a speed value , is to is the subcarrier spacing, and for the total duration of the OFDM chip T, is obtained as , which is the scaling factor determining the cyclic prefix duration. This is equivalent a DFT phase modification process/function. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0123] Accordingly, given that a corresponding single speed value for each span is selected, the receiver repeats the above procedure for the selected speed values. In one example, this means that the data can be processed with a series of different trial values of v in an attempt to identify the targets’ velocities by finding the value that best “focuses” the spectrum for that target, usually interpreted as that value that provides the largest peak. In one example, the receiver then compares the resulting range-Doppler profiles, where in some of these calculated profiles, some of the targets can be smeared, while in some others, some clean targets may appear. The receiver then makes determination on the targets and their range and speed. It is again emphasized that the size of the velocity spans and the number of spans, depend on time- BW product of the system and the actual expected velocity ranges. [0124] In one example of the above embodiment, can be set to a fraction of 1dB, or a value between 1-2dB, e.g., also depending on the use-case requirement on the detection accuracy (since the target movement can severely affect the capability to detect and to track relatively fast-moving targets). [0125] It is noted that the migration compensation block 502 focuses on the impact of range migration on the Doppler processing. However, if targets’ velocities might be also aliased, it may also be necessary to estimate both the aliased velocity and the ambiguity number (e.g., the number of fold-overs) as well. In Tables 1-4, the row of maximum unambiguous speed is also provided for a fair comparison with the maximum migration-free speed, and to understand that in certain scenarios, the unambiguity imposes a tighter limitation on the speed, while for others, the migration is more restrictive. [0126] If any prior information is available in terms of the range of targets’ velocities, then the number and durations of the spans can be accordingly adjusted and the number of times that the receiver needs to perform the pre-compensation can be reduced. There may be several situations where prior information on the targets’ velocities may be available, e.g., some use- cases may only expect small ranges of speed or even few speed values, or multi- stage/hierarchical speed detection may be applied, where some initial scans may provide some rough estimation of the targets’ Dopplers and the consequent scans may provide more accurate estimation. In such situations, after the initial rough estimation of the speed, the pre- compensation to handle the range migration may also be applied in the consequent detection. Overall, knowledge of v values may be because the targets are already roughly under track or alternatively, that other sensors or information sources provide some prior speed information. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0127] In terms of the incurred additional complexity of computing the range-Doppler profile for multiple values, it is noted that such complexity needs to be compared to and justified against the additional complexity introduced by other range migration compensation methods. [0128] For example, as discussed next, the classical method for range migration compensation, e.g., Keystone transformation also introduces certain level of complexity, and proper assessment in terms of complexity comparison should be performed. [0129] The other class of range migration compensation methods performs a normalization (e.g., in frequency domain) within the occupied bandwidth to compensate the relative Doppler frequency deviation in relation to a reference carrier . This relates the fast-time carriers, that are subject to slightly different Doppler shifts, to that of a fixed reference carrier . [0130] In one embodiment, the migration compensation block 502 may implement a method for range/Doppler migration called Keystone transformation (KT), a technique for high instantaneously processed bandwidths to rescale the slow-time axis of every active fast-time frequency sub-carrier, in the slow-time domain, where it can be viewed as the rescaling of time-axis for each frequency. This is a way to remove the frequency-velocity coupling proceeds by focusing on the slow-time term, since that is where the coupling effect between the subcarrier frequency and the slow-time occurs. The curvature rotation (or range walk) of the moving targets can be then compensated and a new slow-time variable is defined that rescales the slow-time axis as a function of fast-time frequency. The principle behind KT is rearrangement of the measurement signal in frequency-slow-time dimension, through which the range migration is implicitly compensated for all targets. The scaling implies one-dimensional interpolation of the sampled slow-time data in each fast-time frequency bin. The implementation using interpolation techniques requires a lot of computational loads. The interpolation factor also varies with fast-time frequency. [0131] It is also noted that another despite similar method of this normalization class is to compensate KT based frequency relation in TD as a dispersive TD correction, which tries to address the problem over all sub-carriers in a dispersive relation over fast-time-bandwidth that allows to implement compensation in TD as a dispersive FIR filter, and can then be moved to arbitrary positions in the processing chain and therefore also before the pulse compression. [0132] Some advantages of the keystone transformation for range migration correction over the shifting process, is that it correctly handles multiple targets, and the rescaling does not depend on target velocity. KT mapping parameters are independent of the unknown target Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT motion, depending only on the known radar parameters. The whole unambiguous range- Doppler window is compensated for its linear velocity migration. KT is accurate because it addresses all resolved velocities in the unambiguous Doppler window. [0133] On the other hand, KT can be complex to implement due to the required interpolation (a one-dimensional interpolation of the I/Q measurement data in slow-time for each subcarrier). The implementation has to consider that KT technique requires an interpolation of every fast- time sub-carrier, hence, the complexity increases proportional to the number of subcarriers (the subcarriers has to be separately treated, e.g., a different interpolator for each one). Since stretching/compression of the slow-time axis interpolation has to be used, the dynamic range in the radar image depends on the interpolation accuracy. for most high-accuracy interpolation methods it will have a high computational complexity. [0134] Further, the slow-time extent of the interpolated data can never exceed that of the original data. Consequently, the keystone interpolation process entails a small loss of slow- time support and therefore a small loss of Doppler resolution that increases with interpolating filter size, and must therefore be traded off against the interpolation quality. Particularly, the transformation discards some of the data at the boundaries of coherency time interval which would cause some performance loss. The fading and fast-time smearing of the ft/st signature at the beginning and end of the CPI happens due to end effects of the interpolation: the first and last few slow-time samples cannot be fully interpolated because the interpolation filter impulse response extends beyond the ends of the available data. This will result in a slight loss of Doppler resolution that will become more severe for longer interpolation filters. Accordingly, the spectral support region is no longer a rectangle but is now a keystone shape. This occurs because of the contraction of the slow-time axis for frequencies below F0 (F < 0) and its expansion for frequencies greater than F0 (F > 0), giving the keystone-shaped support region. [0135] For interpolation, sinc-based kernels may be suitable for band limited signals (e.g., Hamming-windowed band limited sinc interpolating filter). For this method, the order of interpolation, i.e., the length of the interpolation filter, has to be higher than the number of targets in the scene. Considering an interpolation based on sinc-based kernels, computational complexity is for each subcarrier, with being the number of OFDM symbols in and being the interpolation filter length, i.e., it grows quadratically with the interpolation filter length and becomes exhaustive for large . Further, the longer the interpolation filter, the more samples at the beginning and end of the Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT slow-time measurement data are interpolated inaccurately, since for these samples the impulse response of the interpolation filter is longer than the available measurement data. This also reduces slightly the velocity resolution, which becomes considerable for longer interpolation filters. [0136] While the processing effort could be decreased by skipping e.g., every second fast- time sub-carriers to reduce the total number of carriers, but the energy would be lost and the unambiguous range would be halved, which are undesired effects. [0137] After the compensation has been performed, the radar processing chain can further process the received signal with classical steps. [0138] Since KT is typically applied after pulse compression on the ft/st pulse compressed matrix, an unambiguous Doppler limited processing has to identify the relevant unambiguous range-Doppler window separately, which means KT does not completely resolve the velocity ambiguity problem. [0139] In one embodiment, for example, the migration compensation block 502 of the transceiver 302 may implement ACMC. AMCM has clear advantages compared to KT, both in terms of accuracy and computational complexity. As mentioned earlier, KT based processing compensates for both range/Doppler frequency migration and clearly resolves all targets. However, some residue resulting from interpolation-based Keystone formatting can be seen in the radar, which affects the dynamic range, e.g., the dynamic range in radar image depends on the interpolation accuracy. Even though the range migration is compensated entirely, KT range- slow-time image exhibits x-formed sidelobes that result from the interpolation. While in the radar image the signal energy is collected into a single peak, but artefacts resulting from interpolation can still be seen. Thus, the side effects of the range migration correction via KT lead to a limitation of the dynamic range. In contrast to KT, ACMC corrects range and Doppler frequency migration without any drawbacks for radar image. Analogous to KT, ACMC collects the entire target energy into a single peak, and all targets can be clearly resolved. In contrast to KT, ACMC does not require a computationally expensive interpolation that affects the dynamic range. Additionally, since ACMC is based on a modified kernel and not on interpolation, no residue in the radar image occurs, and thus the full dynamic range is maintained. Further, since ACMC enables longer coherent processing times, more data can be integrated coherently, and thus higher SNR can be achieved. This enables a higher dynamic range due to lower noise floor, higher accuracy, increased max range, etc. Hence, the full integration of the signal Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT energy into a single peak is achieved, which enables longer integration times, and thus higher SNR and dynamic range. Moreover, ACMC maintains the theoretically achievable resolution in both range and Doppler processing. [0140] In some cases, ACMC benefits from a reordering of the processing blocks compared to a conventional OFDM radar receiver. ACMC modifies the discrete Fourier kernel used for time-frequency transform such that the motion induced migration term is accounted for. Consequently, the migration compensation is done for the entire measurement regardless of necessity, e.g., in a scenario independent, preventive way. ACMC has the same noise properties as the conventional Fourier processing, since it only modifies the kernel used for time- frequency transform. [0141] It is noted that in order for ACMC method to be applicable, certain requirements need to be met. Particularly, multiple coherent OFDM symbols with a rank-one modulation symbol matrix are needed. This allows Doppler processing together with migration compensation to be carried out first, e.g., before the spectral division (one-tap equalizer) and other processing steps. As such, OFDM symbols used during one measurement cycle must have an inherent linear dependency. Suppose is the matrix of transmitted modulation symbols, where is the number of is the number of OFDM symbols (used for one evaluation cycle), is the complex modulation symbol transmitted on n-th subcarrier of µ-th OFDM for ACMC to work, columns of should be linearly dependent. This means that has to be a rank-one matrix. This property is shown in FIG. 7. [0142] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an operating environment 700 for the transceiver 302. As depicted in FIG. 7, the operating environment 700 illustrates a first set of signal processing blocks 702 and a second set of signal processing blocks 704. The signal processing blocks 702 shows normal ODFM radar signal processing operations. The signal processing blocks 704 illustrates ACMC based signal processing for migration-free range-Doppler estimation. [0143] There is no hard limit that determines whether the application of ACMC is required. The amount of tolerable migration for the particular application at hand is the key criterion. As the migration depends on the time-bandwidth product of the radar system, for high time- bandwidth product, ACMC is required to prevent a significant performance degradation due to migration induced smearing of the target peaks. Depending on whether in the scenario we would expect high velocities and system has high time bandwidth product, this technique may be applied (instead of the classical OFDM radar processing). Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0144] Given that the main receive processing blocks are common between the conventional processing and ACMC, the processing chain can accommodate proper adjustments based on the scenario. It is noted that in order for ACMC to be applicable, the transmit modulated symbols need to meet certain conditions. This means that when range migration is expected (depending on the time-bandwidth product and the expected targets’ velocities), and there is need to compensate for the range migration, both the sensing transmit side and receive side need proper adaptations. [0145] As for the computational efficiency, the classical OFDM radar signal processing is based mainly on FFT and IFFT operations that have a computational complexity of O(N log N). Since the ACMC applies a more complex transform for the Doppler processing than the FFT, it is computationally more complex. However, in case of an efficient implementation based on chirp Z-transform, its order of computational complexity is the same as for FFT, i.e. O(N log N). The distance processing in case of ACMC is unchanged, and thus its computational efficiency is identical to that of the classical processing. [0146] In one embodiment, for example, the receive circuitry 404 of the transceiver 302 implements a set of receive processing blocks similar to signal processing blocks 704 to implement ACMC. In order for the receive circuitry 404 to implement the signal processing blocks 704, the transmit circuitry 402 of the transceiver 302 needs to modify the way the signal generator 406 generates reference signals 408, such as a PRS, so that the transmitter 416 can transmit the sensing signal 306 in a transmit pattern that causes the receive circuitry 404 to receive the reflected sensing signal 308 as a rank-one matrix. [0147] As mentioned earlier, there exist certain requirements with respect to the OFDM modulation symbols to enable ACMC. With this constraint, signal processing steps for distance-velocity estimation can be performed in a different order than for the classical OFDM radar signal processing: To enable a Doppler shift compensation prior to the distance processing, the Doppler processing is carried out first. [0148] The PRS in cellular system have high potentials to be adapted/extended and reused for the purpose of sensing as well. The signal generator 406 is adapted to generate a DL-PRS signal on the transmit side in order to enable ACMC for DL-PRS-based sensing on the receive side. [0149] In 5G NR, to map DL-PRS into different resource elements (REs) in one slot with 14 OFDM symbols, each DL-PRS comprises a QPSK modulated pseudo-random sequence. DL- Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT PRS in 5G NR is based on a length-31 Gold sequence, which has good correlation properties. DL-PRS is QPSK modulated by a standardized 31-bit Gold code sequence. The generated reference sequence can be described in equation (12), as follows: [0150] The initial state of pseudo-random sequence c(m) is expressed in Equation (13), as follows: [0151] Each generated sequence is initialized/determined by: (1) slot number: ; (2) DL PRS sequence ID: ; and (3) OFDM symbol: . The in the determine the pseudo-orthogonality. For each downlink PRS resource configured, the sequence is then scaled with a factor and mapped to the resource elements (REs). [0152] Suppose is the matrix of transmitted modulation sensing symbols, where of OFDM subcarriers, is the number of OFDM symbols (used for one cycle), is the complex symbol transmitted on n-th subcarrier of µ-th OFDM as mentioned earlier, for ACMC to work, the columns of must be linearly dependent. This means that has to be a rank-one matrix. The DL-PRS signal generation currently is a function of slot number and the OFDM symbol number. In a recent release, DL-PRS resource is also allowed to occupy only one OFDM symbol (while in earlier releases the minimum DL-PRS resource duration was 2 OFDM symbols). Over that PRS resource, the generated modulated symbols (based on the random sequence generation) and mapping need to satisfy the rank-1 condition. [0153] In one embodiment, for example, the DL-PRS sequence initialization is performed once for each sensing frame 316 which comprises multiple time slots 318, according to the current initialization equation as a function of slot number, symbol number, and sequence ID. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT Once the initialization is performed, the resulting symbol is repeated across the entire sensing frame 316 or across all sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indications (SRI). When it comes to the next frame, another initialization is performed, so on and so forth. Accordingly, the slot index and the symbol index can be the indices of the very first ones in the sensing frame, and the initialization can be updated every sensing integration frame. [0154] Since DL- PRS signal generation also impacts inter-cell randomization and inter-cell interference, with such approach, some tradeoff between the randomization, and migration compensation capability can be met. [0155] The migration compensation block 502 addresses the implications of sensing over large time-bandwidth product and/or with high speed targets, on Doppler estimation for sensing in cellular systems. The large time-bandwidth product may be due to (but not limited to) large signal’s bandwidth which in turn can be due to bandwidth aggregation, in order to improve range detection resolution/accuracy. Two effects of violating narrowband assumption, i.e., range migration and Doppler scaling, and their corresponding limitations on supported speed KPIs were identified. It was confirmed that the range migration is the more restrictive condition, and Doppler scaling normally may not even come into the picture for the identified cellular use-cases. This means that if the narrowband condition for the scaling effect is violated, the range migration already occurs and is problematic. [0156] FIG. 8 illustrates an apparatus 800 suitable for implementation in a device in the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. As previously discussed, the transceiver 302 may use 3GPP reference signals, such as a DL PRS, to sense objects 304 within a communication range of the transceiver 302. The transceiver 302 may be implemented in any electronic device suitable for operating within the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. Example electronic devices include without limitation a base station, an eNB, a gNB, an access point, a wireless access point, an autonomous vehicle, a drone, a robot, smartphones and wearables, home automation systems, healthcare devices, retail systems, security systems, and so forth. [0157] In one embodiment, the transceiver 302 may be part of a sensing entity. A sensing entity is any electronic device capable of performing JCAS operations as discussed herein. In various embodiments, the electronic device may conform to one or more wireless standards, such as 3GPP standards or non-3GPP standards. Embodiments are not limited in this context. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0158] As depicted in FIG. 8, the apparatus 800 may comprise an electronic device 802 comprising a processing circuitry 804, a memory 806 with a sensing manager 808, one or more sensors 818, a memory interface 820, a data storage device 822, and radio-frequency (RF) circuitry such as RF circuitry 824. The RF circuitry 824 may implement some or all of the transceiver 302, including the transmit circuitry 402 and/or the receive circuitry 404 of the transceiver 302. The sensing manager 808 may comprise a signal generator 406, a signal mapper 812, and a signal analyzer 814. The signal analyzer 814 may implement a sensing processing block 426 to analyze the sensing signal 306 and/or the sensing signal 306 associated with the object 304, and generate sensing information 816 based on the analysis. The sensing information 816 may be used for a downstream task, such as reporting to a sensing application, a central network controller, a base station, a UE, a sensing entity, an electronic control unit (ECU), a controller, or some other device or entity. [0159] Examples of sensors 818 may include sensors capable of collecting geospatial data associated with the 202 using any number or type of suitable sensors and associated software and algorithms, such as a GPS system, a gyroscope sensor, an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a barometer, a camera, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, a radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensor, a proximity sensor, and so forth. Embodiments are not limited to these examples. The apparatus 800 may optionally include a set of platform components (not shown) suitable for a UE 102a, such as input/output devices, memory controllers, different memory types, network interfaces, hardware ports, and so forth. [0160] The apparatus 800 for the 202 may include the memory interface 820. The memory interface 820 may be arranged to send or receive, to or from a data storage device 822 or a data storage device 826, sensing information 816 for a 5G or 6G NR system. The data storage device 826 may be located external to the device 802 (off-device) and the data storage device 822 may be located internal to the device 802 (on-device). When the data storage device 822 is implemented on-device, the data storage device 822 may comprise volatile or non-volatile memory, as described in more detail with reference to FIG. 12. [0161] The memory 806 may store instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry 804 may implement or manage a sensing manager 808 for the device 802. The sensing manager 808 may comprise a signal generator 406 a signal mapper 812, and a signal analyzer 814. The signal analyzer 814 may implement sensing processing block 426 to generate sensing information 816 from the sensing signal 306 and/or the reflected sensing signal 308 associated Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT with the object 304. The sensing manager 808 may further include or have access to other devices in the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200, such as a base station, a UE, a different transceiver 302, a different device 802, and so forth. Alternatively, the sensing manager 808 may be implemented in a controller for the RF circuitry 824, including the transmit circuitry 402 and/or receive circuitry 404 of the transceiver 302, such as a media access control (MAC) or baseband controller. [0162] The sensing manager 808 may manage JCAS operations for the device 802 to generate sensing information 816. This may include transmitting the sensing signal 306 to the object 304 or receiving the reflected sensing signal 308 from the object 304. For example, the signal generator 406 may generate one or more reference signals 408, such as a DL PRS, for example. The signal mapper 812 may map the reference signal 408 to time and frequency resources of an OFDM resource grid for transmission to the object 304. The RF circuitry 824 may transmit the reference signal 408 as a sensing signal 306 over one or more sensing frames 316. In one embodiment, the RF circuitry 824 transmits the sensing signal 306 over a single sensing frame 316 having multiple time slots 318. The sensing processing block 426 of the signal analyzer 522 may receive a reflected sensing signal 308 from the object 304 via the RF circuitry 824. The sensing processing block 426 processes the reflected sensing signal 308 to generate the sensing information 816. [0163] In one embodiment, for example, a transmitter 416 for a sensing entity in a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The transmitter 416 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The transmit circuitry 402 maps sensing modulated symbols to time and frequency resources of an OFDM resource grid. The transmit circuitry 402 transmits the sensing modulated symbols, according to a 3GPP 5G NR or 6G Downlink (DL) Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) as defined by one or more 3GPP standards, or an extended version of the DL PRS, wherein a sequence initialization (e.g., initial state 410) of the DL-PRS or the DL-PRS-like signal, is performed once per each sensing frame 316, where the sensing frame comprises multiple time slots 318. In one embodiment, the sequence initialization (e.g., initial state 410) is calculated according to the 5G NR Release 16 initialization equation, as a function of slot number, symbol number, and the sequence identifier (ID), where a slot index and a symbol index are calculated for a first occurring sensing symbol within a duration of the sensing frame 316. In one embodiment, the Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT resulting generated reference sequence based on such initialization (e.g., initial state 410), is repeated across the entire sensing frame 316 (e.g., across all SRIs), instead of regenerating each time based on the slot and symbol index. When it comes to the next sensing frame 316, another initialization (e.g., initial state 410) is performed, and this process continues for all sensing frames 316. [0164] In one embodiment, for example, a transmitter 416 for a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The transmitter 416 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The transmit circuitry 402 determines an initial state 410 of a pseudorandom sequence 412 for a reference signal 408, such as a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS), for a first sensing frame 316 of a JCAS system 300, generates the pseudorandom sequence 412 for the DL PRS based on the initial state 410, encodes an OFDM symbol for the DL PRS based on the pseudorandom sequence 412, and schedules the OFDM symbol for transmission across multiple time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300. [0165] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to determine the initial state 410 of the pseudorandom sequence 412 for the DL PRS for the first sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300 a single time for all time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316. [0166] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to schedule the OFDM symbol for transmission across the multiple time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316 to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, where the rank- one matrix includes an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0167] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to determine the initial state 410 of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. [0168] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to determine an initial state 410 of a pseudorandom sequence 412 for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300, encode an OFDM symbol based on the pseudorandom sequence 412, and schedule the OFDM symbol for transmission across multiple time slots 318 of the second sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0169] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to map the pseudorandom sequence 412 to a resource element (RE) allocated for the DL PRS within a resource grid of the JCAS system 300, modulate the mapped pseudorandom sequence 412 using a defined modulation scheme to form a modulated symbol, and transform the modulated symbol to the OFDM symbol. [0170] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to transmit the scheduled OFDM symbol as part of a sensing signal 306 towards an object 304, wherein the sensing signal comprises radio-frequency (RF) signals. [0171] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include where the JCAS system 300 is a fifth generation (5G) or sixth generation (6G) new radio (NR) wireless system. [0172] In one embodiment, for example, a receiver 420 for a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The receiver 420 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The receive circuitry 404 may receive a reflected sensing signal 308 from the object 304 in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix. The receive circuitry 404 may decode the reflected sensing signal 308. The sensing processing block 426 may include a migration compensation block 502. The migration compensation block 502 of the JCAS system 300 may implement different techniques to perform range migration compensation, such as time re-scaling (e.g., range shifting), Keystone transformation, and all- cell migration compensation (ACMC). In one embodiment, for example, the migration compensation block 502 implements an ACMC signal processing algorithm using the rank-one matrix. Once the migration compensation block 502 performs range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal 308, the sensing processing block 426 continues to process the reflected sensing signal 308 to generate sensing information 816 about the object 304. [0173] In one embodiment, for example, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) for a wireless wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200 may comprise a memory interface 820 and transmit circuitry 402 coupled to the memory interface 820, the transmit circuitry 402 to determine an initial state 410 of a pseudorandom sequence 412 for a reference signal 408, such as a DL PRS, for a first sensing frame 316 of a JCAS system 300 a single time, and use it for all time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316. The transmit circuitry 402 may generate the pseudorandom sequence 412 for the DL PRS based on the initial state, modulate the pseudorandom sequence 412 using a defined modulation scheme Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT to form a set of modulated symbols, map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system 300, and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system. [0174] In one embodiment, for example, the transmit circuitry 402 may generate DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316 to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0175] In one embodiment, for example, the transmit circuitry 402 may determine the initial state 410 of the pseudorandom sequence 412 as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame 316. [0176] In one embodiment, for example, the transmit circuitry 402 may determine an initial state 410 of a pseudorandom sequence 412 for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300 a single time, and use it for all time slots 318 of the second sensing frame 316, generate a pseudorandom sequence 412 for the DL PRS based on the initial state 410, modulate the pseudorandom sequence 412 using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols, map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system, and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots 318 of the second sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300. [0177] In one embodiment, for example, the transmit circuitry 402 may transmit the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects 304 to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects 304. [0178] In one embodiment, for example, a receive circuitry 404 is coupled to the memory interface 820, the receive circuitry 404 to decode a reflected sensing signal 308 in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal 308 comprising a reflection of a sensing signal 306 from an object 304, perform range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal 308 using the rank-one matrix, and generate sensing information 428 for the object 304. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0179] In one embodiment, for example, the range migration compensation is an all-cell migration compensation (ACMC). [0180] Operations for the disclosed embodiments may be further described with reference to the following figures. Some of the figures may include a logic flow. Although such figures presented herein may include a particular logic flow, it can be appreciated that the logic flow merely provides an example of how the general functionality as described herein can be implemented. Further, a given logic flow does not necessarily have to be executed in the order presented unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, not all acts illustrated in a logic flow may be required in some embodiments. In addition, the given logic flow may be implemented by a hardware element, a software element executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. The embodiments are not limited in this context. [0181] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a logic flow 900. The logic flow 900 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein. For example, the logic flow 900 may include some or all of the operations performed by devices or entities within the wireless communications system 100 and/or the wireless communications system 200, such as the transceiver 302. More particularly, the logic flow 900 illustrates a use case where the transceiver 302 senses one or more objects 304 using one or more reference signals, such as a DL PRS. Embodiments are not limited in this context. [0182] In block 902, logic flow 900 determines an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system. In block 904, logic flow 900 generates the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state. In block 906, logic flow 900 encodes an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol for the DL PRS based on the pseudorandom sequence. In block 908, logic flow 900 schedules the OFDM symbol for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0183] By way of example, with reference to FIG. 8, a transmitter 416 for a sensing entity in a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The transmitter 416 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The transmit circuitry 402 maps sensing modulated symbols to time and frequency resources of an OFDM resource grid. The transmit circuitry 402 transmits the sensing modulated symbols, according to a 3GPP 5G NR or 6G Downlink (DL) Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) as defined by one or Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT more 3GPP standards, or an extended version of the DL PRS, wherein a sequence initialization (e.g., initial state 410) of the DL-PRS or the DL-PRS-like signal, is performed once per each sensing frame 316, where the sensing frame comprises multiple time slots 318. In one embodiment, the sequence initialization (e.g., initial state 410) is calculated according to the 5G NR Release 16 initialization equation, as a function of slot number, symbol number, and the sequence identifier (ID), where a slot index and a symbol index are calculated for a first occurring sensing symbol within a duration of the sensing frame 316. In one embodiment, the resulting generated reference sequence based on such initialization (e.g., initial state 410), is repeated across the entire sensing frame 316 (e.g., across all SRIs), instead of regenerating each time based on the slot and symbol index. When it comes to the next sensing frame 316, another initialization (e.g., initial state 410) is performed, and this process continues for all sensing frames 316. [0184] In one embodiment, for example, a transmitter 416 for a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The transmitter 416 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The transmit circuitry 402 determines an initial state 410 of a pseudorandom sequence 412 for a reference signal 408, such as a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS), for a first sensing frame 316 of a JCAS system 300, generates the pseudorandom sequence 412 for the DL PRS based on the initial state 410, encodes an OFDM symbol for the DL PRS based on the pseudorandom sequence 412, and schedules the OFDM symbol for transmission across multiple time slots 318 of the first sensing frame 316 of the JCAS system 300. [0185] In one embodiment, for example, the transmitter 416 may also include the transmit circuitry 402 to transmit the scheduled OFDM symbol as part of a sensing signal 306 towards an object 304, wherein the sensing signal comprises radio-frequency (RF) signals. [0186] In one embodiment, for example, a receiver 420 for a wireless communications system 100 and/or wireless communications system 200, includes an interface, such as memory interface 820. The receiver 420 also includes circuitry coupled to the memory interface 820, such as transmit circuitry 402 or RF circuitry 824. The receive circuitry 404 may receive a reflected sensing signal 308 from the object 304 in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix. The receive circuitry 404 may decode the reflected sensing signal 308. The sensing processing block 426 may include a migration compensation block 502. The migration compensation block Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT 502 of the JCAS system 300 may implement different techniques to perform range migration compensation, such as time re-scaling (e.g., range shifting), Keystone transformation, and all- cell migration compensation (ACMC). In one embodiment, for example, the migration compensation block 502 implements an ACMC signal processing algorithm using the rank-one matrix. Once the migration compensation block 502 performs range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal 308, the sensing processing block 426 continues to process the reflected sensing signal 308 to generate sensing information 816 about the object 304. In one embodiment, the receive circuitry 404 may send the sensing information 816 about the object 304 to another circuit, sub-system or system. For example, the receive circuitry 404 may send the sensing information 816 about the object 304 to graphics processor to present the sensing information for the object on an electronic display of an electronic device such as a robotic control system, autonomous driving system, collision detection system, and similar devices. For example, the receive circuitry 404 may generate and send a control directive based on the sensing information 816 about the object 304 to control an automated system, such as an electronic control unit (ECU) of an autonomous vehicle, such as a braking ECU, speed ECU, collision avoidance system ECU, crash system ECU, assistance notification ECU, and so forth. Embodiments are not limited to a particular use case. [0187] FIGS. 10-14 illustrate various systems, devices and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments. The systems, devices, and components may be the same, or similar to, the systems, device and components described with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 13. [0188] FIG. 10 illustrates a network 1000 in accordance with various embodiments. The network 1000 may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like. [0189] The network 1000 may include a UE 1002, which may include any mobile or non- mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 1030 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 1002 may be communicatively coupled with the RAN 1030 by a Uu interface. The UE 1002 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine- type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc. [0190] In some embodiments, the network 1000 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. [0191] In some embodiments, the UE 1002 may additionally communicate with an AP 1004 via an over-the-air connection. The AP 1004 may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN 1030. The connection between the UE 1002 and the AP 1004 may be consistent with any IEEE 1002.11 protocol, wherein the AP 1004 could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE 1002, RAN 1030, and AP 1004 may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE 1002 being configured by the RAN 1030 to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources. [0192] The RAN 1030 may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN 1060. AN 1060 may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE 1002 by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1 protocols. In this manner, the AN 1060 may enable data/voice connectivity between CN 1018 and the UE 1002. In some embodiments, the AN 1060 may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN 1060 be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN 1060 may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. [0193] In embodiments in which the RAN 1030 includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN 1030 is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN 1030 is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0194] The ANs of the RAN 1030 may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE 1002 with an air interface for network access. The UE 1002 may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN 1030. For example, the UE 1002 and RAN 1030 may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE 1002 to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc. [0195] The RAN 1030 may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. [0196] In V2X scenarios the UE 1002 or AN 1060 may be or act as an RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network. [0197] In some embodiments, the RAN 1030 may be an LTE RAN 1026 with eNBs, for example, eNB 1054. The LTE RAN 1026 may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands. [0198] In some embodiments, the RAN 1030 may be an NG-RAN 1028 with gNBs, for example, gNB 1056, or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB 1058. The gNB 1056 may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB 1056 may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB 1058 may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB 1056 and the ng-eNB 1058 may connect with each other over an Xn interface. [0199] In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN 1028 and a UPF 1038 (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN 1028 and an AMF 1034 (e.g., N2 interface). [0200] The NG-RAN 1028 may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G- NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH. [0201] In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE 1002 can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE 1002, the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE 1002 with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT while allowing power saving at the UE 1002 and in some cases at the gNB 1056. A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load. [0202] The RAN 1030 is communicatively coupled to CN 1018 that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE 1002). The components of the CN 1018 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN 1018 onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN 1018 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 1018 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. [0203] In some embodiments, the CN 1018 may be an LTE CN 1024, which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN 1024 may include MME 1006, SGW 1008, SGSN 1014, HSS 1016, PGW 1010, and PCRF 1012 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN 1024 may be briefly introduced as follows. [0204] The MME 1006 may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE 1002 to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc. [0205] The SGW 1008 may terminate an S1 interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN 1024. The SGW 1008 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. [0206] The SGSN 1014 may track a location of the UE 1002 and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN 1014 may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME 1006; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME 1006 and the SGSN 1014 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle/active states. [0207] The HSS 1016 may include a database for network users, including subscription- related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions. The HSS 1016 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT HSS 1016 and the MME 1006 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN 1018. [0208] The PGW 1010 may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN) 1022 that may include an application/content server 1020. The PGW 1010 may route data packets between the LTE CN 1024 and the data network 1022. The PGW 1010 may be coupled with the SGW 1008 by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW 1010 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW 1010 and the data network 1022 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW 1010 may be coupled with a PCRF 1012 via a Gx reference point. [0209] The PCRF 1012 is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN 1024. The PCRF 1012 may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server 1020 to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF 1010 may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI. [0210] In some embodiments, the CN 1018 may be a 5GC 1052. The 5GC 1052 may include an AUSF 1032, AMF 1034, SMF 1036, UPF 1038, NSSF 1040, NEF 1042, NRF 1044, PCF 1046, UDM 1048, and AF 1050 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC 1052 may be briefly introduced as follows. [0211] The AUSF 1032 may store data for authentication of UE 1002 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 1032 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC 1052 over reference points as shown, the AUSF 1032 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. [0212] The AMF 1034 may allow other functions of the 5GC 1052 to communicate with the UE 1002 and the RAN 1030 and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE 1002. The AMF 1034 may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE 1002), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 1034 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 1002 and the SMF 1036, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 1034 may Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 1002 and an SMSF. AMF 1034 may interact with the AUSF 1032 and the UE 1002 to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF 1034 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN 1030 and the AMF 1034; and the AMF 1034 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF 1034 may also support NAS signaling with the UE 1002 over an N3 IWF interface. [0213] The SMF 1036 may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF 1038 and AN 1060); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF 1038 to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 1034 over N2 to AN 1060; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE 1002 and the data network 1022. [0214] The UPF 1038 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network 1022, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 1038 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 1038 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. [0215] The NSSF 1040 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 1002. The NSSF 1040 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 1040 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 1002, or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 1044. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 1002 may be triggered by the Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT AMF 1034 with which the UE 1002 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 1040, which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF 1040 may interact with the AMF 1034 via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF 1040 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. [0216] The NEF 1042 may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF 1050), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 1042 may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF 1042 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 1050 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 1042 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 1042 may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF 1042 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re- exposed by the NEF 1042 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 1042 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. [0217] The NRF 1044 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 1044 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 1044 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. [0218] The PCF 1046 may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 1046 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 1048. In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF 1046 exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. [0219] The UDM 1048 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 1002. For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM 1048 and the AMF 1034. The UDM 1048 may include two parts, an application front end and a Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 1048 and the PCF 1046, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 1002) for the NEF 1042. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 1048, PCF 1046, and NEF 1042 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM 1048 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. [0220] The AF 1050 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. [0221] In some embodiments, the 5GC 1052 may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3^rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE 1002 is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC 1052 may select a UPF 1038 close to the UE 1002 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 1038 to data network 1022 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 1050. In this way, the AF 1050 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 1050 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 1050 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 1050 may exhibit a Naf service-based interface. [0222] The data network 1022 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server 1020. [0223] FIG. 11 schematically illustrates a wireless network 1100 in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network 1100 may include a UE 1102 in wireless communication with an AN 1124. The UE 1102 and AN 1124 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0224] The UE 1102 may be communicatively coupled with the AN 1124 via connection 1146. The connection 1146 is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6GHz frequencies. [0225] The UE 1102 may include a host platform 1104 coupled with a modem platform 1108. The host platform 1104 may include application processing circuitry 1106, which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry 1110 of the modem platform 1108. The application processing circuitry 1106 may run various applications for the UE 1102 that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry 1106 may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations [0226] The protocol processing circuitry 1110 may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection 1146. The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry 1110 may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations. [0227] The modem platform 1108 may further include digital baseband circuitry 1112 that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry 1110 in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions. [0228] The modem platform 1108 may further include transmit circuitry 1114, receive circuitry 1116, RF circuitry 1118, and RF front end (RFFE) 1120, which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels 1122. Briefly, the transmit circuitry 1114 may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry 1116 may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry 1118 may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE 1120 may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry 1114, receive circuitry 1116, RF circuitry 1118, RFFE 1120, and antenna panels 1122 (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc. [0229] In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry 1110 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components. [0230] A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels 1122, RFFE 1120, RF circuitry 1118, receive circuitry 1116, digital baseband circuitry 1112, and protocol processing circuitry 1110. In some embodiments, the antenna panels 1122 may receive a transmission from the AN 1124 by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels 1122. [0231] A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry 1110, digital baseband circuitry 1112, transmit circuitry 1114, RF circuitry 1118, RFFE 1120, and antenna panels 1122. In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE 1124 may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels 1122. [0232] Similar to the UE 1102, the AN 1124 may include a host platform 1126 coupled with a modem platform 1130. The host platform 1126 may include application processing circuitry 1128 coupled with protocol processing circuitry 1132 of the modem platform 1130. The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry 1134, transmit circuitry 1136, receive circuitry 1138, RF circuitry 1140, RFFE circuitry 1142, and antenna panels 1144. The components of the AN 1124 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like- named components of the UE 1102. In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN 1104 may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0233] FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 12 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1230 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1210, one or more memory/storage devices 1222, and one or more communication resources 1226, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1220 or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1202 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 1230. [0234] The processors 1210 may include, for example, a processor 1212 and a processor 1214. The processors 1210 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. [0235] The memory/storage devices 1222 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 1222 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read- only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. [0236] The communication resources 1226 may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1204 or one or more databases 1206 or other network elements via a network 1208. For example, the communication resources 1226 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. [0237] Instructions 106, 1218, 1224, 1228, 1232 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1210 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT instructions 106, 1218, 1224, 1228, 1232 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 1210 (e.g., within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1222, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 106, 1218, 1224, 1228, 1232 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1230 from any combination of the peripheral devices 1204 or the databases 1206. Accordingly, the memory of processors 1210, the memory/storage devices 1222, the peripheral devices 1204, and the databases 1206 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. [0238] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. [0239] FIG. 13 illustrates computer readable storage medium 1300. Computer readable storage medium 1300 may comprise any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium, such as an optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage medium. In various embodiments, computer readable storage medium 1300 may comprise an article of manufacture. In some embodiments, computer readable storage medium 1300 may store computer executable instructions 1302 with which circuitry can execute. For example, computer executable instructions 1302 can include computer executable instructions 1302 to implement operations described with respect to logic flow 900. Examples of computer readable storage medium 1300 or machine-readable storage medium 1300 may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re- writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of computer executable instructions 1302 may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. [0240] The components and features of the devices described above may be implemented using any combination of discrete circuitry, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic gates and/or single chip architectures. Further, the features of the devices may be Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT implemented using microcontrollers, programmable logic arrays and/or microprocessors or any combination of the foregoing where suitably appropriate. It is noted that hardware, firmware and/or software elements may be collectively or individually referred to herein as “logic” or “circuit.” [0241] It will be appreciated that the exemplary devices shown in the block diagrams described above may represent one functionally descriptive example of many potential implementations. Accordingly, division, omission or inclusion of block functions depicted in the accompanying figures does not infer that the hardware components, circuits, software and/or elements for implementing these functions would necessarily be divided, omitted, or included in embodiments. [0242] At least one computer-readable storage medium may include instructions that, when executed, cause a system to perform any of the computer-implemented methods described herein. [0243] Some embodiments may be described using the expression “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” along with their derivatives. These terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Moreover, unless otherwise noted the features described above are recognized to be usable together in any combination. Thus, any features discussed separately may be employed in combination with each other unless it is noted that the features are incompatible with each other. [0244] With general reference to notations and nomenclature used herein, the detailed descriptions herein may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. [0245] A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities. [0246] Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein, which form part of one or more embodiments. Rather, the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing operations of various embodiments include general purpose digital computers or similar devices. [0247] Some embodiments may be described using the expression "coupled" and "connected" along with their derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term "coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. [0248] Various embodiments also relate to apparatus or systems for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose or it may comprise a general purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The procedures presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given. [0249] What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed architecture. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the novel architecture is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. [0250] The various elements of the devices as previously described with reference to FIGS. 1- __ may include various hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements may include devices, logic devices, components, processors, Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT microprocessors, circuits, processors, circuit elements (e.g., transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), memory units, logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software elements may include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, software development programs, machine programs, operating system software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or any combination thereof. However, determining whether an embodiment is implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design or performance constraints, as desired for a given implementation. [0251] One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores,” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that make the logic or processor. Some embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine-readable medium or article which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method and/or operations in accordance with the embodiments. Such a machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software. The machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a cassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, encrypted code, and the like, implemented using any suitable high- level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language. [0252] It will be appreciated that the exemplary devices shown in the block diagrams described above may represent one functionally descriptive example of many potential implementations. Accordingly, division, omission or inclusion of block functions depicted in the accompanying figures does not infer that the hardware components, circuits, software and/or elements for implementing these functions would necessarily be divided, omitted, or included in embodiments. [0253] At least one computer-readable storage medium may include instructions that, when executed, cause a system to perform any of the computer-implemented methods described herein. [0254] Some embodiments may be described using the expression “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” along with their derivatives. These terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Moreover, unless otherwise noted the features described above are recognized to be usable together in any combination. Thus, any features discussed separately may be employed in combination with each other unless it is noted that the features are incompatible with each other. [0255] The following examples pertain to further embodiments, from which numerous permutations and configurations will be apparent. [0256] Example Set 1 [0257] An apparatus used in a sensing system wherein the apparatus comprises a processor circuitry configured to cause a sensing receiver entity to receive the transmitted sensing modulated symbols on time and frequency resources of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid, and for a plurality of times, apply a Discrete Fourier Transform DFT (or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)) over the received modulated symbols, followed by element-wise division of the received symbols with the transmitted symbols, and Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT then multiplying the result over each subcarrier n (with subcarrier spacing ), and OFDM symbol index , each time with a different compensation factor is a scaling factor which each time is determined based on a partition of the range of targets’ speed to be detected and is the radio frequency, and range-Doppler profile, and compare the resulting plurality of the calculated range-Doppler profiles and make determination on the targets and their ranges and speeds (e.g., based on the level blurriness of detected targets across the plurality of the calculated profiles). [0258] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the configuration of the processor circuitry to apply the compensation factor, is based on plurality of: the overall bandwidth over which the transmit OFDM modulation symbols are mapped to, the overall time over which the transmit OFDM modulation symbols are mapped to, and the expected range of targets’ speed to be detected. [0259] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the size and the number of the partitions of the expected range of targets’ speed to be detected, depend on plurality of: the overall bandwidth over which the transmit OFDM sensing modulation symbols are mapped to (the sensing bandwidth), the overall time span over which the transmit OFDM sensing modulation symbols are mapped to (sensing frame duration), and the expected range of targets’ speed to be detected. [0260] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the total time span over which recurring OFDM symbols are occupied by the sensing modulated symbols (called sensing frame). [0261] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein for a given signal’s bandwidth and a given sensing frame duration (a multiple integer ( ) of the periodicity with which such sensing modulated symbols are mapped to OFDM symbols (called where SRI stands for Symbol Repetition Interval)), for speeds greater than or equal to , where is the speed of light, if a deviation in velocity within a certain range , leads to a difference of up to in the integration loss , that range of speed is included in the same partition (i.e., all be compensated by a single value of velocity). [0262] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein for higher time-bandwidth products, larger number of smaller partitions is defined (as can be seen in Figure 1, the black curve with Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT the highest time-bandwidth product, also has the largest slope in velocity amongst the four curves, resulting in larger integration loss by increasing the velocity). [0263] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein starting from (i.e., the lowest desired speed to be detected), the corresponding value for the speed partition duration is computed based on the . Then, by setting = + , the next partition duration is so forth, till the of detectable velocities are covered. [0264] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the receiver pre-compensates and calculates the range-Doppler profiles for a plurality of times, each time with a speed value selected from a determined partition. The selected speed value can be the middle point of each partition, or follow any other rule. [0265] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the compensation factor is calculated as , where for a speed value , is the closets integer to , and for the total OFDM chip T, is obtained as , which is the scaling factor determining the cyclic prefix duration. This is equivalent to a DFT phase modification process/function. [0266] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein is set to a fraction of 1dB, or a value between 1-2dB. [0267] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein when any prior information is available in terms of the range of targets’ speeds (e.g., some use-cases only expect small ranges of speed or even few speed values, or multi-stage/hierarchical speed detection is applied, where some initial scans provide some rough estimation of the targets’ Dopplers and the consequent scans provide more accurate estimation, or other sensors or information sources provide some prior speed information), the number and durations of the spans is accordingly adjusted and the number of times that the receiver needs to perform the pre-compensation is reduced. [0268] An apparatus used in a sensing entity wherein the apparatus comprises processor circuitry configured to cause the sensing entity to map the sensing modulated symbols to time and frequency resources of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid and transmit the modulated symbols, according to 5G NR Downlink (DL) Positioning Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT Reference Signal (PRS) design or an extended version of it, wherein the sequence initialization of the DL-PRS or the DL-PRS-like signal, is performed once per each sensing frame (which can consist of multiple slots). [0269] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the initialization is calculated according to the NR Rel-16 initialization equation, as a function of slot number, symbol number, and the sequence ID, where the slot index and the symbol index, are calculated for the first occurring sensing symbol within the sensing frame duration. [0270] The apparatus of any preceding example, wherein the resulting generated reference sequence based on such initialization, is repeated across the entire frame (across all SRIs), instead of regenerating each time based on the slot and symbol index. When it comes to the next frame, another initialization is performed, so on and so forth. [0271] Example Set 2 [0272] An example of a transceiver for a wireless system, comprising an interface; and transmit circuitry coupled to the interface, the transmit circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the first sensing frame; generate the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0273] Further to any previous example, the transmit circuitry to generate DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0274] Further to any previous example, the transmit circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0275] Further to any previous example, the transmit circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. [0276] Further to any previous example, the transmit circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the second sensing frame; generate a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0277] Further to any previous example, the transmit circuitry to transmit the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. Further to any previous example, comprising receive circuitry coupled to the interface, the receive circuitry to: decode a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; perform range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank-one matrix; and generate sensing information for the object. [0278] Further to any previous example, wherein the range migration compensation is an all- cell migration compensation (ACMC). [0279] An example of a method for a wireless system, comprising: determining an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the first sensing frame; generating the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulating the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; mapping the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and scheduling the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0280] Further to any previous example, comprising generating DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0281] Further to any previous example, comprising determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. [0282] Further to any previous example, comprising determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. [0283] Further to any previous example, comprising: determining an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the second sensing frame; generating a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulating the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; mapping the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and scheduling the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0284] Further to any previous example, comprising transmitting the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. [0285] Further to any previous example, comprising: decoding a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; performing range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank-one matrix; and generating sensing information for the object [0286] Further to any previous example, wherein the range migration compensation is an all- cell migration compensation (ACMC). [0287] An example of a computer-readable storage medium, the computer-readable storage medium including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the first sensing frame; generate the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0288] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to generate DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0289] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. [0290] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. [0291] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the second sensing frame; generate a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0292] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to transmit the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0293] Further to any previous example, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: decode a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; perform range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank-one matrix; and generate sensing information for the object. [0294] Further to any previous example, wherein the range migration compensation is an all- cell migration compensation (ACMC). [0295] An example of a transceiver for a wireless system, comprising: means for determining an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time, and use it for all time slots of the first sensing frame; means for generating the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; means for modulating the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; means for mapping the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and means for scheduling the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. [0296] Further to any previous example, comprising means for generating DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. [0297] Further to any previous example, comprising means for determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. [0298] Further to any previous example, comprising means for determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. [0299] Further to any previous example, comprising: means for decoding a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; means for performing range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank-one matrix, wherein the range Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT migration compensation is an all-cell migration compensation (ACMC); and means for generating sensing information for the object. [0300] Terminology [0301] For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. [0302] The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. [0303] The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0304] The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. [0305] The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. [0306] The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. [0307] The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. [0308] The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to providing a specific computing resource. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT [0309] The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. [0310] The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. [0311] The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. [0312] The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like. [0313] The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. [0314] The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. [0315] The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. [0316] The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. [0317] The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. [0318] The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. [0319] The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. [0320] The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. [0321] The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/. [0322] The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

Claims

Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A transceiver for a wireless system, comprising: an interface; and transmit circuitry coupled to the interface, the transmit circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time for time slots of the first sensing frame; generate the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. 2. The transceiver of claim 1, the transmit circuitry to generate DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. 3. The transceiver of claim 1, the transmit circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. 4. The transceiver of claim 1, the transmit circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. 5. The transceiver of claim 1, the transmit circuitry to: Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time for time slots of the second sensing frame; generate a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. 6. The transceiver of claim 1, the transmit circuitry to transmit the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. 7. The transceiver of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising receive circuitry coupled to the interface, the receive circuitry to: decode a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; perform range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank- one matrix; and generate sensing information for the object. 8. The transceiver of claim 7, wherein the range migration compensation is an all-cell migration compensation (ACMC). 9. A method for a wireless system, comprising: determining an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time for time slots of the first sensing frame; generating the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulating the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT mapping the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and scheduling the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. 10. The method of claim 9, comprising generating DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. 11. The method of claim 9, comprising determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. 12. The method of claim 9, comprising determining the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. 13. The method of claim 9, comprising: determining an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time for time slots of the second sensing frame; generating a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulating the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; mapping the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and scheduling the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. 14. The method of claim 9, comprising transmitting the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. 15. The method of any of claims 9 to 14, comprising: Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT decoding a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; performing range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank-one matrix; and generating sensing information for the object. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the range migration compensation is an all-cell migration compensation (ACMC). 17. A computer-readable storage medium, the computer-readable storage medium including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS) for a first sensing frame of a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system a single time for time slots of the first sensing frame; generate the pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the first sensing frame of the JCAS system. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to generate DL PRS symbols for transmission across the multiple time slots of the first sensing frame to form a transmit pattern of a rank-one matrix, wherein the rank-one matrix comprises an outer product of two vectors, where every row is a scalar multiple of every other row and every column is a scalar multiple of every other column. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a slot number, a DL PRS sequence identifier, and an OFDM symbol number. Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to determine the initial state of the pseudorandom sequence as a function of a first occurring OFDM sensing symbol index of a first slot containing a DL PRS symbol within a duration of the first sensing frame. 21. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: determine an initial state of a pseudorandom sequence for a DL PRS for a second sensing frame of the JCAS system a single time for time slots of the second sensing frame; generate a pseudorandom sequence for the DL PRS based on the initial state; modulate the pseudorandom sequence using a defined modulation scheme to form a set of modulated symbols; map the set of modulated symbols to resource elements (REs) allocated for the DL PRS within the OFDM resource grid of the JCAS system; and schedule the mapped symbols for transmission across multiple time slots of the second sensing frame of the JCAS system. 22. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to transmit the scheduled symbols as part of transmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals towards one or more objects to sense a surrounding environment for the one or more objects. 23. The computer-readable storage medium of any of claims 17 to 22, including instructions that when executed by a processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to: decode a reflected sensing signal in a receive pattern of a rank-one matrix, the reflected sensing signal comprising a reflection of a sensing signal from an object; perform range migration compensation for the reflected sensing signal using the rank- one matrix; and generate sensing information for the object. 24. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein the range migration compensation is an all-cell migration compensation (ACMC). Docket No. 1020.3328-PCT 25. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the JCAS system is a third generation partnership project (3GPP) system comprising a fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) cellular network or a sixth generation (6G) cellular network.