EP4706223A1 - Joint communication and sensing - Google Patents

Abstract

There is disclosed a radio node for a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for wireless communication, and being adapted for sensing and/or radar operation, the radio node being adapted for performing a sensing operation based on sensing signalling, the sensing signalling covering at least Nsense contiguous symbol time intervals in time domain, Nsense being an integer number larger than 1, wherein the sensing signalling comprises Nsense representations of the same modulation symbol sequence, wherein the sensing signalling is transmitted based on utilising a CP-modulator and/or is received based on utilising a CP-demodulator. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

Joint Communication and Sensing Technical field This disclosure pertains to wireless communication and radar technology, in particular for high frequencies. Background For future wireless communication systems, combining wireless communication and sens- 5 ing (radar) is discussed, in particular using the same spectrum and/or hardware for both. This is sometimes referred to as Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS). Combining these functionalities brings a number of challenges. Summary It is an object of this disclosure to provide approaches of handling JCAS, in particular re- 10 garding multiplexing of communication signalling and sensing signalling. The approaches described may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, they may be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and/or system band- width) for sensing signalling and/or communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and/or for millimeter 15 wave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and/or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and/or millime- tre waves. The carrier frequency/ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and/or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 20 GHz; however, higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71GHz or 72GHz or above, and/or 100 GHz or above, and/or 140 GHz or above. The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and/or network described herein may operate in wide-band, e.g. with a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 400MHz or more, in 25 particular 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. 6 GHz or more, or 8 GHz or more; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth, or be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and/or procedure. In some cases, operation may be based on an OFDM wave-form or a SC-FDM wave-form (e.g., downlink and/or uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based wave-form. However, operation based on a 30 single carrier wave-form, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency Domain Filtered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and/or MCS), may be considered for downlink and/or uplink. In general, different wave-forms may be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and/or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and/or beam, and/or may comprise transmitting 35 P105584WO01 1/69 Joint Communication and Sensing on the carrier and/or beam and/or receiving on the carrier and/or beam. Operation may be based on and/or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing and/or duration of an allocation unit and/or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of a 40 subcarrier or equivalent. The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT/RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example 45 release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems. There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication net- work. The radio node is adapted for wireless communication, and is adapted for sensing and/or radar operation. The method comprises performing a sensing operation based on 50 sensing signalling, the sensing signalling covering at least N_sense contiguous symbol time intervals in time domain, N_sense being an integer number larger than 1, wherein the sens- ing signalling comprises N_sense representations of the same modulation symbol sequence. The sensing signalling is transmitted based on utilising a CP-modulator and/or is received based on utilising a CP-demodulator. 55 There is also discussed a radio node for a wireless communication network. The radio node is adapted for wireless communication, and is adapted for sensing and/or radar operation. The radio node is adapted for performing a sensing operation based on sensing signalling, the sensing signalling covering at least N_sense contiguous symbol time intervals in time domain, N_sense being an integer number larger than 1, wherein the sensing signalling 60 comprises N_sense representations of the same modulation symbol sequence. The sensing signalling is transmitted based on utilising a CP-modulator and/or is received based on utilising a CP-demodulator. Approaches described herein allow efficient radar operation, e.g. utilising already available electronics and hardware for radar operation. 65 A representation of a modulation symbol sequence may be considered a repetition of the sequence. A symbol time interval may correspond to a symbol time interval of the communication, e.g. according to a numerology and/or may be an OFDM-based symbol duration. The radio node may operate in a mono-static mode; in some cases, it may operate in a multi-static mode. The sensing signalling may be periodic over the N_sense 70 P105584WO01 2/69 Joint Communication and Sensing symbol time intervals, e.g. such that N_sense occurrences may be present. Transmitting may comprise and/or be based on signal processing to arrive at a desired waveform, e.g., by performing FFT/DFT-s operations and/or modulation symbol determination and/or resource mapping and/or adding a CP. Receiving may comprise and/or be based on sig- nal processing toextract desired information, e.g., by performing FFT/DFT-s operations 75 and/or modulation symbol determination and/or resource mapping and/or removing a CP. A CP modulator and/or a CP demodulator may be any electronic and/or software- based device adapted to provide a CP or to remove it, respectively. A CP modulator my in particular a CP modulator used or usable (e.g., simultaneously or shifted in time) by the radio node to determine CP for communication signalling. A CP demodulator my in 80 particular be a CP demodulator used used or usable (e.g., simultaneously or shifted in time) by the radio node to remove CP for communication signalling. It may be considered that the symbol time interval length is based on a numerology available and/or configured for wireless communication. In some cases, a representation of a modulation symbol sequence may correspond to 85 signalling based on and/or representing the modulation symbol sequence. It may be considered that different representations of the same modulation symbol se- quence may be shifted relative to each other, for example by a linear ramp and/or cyclic shift. Performing a sensing operation may comprise transmitting and/or receiving sensing sig- 90 nalling. In some cases, it may comprise determining the presence of a target and/or tracking a target. It may be considered that a trailing end of one representation of the modulation sequence may represent a cyclic prefix for the subsequent representation of the sequence. In some cases, the sensing signalling may be frequency-multiplexed with communication 95 signalling, wherein the communication signalling may be based on the same symbol time length. This allow optimised resource use. The sensing signalling may correspond to one compound signal covering the N_sense symbol time intervals, the compound signal having a cyclic prefix. A compound signal may be considered to be mapped to the time interval provided by the covered symbols in time 100 domain, but may be considered to represent a single signal with a symbol time length corresponding to N_sense symbol time intervals. Receiving signalling like first and/or sensing signalling may in general comprise receiving, P105584WO01 3/69 Joint Communication and Sensing and/or monitoring for, the signalling, and/or determining a timing based on the signalling, in particular based on a sequence part, and/or based on a multi-symbol repetitive struc- 105 ture of the signalling, or of a part thereof. A first timing may be used for reception of first signalling, and/or of a sequence part, and/or to determine a (second) timing for reception and/or a (third) timing for transmission. A first FFT window timing may be associated to the first timing, a second FFT window timing may be associated to the second timing; the FFT windows may be used for FFT processing of signalling. 110 Sensing and/or radar operation may be used interchangeably. Sensing operation may be performed in a sensing mode. Communication may be performed in a communication mode. Different antenna arrangements and/or different nodes may operate in different modes; in some cases, different antenna arrangements of the same radio node may operate in different modes, e.g. using frequency domain multiplexing (e.g., in addition to and/or 115 overlaid on time domain multiplexing). Sensing operation may comprise transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling. Sensing signalling may be signalling intended to be bounced of one more targets, e.g. to determine a presence, and/or a location, and/or velocity, and/or speed of the target/s from the reflected signalling. Sensing operation may be mono-static, or in some cases bistatic or multi-static. 120 It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on a multi-carrier wave- form, e.g. an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, and/or that the communication signalling is based on a waveform with cyclic appendix. A cyclic appendix may generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may represent a repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix), 125 which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefix may be considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to. A cyclic appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter than the symbol duration, e.g. less than 1/4 of the symbol duration, or less than 1/6. The radio node may operate in TDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and 130 UL periods. A DL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions, an UL period may be a period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and vice versa for a wireless device). It may be considered that there is a TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and/or between UL and DL periods, which may comprise a 135 number of symbol time intervals, e.g. 10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guard periods for DL/UL and UL/DL, or different ones. The guard period may allow switching circuitry between the different communication di- rections and/or handling of interference (in particular considering that DL signalling tends P105584WO01 4/69 Joint Communication and Sensing to much more powerful than (received) UL signalling). Time domain multiplexing of sens- 140 ing signalling and communication signalling may refer to and/or include and/or comprise and/or represent switching between communication mode and sensing mode such that at different times, different modes are used at least for a part of the circuitry and/or antenna arrangements and/or signalling associated to the radio node. An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements and/or sub-arrays and/or panels; different 145 antenna arrangements may comprise different antenna elements and/or sub-arrays and/or panels. Different antenna arrangements and/or panels and/or sub-arrays and/or elements may be adapted to be controlled or controllable separately from each other. There may be the same number of DL and UL periods and/or the same duration associated to DL and UL (at least over a certain time interval, e.g. alternating such that one DL period is 150 followed by one UL period, or vice versa, or different numbers or durations, e.g. (roughly) 3:1 (e.g., 3 DL periods followed by a TDD guard period and 1 UL period), or (roughly) 2:1, or even (roughly) 1:2 or 1:NU with NU 3 or larger, for UL heavy scenarios. UL period durations may be the same as DL period durations, or different. The distribution and/or duration of DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may 155 be dynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and/or configured or configurable, e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, and/or may be semi-statically configurable or configured. The TDD pattern may describe the smallest time domain distribution of DL period/s and/or UL period/s and/or TDD guard period/s repeated over time, e.g. in one or more frames and/or subframes and/or slots and/or a 160 time duration covering multiple repetitions of the TDD pattern. It may be considered that operating in sensing mode may comprise both transmission and reception by the same radio node, independent of the TDD period associated to a communication mode. It may be considered that a sensing mode and/or sensing interval may be inserted and/or embedded and/or multiplexed into a time period nominally associated to DL and/or UL 165 and/or a TDD guard period, in particular a DL/UL guard period. The sensing signalling and communication signalling may be transmitted by the same transmitting node, e.g. the radio node, or by different nodes. In particular, it may be considered that the radio node transmits both communication signalling and sensing signalling, and may additionally monitor for and/or receive a reflection of the sensing 170 signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario. In some cases, the radio node may receive the communication signalling and the sensing signalling, and/or may additionally transmit the sensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario. In some cases, the radio may transmit the communication signalling and receive (and/or monitor for) the sensing signalling, and additionally may transmit the sensing signalling, or vice versa. It should be considered 175 that the receiving sensing signalling may comprise, and/or be based on monitoring for P105584WO01 5/69 Joint Communication and Sensing the sensing signalling, e.g. utilising one or more reception beams and/or beam sweeping. Received or monitored for sensing signalling may represent reflected and/or diffracted sensing signalling, e.g. after impacting a target object and/or obstacle. Operation using sensing signalling and communication signalling may pertain to a specific time period, 180 e.g. a joint operation interval, in which both communication and sensing is performed. There may be operational states of the radio node focussing on one type of operation, e.g. only communicating or sensing. Sensing signalling being frequency multiplexed (also known as being frequency domain multiplexed, or frequency duplexed) with communica- tion signalling may refer to the sensing signalling having a different location in frequency 185 domain than the communication signalling, e.g. in non-overlapping parts of the spec- trum (non-overlapping bandwidths). In particular, sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth, and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth, wherein the first and second frequency bandwidths may be non-overlapping and/or disjunct and/or separated in frequency domain. 190 The radio node may for example be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal, or a network node or signalling radio node or base station. Thus, sensing functionality may be provided by common participants of a wireless communication network. It may be considered that the radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of an- tenna sub-arrays and/or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger. An 195 antenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 or more, or 50 or more, or 100 or more. An antenna sub-array, and/or the antenna ele- ments associated thereto and/or comprised therein, may be associated and/or connected or connectable to one and/or the same antenna circuitry, and/or be jointly controllable for analog and/or digital beam-forming, and/or be operable for joint transmission or re- 200 ception. A panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and/or metallic material and/or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may sup- port additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and/or interface circuitry. Each antenna sub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or transmis- sion) and/or one functionality, e.g. sensing or communication. It may be considered that 205 antenna elements of an antenna sub-array share the same polarisation, e.g. horizontal or vertical. In some cases, NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered that NP/2 antenna sub-arrays (and/or their antenna elements) may be associated to a first polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any other suitable polarisation) and the other NP/2 antenna sub-arrays are associated to a second 210 polarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation. For example, the first polarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular. This P105584WO01 6/69 Joint Communication and Sensing allows multiple beams to be operated, with good flexibility and/or large signalling capac- ity. In general, an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one or 215 more antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays. In general, at different times, different antenna sub-arrays and/or panels may be used for different functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and/or sensing or communication. The polari- sation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. for transmission or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception), 220 polarisation may be different. For example, an antenna sub-array may be associated to a first polarisation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa. This may be achieved, for example, by providing crossed linear antenna elements for the sub-arrays, with associated connections/circuitry according to polarisation. In particular, it may be considered that the sensing signalling is transmitted and/or re- 225 ceived, e.g. by the radio node, utilising a first set of antenna elements and/or antenna sub- arrays and/or antenna panels, and the communication signalling is transmitted and/or received, e.g., by the radio node, utilising a second set of antenna elements and/or an- tenna sub-arrays and/or antenna panels. The first set may comprise different sub-arrays and/or antenna elements and/or antenna panels than the second set. The first set may 230 comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays and/or panels, e.g. NC sub-arrays and/or pan- els, in particular an even number. It may be considered that the second set may comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays and/or panels, e.g., NS sub-arrays, in particular an even number. It may be considered that NC+NS=NP. In some cases, the NC and/or NS sub- arrays and/or panels may comprise equal number of antenna sub-arrays and/or panels 235 associated to first and second polarisations (in general, an antenna sub-array may be considered associated to a polarisation if all its antenna elements are associated to the same polarisation). It may be considered that different antenna sub-arrays are used for transmitting sensing signalling and receiving signalling, wherein the same polarisation may be associated to transmitting and receiving of sensing signalling. 240 It may be considered that the sensing signalling and the communication signalling are transmitted and/or received in an operation time interval, for example a slot, or an integer number N of symbol time intervals or allocation units or block symbols. The operation time interval may correspond to 1 ms or less, or 0.5 ms or less, or .1 ms or less, and/or N may be 1000 or less, or 300 or less, or 200 or less, or 100 or less, or 20 or less. Thus, the 245 radio node may operate both signalling types in short timescales. Within the operation time interval, the sensing signalling and communication signalling may be operated time multiplexed, or simultaneously, or both (in different sub-intervals). In some variants, the sensing signalling and the communication signalling may be trans- P105584WO01 7/69 Joint Communication and Sensing mitted and/or received at least partly, or fully, overlapping in time, e.g. in an operation 250 time interval, or one or more sub-intervals thereof. Partly overlapping in time may refer to part of the sensing signalling not overlapping with the communication signalling, fully overlapping may refer to all of the sensing signalling overlapping with communication signalling (in time domain, in particular within the operation time interval and/or one or more sub-intervals thereof). 255 In particular, the sensing signalling may in general be transmitted in a sensing time interval, and a reflection of the sensing signalling may be monitored for (and/or received) in a monitoring time interval, wherein the sensing time interval and the monitoring time interval may at least partly, or fully, overlap in time. The sensing time interval and/or the monitoring time interval may be part of an operation time interval, e.g. comprised 260 therein, for example as sub-intervals, or covering the operation time interval. Thus, short timescale joint operation is facilitated. It may be considered that a first antenna sub-array and/or antenna panel may be used for transmitting sensing signalling, a second antenna sub-array and/or antenna panel may be used for monitoring and/or receiving a reflection of the sensing signalling. Two or more 265 antenna sub-arrays and/or panels may be used for communicating utilising communication signalling., e.g. during the operation time interval. The first and second sub-array and/or panel may be of different polarisation. In particular for large NP (e.g., 8 or larger), this may facilitate sensing operation with comparatively low impact on communication operation. 270 In general, sensing signalling and communication signalling occupy the same frequency spectrum, e.g. the same carrier. Frequency multiplexing may generally refer to different locations of the frequency spectrum being assigned to sensing signalling and communica- tion signalling, e.g. different parts of the carrier bandwidth; additionally, different band- widths may be assigned to sensing signalling and communication signalling. Spectrum 275 re-use thusly may be provided. This may refer to operation time interval/s. It may be considered that the sensing signalling may occupy a bandwidth (first frequency bandwidth, or first bandwidth) of 350 MHz or less, or 300 MHz or less, and/or 10% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth, or 5% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth, and/or 10% or less of the bandwidth (second frequency bandwidth, or second bandwidth) 280 used for communication signalling, and/or 7% or less of the bandwidth used for commu- nication signalling. This may refer to operation time interval/s; outside of such, different bandwidth sizes may be used, e.g. if only communication signalling is used for a longer time (e.g., 5 or more times the operation time interval duration, or 10 or 20 or 50 or more times the operation time interval duration), the full carrier/system bandwidth may be 285 P105584WO01 8/69 Joint Communication and Sensing applied for communication signalling. Thus, bandwidth limitation may be ameliorated. In some variants, sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth (or first bandwidth), and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth (second bandwidth), wherein further a frequency gap may exist, or be, or be located, between the first frequency bandwidth and the second frequency bandwidth. The second 290 frequency bandwidth may be larger in size than the first frequency bandwidth, e.g. it may be SM times the size, wherein SM may be 3 or more, or 5 or more, or 10 or more, or 15 or more. The gap may correspond to a bandwidth smaller than the second frequency bandwidth, and/or may be smaller than the first frequency bandwidth. The gap may correspond to a guard bandwidth, e.g. limiting interference between the first and second 295 frequency bandwidths. In general, the communication signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form. This may facilitated reliable communication with high capacity. Approaches described herein facilitate using hardware of a communication radio node for 300 radar or sensing, with limited overhead or loss of efficiency. Sensing signalling may generally be represented by reference signalling. Sensing signalling of different types may differ in terms of numerology and/or wave-form and/or modula- tion symbol sequence and/or sequence root and/or duration and/or frequency bandwidth and/or density (e.g., in time domain and/or frequency domain) and/or code and/or tim- 305 ing, in particular regarding periodicity) and/or beam shape or beam size. The communication signalling and/or sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM wave- form, e.g. OFDM and/or SC-FDM. Transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling may be considered operating utilising sensing signalling. It may be considered that operat- ing utilising communication signalling, and/or communicating utilising communication 310 signalling, may comprise transmitting the communication signalling and/or receiving the communication signalling. Depending on whether the radio node is adapted for full- duplex operation or not, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise operating in the same direction (e.g., both operations comprise or consists of transmitting, or both comprise or consist of receiving), or in different directions (for either or both operations, 315 or between operations and/or for one operation). Thus, different use cases and types of setup (mono-static or multi-static) may be considered. In some cases, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting the sensing signalling and/or receiving the sensing signalling. In general, receiving sensing signalling P105584WO01 9/69 Joint Communication and Sensing may comprise receiving reflections of the sensing signalling; the reflections may be shifted 320 in time relative to the transmitting signalling (due to propagation delay); the shift in time may two symbol time intervals or less, or one symbol time interval or less, or the duration of a cyclic prefix or less. The range of the sensing signalling may be configured accordingly. In general, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise performing sensing and/or determining the presence (or absence) of an object and/or determining 325 one or more properties of one or more objects (sensing targets). It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on an OFDM wave- form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such a wave-form is particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and/or with high communication loads. In some cases, the sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM 330 wave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM, or an OFTS based wave-form. The sensing signalling wave-form may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling, which allows easy reuse of configurations and circuitries. In some cases, it may be based on a different wave-form, allowing flexibility, e.g. for different use cases and functionalities. 335 The radio node may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alternatively, it may be a network node or signalling radio node. A radio node adapted for wireless commu- nication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and/or receiving communication signalling, and/or for operating with signalling in conformance with a communication standard, e.g. according to a 3GPP standard. A radio node adapted for operating with 340 signalling in conformance with a communication standard may be adapted for utilising signalling and/or waveforms according to the standard, and/or circuitry capable of pro- ducing such waveforms and/or signalling. Communication signalling may be. and/or comprise, data signalling and/or control signalling and/or reference signalling, e.g. ac- cording to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard or IEEE standard. 345 A radio node adapted for sensing operation and/or radar operation may be adapted for, and/or be configured or configurable, for transmitting and/or receiving signalling for sens- ing or radar functionality, in particular according to a configuration for sensing and/or processing signalling. The radio node may share circuitry like processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry and/or antenna elements and/or sub-arrays be- 350 tween communication signalling and sensing operation and/or sensing signalling. The sensing operation may be mono-static and/or multi-static. Sensing signalling may be reference signalling, and/or may be communication signalling and/or signalling dedicated for sensing. Sensing signalling may have different types of signalling, e.g. based on, or associated to use and/or object and/or sensing function (e.g., which parameters of an 355 object are to be determined). Multiplexing communication signalling and sensing sig- P105584WO01 10/69 Joint Communication and Sensing nalling in a multiplexing time interval may correspond to the communication signalling and the sensing signalling being transmitted in the multiplexing time interval, e.g. by the same node or different nodes. Operating utilising communication signalling may comprise transmitting and/or receiving communication signalling. Operating utilising sensing sig- 360 nalling may comprise transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling. A radio node may be adapted for mono-static operation. In this case, it may be adapted for full-duplex op- eration, transmitting and receiving in fully or at least partially overlapping time intervals (e.g., corresponding to, and/or at least partially overlapping with, the multiplexing time interval), such that it may receive reflected sensing signalling it transmitted itself (due to 365 the large speed of radio waves, the reflected sensing signalling will often be received while the radio node still transmits sensing signalling). The radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry and/or antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted both for handling communication signalling and sensing signalling. The radio node may be adapted for full-duplex operation, and/or half-duplex operation. Full duplex may refer to transmit- 370 ting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and/or using different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antenna elements. The sensing signalling may be beam-formed. The communication signalling may be beam- formed. Different beams, in particular narrower beams, may be used for the sensing sig- 375 nalling than the communication signalling. In some cases, the beam shapes of sensing signalling may be different for different occurrences and/or signalling types and/or func- tionalities of sensing signalling. Beam-switching may be performed when switching from communication signalling to sensing signalling, and vice versa. Sensing signalling may be transmitted with a sensing beam and/or isotropically or with a default beam; it may be 380 received with a reception beam, or with a default or isotropic reception. A sensing beam may be swept through a spatial angle, e.g. according to a sweeping scheme to perform sensing in the spatial angle. A number of repetitions may indicate a number of occurrences, e.g. of a symbol content or signalling. Thus, one repetition may indicate only one occurrence, two repetitions 385 may indicate two occurrences, etc. A repetitive time domain structure may indicate that (symbol) content of at least one allocation unit or symbol is repeated at least twice, e.g. on neighbouring or bordering allocation units or symbols (e.g., symbol time intervals). The repetition may in general be based on a shift of content, e.g. cyclically shifting and/or linear ramping. 390 The repetitive time domain structure may comprise repetition of signalling carried on at least one allocation unit (its content), in particular one block symbol and/or symbol P105584WO01 11/69 Joint Communication and Sensing time interval. It may comprise repetition of content (the represented sequence may be considered content) of more than one allocation unit. It may be considered that the repetitive time domain structure may comprise only one 395 repetition of signalling carried on each allocation unit of at least one message (its content), in particular each block symbol and/or symbol time interval of the at least one message. The message may be one of a plurality of messages. In particular, a data channel message, e.g. of a MsgB. Thus, signalling overhead is limited. A symbol content like a sequence being repeated NO times may refer to the symbol content 400 being transmitted NO times. Sequential repetition may refer to each occurrence being neighbouring in time by at least one other occurrence, e.g., to form a chain or sequence of neighbouring occurrences of the symbol content; it may be considered that there is no other signalling interspersed into the NO repetitions. A symbol content may pertain to the signalling carried as information and/or content in time interval, e.g. corresponding to 405 a symbol time interval. A cyclic prefix may correspond to part-repetition of the symbol content, e.g. representing the trailing end of a symbol content. The symbol content may pertain to physical characteristics of the signalling, e.g. regarding frequency and/or modulation and/or waveform and/or signal form. Different symbol contents (content repeated in different sequences) may be different. In some cases, it may be the same, e.g. 410 if parts of a preamble are repeated. Thus, repetition may refer to the same modulation symbols being transmitted for each repetition, or cyclically shifted symbols or contents. A symbol content may generally refer to signalling without cyclic prefix. A symbol content may also be referred to as symbol proper, as opposed to a cyclic prefix. A signalling structure may prescribe a time domain arrangement of signalling and/or symbol content 415 and/or cyclic prefixes, e.g. an order in time and/or respective duration(s). In general, the NO sequential repetitions of one symbol content may be referred to as repetition sequence. If there are NC symbol contents, there may be NC repetition sequences. Occurrences or repetitions of the same content may be shifted relative to each other, e.g. cyclically shifted. The symbol contents may be symbol contents of one message of a random access 420 response, e.g. a control information message. In the signalling structure, a cyclic prefix may precede each repetition sequence of the symbol content. Different sequences may have different cyclic prefixes. In general, the cyclic prefix may be adapted, e.g. in terms of duration, to align a repetition sequence plus the cyclic prefix to a transmission timing structure, e.g. such that the beginning of 425 the cyclic prefix and the end of the repetition sequence (the end of the the last symbol content repetition) may align with a symbol border, e.g. of an uplink transmission timing structure, e.g. an uplink frame structure. This may lead to the same durations for P105584WO01 12/69 Joint Communication and Sensing NO symbols according to the timing structure and the NO repetitions plus cyclic prefix; whether actual alignment happens may depend on path delays, at least before a timing 430 advance has been signalled to, or determined by, the radio node. The receiving radio node may in general be adapted to operate according to a transmission timing structure, e.g. a frame structure and/or based on a numerology. A transmitting radio node like a network node may be adapted for indicating the frame structure and/or numerology, e.g. with system information signalling and/or broadcast signalling like SSB 435 signalling and/or signalling of system information; a wireless device may be adapted to receive such broadcast signalling and/or system information. In the signalling structure, at least one repetition of the symbol content may be not aligned with the transmission timing structure, and/or the duration associated to symbol content may be shorter than a symbol time interval according to the transmission timing structure (which may include 440 a cyclic prefix of the transmission timing structure). A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., sub- carriers), e.g. to provide a time-variable signal. A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may also be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPR 445 characteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for high frequencies. In general, the approaches described herein may also be applicable to Single- Carrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms. Communication, e.g. on data channel/s and/or control channel/s, may be based on, and/o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, or a Single-Carrier based wave-form. 450 Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and/or beams and/or with multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) and/or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple trans- mission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and/or combs and/or cyclic shifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference. In general, different 455 reference signallings (e.g., of the same type) may be associated to different transmission sources and/or beams and/or layers, in particular if transmitted simultaneously and/or overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values if transmitted in uplink). For example, there may be first reference signalling transmitted using a first transmission source and/or first beam and/or first layer, and second reference signalling 460 transmitted using a first transmission source and/or first beam and/or first layer. There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and/or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product as described herein is P105584WO01 13/69 Joint Communication and Sensing considered. An information system comprising, and/or connected or connectable, to a 465 radio node is also disclosed. Brief description of the drawings The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise: Figure 1, showing an exemplary JCAS scenario; 470 Figure 2, showing an exemplary sensing signalling scenario; Figure 3, showing an exemplary sensing signalling scenario; Figure 4, showing exemplary signalling structures for sensing signalling; Figure 5, showing an exemplary wireless device; and Figure 6, showing an exemplary network node. 475 Detailed description Joint communication and sensing (JCAS) is emerging as one of the use cases in future wireless cellular communication such as 6G. In one approach, it may be considered us- ing cellular communication (radio) nodes (base stations/UEs) to sense the environment by either using the communication-specific signals and/or dedicated sensing signals, and 480 provide information such as location, shape, speed, etc. of the objects in the surrounding. Some of the possible applications of sensing using cellular communication systems are traffic monitoring and crash avoidance, gesture/motion detection, presence detection of objects or persons, vital sign detection, environment mapping, particle/pollution detec- tion, etc. In general, joint communication and sensing may comprise and/or be based 485 on utilising radio nodes for a communication network for sensing and/or radar operation, e.g. sharing radio circuitry and/or antennas and/or resources. Tighter integration of communication and sensing may be provided. By reusing existing macro infrastructure, sensing can be added at low cost. Sensing can be using both to improve network performance and to add new features such as traffic monitoring and 490 surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer. Radar signalling may be considered sensing signalling and vice versa in this discussion. For example, to monitor a traffic intersection, detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a large part of available resources may be used for radar operation, lowering resources available for communication. Approaches 495 P105584WO01 14/69 Joint Communication and Sensing described herein facilitate efficient operation of joint communication and sensing, with limited impact of sensing operation on communication capabilities. Sensing can be done either using a single node, i.e. the transmitter and receiver are co-located and/or associated to the same radio node (mono-static) or multiple nodes, in which case the transmitter(s) and receiver(s) may be in different locations (multi-static); 500 in some variants of multi-static approaches, one or more nodes may be have transmitter and receiver and/or may operate for transmitting and receiving. One particular challenge with the mono-static scenario in joint communications and sensing is that if the same radio node is used for simultaneous transmission and reception, then it has to be capable of full-duplex communication (the received signals will be shifted in time to the transmitted 505 one, but usually overlap in time). This may be particularly challenging, since the received signal levels in a cellular communications may be lower than the transmitted signals by several orders of magnitude; reception of such signals may be facilitated by certain approaches or designs considered to reduce interference. In a mono-static radar setup, simultaneous transmission and reception (and thus full duplex) is unavoidable if it should 510 be possible to detect targets close to the base stations (targets far enough away may be less challenging from this point of view since the echo (reflected signal) may arrive after the BS stopped transmitting). A multi-static scenario may not require simultaneous transmission and reception from the same node. However, one challenge in using communication nodes in multi-static 515 scenario is that the neighbouring nodes must be in different duplex directions (uplink and downlink, or sidelink, or transmission and reception modes), which means that different time division duplex (TDD) configurations in the two cells may be used. This is also rather challenging, since using different TDD configurations in neighbouring cells can give rise to large inter-cell interference, especially from the downlink transmission in one cell to the 520 uplink reception in the other cell, as downlink signalling usually has significantly larger power levels than uplink signalling. In some applications, sensing may improve network performance and/or add new features such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer in comparison to 525 using separated dedicated equipment for both. If, for example, a traffic intersection is monitored, to detect approaching vehicles and their speed, significant parts of the available resources (e.g., half) may be required for radar operation. The available carrier or system bandwidth in 6G at high frequencies is expected to be very wide, e.g. covering one GHz or more, in particular 5GHz or more. There are several 530 regions with ≈6GHz contiguous spectra (bandwidth) available for high frequencies (above P105584WO01 15/69 Joint Communication and Sensing 90 GHz). Sensing, also referred to as active sensing or radar operation, may generally refer to transmitting signalling and/or receiving reflection/s of this signalling, e.g. radar signalling and/or communication signalling; Sensing may comprise and/or be based on processing 535 received (reflected) signalling to determine one or more properties of a target object, e.g. position and/or speed (total speed, or a component thereof, e.g. to direction of the receiver) and/or shape and/or size and/or velocity (total, or a component thereof) and/or surface structure and/or reflexivity of a reflecting object, e.g. based on one or more signalling characteristics of the transmitted (radar) signalling and/or one or more 540 signalling characteristics of the received (radar) signalling, and/or based on one or more changes and/or shifts and/or differences and/or delta (e.g., one value subtracted from another value) between one or more signalling characteristics of the transmitted signalling and/or received signalling. For a multi-static case, the receiving node may be informed about the one or more signalling characteristics, e.g. based on configuration (e,g, higher 545 layer signalling like RRC signalling or MAC layer signalling, or F1 signalling, or X2 signalling, or physical layer signalling). Sensing signal processing is described in the following. In active sensing, a signal or signalling like radar signalling is transmitted to probe the environment, and the received reflections are used to estimate for example position and/or speed and/or velocity of the 550 object/s in a range covered by the signalling. Depending on the required accuracy and range for the position and speed of the object/s, there are certain requirements on the duration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signalling or signal to be used. In a typical pulse radar, a sequence of wave-forms or symbols or signals (e.g., spreading codes) with chip duration T and signal integration duration of T_int with periodicity T_r 555 are transmitted for a duration T_f (there is one transmission or signalling occurrence in each T_r). The choice of these parameters determine range (sensing range, if wave- forms are identical), range resolution, velocity or speed (speed or velocity range), and speed/velocity resolution for sensing targets. L and M may represent integer numbers (of chips or symbols in a period corresponding to the periodicity, and number of transmission 560 occurrences in T_f , respectively). Depending on the use case, a sensing signal design may be tailored to meet fundamental requirements on: Range resolution (R_r) representing the minimum distinguishable dis- tance between two objects; and/or (Unambiguous) range (R_u), representing the maximum distance where an object can be 565 located for (e.g., guaranteed, and/or within a desired error range) detection; and/or Speed or Velocity range (v_u), representing the maximum range of speed or velocity of P105584WO01 16/69 Joint Communication and Sensing moving object that can be measured; and/or Speed or Velocity resolution (v_r), representing the smallest change in the speed or velocity of the moving object that can be measured. 570 The parameters of a sensing signal (which in general may also be referred to as sensing signalling, or radar signal, or radar signalling) may include a bandwidth, like a minimum bandwidth, and/or a duration like a minimum duration of the sensing signal, and/or a a minimum and/or maximum repetition periodicity, and/or a minimum duration of the sensing frame (a time interval in which sensing signalling may be transmitted), may be 575 designed such above sensing requirement/s are met. Table 1 below shows the relationship between the sensing requirements and the sensing signal parameters, with c denoting the speed of light, f_c representing the carrier frequency. Table 1 Required bandwidth BW_min = c/2R_r Minimum gap between sensing signals T_rmin = 2R_u/c 580 Maximum gap between sensing signals T_rmax = c/4f_cv_u Required sensing frame duration T_f = c/2f_cv_r At the receiver, the reflected signal (e.g., reflected from one or more objects and/or from the surrounding) is received, and may be matched and/or filtered with the transmitted wave-form to give the delay (e.g., representing the distance of the object), and/or the phase rotation between consecutive wave forms, e.g. representing the Doppler shift due to the movement of the object. In general, the above-mentioned signal generation and 585 receiver processing may be common to all types of sensing methods and signals, and is not limited to a pulse radar. In a joint communication and sensing scenario, the choice of wave-form may depend on what wave-form is more suitable for both communication and sensing, although this is not a requirement, and the wave-forms for the two systems may be different. The following description of receiver processing is independent of the wave- 590 form type and is equally applicable to wave-forms , as well as any typical communication wave-form such as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, etc. As one example, the wave-form may comprise, and/or be based on, and/or represent, and/or be one or several OFDM or DFT- S-OFDM symbols ( or even sub-symbols), and/or block symbols, as it is the common wave-form used in most of the existing wireless access links (used for wireless and/or 595 cellular communication). A sensing signal may be based on OFDM symbols, in particular a train of OFDM symbols as sensing signalling; such train may be repeated a plurality of times, e.g. according to a periodicity, e.g. in one or more sensing frames. A train of symbols may represent a sequence of symbols, each of which may carry and/or represent a sequence of modulation symbols (e.g., for a OFDM based wave-form), which may be 600 P105584WO01 17/69 Joint Communication and Sensing mapped to frequency domain; each symbol may carry the same or a different sequence. In some cases, a sequence may be mapped over multiple symbols, e.g. frequency first. A common receiver processing may comprise and/or be based on performing an FFT per sequence occurrence, e.g. a train of symbols, for example transforming delay domain into subcarrier (frequency) domain, and an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequence 605 occurrences, for example transforming time-domain into Doppler domain. Then peaks, e.g. all peaks, beyond a threshold may be identified, and the delay and Doppler values associated with each peak (representing a target) may be considered corresponding to delay and velocity or speed of the target. Communication may be based on (DFTS-)OFDM; OFDM based radar may be used to 610 allow re-use of as much hardware as possible. Zadoff-Chu may be a waveform candidate used extensively as reference signal for LTE/NR, it has low PAPR and good autocor- relation properties. It may be considered send the same signal twice without CP (as a 2-tuple). Measuring (receiving) may be late to be able to collect a full OFDM signal of both a close-by and a distant reflection, such that intermittent reception of radar/sensing 615 signalling may be performed. Cross-correlating the received signal to the transmitted one to get delay peaks corresponding to the distance may be performed. Note that the repeti- tion of symbols is a particular good fit when using high numerology and high frequencies, e.g. numerologies with 960 kHz SCS or higher, or 1.92 MHz SCS or higher. In general, periodic occurrence of sensing intervals may indicate periodic occurrence of 620 sensing intervals having the same duration and/or number of n-tuples transmitted, or of sensing intervals with different durations and/or different numbers of n-tuples. For example, the sensing interval during a TDD guard period may be longer and/or comprise at least one more n-tuple of sensing signals than the sensing interval/s in a DL period and/or UL period. 625 Generally, it may be considered overlaying the sensing signalling and/or periodicity of sensing signalling on a TDD pattern, in particular such that a sensing interval coincides with a TDD guard period, in particular a DL/UL guard period. Accordingly, radio resources taken away from communication for sensing may be limited. In communication mode, dual polarized communication may be used in TDD. Both first 630 and second antennas or antenna arrangements may be either transmitting or receiving. In radar mode, single polarized sensing may be used, e.g. one antenna arrangement in TX mode, one in RX mode. TX¡-¿RX antenna isolation may be provided, e.g. with suitable shielding and/or interference or leakage compensation. Figure 1 shows transmitted sensing signal together with an echo received from a near 635 P105584WO01 18/69 Joint Communication and Sensing target and a far away target. To be able to do frequency-domain processing, even the echo received from a far target should arrive within the CP (see Figure 2). Assuming NR 30 kHz numerology, the maximum sensing distance is around 350 m, which can be very limiting. It is proposed to use sensing with multiple OFDM (SC-FDM) symbols, where the preceding symbol acts as CP for the next symbol (and so the sensing range is 640 increased) and how to implement it using regular CP-OFDM modulator. The sensing waveform may be constructed by repeating an OFDM symbol (or its content). In Figure 3 an example is shown where the sensing waveform is constructed by two OFDM symbols. The sensing range corresponds now approximately to the duration of one OFDM symbols. 645 As shown in Figure 3, the received signal arrives early/late for a near/far target. To enable frequency-domain processing of the received signal, the receiver window must cover one (or multiple) complete periods of the received signal, irrespective of the arrival time. In the following a multi-symbol OFDM structure to extend the sensing range is proposed. The sensing waveform is constructed by repeating an OFDM symbol. In Figure 4, exam- 650 ples are shown where the sensing waveform is constructed by two OFDM symbols. The sensing range corresponds now approximately to the duration of one OFDM symbols. Longer waveforms may be used for additional range. Figure 4 top shows how the sensing waveform comprises or is a repetition of two OFDM symbols (or SC-FDMA symbols or OFDM-based symbols). Figure 4 top shows in more 655 detail with included sequence indices how the sensing waveform is constructed (OFDM symbol length excl. CP: N, CP length: P). One can see that from the beginning of the CP until the end of the second symbol the sensing waveform consists of a periodic waveform and that the second symbol is identical to the first symbol. This structure may be seens as lacking a CP in the second symbol and having a long CP preceding the first symbol, i.e. 660 it uses a different symbol structure than regular CP-OFDM where each OFDM symbol is prefixed by a (equally long) CP. In Figure 4 second from the top, the same sensing waveform is shown but now it is constructed as concatenation of two symbols and each symbol has its own CP. It can also be seen that the first symbol is a cyclically shifted copy of the second symbol. The 665 amount of shift is the CP length. In general, a cp may be added by a CP modulator and/or removed by a CP modulator. Figure 4 third from the top shows how the sensing waveform may be implemented by a CP-OFDM modulator. The subcarriers representing the sensing waveform are modulated P105584WO01 19/69 Joint Communication and Sensing by P_k in the second symbol. In the first symbol, the subcarriers carrying the sensing 670 waveform may be modulated by P_k = P_k × e^{(−j2π/NkP )} with P the length of the cyclic prefix. Multiplication with the linear phase ramp creates the cyclic shift of the first symbol in time-domain. The sensing waveform may be generated using a CP-OFDM modulator. In the second symbol, the sensing waveform may be represented by the frequency-domain sequence P_k while in the first symbol by P_k (which is P_k times a linear phase ramp, i.e. a 675 cyclic shift in time-domain). Since the sensing waveform may be generated using a regular CP-OFDM modulator, the same modulator can be used to create the sensing waveform while at the same time also other signals, e.g. a data transmission to a user or base station. This is shown in Figure 4 at the lowest line. A subset of subcarriers may beused for the sensing waveform while another subset is used for another signal. The modulation 680 symbols (in frequency-domain) of the other signal in first and second symbol are denoted S((0)) ((1)) k A sensing waveform consisting of two symbols is described, however, the concepts can be easily be extended to a sensing waveform with another number of repetitions. The proposed methods enables using a normal CP-OFDM modulator to generate the sensing 685 waveform. By that a same modulator can be used to generate the sensing waveform and another signal, e.g. a data signal. Figure 5 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10 or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a 690 memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and/or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected 695 or connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and/or amplify signals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and/or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out 700 of coverage; and/or may be considered non-cellular communication and/or be associated to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may generally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio 705 node 10 comprises, and/or is connected or connectable, to a power supply. A DFE may be P105584WO01 20/69 Joint Communication and Sensing considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry. Figure 6 schematically shows a radio node 100, which may in particular be implemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR. Radio node 100 710 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and/or receiving module and/or configuring module of the node 100 may be im- plemented in and/or executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and 715 transmitter and/or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or con- nectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and/or amplification. Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, 720 e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may be connected to and/or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication 725 circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and/or with a core network and/or an internet or local net, in particular with an information sys- tem, which may provide information and/or data to be transmitted to a user equipment. A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitry and/or antenna circuitry. 730 In general, the wireless device and/or network node may operate in, and/or the commu- nication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmission of signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift in time may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and/or source locations. 735 A data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or a code block bundle. A code block may comprise and/or represent a number of (information) bits representing information (e.g., data or control information), to which there may be associated, and/or which may further include, bits for error detection coding, e.g. CRC. The bits for error detection coding may be determined based on the (information) bits, and/or may be error 740 detection bits for the (information) bits. A code block bundle may comprise one or more code blocks; wherein each code block may have associated to it, and/or comprise, error P105584WO01 21/69 Joint Communication and Sensing correction bits. The error correction bits in a code block bundle may each pertain to an associated code block; error correction bits may be specific to only one code block, e.g. determined based on bits of only one code block. Different bits and/or groups of bits 745 may be associated to different code blocks. Error correction bit/s associated to a code block may be associated to a single code block; this may refer to the error correction bits indicating correctness/incorrectness of the single code block, and/or calculated and/or determined based only on (information) bits of the single code block. Information bits may represent data and/or control information, e.g. associated to a data channel (data in- 750 formation/bits) and/or control channel (control information/bits) code block bundle may be a data block without error correction coding pertaining to more than one code block. A transport block may comprise error detection coding pertaining to a plurality of code blocks, e.g. covering the code blocks it consists of. A transport block may comprise one or more code blocks. It may be considered that a data block may be associated to, and 755 or subject to, and/or correspond to, a, one and/or a single acknowledgement process, e.g. a specific HARQ process, which may correspond to and/or be represented by a HARQ identifier. A code block may correspond to a subpattern of an acknowledgement informa- tion bit pattern. In some cases, a data block may correspond and/or pertain and/or be subject to a plurality of acknowledgement processes, e.g. if there is one acknowledgement 760 process per code block of the data block. A data block may comprise and/or represent information bits, which may be data bits (e.,g., user data) and/or control information bits; the information bits may be associated to one or more data or control channels, e.g. transport channels and/or logical channels, and/or may be mapped to a specific and/or single physical channel, in particular a physical 765 data channel, or in some cases, a physical control channel (in which case it may or may not be associated to a higher layer channel like a transport channel or logical channel). A data block may represent bits intended for transmission, e.g. encapsulating one or more higher layer data packets, e.g. one or more MAC layer data packets, e.g. one or more PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) and/or SDUs (Service Data Unit); error correction bits, e.g. 770 CRC; may be added in physical layer processing. It may be considered that bits of a data block are subject to physical layer processing like coding (e.g., forward error coding and/or adding error correction coding) and/or rate matching and/or scrambling, and/or modulation. Modulation may correspond to mapping of bits of the processed data block to modulation symbols, e.g. according to a modulation scheme and/or to a modulation 775 space. The modulation symbols may be represented as a bit sequence until they are subject to analog conversion (or vice versa for reception). A wireless device may in general comprise processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and/or transceiver and/or transmitter, for performing measure- P105584WO01 22/69 Joint Communication and Sensing ment and/or to control beam switch and/or control beam-forming and/or receive and/or 780 transmit signalling like communication signalling and/or sensing signalling. The wireless device may in particular be implemented as terminal or a user equipment. However, in some cases, e.g. relay and/or back-link and/or IAB scenarios, it may be implemented as network node or network radio node. A network node may in general comprise processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and/or transceiver and/or trans- 785 mitter, for transmitting reference signalling and/or a beam switch indication and/or for beam switching and/or to control beam switch and/or control beam-forming and/or re- ceive and/or transmit signalling like communication signalling and/or sensing signalling.. The second radio node may in particular be implemented as a network node, e.g. a net- work radio node and/or base station or a relay node or IAB node. However, in some 790 cases, e.g. sidelink scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a wireless device or terminal, e.g. a user equipment. In general, sensing signalling may be based on the same wave-form as the communication signalling. However, it may be based on a different wave-form in some variants. The sensing signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM 795 like DFT-s-OFDM, and/or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier based. The communication signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and/or pulse-shaped OFDM , or filter-bank based, or Single Carrier based. The sensing signalling may be transmitted in a transmission timing structure corresponding to the transmission timing structure associated to the 800 communication signalling, e.g. a frame structure, and/or be based on the same or a different numerology as the communication signalling. The timing structure (e.g., symbol duration or allocation unit duration) and/or types of modulation symbols carried by signalling may be based on the wave-form used. In general, a block symbol may represent and/or correspond to an extension in time 805 domain, e.g. a time interval. A block symbol duration (the length of the time interval) may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or a corresponding duration, and/or may be based and/or defined by a subcarrier spacing used (e.g., based on the numerology) or equivalent, and/or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for OFDM or similar frequency domain multiplexed types of signalling). It may be considered 810 that a block symbol comprises a plurality of modulation symbols, e.g. based on a subcar- rier spacing and/or numerology or equivalent, in particular for time domain multiplexed types (on the symbol level for a single transmitter) of signalling like single-carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (in particular, FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped SC-FDMA). The number of symbols may be based on and/or defined by the number 815 of subcarrier to be DFTS-spread (for SC-FDMA) and/or be based on a number of FFT P105584WO01 23/69 Joint Communication and Sensing samples, e.g. for spreading and/or mapping, and/or equivalent, and/or may be predefined and/or configured or configurable. A block symbol in this context may comprise and/or contain a plurality of individual modulation symbols, which may be for example 1000 or more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more. The number of modulation symbols in a block 820 symbol may be based and/or be dependent on a bandwidth scheduled for transmission of signalling in the block symbol. A block symbol and/or a number of block symbols (an integer smaller than 20, e.g. equal to or smaller than 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexible number) may be a unit (e.g., allocation unit) used for scheduling and/or allocation of resources, in particular in time domain. To a block symbol (e.g., scheduled or allocated) 825 and/or block symbol group and/or allocation unit, there may be associated a frequency range and/or frequency domain allocation and/or bandwidth allocated for transmission. An allocation unit, and/or a block symbol, may be associated to a specific (e.g., physical) channel and/or specific type of signalling, for example reference signalling. In some cases, there may be a block symbol associated to a channel that also is associated to a form 830 of reference signalling and/or pilot signalling and/or tracking signalling associated to the channel, for example for timing purposes and/or decoding purposes (such signalling may comprise a low number of modulation symbols and/or resource elements of a block symbol, e.g. less than 10% or less than 5% or less than 1% of the modulation symbols and/or resource elements in a block symbol). To a block symbol, there may be associated resource 835 elements; a resource element may be represented in time/frequency domain, e.g. by the smallest frequency unit carrying or mapped to (e.g., a subcarrier) in frequency domain and the duration of a modulation symbol in time domain. A block symbol may comprise, and/or to a block symbol may be associated, a structure allowing and/or comprising a number of modulation symbols, and/or association to one or more channels (and/or 840 the structure may dependent on the channel the block symbol is associated to and/or is allocated or used for), and/or reference signalling (e.g., as discussed above), and/or one or more guard periods and/or transient periods, and/or one or more affixes (e.g., a prefix and/or suffix and/or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)), in particular a cyclic prefix and/or suffix and/or infix. A cyclic affix may represent 845 a repetition of signalling and/or modulation symbol/s used in the block symbol, with possible slight amendments to the signalling structure of the affix to provide a smooth and/or continuous and/or differentiable connection between affix signalling and signalling of modulation symbols associated to the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and/or reference signalling structure). In some cases, in particular some OFDM-based wave- 850 forms, an affix may be included into a modulation symbol. In other cases, e.g. some single carrier-based wave-forms, an affix may be represented by a sequence of modulation symbols within the block symbol. It may be considered that in some cases a block symbol P105584WO01 24/69 Joint Communication and Sensing is defined and/or used in the context of the associated structure. Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that com- 855 municating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave-form, and/or corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form. However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE-wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped/FDF-based. It should be noted that SC- FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may 860 be used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signalling and/or second signalling) and/or beam/s (in particular, the first received beam and/or second received beam) may be based on a wave-form with CP or comparable guard time. The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and/or spatial extensions; the received beam and the 865 transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and/or spatial extensions. It may be considered that the received beam and/or transmission beam of the first and/or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 de- grees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An ex- 870 tended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding to essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a wave-form without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP. 875 Pulse-shaping (and/or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and/or signalling, e.g. associated to a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and/or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcar- rier or part of the bandwidth, and/or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and/or amplitude and/or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the 880 second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function. Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-filter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is per- formed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols 885 (and/or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers. In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be represented by and/or correspond to and/or indicate a subcarrier spacing and/or symbol 890 P105584WO01 25/69 Joint Communication and Sensing time length) and/or an SC-FDM based wave-form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based wave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form. Whether to use pulse-shaping or FDF on a SC-FDM or SC-based wave-form may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS) used. Such wave-forms may utilise a cyclic prefix and/or benefit particularly from the described approaches. Communicating may comprise and/or be based on beamforming, 895 e.g. transmission beamforming and/or reception beamforming, respectively. It may be considered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication partner. A beam may for example be pro- duced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference 900 beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring changes to a digital beamforming chain and/or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beam- forming, and/or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy processing of beams, and/or limits the number of power amplifiers/ADC/DCA required 905 for antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybrid beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and/or performing cell search may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming. The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and/or the duration 910 of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other wave-forms. Communicating may comprise utilising a wave- form with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and/or be based on per- 915 forming cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting cell identifying signalling and/or a selection indication, based on which a radio node re- ceiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search. A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio 920 nodes and/or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beam pair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specific), such that only one radio node is served per beam/beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and/or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between 925 symbols. Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and/or transmitting, may be performed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beam P105584WO01 26/69 Joint Communication and Sensing to a first received beam, and/or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; 930 this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch reception beams for switching received beams. A reference beam (or reference signalling beam) may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be deter- mined, e.g. measured and/or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling like 935 control signalling and/or data signalling and/or reference signalling. A reference beam may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless de- vice. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may 940 be determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a reception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam. Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics. A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may represent 945 and/or indicate a signal strength and/or signal quality of a beam and/or a delay charac- teristic and/or be associated with received and/or measured signalling carried on a beam. Beam signalling characteristics and/or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to, and/or indicate, a number and/or list and/or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and/or lowest spread/range) timing or delay spread, and/or of strongest and/or 950 best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristic may be based on measurement/s performed on reference signalling carried on the refer- ence beam it pertains to. The measurement/s may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and/or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and/or beam pair may be 955 represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an in- dication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and/or beam pair, and/or a signalling characteristic and/or a resource/s used (e.g., time/frequency and/or code) and/or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages 960 or transmissions) and/or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling and/or system signalling, on the beam and/or beam pair, e.g. encoded and/or provided in an information field or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and/or MAC and/or RRC signalling. P105584WO01 27/69 Joint Communication and Sensing A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of 965 reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being associated may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and/or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and/or precoder and/or the same shape before analog beamforming, and/or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog 970 beamforming. The set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams, a set of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams. In some variants, a reference beam and/or reference beams and/or reference signalling may correspond to and/or carry random access signalling, e.g. a random access preamble. Such a reference beam or signalling may be transmitted by another radio node. The signalling 975 may indicate which beam is used for transmitting. Alternatively, the reference beams may be beams receiving the random access signalling. Random access signalling may be used for initial connection to the radio node and/or a cell provided by the radio node, and/or for reconnection. Utilising random access signalling facilitates quick and early beam selection. The random access signalling may be on a random access channel, e.g. based on broadcast 980 information provided by the radio node (the radio node performing the beam selection), e.g. with synchronisation signalling (e.g., SSB block and/or associated thereto). The reference signalling may correspond to synchronisation signalling, e.g. transmitted by the radio node in a plurality of beams. The characteristics may be reported on by a node receiving the synchronisation signalling, e.g. in a random access process, e.g. a msg3 985 for contention resolution, which may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channel based on a resource allocation provided by the radio node. A delay characteristic (which may correspond to delay spread information) and/or a measurement report may represent and/or indicate at least one of mean delay, and/or delay spread, and/or delay distribution, and/or delay spread distribution, and/or delay 990 spread range, and/or relative delay spread, and/or energy (or power) distribution, and/or impulse response to received signalling, and/or the power delay profile of the received signals, and/or power delay profile related parameters of the received signal. A mean delay may represent the mean value and/or an averaged value of the delay spread, which may be weighted or unweighted. A distribution may be distribution over time/delay, e.g. 995 of received power and/or energy of a signal. A range may indicate an interval of the delay spread distribution over time/delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of the delay spread respective received energy or power, e.g. 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, or 100%. A relative delay spread may indicate a relation to a threshold delay, e.g. of the mean delay, and/or a shift relative to an expected and/or configured timing, e.g. a 1000 timing at which the signalling would have been expected based on the scheduling, and/or P105584WO01 28/69 Joint Communication and Sensing a relation to a cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered on form of a threshold). Energy distribution or power distribution may pertain to the energy or power received over the time interval of the delay spread. A power delay profile may pertain to representations of the received signals, or the received signals energy/power, across time/delay. Power 1005 delay profile related parameters may pertain to metrics computed from the power delay profile. Different values and forms of delay spread information and/or report may be used, allowing a wide range of capabilities. The kind of information represented by a measurement report may be predefined, or be configured or configurable, e.g. with a measurement configuration and/or reference signalling configuration, in particular with 1010 higher layer signalling like RRC or MAC signalling and/or physical layer signalling like DCI signalling. In general, different beam pair may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beam pair using a first received beam and a first transmission beam may be considered to be different from a second beam pair using the first received beam and a second transmission 1015 beam. A transmission beam using no precoding and/or beamforming, for example using the natural antenna profile, may be considered as a special form of transmission beam of a transmission beam pair. A beam may be indicated to a radio node by a transmitter with a beam indication and/or a configuration, which for example may indicate beam parameters and/or time/frequency resources associated to the beam and/or a transmission 1020 mode and/or antenna profile and/or antenna port and/or precoder associated to the beam. Different beams may be provided with different content, for example different received beams may carry different signalling; however, there may be considered cases in which different beams carry the same signalling, for example the same data signalling and/or reference signalling. The beams may be transmitted by the same node and/or 1025 transmission point and/or antenna arrangement, or by different nodes and/or transmission points and/or antenna arrangements. Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and/or transmitting signalling on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted from 1030 the point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carrying signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the received 1035 beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and/or correspond to each other, e.g. such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or P105584WO01 29/69 Joint Communication and Sensing almost stationary condition. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and/or 1040 transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. The received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD may be considered as well. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on 1045 the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and/or first beam may be based on, and/or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating. 1050 The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and/or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and/or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching may 1055 be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based on measurements on signal quality and/or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and/or the second beam pair. For example, it may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to 1060 be insufficient, and/or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pair indicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair. It may be considered that the timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place and/or 1065 the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication utilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indication may be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam. This may be in particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signalling 1070 on the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam. In general, a reception beam of a node may be associated to and/or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. such that the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle of transmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap and/or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and/or independent of frequency. Spatial 1075 correspondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g. such that a beam P105584WO01 30/69 Joint Communication and Sensing pair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receiving node) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam is suitable and/or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g. based on a threshold signal quality and/or signal strength and/or measurements); to each 1080 of such beams, there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of the respective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a reception beam of the transmitting node, and/or to the reception beam of a beam pair, there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beam 1085 pair may be considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs). In some cases, to one or more beams or signals or signallings may be associated a Quasi- CoLocation (QCL) characteristic or set of characteristics, or QCL class (also referred to as QCL type) or QCL identity; beams or signal or signallings sharing such may be con- sidered to be Quasi-Colocated. Quasi-Colocated beams or signals or signallings may be 1090 considered (e.g., by a receiver) as the same beam or originating from the same transmit- ter or transmission source, at least in regard to the QCL characteristic or set or class or identity, and/or to share the characteristic/s. QCL characteristics may pertain to prop- agation of signalling, and/or one or more delay characteristics, and/or pathloss, and/or signal quality, and/or signal strength, and/or beam direction, and/or beam shape (in 1095 particular, angle or area, e.g. area of coverage), and/or Doppler shift, and/or Doppler spread, and/or delay spread, and/or time synchronisation, and/or frequency synchroni- sation, and/or one or more other parameters, e.g. pertaining to a propagation channel and/or spatial RX parameter/s (which may refer to reception beam and/or transmission beam, e.g. shape or coverage or direction). A QCL characteristic may pertain to a spe- 1100 cific channel (e.g., physical layer channel like a control channel or data channel) and/or reference signalling type and/or antenna port. Different QCL classes or types may per- tain to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics; a QCL class may define and/or pertain to one or more criteria and/or thresholds and/or ranges for one or more QCL characteristics beams have to fulfill to be considered Quasi-Colocated according to 1105 this class; a QCL identity may refer to and/or represent all beams being quasi-colocated, according to a QCL class. Different classes may pertain to one or more of the same characteristics (e.g., different classes may have different criteria and/or thresholds and/or ranges for one or more characteristics) and/or to different characteristics. A QCL indi- cation may be seen as a form of beam indication, e.g. pertaining to all beams belonging 1110 to one QCL class and/or QCL identity and/or quasi-colocated beams. A QCL identity may be indicated by a QCL indication. In some cases, a beam, and/or a beam indication, may be considered to refer and/or represent a to a QCL identity, and/or to represent P105584WO01 31/69 Joint Communication and Sensing quasi-colocated beams or signals or signallings. Transmission on multiple layers (multi-layer transmission) may refer to transmission of 1115 communication signalling and/or reference signalling simultaneously in one or more beams and/or using a plurality of transmission sources, e.g. controlled by one network node or one wireless device. The layers may refer to layers of transmission; a layer may be considered to represent one data or signalling stream. Different layers may carry different data and/or data streams, e.g., to increase data throughput. In some cases, the same 1120 data or data stream may be transported on different layers, e.g. to increase reliability. Multi-layer transmission may provide diversity, e.g. transmission diversity and/or spatial diversity. It may be considered that multi-layer transmission comprises 2, or more than 2 layers; the number of layers of transmission may be represented by a rank or rank indication. 1125 A transmission source may in particular comprise, and/or be represented by, and/or associated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antenna array or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point. In some cases, a transmission source may be represented or representable, and/or correspond to, and/or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layer 1130 transmission. Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and/or separately controllable antenna element/s or (sub-)arrays and/or be associated to different antenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used, with separate analog control of the different transmission sources. An antenna port may indicate a transmission source, and/or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signalling 1135 associated to the antenna port. In particular, transmission parameters pertaining to, and/or indicating a frequency domain distribution or mapping (e.g., which comb to use and/or which subcarrier or frequency offset to use, or similar) of modulation symbols of the reference signalling, and/or to which cyclic shift to use (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from 1140 the root sequence) and/or to which cover code to use (e.g., (e.g., to shift elements of a modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived from the root sequence). In some cases, a transmission source may represent a target for reception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point). In some variants, reference signalling may be and/or comprise CSI-RS and/or PT-RS 1145 and/or DMRS, e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the reference signalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in which case it may comprise and/or be Sounding Reference signalling. Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signalling may be considered and/or used. In general, a modulation symbol P105584WO01 32/69 Joint Communication and Sensing of reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to a 1150 cyclic prefix. Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and/or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and/or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. 1155 Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and/or data signalling, e.g. DM-RS and/or PT-RS. Reference signalling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and/or pilot signalling and/or discovery signalling and/or synchronisation signalling and/or sounding signalling and/or phase tracking signalling and/or cell-specific reference signalling and/or user-specific sig- 1160 nalling, in particular CSI-RS. Reference signalling in general may be signalling with one or more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power and/or sequence of modulation symbols and/or resource distribution and/or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and/or for train- ing and/or for compensation. The receiver can be informed about the reference signalling 1165 by the transmitter, e.g. being configured and/or signalling with control signalling, in par- ticular physical layer signalling and/or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI and/or RRC sig- nalling), and/or may determine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network node configuring a UE to transmit reference signalling. Reference signalling may be signalling comprising one or more reference symbols and/or structures. Reference signalling may 1170 be adapted for gauging and/or estimating and/or representing transmission conditions, e.g. channel conditions and/or transmission path conditions and/or channel (or signal or transmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and/or form and/or modulation and/or timing) of reference signalling are available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being prede- 1175 fined and/or configured or configurable and/or being communicated). Different types of reference signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (in particular, cell-wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and/or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related or amplitude-related 1180 (e.g., SRS or pilot signalling) and/or phase-related, etc. References to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and/or block symbol and/or block symbol group and/or transmission timing structure and/or symbol and/or slot and/or mini-slot and/or subcarrier and/or carrier may pertain to a specific numerol- ogy, which may be predefined and/or configured or configurable. A transmission timing 1185 P105584WO01 33/69 Joint Communication and Sensing structure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Some examples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), sub- frame, slot and mini-slot. A slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and/or configured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slot may comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be configurable or configured) 1190 smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and/or cyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure may pertain to, and/or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication. Timing structures 1195 used and/or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and/or mini-slots, may be scheduled in relation to, and/or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and/or defined by other transmission timing structures. Such transmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the small- est timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined by slots or subframes 1200 (wherein in some cases, subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A trans- mission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prefix/es used. The symbols of a transmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have different duration. The number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be 1205 predefined and/or configured or configurable, and/or be dependent on numerology. The timing of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by the network and/or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and/or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots. A transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retrans- 1210 missions and/or number T of total transmissions, and/or coding (e.g., number of coding bits, e.g. for error detection coding and/or error correction coding like FEC coding) and/or code rate and/or BLER and/or BER requirements and/or transmission power level (e.g., minimum level and/or target level and/or base power level P0 and/or trans- mission power control command, TPC, step size) and/or signal quality, e.g. SNR and/or 1215 SIR and/or SINR and/or power density and/or energy density. A buffer state report (or buffer status report, BSR) may comprise information represent- ing the presence and/or size of data to be transmitted (e.g., available in one or more buffers, for example provided by higher layers). The size may be indicated explicitly, and/or indexed to range/s of sizes, and/or may pertain to one or more different channel/s 1220 and/or acknowledgement processes and/or higher layers and/or channel groups/s, e.g, one or more logical channel/s and/or transport channel/s and/or groups thereof: The P105584WO01 34/69 Joint Communication and Sensing structure of a BSR may be predefined and/or configurable of configured, e.g. to override and/or amend a predefined structure, for example with higher layer signalling, e.g. RRC signalling. There may be different forms of BSR with different levels of resolution and/or 1225 information, e.g. a more detailed long BSR and a less detailed short BSR. A short BSR may concatenate and/or combine information of a long BSR, e.g. providing sums for data available for one or more channels and/or or channels groups and/or buffers, which might be represented individually in a long BSR; and/or may index a less-detailed range scheme for data available or buffered. A BSR may be used in lieu of a scheduling request, e.g. 1230 by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for the transmitting radio node like a wireless device or UE or IAB node. There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for caus- ing processing and/or control circuitry to carry out and/or control any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and/or control circuitry. Also, there 1235 is considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product as described herein. A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and/or readable and/or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and/or a program product and/or code may be seen 1240 as part of carrying data and/or a program product and/or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise a guiding/transporting medium and/or a storage medium. A guiding/transporting medium may be adapted to carry and/or carry and/or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and/or electrical signals and/or magnetic signals and/or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding/transporting medium, 1245 may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding/transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field, e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and/or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and/or cable. A storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or non- volatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc. 1250 A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communication system, and/or provide and/or represent a radio access network. Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information sys- tem, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, an 1255 information system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing in- formation may comprise providing information for, and/or to, a target system, which may comprise and/or be implemented as radio access network and/or a radio node, in P105584WO01 35/69 Joint Communication and Sensing particular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may comprise transferring and/or streaming and/or sending and/or passing on the informa- 1260 tion, and/or offering the information for such and/or for download, and/or triggering such providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and/or transfer and/or send and/or pass on the information. The information system may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and/or internet and/or private or local network. Information may be 1265 provided utilising and/or via such intermediate system/s. Providing information may be for radio transmission and/or for transmission via an air interface and/or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and/or providing information, may be based on a target indication, and/or adaptive to a target indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and/or one or more parameters of 1270 transmission pertaining to the target and/or the paths or connections over which the in- formation is provided to the target. Such parameter/s may in particular pertain to the air interface and/or radio access network and/or radio node and/or network node. Example parameters may indicate for example type and/or nature of the target, and/or transmis- sion capacity (e.g., data rate) and/or latency and/or reliability and/or cost, respectively 1275 one or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, or determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target and/or historical information, and/or be provided by a user, for example a user operating the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and/or air interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with 1280 the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may comprise one or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and/or an 1285 information node may be implemented as a computer and/or a computer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and/or server or server arrangement. In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and/or stream- ing information provision to the user (and/or the target) from another server, which may 1290 be connected or connectable to the interaction server and/or be part of the information system or be connected or connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and/or audio data and/or location data and/or interactive data and/or game-related data and/or en- vironmental data and/or technical data and/or traffic data and/or vehicular data and/or 1295 circumstantial data and/or operational data. The information provided by the informa- P105584WO01 36/69 Joint Communication and Sensing tion system may be mapped to, and/or mappable to, and/or be intended for mapping to, communication or data signalling and/or one or more data channels as described herein (which may be signalling or channel/s of an air interface and/or used within a RAN and/or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted 1300 based on the target indication and/or target, e.g. regarding data amount and/or data rate and/or data structure and/or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a mapping to communication or data signalling and/or a data channel. Mapping informa- tion to data signalling and/or data channel/s may be considered to refer to using the signalling/channel/s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with the 1305 signalling/channel/s underlying the transmission. A target indication generally may com- prise different components, which may have different sources, and/or which may indicate different characteristics of the target and/or communication path/s thereto. A format of information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for informa- tion to be transmitted on an air interface and/or by a RAN as described herein. This may 1310 be particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and/or of predictability, and/or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to be adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and/or planned and/or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A 1315 (communication) path of information may represent the interface/s (e.g., air and/or ca- ble interfaces) and/or the intermediate system/s (if any), between the information system and/or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and/or the information is provided/transferred by 1320 the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and/or a format used for information may be packet-based, and/or be mapped, and/or be mappable and/or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for oper- ating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system. 1325 More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target device being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another ap- proach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and/or comprising an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The target device may generally be a target as described above. A target indication tool may 1330 comprise, and/or be implemented as, software and/or application or app, and/or web interface or user interface, and/or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and/or controlled by the tool. The tool and/or target device may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a P105584WO01 37/69 Joint Communication and Sensing target indicating may be determined and/or provided. Alternatively, or additionally, the 1335 tool and/or target device may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving information and/or communication signalling carrying information, and/or operating on, and/or presenting (e.g., on a screen and/or as audio or as other form of indication), infor- mation. The information may be based on received information and/or communication signalling carrying information. Presenting information may comprise processing received 1340 information, e.g. decoding and/or transforming, in particular between different formats, and/or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent of or without presenting, and/or proceed or succeed presenting, and/or may be without user interaction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport 1345 or industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and/or received based on the target indication. Presenting and/or operating on information may generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and/or execut- ing and/or interpreting and/or transforming information. Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and/or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, 1350 which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and/or MAC layer and/or physical layer/s). The information may be imprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network 1355 node or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple function- alities, e.g. for providing and/or selecting the target indication, and/or presenting, e.g. video and/or audio, and/or operating on and/or storing received information. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, 1360 and/or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and/or paths and/or connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and/or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g. 1365 application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and/or the information may be mapped on physical layer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indication 1370 to be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularly suitable and/or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may for example P105584WO01 38/69 Joint Communication and Sensing represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and/or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and/or packaging and/or size of information to be provided by the information system. 1375 In general, a numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in fre- quency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and/or the number of subcarriers in a carrier and/or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and/or the symbol time length. Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier. In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated 1380 to them. The numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriers in particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length, and/or a time length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier fre- quency, and/or the subcarrier spacing and/or the numerology. In particular, different numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier. 1385 signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and/or signals and/or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication may represent signalling, and/or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One or more signals may be included in and/or represented by a message. signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and/or messages, which may be 1390 transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated to different signalling processes, e.g. representing and/or pertaining to one or more such processes and/or corresponding information. An indication may comprise signalling, and/or a plurality of signals and/or messages and/or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and/or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representing 1395 and/or pertaining to one or more such processes. signalling associated to a channel may be transmitted such that represents signalling and/or information for that channel, and/or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and/or receiver to belong to that channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and/or format/s for the channel. 1400 An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating ele- ments), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or sub-array may comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectively 1405 that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single an- tenna element/radiator may be considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individu- P105584WO01 39/69 Joint Communication and Sensing ally controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated to 1410 a (specific and/or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and/or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. An- tenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. 1415 to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or sub-arrays. The beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming. The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. 1420 by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify in- dication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node/s are not configured with such information, and/or operate transparently, not knowing the way of beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately control- lable in regard to the phase and/or amplitude/power and/or gain of a signal feed to it for 1425 transmission, and/or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an inde- pendent or separate transmit and/or receive unit and/or ADC (analog-Digital-Converter, alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCA chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC/DCA may be considered part of, and/or connected or 1430 connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; such controlling may be performed after encoding/decoding and7or after modulation sym- bols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna ar- rangements using the same ADC/DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna 1435 elements associated to the same ADC/DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the ADC/DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder/s and/or by precoding information, for example before and/or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and/or phase, and/or 1440 may be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder may pertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebook may be configured or configurable, and/or be predefined. DFT beamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered. 1445 P105584WO01 40/69 Joint Communication and Sensing A beam may be defined by a spatial and/or angular and/or spatial angular distribution of radiation and/or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming 1450 to not receive outside reception beam/s), and/or sorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. A beam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi/2, or pi/4 or pi/8 or pi/16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different 1455 beams may have different directions and/or sizes (e.g., solid angle and/or reach). A beam may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and/or solid angle, which may be averaged and/or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and/or 1460 power transmitted and/or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and/or energy and/or power content. However, sidelobes usually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have a 1465 different direction than a main lobe and/or other side lobes, however, due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and/or received energy or power. A beam may be swept and/or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, but its shape (angular/solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for a 1470 reception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main 1475 lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent. Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and/or signal energy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to 1480 interference and/or obstruction and/or dispersion and/or absorption and/or reflection and/or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signal P105584WO01 41/69 Joint Communication and Sensing quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over noise and/or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may be 1485 represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource element over noise/interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and/or signal strength may pertain to, and/or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and/or specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and/or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by received 1490 signal strength, and/or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal (strength). Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling. Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling like 1495 communication signalling and/or sensing signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank based signalling and/or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives). A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and/or radio (and/or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and/or for communication util- 1500 ising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard. A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and/or gNodeB (gNB) and/or eNodeB (eNB) and/or relay node and/or micro/nano/pico/femto node and/or transmission point (TP) and/or access point (AP) and/or other node, in 1505 particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein. The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may rep- resent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, and/or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of user 1510 equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radio capability (and/or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type- Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or sta- 1515 tionary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and/or be implemented as, processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips. The circuitry and/or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and/or may have P105584WO01 42/69 Joint Communication and Sensing one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and/or for power supply. Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal. 1520 A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and/or communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio node and/or a core network. Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one or 1525 more processors and/or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and/or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or sim- ilar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and/or is (operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements. A mem- ory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adapted 1530 to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and/or Random Access Memory (RAM), and/or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and/or magnetic and/or optical memory, and/or flash memory, and/or hard disk mem- ory, and/or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM). 1535 Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and/or may com- prise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package or housing), and/or may comprise one or more amplifiers and/or oscillators and/or filters, and/or may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and/or 1540 one or more antennas and/or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and/or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and/or functionality implemented 1545 therein. Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and/or cable circuitry. Commu- nication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter- face/s and/or cable interface/s and/or optical interface/s, e.g. laser-based. Interface/s may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and/or a cable interfaces may com- 1550 prise, and/or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based and/or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermedi- ate systems and/or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communication circuitry and/or processing circuitry. P105584WO01 43/69 Joint Communication and Sensing Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and/or 1555 firmware and/or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different components of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be consid- ered that a module is distributed over different components and/or circuitries. A program product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the 1560 execution may be performed on, and/or controlled by the associated circuitry). A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and/or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and/or 5G, 1565 e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution. A wireless communication network may be and/or comprise a Radio Access Network (RAN), which may be and/or comprise any kind of cellular and/or wireless radio net- work, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches de- scribed herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and/or NR 1570 (New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more net- work nodes, and/or one or more terminals, and/or one or more radio nodes. A network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user 1575 equipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular com- munication device or device for machine-type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or 1580 RAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and/or at least one network node and at least one terminal. Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the termi- nal to the network or network node. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) 1585 transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some vari- ants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and/or relay communication and/or (wireless) network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in 1590 P105584WO01 44/69 Joint Communication and Sensing particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and/or relay communication and/or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto. Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling (con- trol signalling) may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel, 1595 which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE scheduling another UE). For example, control information/allocation information may be signaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and/or a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel. Ac- knowledgement signalling, e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplink 1600 control information/signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and/or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel. Multiple channels may apply for multi-component/multi-carrier indication or signalling. Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and/or in response 1605 to subject transmission, and/or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission. Such control signalling and/or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling ra- dio node (which may be a network node, and/or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dual connectivity scenario. Subject transmission and/or subject signalling may be transmis- sion or signalling to which ACK/NACK or acknowledgement information pertains, e.g. 1610 indicating correct or incorrect reception and/or decoding of the subject transmission or signalling. Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and/or be repre- sented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or some forms of control signalling, e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats. A signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and/or 1615 scheduling assignment, and/or type of allocation, and/or timing of acknowledgement signalling and/or the scheduling grant and/or scheduling assignment, and/or resources associated to acknowledgement signalling and/or the scheduling grant and/or schedul- ing assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subject 1620 transmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second com- munication resource may be used. Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation (e.g., using DCI/PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for a configured grant). Timing of acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and/or symbol/s the signalling is to be transmitted. Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allo- 1625 cated resources. Timing and/or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignment P105584WO01 45/69 Joint Communication and Sensing may represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception of PDCCH transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received. Thus, which trans- mission resource to be used may be based on implicit conditions, requiring low signalling overhead. 1630 Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI signalling and/or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more scheduling opportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling. The configuration may be represented or representable by, and/or correspond to, a table. A scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allo- 1635 cation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling opportunities. In some cases, a reception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. The configuration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configuration 1640 may pertain to downlink signalling, or in some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Control signalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and/or index and/or refer to and/or indicate a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation con- figuration. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration is configured or configurable with higher-layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling. The recep- 1645 tion allocation configuration may be applied and/or applicable and/or valid for a plurality of transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportu- nities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling. These approaches allow efficient and flexible scheduling, which may be semi-static, but may updated or reconfigured on useful timescales in response to changes of operation conditions. 1650 Control information, e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in par- ticular be implemented as and/or represented by a scheduling assignment, which may indicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling), and/or reporting timing and/or frequency resources and/or code resources. Reporting timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and/or 1655 symbol and/or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling. Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions. Scheduling as- signments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be noted that in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and/or scheduling may be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject trans- 1660 missions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation), and/or same or different bandwidth parts, and/or on the same or different layers or beams, P105584WO01 46/69 Joint Communication and Sensing e.g. in a MIMO scenario, and/or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmis- sions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g. in MIMO with different beams/layers associated to the same process identifier, but different 1665 sub-process-identifiers like swap bits). A scheduling assignment and/or a HARQ code- book may indicate a target HARQ structure. A target HARQ structure may for example indicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bits and/or whether to provide code block group level response or not. However, it should be noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to the 1670 total size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size. Transmitting acknowledgement signalling, also referred to as transmitting acknowledge- ment information or feedback information or simply as ARQ or HARQ feedback or feed- back or reporting feedback, may comprise, and/or be based on determining correct or incorrect reception of subject transmission/s, e.g. based on error coding and/or based on 1675 scheduling assignment/s scheduling the subject transmissions. Transmitting acknowledge- ment information may be based on, and/or comprise, a structure for acknowledgement information to transmit, e.g. the structure of one or more subpatterns, e.g. based on which subject transmission is scheduled for an associated subdivision. Transmitting ac- knowledgement information may comprise transmitting corresponding signalling, e.g. at 1680 one instance and/or in one message and/or one channel, in particular a physical channel, which may be a control channel. In some cases, the channel may be a shared channel or data channel, e.g. utilising rate-matching of the acknowledgment information. The acknowledgement information may generally pertain to a plurality of subject transmis- sions, which may be on different channels and/or carriers, and/or may comprise data 1685 signalling and/or control signalling. The acknowledgment information may be based on a codebook, which may be based on one or more size indications and/or assignment indications (representing HARQ structures), which may be received with a plurality of control signallings and/or control messages, e.g. in the same or different transmission timing structures, and/or in the same or different (target) sets of resources. Transmitting 1690 acknowledgement information may comprise determining the codebook, e.g. based on control information in one or more control information messages and/or a configuration. A codebook may pertain to transmitting acknowledgement information at a single and/or specific instant, e.g. a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and/or in one message or with jointly encoded and/or modulated acknowledgement information. Generally, ac- 1695 knowledgment information may be transmitted together with other control information, e.g. a scheduling request and/or measurement information. Acknowledgement signalling may in some cases comprise, next to acknowledgement in- formation, other information, e.g. control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink P105584WO01 47/69 Joint Communication and Sensing control information, like a scheduling request and/or measurement information, or sim- 1700 ilar, and/or error detection and/or correction information, respectively associated bits. The payload size of acknowledgement signalling may represent the number of bits of ac- knowledgement information, and/or in some cases the total number of bits carried by the acknowledgement signalling, and/or the number of resource elements needed. Ac- knowledgement signalling and/or information may pertain to ARQ and/or HARQ pro- 1705 cesses; an ARQ process may provide ACK/NACK (and perhaps additional feedback) feedback, and decoding may be performed on each (re-)transmission separately, with- out soft-buffering/soft-combining intermediate data, whereas HARQ may comprise soft- buffering/soft-combining of intermediate data of decoding for one or more (re-)transmissions. Subject transmission may be data signalling or control signalling. The transmission may 1710 be on a shared or dedicated channel. Data signalling may be on a data channel, for exam- ple on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and/or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and/or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. In some cases, the subject transmission may com- 1715 prise, or represent, reference signalling. For example, it may comprise DM-RS and/or pilot signalling and/or discovery signalling and/or sounding signalling and/or phase tracking signalling and/or cell-specific reference signalling and/or user-specific signalling, in par- ticular CSI-RS. A subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignment and/or one acknowledgement signalling process (e.g., according to identifier or subidentifier), 1720 and/or one subdivision. In some cases, a subject transmission may cross the borders of subdivisions in time, e.g. due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extending into another, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case, it may be considered that the subject transmission is associated to the subdivision it ends in. It may be considered that transmitting acknowledgement information, in particular of ac- 1725 knowledgement information, is based on determining whether the subject transmission/s has or have been received correctly, e.g. based on error coding and/or reception quality. Reception quality may for example be based on a determined signal quality. Acknowl- edgement information may generally be transmitted to a signalling radio node and/or node arrangement and/or to a network and/or network node. 1730 Acknowledgement information, or bit/s of a subpattern structure of such information (e.g., an acknowledgement information structure, may represent and/or comprise one or more bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a data structure or substructure or message like a control message may be considered a subpattern. The structure or arrangement of acknowledgement information may indicate the order, and/or 1735 P105584WO01 48/69 Joint Communication and Sensing meaning, and/or mapping, and/or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the infor- mation. The structure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data block structures, e.g. code blocks and/or code block groups and/or transport blocks and/or messages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgement information pertains to, and/or which bits or subpattern of bits are associated to which data block structure. In some 1740 cases, the mapping may pertain to one or more acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. processes with different identifiers, and/or one or more different data streams. The config- uration or structure or codebook may indicate to which process/es and/or data stream/s the information pertains. Generally, the acknowledgement information may comprise one or more subpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. a 1745 code block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may be arranged to indicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or another retransmission state like non-scheduling or non-reception, of the associated data block structure. It may be con- sidered that a subpattern comprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit. It should be noted that acknowledgement information may be subjected to significant processing 1750 before being transmitted with acknowledgement signalling. Different configurations may indicate different sizes and/or mapping and/or structures and/or pattern. An acknowledgment signalling process (providing acknowledgment information) may be a HARQ process, and/or be identified by a process identifier, e.g. a HARQ process iden- tifier or sub-identifier. Acknowledgement signalling and/or associated acknowledgement 1755 information may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback. It should be noted that data blocks or structures to which subpatterns may pertain may be intended to carry data (e.g., information and/or systemic and/or coding bits). However, depending on transmission conditions, such data may be received or not received (or not received correctly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback. In some cases, a 1760 subpattern of acknowledgement signalling may comprise padding bits, e.g. if the ac- knowledgement information for a data block requires fewer bits than indicated as size of the subpattern. Such may for example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size larger than required for the feedback. Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK, e.g. per- 1765 taining to an acknowledgment signalling process, or an element of a data block structure like a data block, subblock group or subblock, or a message, in particular a control mes- sage. Generally, to an acknowledgment signalling process there may be associated one specific subpattern and/or a data block structure, for which acknowledgment information may be provided. Acknowledgement information may comprise a plurality of pieces of 1770 information, represented in a plurality of ARQ and/or HARQ structures. P105584WO01 49/69 Joint Communication and Sensing An acknowledgment signalling process may determine correct or incorrect reception, and/or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a data block like a transport block, and/or substructures thereof, based on coding bits associated to the data block, and/or based on coding bits associated to one or more data block and/or subblocks 1775 and/or subblock group/s. Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowl- edgement signalling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and/or to one or more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block may be considered an example of a subblock, whereas a code block group may be considered an example of a subblock group. Accordingly, the associated subpattern may comprise one or more bits indicating 1780 reception status or feedback of the data block, and/or one or more bits indicating recep- tion status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpattern or bit of the subpattern may be associated and/or mapped to a specific data block or subblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct reception for a data block may be indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified. In such a case, the 1785 subpattern may represent acknowledgement information for the data block as a whole, reducing overhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for the sub- blocks or subblock groups. The smallest structure (e.g. subblock/subblock group/data block) the subpattern provides acknowledgement information for and/or is associated to may be considered its (highest) resolution. In some variants, a subpattern may provide 1790 acknowledgment information regarding several elements of a data block structure and/or at different resolution, e.g. to allow more specific error detection. For example, even if a subpattern indicates acknowledgment signalling pertaining to a data block as a whole, in some variants higher resolution (e.g., subblock or subblock group resolution) may be provided by the subpattern. A subpattern may generally comprise one or more bits indi- 1795 cating ACK/NACK for a data block, and/or one or more bits for indicating ACK/NACK for a subblock or subblock group, or for more than one subblock or subblock group. A subblock and/or subblock group may comprise information bits (representing the data to be transmitted, e.g. user data and/or downlink/sidelink data or uplink data). It may be considered that a data block and/or subblock and/or subblock group also comprises error 1800 one or more error detection bits, which may pertain to, and/or be determined based on, the information bits (for a subblock group, the error detection bit/s may be determined based on the information bits and/or error detection bits and/or error correction bits of the subblock/s of the subblock group). A data block or substructure like subblock or subblock group may comprise error correction bits, which may in particular be determined based 1805 on the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilising an error correction coding scheme, in particular for forward error correction (FEC), e.g. LDPC or polar coding and/or turbo coding. Generally, the error correction coding of a P105584WO01 50/69 Joint Communication and Sensing data block structure (and/or associated bits) may cover and/or pertain to information bits and error detection bits of the structure. A subblock group may represent a combination of 1810 one or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits. A data block may represent a code block or code block group, or a combination of more than one code block groups. A transport block may be split up in code blocks and/or code block groups, for example based on the bit size of the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided for error coding and/or size requirements or preferences for error coding, in particular 1815 error correction coding. Such a higher layer data structure is sometimes also referred to as transport block, which in this context represents information bits without the error coding bits described herein, although higher layer error handling information may be included, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP. However, such error handling information represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, as the acknowledgement 1820 signalling procedures described treat it accordingly. In some variants, a subblock like a code block may comprise error correction bits, which may be determined based on the information bit/s and/or error detection bit/s of the subblock. An error correction coding scheme may be used for determining the error cor- rection bits, e.g. based on LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding. In some cases, 1825 a subblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block or pattern of bits comprising information bits, error detection bit/s determined based on the information bits, and error correction bit/s determined based on the information bits and/or error detection bit/s. It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g. code block, the information bits (and possibly the error correction bit/s) are protected and/or covered by the error 1830 correction scheme or corresponding error correction bit/s. A code block group may com- prise one or more code blocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and/or error correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. A transport block may comprise one or more code block groups. It may be considered that no additional error detection bits and/or error correction bits are applied to a transport 1835 block, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specific variants, the code block group/s comprise no additional layers of error detection or correction cod- ing, and the transport block may comprise only additional error detection coding bits, but no additional error correction coding. This may particularly be true if the transport block size is larger than the code block size and/or the maximum size for error correction 1840 coding. A subpattern of acknowledgement signalling (in particular indicating ACK or NACK) may pertain to a code block, e.g. indicating whether the code block has been correctly received. It may be considered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like a code block group or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it may indicate ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group or data/transport block are received 1845 P105584WO01 51/69 Joint Communication and Sensing correctly (e.g. based on a logical AND operation), and NACK or another state of non- correct reception if at least one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. It should be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctly received not only if it actually has been correctly received, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based on soft-combining and/or the error correction coding. 1850 A subpattern/HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalling process and/or one carrier like a component carrier and/or data block structure or data block. It may in particular be considered that one (e.g. specific and/or single) subpattern pertains, e.g. is mapped by the codebook, to one (e.g., specific and/or single) acknowledgement signalling process, e.g. a specific and/or single HARQ process. It may be considered 1855 that in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped to acknowledgement signalling processes and/or data blocks or data block structures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, there may be multiple subpatterns (and/or associated acknowledgment signalling processes) associated to the same component carrier, e.g. if multiple data streams transmitted on the carrier are subject to acknowledgement signalling processes. A subpattern may 1860 comprise one or more bits, the number of which may be considered to represent its size or bit size. Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may be associated to different elements of a data block structure (e.g., data block or subblock or subblock group), and/or represent different resolutions. There may be considered variants in which only one resolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block. A bit n-tupel 1865 may represent acknowledgement information (also referred to a feedback), in particular ACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n¿1), may represent DTX/DRX or other reception states. ACK/NACK may be represented by one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. to improve disambiguity of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK, and/or to improve transmission reliability. 1870 The acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to a plurality of different transmissions, which may be associated to and/or represented by data block structures, respectively the associated data blocks or data signalling. The data block structures, and/or the corresponding blocks and/or signalling, may be scheduled for si- multaneous transmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, in particular 1875 within the same slot or subframe, and/or on the same symbol/s. However, alternatives with scheduling for non-simultaneous transmission may be considered. For example, the acknowledgment information may pertain to data blocks scheduled for different trans- mission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, or slots and mini-slots) or similar, which may correspondingly be received (or not or wrongly received). Schedul- 1880 ing signalling may generally comprise indicating resources, e.g. time and/or frequency resources, for example for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signalling. P105584WO01 52/69 Joint Communication and Sensing signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey informa- tion to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) 1885 target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling. Transmitting signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and/or resource requesting information, may comprise encoding and/or modulating. Encoding and/or modulating may comprise error detection coding and/or forward error correction encoding and/or scrambling. Receiving 1890 control signalling may comprise corresponding decoding and/or demodulation. Error de- tection coding may comprise, and/or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and/or be based on for example turbo coding and/or Reed-Muller coding, and/or polar coding and/or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be based 1895 on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detec- tion coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits. 1900 Communication signalling may comprise, and/or represent, and/or be implemented as, data signalling, and/or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channel 1905 or a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and/or on a data channel. An indication generally may explicitly and/or implicitly indicate the information it rep- resents and/or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position and/or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be based 1910 on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and/or one or more index or indices, and/or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be con- sidered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalling type. A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and/or en- 1915 codable and/or decodable and/or modulatable and/or demodulatable time-frequency re- source, and/or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and/or allocated to a P105584WO01 53/69 Joint Communication and Sensing resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a stan- dard. A carrier may define a frequency and/or frequency band for transmission and/or 1920 reception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded/modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. A resource element may generally be as defined by a correspond- ing standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and/or subcarrier spacing (and/or numerology) may be different between different symbols and/or subcarriers, different re- source elements may have different extension (length/width) in time and/or frequency 1925 domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers. A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and/or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example trans- mitted and/or received, and/or be intended for transmission and/or reception. A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol for 1930 transmitting and/or receiving. A starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling. Such signalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel. 1935 If the starting symbol is associated to control signalling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g. representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQ signalling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol (in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio node 1940 or user equipment. Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g. on a physical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on, and/or in relation to, such an ending symbol. Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment, may refer to the 1945 radio node being adapted or caused or set and/or instructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured. Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and/or comprise 1950 one or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting and/or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node may configure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from a network or network node. A network node may utilise, and/or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry/ies for P105584WO01 54/69 Joint Communication and Sensing configuring. Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data. 1955 Configuration data may comprise and/or be represented by configuration information, and/or one or more corresponding indications and/or message/s Generally, configuring may include determining configuration data representing the con- figuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and/or sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which 1960 may be repeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, or additionally, con- figuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or other device, may include receiving configuration data and/or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and/or transmitting received configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determining a configuration 1965 and transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring a terminal may comprise scheduling downlink and/or uplink transmissions for the terminal, e.g. downlink data and/or downlink control signalling and/or DCI and/or uplink control 1970 or data or communication signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and/or configuring resources and/or a resource pool therefor. A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in frequency domain by an- other resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an upper frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border. Such a border may for ex- 1975 ample be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which also represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in time domain by another resource struc- ture, if they share a common border time, e.g. one as an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) border. Such a border may for 1980 example be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1. Generally, a resource structure being neighboured by another resource structure in a domain may also be referred to as abutting and/or bordering the other resource structure in the domain. 1985 A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and/or frequency domain, in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of resource elements, and/or the time interval of a resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of symbol time interval/s, and/or the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and/or be comprised of sub- 1990 P105584WO01 55/69 Joint Communication and Sensing carrier/s. A resource element may be considered an example for a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others. A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH or PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB. Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, or 1995 a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radio node for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and/or configuration and/or regulations and/or a standard. A bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. In some variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used for communicating, e.g. transmitting and/or receiving, by a radio node. The bandwidth 2000 part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined by the circuitry/configuration of a device, and/or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth part may pertain to, and/or comprise, one or more carriers. 2005 A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and/or pertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier com- prises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers 2010 may be non-overlapping, and/or may be neighbouring in frequency domain. It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication 2015 may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and/or carrier aggregation. Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary. A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device adapted for transmitting and/or receiving radio and/or wireless signals and/or data, in 2020 particular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate. Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utiliz- 2025 P105584WO01 56/69 Joint Communication and Sensing ing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and/or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one car- rier for UL communication/transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier for DL communication/transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or addition- 2030 ally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication/transmission and DL communication/transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches. A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. A channel may com- prise and/or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers. A channel carrying and/or for carrying control signalling/control information may be con- 2035 sidered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or if it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carrying and/or for carrying data sig- nalling/user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or if it carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions 2040 (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in which case it may be considered to have two component channels, one for each direction. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latency and/or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and/or data. 2045 In general, a symbol may represent and/or be associated to a symbol time length, which may be dependent on the carrier and/or subcarrier spacing and/or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on a carrier frequency and/or bandwidth and/or numerology and/or 2050 subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and/or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix. A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) be- 2055 tween two UEs and/or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants (UEs and/or terminals) via the communication channel, e.g. directly and/or without being relayed via a network node. A sidelink may be established only and/or directly via air interface/s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink commu- nication channel. In some variants, sidelink communication may be performed without 2060 interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and/or on resources ne- P105584WO01 57/69 Joint Communication and Sensing gotiated between the participants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered that a network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, in particular one or more resource pool/s, for sidelink communication, and/or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes. 2065 Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication, and/or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services) communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicular communication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and/or V2P (Vehicle-to-Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be consid- 2070 ered a user equipment or terminal. A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may for example carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and/or a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and/or 2075 acknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel (or structure) pertains to and/or used one or more carrier/s and/or frequency range/s associated to, and/or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specific license and/or standard. Participants may share a (physical) channel and/or resources, in particular in frequency domain and/or related to a frequency resource like a carrier) 2080 of a sidelink, such that two or more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and/or time-shifted, and/or there may be associated specific channels and/or resources to specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and/or related to one or more carriers or subcarriers. 2085 A sidelink may comply with, and/or be implemented according to, a specific standard, e.g. an LTE-based standard and/or NR. A sidelink may utilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and/or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and/or preconfigured and/or negotiated between the participants. A user equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and/or its 2090 radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and/or carriers and/or in one or more formats, in particular according to a specific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio Access Network is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication. Alternatively, or additionally, a Radio Access Network may be represented, and/or defined with, and/or 2095 be related to a network node and/or communication with such a node. Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and/or receiv- P105584WO01 58/69 Joint Communication and Sensing ing signalling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise util- ising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling). Sidelink transmission and/or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising the 2100 sidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/or circuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink reception and/or receiving on a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmis- sion formats and/or circuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising a 2105 sidelink. Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radio connection and/or communication link between a wireless and/or cellular communication network and/or network node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and/or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers. 2110 A corresponding communication link may be referred to as carrier aggregated communi- cation link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). In such a link, data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriers and/or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carri- ers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and/or 2115 primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred to as primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primary carrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondary carriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in some approaches, control information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or more 2120 PCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs. A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and/or specific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the interval therebetween. A scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and/or expected and/or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not every 2125 scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being occupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and/or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within a 2130 transmission timing structure like a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends. Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information being P105584WO01 59/69 Joint Communication and Sensing defined for example in a standard, and/or being available without specific configuration from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being 2135 configured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the corresponding information being set/configured, e.g. by the network or a network node. A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and/or structure configuration, may schedule transmissions, e.g. for the time/transmissions it is valid, and/or transmis- sions may be scheduled by separate signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRC 2140 signalling and/or downlink control information signalling. The transmission/s scheduled may represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, or signalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of a communication the device is. It should be noted that downlink control information or specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast to 2145 higher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer sig- nalling. The higher the layer of signalling is, the less frequent/the more time/resource consuming it may be considered, at least partially due to the information contained in such signalling having to be passed on through several layers, each layer requiring processing and handling. 2150 A scheduled transmission, and/or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or PDSCH, and/or may pertain to a specific cell and/or carrier aggregation. A correspond- ing configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain to 2155 such channel, cell and/or carrier aggregation. It may be considered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared phys- ical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared channel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable. Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and/or be represented 2160 or configured with corresponding configuration data. A configuration may be embedded in, and/or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and/or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and/or semi-statically. A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and/or frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particular 2165 downlink control signalling, and/or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel like PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and/or consist of, a number of symbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specific) dedicated signalling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to or intended for a specific P105584WO01 60/69 Joint Communication and Sensing UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel. 2170 In general, the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering a configurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol is configured to be after the control region in time. A control region may be associated, e.g. via configuration and/or determination, to one or more specific UEs and/or formats of PDCCH and/or DCI and/or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and/or RNTIs or carrier/cell 2175 identifiers, and/or be represented and/or associated to a CORESET and/or a search space. The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of the transmission timing structure may generally be dependent on a numerology and/or carrier, wherein the nu- merology and/or carrier may be configurable. The numerology may be the numerology 2180 to be used for the scheduled transmission. A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols, and/or define an interval comprising several symbols (respectively their associated time intervals). In the context of this disclosure, it should be noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of ref- erence may be interpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval or time 2185 component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it is clear from the context that the frequency domain component also has to be considered. Examples of transmis- sion timing structures include slot, subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of a slot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and may be considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their time domain component. A 2190 transmission timing structure may generally comprise a plurality of symbols defining the time domain extension (e.g., interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure, and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timing structure (which may also be considered or implemented as synchronisation structure) may be defined by a succession of such transmission timing structures, which may for 2195 example define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. A transmission timing structure, and/or a border symbol or a scheduled transmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timing grid. A transmission timing structure of reception may be the transmission timing structure in which the scheduling control signalling is received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timing 2200 structure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, a mini-slot. Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelink control signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Con- trol Information) signalling. Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and/or rep- resent acknowledgement signalling and/or acknowledgement information and/or measure- 2205 P105584WO01 61/69 Joint Communication and Sensing ment reporting. signalling utilising, and/or on and/or associated to, resources or a resource structure may be signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated frequency/ies and/or in the associated time interval/s. It may be considered that a signalling resource structure comprises and/or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be as- 2210 sociated to one or more different channels and/or types of signalling and/or comprise one or more holes (resource element/s not scheduled for transmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure, e.g. a feedback resource structure, may gener- ally be continuous in time and/or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be considered that a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, represents a 2215 rectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time/frequency space. However, in some cases, a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. time and/or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for associated signalling. 2220 Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, in particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling, and/or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.). 2225 In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished between dynamically sched- uled or aperiodic transmission and/or configuration, and semi-static or semi-persistent or periodic transmission and/or configuration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertain to configuration/transmission valid and/or scheduled and/or configured for (relatively) short timescales and/or a (e.g., predefined and/or configured and/or lim- 2230 ited and/or definite) number of occurrences and/or transmission timing structures, e.g. one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and/or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission/occurrences. Dynamic configuration may be based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and/or MAC layer, in particular in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic/semi-static may pertain to longer 2235 timescales, e.g. several slots and/or more than one frame, and/or a non-defined number of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and/or be configured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and/or RRC signalling and/or MAC signalling. 2240 In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set P105584WO01 62/69 Joint Communication and Sensing forth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practised in other variants and variants that depart from these specific details. 2245 For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless com- munications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technolo- gies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards as 2250 IEEE 802.11ad or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Tech- nical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and steps 2255 explained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or general purpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and aspects presented 2260 herein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products that execute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein. It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fully 2265 understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof without departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or without sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects presented herein can be varied in many ways. 2270 P105584WO01 63/69 Joint Communication and Sensing Some useful abbreviations comprise Abbreviation Explanation ABF Analog beamformer, fanout to antenna+beamforming ACK/NACK Acknowledgment/Negative Acknowledgement Ant Antenna ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest BB BaseBand Beamindex IF beamindex interface BER Bit Error Rate BI Beam Index BLER Block Error Rate BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying BWP BandWidth Part CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross Correlation CB Code Block CBB Code Block Bundle CBG Code Block Group CDM Code Division Multiplex CM Cubic Metric Comm RXBB communication receiver baseband CORESET Control Resource Set CP Cyclic Prefix CP rem CP removal CQI Channel Quality Information CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRS Common reference signal CSI Channel State Information CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator DCI Downlink Control Information DFE Digital Frontend DFT Discrete Fourier Transform DFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDM DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing) eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand FDD Frequency Division Duplex FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation P105584WO01 64/69 Joint Communication and Sensing FDF Frequency Domain Filtering FDM Frequency Division Multiplex FFT Fast Fourier Transform GPIO General Purpose Input Output HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Im Imaginary part, e.g. for pi/2*BPSK modulation IR Impulse Response ISI Inter Symbol Interference JCAS Joint Communication and Sensing MBB Mobile Broadband MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output MRC Maximum-ratio combining MRT Maximum-ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output OFDM/A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex/Multiple Access PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel PRB Physical Resource Block PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing) PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference signalling (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OCC Orthogonal Cover Code QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying PSD Power Spectral Density RAN Radio Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology RB Resource Block RE Resource Element Re Real part (e.g., for pi/2*BPSK) modulation P105584WO01 65/69 Joint Communication and Sensing RF Radio Frequency RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier RRC Radio Resource Control RX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related/side SA Scheduling Assignment SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalisation SC-FDM/A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex/Multiple Access SCI Sidelink Control Information SINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio SIR Signal-to-interference ratio SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio SPI Serial to Parallel Interface SR Scheduling Request SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing) SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing) SVD Singular-value decomposition TB Transport Block TDD Time Division Duplex TDM Time Division Multiplex T-RS Tracking Reference signalling or Timing Reference signalling TX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related/side UCI Uplink Control Information UDC Up-Down Converter, mixing from BB¡-¿RF UE User Equipment URLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMO Very-large multiple-input-multiple-output WD Wireless Device Wfg Waveform Generator ZC Zadoff-Chu ZF Zero Forcing ZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSI-RS symbol Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable. P105584WO01 66/69

Claims

Joint Communication and Sensing CLAIMS 1. Method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the radio node 2275 being adapted for wireless communication, and being adapted for sensing and/or radar operation, the method comprising performing a sensing operation based on sensing sig- nalling, the sensing signalling covering at least N_sense contiguous symbol time intervals in time domain, N_sense being an integer number larger than 1, wherein the sensing signalling comprises N_sense representations of the same modulation symbol sequence, wherein the 2280 sensing signalling is transmitted based on utilising a CP-modulator and/or is received based on utilising a CP-demodulator. 2. Radio node for a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for wireless communication, and being adapted for sensing and/or radar operation, the radio node being adapted for performing a sensing operation based on sensing signalling, 2285 the sensing signalling covering at least N_sense contiguous symbol time intervals in time domain, N_sense being an integer number larger than 1, wherein the sensing signalling comprises N_sense representations of the same modulation symbol sequence, wherein the sensing signalling is transmitted based on utilising a CP-modulator and/or is received based on utilising a CP-demodulator. 2290 3. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the symbol time interval length is based on a numerology available and/or configured for wireless commu- nication. 4. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a representation of a modulation symbol sequence corresponds to signalling based on and/or representing 2295 the modulation symbol sequence. 5. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein different repre- sentations of the same modulation symbol sequence are shifted relative to each other, for example by a linear ramp and/or cyclic shift. 6. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein performing a 2300 sensing operation comprises transmitting and/or receiving sensing signalling. 7. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a trailing end of one representation of the modulation sequence represents a cyclic prefix for the subsequent representation of the sequence. 8. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensing sig- 2305 nalling is frequency-multiplexed with communication signalling, wherein the communica- P105584WO01 67/69 Joint Communication and Sensing tion signalling may be based on the same symbol time length. 9. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensing sig- nalling corresponds to one compound signal covering the N_sense symbol time intervals, the compound signal having a cyclic prefix. 2310 10. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and/or perform a method according to one of claims 1, or 3 to 9. 11. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product according to claim 10. P105584WO01 68/69