EP4688113A1 - Procédés et systèmes de substitution sensorielle de l'odorat chez un sujet - Google Patents
Procédés et systèmes de substitution sensorielle de l'odorat chez un sujetInfo
- Publication number
- EP4688113A1 EP4688113A1 EP24716733.1A EP24716733A EP4688113A1 EP 4688113 A1 EP4688113 A1 EP 4688113A1 EP 24716733 A EP24716733 A EP 24716733A EP 4688113 A1 EP4688113 A1 EP 4688113A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stimulation
- stimulation signal
- subject
- signal
- sensory substitution
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
- A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
- A61N1/0546—Nasal electrodes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
- A61B5/4005—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system for evaluating the sensory system
- A61B5/4011—Evaluating olfaction, i.e. sense of smell
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0001—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00 by organoleptic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0031—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector comprising two or more sensors, e.g. a sensor array
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
- A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
- A61B5/377—Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
- A61B5/381—Olfactory or gustatory stimuli
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
- A61N1/0408—Use-related aspects
- A61N1/0456—Specially adapted for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
- A61N1/0472—Structure-related aspects
- A61N1/0476—Array electrodes (including any electrode arrangement with more than one electrode for at least one of the polarities)
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
Definitions
- Olfactory deficits have a direct impact on people's quality of life; they reduce the pleasure of eating, influence the relationship with food, increase the risk of domestic accidents, significantly affect social life and can be a source of depression. Such a phenomenon is not rare since olfactory deficits affect an average of 20% of the population in Europe, depending on the type of deficit, namely hyposmia (reduced olfactory performance compared to the average of a population) or anosmia (total absence of smell), depending on the causes (traumatic, congenital, viral, etc.), depending on age and depending on the pathologies; this represents several million people in Europe.
- hyposmia reduced olfactory performance compared to the average of a population
- anosmia total absence of smell
- cochlear implants based on direct electrical stimulation of the cochlea
- vestibular implants are inspired by the principle of the cochlear implant and the restoration of vestibular function is promising.
- vision there are devices using electrical stimulation of anatomical sites of the visual pathway with restoration of limited visual perception.
- US Patent 9517342 [Ref. 2] describes an olfactory implant system configured to mimic a sense of smell in a subject so as to enable the identification of one or more odors.
- the system comprises a sensor array, a processor, a transmitter, a receiver-stimulator and an array of implantable electrodes.
- Such an olfactory implant system generates "odor maps", also called “olfactory signatures" by detecting odor molecules using an array chemical sensors, then transmits spatiotemporally variable electrical stimulations to electrodes positioned at different locations in the olfactory bulb or another part of the olfactory cortex. In response to these variable electrical stimulations, different patterns of activity in the olfactory cortex are generated, mimicking a subject's sense of smell. Once trained, a subject should be able to correctly detect or identify one or more odors.
- Implanting electrodes in regions of the olfactory bulb will likely evoke olfactory-type perceptions in patients (olfactory qualities, hedonic qualities, intensity) allowing them to regain the perception of odor.
- olfactory qualities, hedonic qualities, intensity olfactory qualities, hedonic qualities, intensity
- this is a major neurosurgery involving opening the skull and a risk of acute and long-term complications.
- progress in surgery is increasingly convincing and significant, in the long term, it is feared that the cost of the surgical procedure will be greater than the desired benefit (recovery of olfactory perception, better quality of life).
- the system described in [ref. 3] comprises a device that has the shape of a nose ring and can be inserted into the user's nose.
- the device is configured to electrically stimulate the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve).
- the trigeminal nerve is known for detecting mechanical or temperature stimuli. It is sensitive in particular to changes in pressure or temperature.
- the device is connected to external sensors (via Bluetooth communication) to be able to detect molecules in the environment and is configured to electrically stimulate the nasal septum in order to access the trigeminal nerve and create lateralized sensations.
- the authors present electrical stimulations that vary in intensity and spatiality. The results suggest that participants can localize the location of the stimulation (right/left). According to the authors, the device thus described allows users to feel an intensity (low, medium, high) and the origin of an odor (right/left) without prior training.
- the present description proposes a system of sensory substitution of the sense of smell by stimulation of the trigeminal system which in particular makes it possible to discriminate between different odors or categories of odors.
- the term “include” means the same as “include”, “contain”, and is inclusive or open and does not exclude other elements not described or shown. Furthermore, in this description, the term “approximately” or “substantially” means the same as “having a margin less than and/or more than 10%, for example 5%”, of the respective value.
- the present description relates, according to a first aspect, to a method for sensory substitution of the sense of smell in a subject, comprising: the detection of a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds by means of a sensor network to produce a plurality of digital measurement signals uniquely associated with said volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds; the generation, from said plurality of digital measurement signals, of a multimodal stimulation instruction, the multimodal stimulation instruction comprising at least a first trigeminal system stimulation signal and at least a second trigeminal system stimulation signal, of a physical and/or chemical nature different from that of the first stimulation signal; the stimulation of the subject's trigeminal system by applying each of said at least a first and second stimulation signals by means of a plurality of actuators.
- a volatile compound is generally understood to be a chemical compound that is in a gaseous state in the atmosphere; it may notably be a volatile organic compound, or VOC, which comprises at least one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom.
- An odorous volatile compound, or mixture of odorous volatile compounds is a compound, or mixture of compounds, known to generate an olfactory perception.
- the trigeminal system is understood as the set of nerve structures that receive information directly or indirectly from the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve.
- the trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve; it provides sensory innervation to the regions of the head, nose, mouth and face. It is divided into three branches: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch, connected to the brain and the central nervous system by different nerve relays.
- each of said first and second stimulation signals is, for example, and in a non-limiting manner, one or a combination of the following stimulation natures, or equivalently belongs to a class or a combination of classes of physical and/or chemical nature among the following: electrical, thermal, mechanical, in particular acoustic, electromagnetic, in particular optical, chemical, electrochemical.
- the stimulation nature or combination of nature is more particularly distinct between said first and second stimulation signals.
- said class or combination of classes is preferably distinct between said first and second stimulation signals. This is then referred to as multimodal stimulation, for example bimodal stimulation. This is therefore distinguished from a system implementing simple electrical stimulation, by varying parameters such as the intensity or the phase.
- the first stimulation signal and the at least one second stimulation signal belong to classes of physical and/or chemical nature different from each other.
- one of said first and second stimulation signals comprises or is an electrical stimulation.
- one of said first and second stimulation signals comprises or is mechanical stimulation.
- the first stimulation signal comprises or is electrical stimulation and the second stimulation signal comprises or is mechanical stimulation.
- the multimodal instruction may include a third trigeminal system stimulation signal. This is then referred to as trimodal stimulation. Said nature or combination of these stimulation natures is preferably distinct between each stimulation signal. According to one example, the third stimulation signal includes or is a thermal stimulation.
- the method that is the subject of the present description makes it possible, thanks to multimodal stimulation, to confer on the subject sensory perceptions that depend on the volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds detected. The sensory perceptions, for example, "fresh”, “warm”, “irritating”, “tingling”, “itching”, etc.
- said at least one first signal of the first stimulation and/or said at least one second signal of the first stimulation is variable as a function of time.
- said at least one first signal and/or said at least one second signal may comprise one or more pulses, with one or more pulse repetition frequencies and/or one or more pulse durations.
- the pulse frequency and/or duration for example, a greater variety of multimodal stimulations may be introduced.
- the subject may also be provided with a greater or lesser intensity of sensory perception, allowing quantitative detection of sensory perceptions by the subject.
- said at least one first signal and/or said at least one second signal may comprise one or more pulses, having one or more pulse repetition frequencies and/or one or more pulse durations and/or a non-zero and non-constant intensity over time, on at least a portion of said stimulation signal and preferably on at least 50%, preferably 70%, preferably 90%, of the duration of the stimulation signal.
- the processing unit and the plurality of actuators may be configured so as to implement these characteristics.
- the stimulation of the trigeminal system of the subject is carried out simultaneously by said at least one first stimulation signal and said at least one second first stimulation signal.
- the stimulation of the trigeminal system of the subject is carried out initially by said at least one first stimulation signal and in a second time, by said at least one second first stimulation signal.
- the first time is distinct from the second time.
- the generation of the multimodal stimulation instruction comprises the application of a transformation law.
- a transformation law can be pre-established for a set of subjects or can be determined specifically for a given subject.
- Such a transformation law can also be pre-established and then scalable, for example it can be adapted for each subject.
- the generation of the multimodal stimulation instruction comprises a step of preprocessing said plurality of digital measurement signals to generate a plurality of preprocessed digital signals.
- said transformation law can then be applied to said plurality of preprocessed digital signals.
- the preprocessing step comprises a projection step in a P-dimensional space, where P ⁇ M, with M the number of digital measurement signals of said plurality of digital measurement signals and P greater than or equal to 2.
- P is between 2 and 4.
- a projection in a lower-dimensional space then makes it possible to facilitate the generation of the multimodal setpoint, for example by applying a transformation law.
- a projection step can be carried out by any known mathematical method, for example but not exclusively, by a method comprising a principal component analysis. This is particularly advantageous for the differentiation of a large number of VOCs and the associated olfactory qualities, since many digital measurement signals can be obtained for each VOC or mixture of VOCs. The signature to be analyzed then becomes simpler to associate with the appropriate stimulation. Synergistically with complex multimodal stimulation generation, using two stimulations of different classes or combinations of classes as indicated above, a subject's differentiation of a large number of VOCs and their olfactory qualities can be improved.
- the sensors of the sensor network comprise receivers associated with transducers configured to deliver digital signals from physical quantities emitted by the receivers in contact with a volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- sensors are for example the sensors of detection apparatus known as "electronic noses"; an electronic nose, known in the state, is an apparatus for detecting and analyzing volatile compounds or mixtures of volatile compounds, and more particularly odorous volatile compounds.
- Electronic noses are for example described in the journal article [Ref. 4], See also the published patent application FR 3120445 [Ref. 5], the published patent application WO2018/158458 [Ref. 6] or the published patent application W02022/053690 [Ref.
- Such sensors have the advantage of being non-specific, that is to say that they are not configured for the detection of a single volatile compound.
- Such sensors provide for a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds, a unique olfactory signature, that is to say a vector of given dimension, specific to the volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- the multimodal stimulation instruction is then determined from said olfactory signature, for example, but not necessarily, by means of a transformation law.
- the method according to the first aspect further comprises a learning step allowing the subject to associate the multimodal stimulation with said volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds or with an olfactory quality associated with said volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- the present description relates, according to a second aspect, to a system for sensory substitution of the sense of smell in a subject, comprising: a sensor network configured for the detection of a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds in order to produce a plurality of digital measurement signals uniquely associated with said volatile compound or the mixture of volatile compounds; a processing unit configured to generate, from said plurality of digital measurement signals, a multimodal stimulation instruction comprising at least a first trigeminal system stimulation signal and at least a second trigeminal system stimulation signal, of a physical and/or chemical nature different from that of the first stimulation signal; a plurality of actuators configured to stimulate the trigeminal system of the subject with said at least one first stimulation signal and with said at least one second stimulation signal.
- the sensors of the sensor network comprise receivers associated with transducers configured to deliver digital signals from physical quantities emitted by the receivers in contact with a volatile compound.
- Such sensors are advantageous because they are non-specific; they are used in particular in electronic noses known from the state of the art.
- sensors configured for the detection of a specific volatile compound, for example a gas; these are for example sensors configured for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.
- the sensor network comprises at least 2 sensors, for example between 2 and approximately 300 sensors, advantageously between 2 and approximately 150 sensors, advantageously between approximately 30 and approximately 150 sensors.
- the sensor network comprises at least 5, and preferably at least 10, and more preferably at least 15 physicochemically different sensors. More particularly, the receptors may be physicochemically different between these sensors.
- physicochemically different is meant that the sensors, where applicable the receptors, have different physicochemical properties, such that their interaction with a volatile organic compound differs between them.
- a greater number of VOCs can be differentiated by the system.
- a greater number of different data and sensor signatures can be obtained. Synergistically with a wider range of sensory perceptions that can be generated by the system and in the method, the differentiation by the subject of a significant number of VOCs and their olfactory qualities can be improved.
- a type of sensor can be present in several copies, for example in at least two replicas, or equivalently in at least two copies, on the sensor network.
- said at least one first actuator and said at least one second actuator are chosen from: a thermal actuator, for example a thermoelectric actuator (see for example [Ref. 8]), an electric actuator (see for example [Ref. 9]), a mechanical actuator, for example an electromechanical actuator, for example a piezoelectric transducer (see for example [Ref. 10]), a chemical actuator, comprising for example a piezoelectric micro-dispenser (for example a piezoelectric micro-dispenser or “Piezoelectric Micro-Dispensers”, from the company Physik Instrumente ⁇ ).
- a thermal actuator for example a thermoelectric actuator (see for example [Ref. 8])
- an electric actuator see for example [Ref. 9]
- a mechanical actuator for example an electromechanical actuator, for example a piezoelectric transducer (see for example [Ref. 10])
- a chemical actuator comprising for example a piezoelectric micro-dispenser (for example a piezoelectric micro
- said at least one first stimulation signal and/or said at least one second stimulation signal is variable as a function of time.
- the generation of the multimodal stimulation instruction by the processing unit comprises a projection step in a P-dimensional space, where P is greater than or equal to 2 and strictly less than the number of digital measurement signals of said plurality of digital measurement signals.
- the actuators are not implanted.
- Fig. 1A is a figure schematically illustrating an implementation of an example of an olfactory sensory substitution system according to the present disclosure in a subject;
- Fig. 1B a diagram illustrating the trigeminal system in humans
- Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the various elements of an example of a sensory substitution system for smell according to the present description
- Fig. 3A is a figure illustrating a plurality of measurement signals determined as a function of time, in u.a.;
- Fig. 3B is a figure illustrating an odor map showing two olfactory signatures of two volatile compounds measured by a sensor array in an example of an odor sensory substitution system according to the present disclosure
- Fig. 4 a diagram illustrating steps for generating a multimodal stimulation instruction in a method of sensory substitution of the sense of smell, according to an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 5 diagrams illustrating examples of sensory perceptions, associated with olfactory qualities corresponding to different volatile compounds, in an implementation of an exemplary method of sensory substitution of smell in a subject according to the present description
- Fig. 6 is an example of a transformation matrix used in a method of sensory substitution of smell in a subject according to the present disclosure
- Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a sensory substitution system for smell according to the present disclosure, implemented on a subject;
- Fig. 8A a diagram illustrating an example of the implementation of an actuator for implementing a method according to the present description
- Fig. 8B is a schematic showing in more detail the actuator illustrated in Fig. 8A;
- Fig. 8C is a diagram illustrating an example of an actuator for a subject's sense of smell sensory substitution system according to the present disclosure
- Fig. 9 a graph illustrating the effect of electrical stimulation intensity on a subject's perception
- Fig. 10 is a graph illustrating subjects' perception associated with unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal stimuli.
- Fig. 1A schematically illustrates an implementation of an exemplary olfactory sensory substitution system 200 according to the present disclosure in a subject 10 and Fig. 1B depicts a diagram illustrating the trigeminal system in humans.
- the method of sensory substitution of smell comprises detecting a volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds 15 using a sensor array of a substitution system 200 sensory of the sense of smell which will be described in more detail later by means of Fig. 2.
- the sensor network produces, for a volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds 15, a plurality of digital measurement signals from which a multimodal stimulation instruction is generated comprising at least a first stimulation signal of the trigeminal system and at least a second stimulation signal of the trigeminal system, of a physical and/or chemical nature different from that of the first stimulation signal.
- the trigeminal system of the subject is then stimulated by actuators of the system 200 which allow the application of the stimulation signals. This results for the subject 10 in sensory perceptions associated with olfactory qualities 18.
- the trigeminal system 11 is the set of nerve structures that receive information directly or indirectly from the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve.
- the trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve; it provides sensory innervation to the regions of the head, nose, mouth, and face. It is divided into three branches: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch, and the mandibular branch, which are connected to the brain and central nervous system by nerve relays at the brainstem.
- the trigeminal system is involved in a wide range of sensory functions (e.g., pain, irritation, hot and cold sensations, tingling, etc.).
- the trigeminal system is an integral part of the chemosensory system that is activated, directly and indirectly, by odorants, i.e., volatile compounds that can interact with receptors in the olfactory system to generate olfactory perception.
- olfaction which results from the excitation of the olfactory nerve 12 and which allows us to perceive odors
- trigeminal sensory perceptions are closely linked, due to the anatomical and functional connections in the nasal cavity and in the brain.
- the olfactory perception or smell of a mint candy is generated by the olfactory system and its freshness is generated by the trigeminal system.
- a person who has partially or totally lost his or her sense of smell, and who is equipped with such a sensory substitution system for the sense of smell which is the subject of the present description will be able to detect volatile compounds, and more particularly but not exclusively, odorous volatile compounds, by applying stimulation signals to the trigeminal system.
- Prior training of the patient may be carried out in order to enable him or her to associate volatile compounds or mixtures of volatile compounds detected by the system 200 to sensory perceptions that result from the application of stimulation signals of the trigeminal system.
- a discrimination, memorization, recognition of these different sensory perceptions can then be carried out, thus giving the patient the possibility of making the link between a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds, or more generally an olfactory quality associated with volatile compounds or mixtures of volatile compounds, and an activation of neurons in connection with learning.
- Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a diagram representing the various elements of an example of a system 200 for sensory substitution of smell according to the present description.
- the olfactory sensory substitution system 200 includes a sensor array 210 configured to detect a volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- the sensors of the sensor network 210 are for example sensors of an electronic nose, and are described for example in [Ref. 5], [Ref. 6] or [ref. 7],
- the sensors of the sensor network comprise in these examples receivers associated with transducers configured to deliver digital signals from physical quantities emitted by the receivers in contact with a volatile compound.
- the sensors thus make it possible to “photograph” a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds by generating a recognition imprint or olfactory signature associated with this volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- a known detection technique for obtaining, in use, a recognition fingerprint is for example a technique based on Mach-Zehnder interferometry (better known by the acronym MZI for “Mach-Zehnder Interferometry”), and described for example in [Ref. 7].
- MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometry
- This technique makes it possible to detect a local change in optical index which characterizes the interaction of an analyte present in a gas sample with each receptor of the electronic nose. More precisely, the analyte interacts by adsorption/desorption with the receptors located in several distinct sensitive sites of a functionalized measurement surface.
- a measurement signal associated with each of the sensitive sites is detected in real time, representative of a variation in a refractive index due to an interaction of the fluid sample with the sensitive site thanks to a detectable phase shift between a reference arm of the interferometer and a detection arm on which each sensitive site is arranged.
- the receivers of the electronic nose are configured to measure any change in refractive index due to an interaction of the fluid sample with any sensitive site thanks to a plasmonic effect.
- a surface reflectivity is measured by means of a camera (the transducer) which converts the photons into digital signals.
- the sensitive sites are for example arranged on a matrix of vibrating nano or micro electromechanical membranes (NEMS or MEMS) in order to measure variations in the resonance frequency of the membranes.
- the sensors of the sensor array 210 produce a plurality of digital measurement signals Sm(t) uniquely associated with a volatile compound or mixture of volatile compounds.
- FIG. 3A An example of a plurality of digital measurement signals Sm(t) is shown as an example in Fig. 3A.
- the digital measurement signals Sm(t) are in this example optical signals representative of a temporal variation of the local refractive index due to the interactions of the analyte with the receptors.
- the digital measurement signals Sm(t) are sent to a processing unit 220 (Fig. 2) in order to produce a multimodal stimulation instruction comprising at least a first trigeminal system stimulation signal and at least a second trigeminal system stimulation signal, of a physical and/or chemical nature different from that of the first stimulation signal.
- a plurality of actuators 230 are configured to stimulate the trigeminal system of the subject with the at least one first stimulation signal and with the at least one second stimulation signal.
- Actuators will be described in more detail later and may include electrical, thermal, mechanical, chemical, etc. actuators.
- the processing unit may comprise, in exemplary embodiments, a preprocessing module 222 and a multimodal stimulation calculation module 223.
- the preprocessing module 222 receives the digital measurement signals Sm(t) produced by the sensor network.
- Steps for processing the digital measurement signals Sm(t) produced by the sensor network are for example described in [ref. 7].
- the preprocessing module 222 may comprise calibration and/or correction algorithms. drift to correct the signals Sm(t) from the sensor network.
- the preprocessing module 222 may also include a normalization algorithm, for example to obtain for each plurality of digital measurement signals an olfactory signature as shown in FIG. 3B.
- olfactory signatures 321, 322 are shown for illustration purposes in Fig. 3B with a radar map type representation.
- the numbers on the circle represent the identification numbers of the sensors used.
- the points on the radar map show a normalized signal value for each identified sensor.
- the preprocessing module 222 may also include an algorithm aimed at reducing the dimension of the olfactory signature. This is, for example, a projection algorithm in a P-dimensional space, P advantageously between 2 and 4.
- each olfactory signature obtained from the digital measurement signals Sm(t) can be a raw signature, i.e. a vector whose M components are representative of the response intensities of the M sensitive sites of the sensor network, a normalized signature, i.e. a vector whose M components are those of the raw signature but normalized using a normalization operation as described for example in [Ref. 7], a simplified signature obtained from a principal component analysis of the raw or normalized signature, i.e. a simplified vector, the P ⁇ N components being for example the projections of the raw or normalized signature in the orthonormal reference frame defined by the first P principal axes on which the projections exceed a predefined threshold.
- a raw signature i.e. a vector whose M components are representative of the response intensities of the M sensitive sites of the sensor network
- a normalized signature i.e. a vector whose M components are those of the raw signature but normalized using a normalization operation as described for example in [Ref. 7]
- a calculation module 226 (Fig. 2) of the multimodal stimulation makes it possible to calculate the multimodal stimulation instruction for example from the olfactory signature.
- Such an olfactory signature is specific to a volatile compound or to a combination of volatile compounds and can therefore be advantageously used to deduce a multimodal stimulation instruction.
- a multimodal stimulation setpoint 403 may for example, but not necessarily, be determined from the plurality of digital measurement signals by means of a transformation law, represented in this example by a transformation matrix 402.
- a transformation law represented in this example by a transformation matrix 402.
- the transformation law can be applied to the signals resulting from these processing steps.
- the multimodal stimulation instruction 403 may comprise several stimulation signals, in this example thermal, electrical, mechanical stimulation signals, which will be transmitted to corresponding actuators 231, 232, 233, for example a heating electrode, an electrode for emitting an electrical signal, an actuator generating a vibration.
- actuators 231, 232, 233 for example a heating electrode, an electrode for emitting an electrical signal, an actuator generating a vibration.
- FIG. 5 shows diagrams illustrating examples of multimodal stimulation instructions associated with different olfactory perceptions, in an implementation of an exemplary method of sensory substitution of smell in a subject according to the present description.
- an electronic nose as described for example in [Ref. 4] is used to produce, for a given volatile compound, an olfactory signature.
- a sensory perception in a subject who suffers from hyposmia or anosmia in connection with a first odorant 501 for example mint.
- the electronic nose makes it possible to establish an olfactory signature 503 of the compound R-Carvone referenced 502 in Fig. 5 and a major compound of mint.
- a multimodal stimulation instruction making it possible to generate sensory perceptions 504 in the subject, in this example “warm” and “slightly irritating”.
- a subject may for example associate such sensory perceptions with an olfactory quality 505 “pleasant and edible”.
- a sensory perception in the subject of a second odorant 511 for example jasmine.
- the electronic nose makes it possible to establish an olfactory signature 513 of the benzyl acetate compound referenced 512 in FIG. 5 and a compound present in jasmine.
- a multimodal stimulation instruction making it possible to generate sensory perceptions 514 in the subject, in this example “warm” and “moderately irritating”.
- a subject may for example associate such sensory perceptions with an olfactory quality 515 “pleasant and inedible”.
- a sensory perception in the subject of a third odorant 521 in this example the goat.
- the electronic nose makes it possible to establish a olfactory signature 523 of the compound hexanoic acid 522, a characteristic compound of this odorant.
- a multimodal stimulation instruction is established from the olfactory signature to generate sensory perceptions 524 in the subject “moderately hot” and “irritating”.
- a subject may, for example, associate such sensory perceptions with an olfactory quality 515 “unpleasant and inedible”.
- a subject training step may allow the subject to associate each of the sensory perceptions 504, 514, 524, with the olfactory qualities 505, 515, 525, or even with the odorants themselves.
- steps for defining multimodal stimulation may be provided to better correspond to specific sensory perceptions for a subject.
- steps for defining multimodal stimulation may be provided to better correspond to specific sensory perceptions for a subject.
- a transformation law it may be adapted to the subject.
- Fig. 6 represents an example of a transformation matrix that could be used in a method of sensory substitution of the sense of smell in a subject, according to the present description.
- the transformation law can for example associate digital measurement signals uniquely associated with a VOC or mixture of VOCs, with stimulation signals chosen from classes of different physical or chemical nature, to generate the multimodal stimulation instruction.
- the transformation law can associate digital measurement signals uniquely associated with a VOC or mixture of VOCs with a degree of intensity of a stimulation signal and/or a defined variation of the stimulation signal, and in particular according to the methods set out in the description.
- the first stimulation signal is a thermal excitation signal and the second stimulation signal is an electrical excitation signal comprising electrical pulses generated with a variable frequency f.
- a projection operation into a 2D space is carried out in a known manner, for example by means of a principal component analysis. Other reductions of dimensionalities are possible, for example through machine learning for example.
- the model imposes for example that X and Y are between 0 and 1.
- the following steps can be carried out.
- a minimum amplitude is detected that is required to trigger a sensory perception in the person.
- an electrical stimulation with a fixed amplitude, that is to say that there is no variation in the amplitude of the stimulation depending on the value of X.
- Fstim_mini a minimum frequency detected by the person
- the following steps can be carried out.
- a minimum temperature is detected which is required to trigger a sensory perception in the person.
- T(Y) 5*Y + SDthermique, which corresponds to coefficient 602 of the matrix illustrated in Fig. 6.
- Fig. 7 shows a diagram illustrating an example of a sensory substitution system 200 of the present disclosure implemented on a subject 10.
- the system 200 for sensory substitution of smell comprises a support 280 configured to be worn by the subject, for example by means of branches which are fixed behind the ears.
- the sensor network 210 configured for the detection of a volatile compound or a mixture of volatile compounds is, in this example, arranged on the support, near the subject's nose.
- the processing unit configured to produce a multimodal stimulation instruction from the plurality of measurement signals produced by the sensors, is for example located remotely, that is to say it is not worn by the subject.
- the processing unit communicates with the sensor network for example by means of a Bluetooth module 260, for example a module implementing a short-range and low-power wireless Bluetooth technology or BLE, according to the acronym "Bluetooth Low Energy".
- the Bluetooth module 260 is connected to the sensor network 210 by electrical wires 250 which run in the branches of the support 280 for example.
- the olfactory sensory substitution system 200 also includes in this example a plurality of actuators 230 configured to stimulate the subject's trigeminal system with trigeminal system stimulation signals established by the processing unit and transmitted by means of the Bluetooth module 260 and electrical wires.
- a battery for operating the system 200 is for example arranged in one of the side branches of the support 280.
- Fig. 8A illustrates in more detail an exemplary arrangement of an actuator for implementing a method according to the present description
- Fig. 8B is a diagram showing an exemplary actuator as illustrated in Fig. 8A.
- multimodal actuators 830 are arranged on the edges of a clamp 835 configured to be positioned in the nose, such as to pinch the nasal wall.
- the multimodal actuators 830 are then in contact with the external interior walls of the nose.
- the clamp can be held on the nasal wall for example by magnets (not shown).
- the multimodal actuators 830 may be connected to wires 850, which run through the branches of the support 280 (Fig. 7).
- Fig. 8C is a diagram illustrating an example of a multimodal actuator 830 for an olfactory sensory substitution system according to the present disclosure.
- the multimodal actuator 830 comprises in this example a bimodal electrode (electric and thermal) with heating elements 831 and electrodes 832 for the application of an electrical signal.
- Example of a connection between an artificial sensor system and a multimodal stimulator Example of a connection between an artificial sensor system and a multimodal stimulator.
- the system combines an electronic nose and a multimodal stimulator that integrates electrical, mechanical and thermal stimulation means.
- the system makes it possible to present a VOC or a mixture of VOCs to the sensors 210 of the electronic nose and to convert the chemical information into digital information in the form of digital measurement signals, as illustrated in FIG. 2. These signals can in particular form a digital signature associated with the VOC or mixture of VOCs in a unique way, as illustrated in FIG. 3B.
- information is sent to the stimulator in order to offer the human subject a unimodal (electrical or thermal or mechanical), bimodal (electrical-mechanical, electrical-thermal, mechanical-thermal) or trimodal (electrical-mechanical-thermal) stimulation.
- the stimulation is sent into the nasal cavity and perceived by the human subject, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
- piezoelectric microdispensers for example, can allow the localized deposition of one or more chemical species that can simulate cold (menthol), heat (capsaicin), stinging sensations (weak organic acid, CO 2 ), or an alkaline sensation (diluted ammonia).
- Other types of microdispensers, other than piezoelectric, can be considered. It is preferable to take into account a fairly long afterglow in this case of chemical stimulation.
- These chemical stimuli can also be deposited in the nasal cavity using an air flow.
- electromagnetic stimulation an infrared diode can be used to locally heat tissue and has the advantage of having less inertia than a resistive heating system.
- electrochemical stimulation by choosing the material of the electrodes, water can be hydrolyzed and gas bubbles obtained which will have an effect close to mechanical stimulation.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2303202 | 2023-03-31 | ||
| PCT/EP2024/058741 WO2024200803A1 (fr) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-03-29 | Procédés et systèmes de substitution sensorielle de l'odorat chez un sujet |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4688113A1 true EP4688113A1 (fr) | 2026-02-11 |
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ID=87889411
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24716733.1A Pending EP4688113A1 (fr) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-03-29 | Procédés et systèmes de substitution sensorielle de l'odorat chez un sujet |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4688113A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024200803A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014168708A1 (fr) * | 2013-04-10 | 2014-10-16 | Virginia Commonwealth University | Système d'implant olfactif |
| FR3063543B1 (fr) | 2017-03-03 | 2022-01-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de calibration d'un nez electronique. |
| US20240024664A1 (en) * | 2020-09-10 | 2024-01-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods of Treatment and Devices for Repair of Inflammatory, Neurotransmitter, Endocrine or Metabolic Issues |
| EP3968018B1 (fr) | 2020-09-14 | 2024-10-30 | Aryballe | Capteur d'identification d'un échantillon de fluide et procédé d'application d'un test de qualification pour un tel capteur |
| FR3120445B1 (fr) | 2021-03-08 | 2023-02-10 | Aryballe | Procédé de caractérisation d’un analyte présent dans un échantillon gazeux contenant au moins une espèce chimique parasite |
-
2024
- 2024-03-29 WO PCT/EP2024/058741 patent/WO2024200803A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-03-29 EP EP24716733.1A patent/EP4688113A1/fr active Pending
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| WO2024200803A1 (fr) | 2024-10-03 |
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