EP4671346A1 - METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL - Google Patents

METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL

Info

Publication number
EP4671346A1
EP4671346A1 EP24185363.9A EP24185363A EP4671346A1 EP 4671346 A1 EP4671346 A1 EP 4671346A1 EP 24185363 A EP24185363 A EP 24185363A EP 4671346 A1 EP4671346 A1 EP 4671346A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fraction
mixture
weight
life
pyrolysis oil
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP24185363.9A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Miika FRANCK
Stefan Hannemann
Sina Witzel
Hannah Stephanie MANGOLD
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Priority to EP24185363.9A priority Critical patent/EP4671346A1/en
Publication of EP4671346A1 publication Critical patent/EP4671346A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life rubber materials, especially end-of-life tires, and a production unit for carrying out said process. Further, the present invention relates to a pyrolysis oil which is obtainable or obtained by said process, and to recovered carbon black which is obtainable or obtained by said process.
  • the object of the present invention to provide a new process for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires, which is more efficient and cost-effective compared to existing ones.
  • the process of the present invention permits to improve the generation of pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires, in particular showing improved yields of the pyrolysis oil while being cost effective and showing lower oxygen content of the obtained pyrolysis oil.
  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing a pyrolysis oil, wherein the process comprises
  • mixture M 1 it is preferred that from 96 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-%, of the mixture M 1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
  • providing the mixture M 1 according to (1) comprises
  • the term "textile material” as used herein encompasses textile raw materials and non-textile raw materials that are processed by various methods into linear, planar, and spatial structures. It concerns the linear textile structures produced from them, such as yarns, twisted yarns and ropes, the sheet-like textile structures, such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, braids, stitch-bonded fabrics, nonwovens and felts, and the three-dimensional textile structures, i.e. body structures, such as textile hoses, stockings or textile semi-finished products; and it further concerns those finished products which, using the aforementioned products, are brought into a saleable condition by making up, opening up and/or other operations for onward transmission to the processor, the trade or the end consumer.
  • end-of-life textile material covers a textile material as defined above, the inherent value of which has been consumed from the perspective of its current holder and, thus, is an end-of-life material for said holder.
  • the at least one end-of-life rubber material comprises one or more of at least a natural rubber material and at least a synthetic rubber material.
  • the at least one end-of-life rubber material is obtained from one or more of end-of-life tires, conveyor belts, pipes, mountings, gaskets, belts, hoses, shoe soles, clothing, flooring, car bumpers, gloves, rubber bands, umbrellas, balloons, and braces, more preferably from end-of-life tires.
  • the at least one end-of-life textile material is obtained from one or more of pre-consumer textile waste materials and post-consumer textile waste materials. More preferably, the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of textile scraps from the clothing industry, textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires and fishing nets. More preferably, the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires.
  • the mixture M 1 has a textile material content in the range of from 0.1 to 20 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M 1 . Ranges from 1 to 2.5 weight-% or from 2.5 to 5 weight-% or from 5 to 7.5 weight-% or from 7.5 to 10 weight-% are conceivable.
  • the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one elastane; at least one polyamide 6; at least one polyamide 6.6; at least one semi aromatic polyamide including one or more of polyamide 6T and polyamide 6I; at least one polyethylene terephthalate; at least one polyurethane; at least one polyester; at least one polyether; at least one natural fiber material such as wool and cotton; at least one cellulose material; at least one natural elastomer; at least one synthetic elastomer; at least one copolymer of two or more of said polymeric compounds including statistical copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, and graft copolymers.
  • the end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one aliphatic polyamide, at least one aromatic polyamide, at least one polyester, at least one cellulose-based polymer, at least one a polyacrylate, and at least one polyolefin, more preferably one or more of at least one polyamide 6, at least one polyamide 66, at least one polyethylene terephthalate, at least one viscose material, at least one poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), and at least one poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide).
  • the end-of-life textile material comprises at least one aliphatic polyamide, more preferably at least one polyamide 66, and wherein the aliphatic polyamide content of the textile material is in the range of from 0 to 10 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • the end-of-life textile material comprises at least one polyester, more preferably at least one polyethylene terephthalate, and wherein the polyester content of the textile material is in the range of from 10 to 50 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 20 to 45 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 40 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • the textile material comprises at least one viscose material, and wherein the viscose material content of the textile material is in the range of from 1 to 40 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 10 to 35 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 20 to 30 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • the respective content of the mixture M 1 is comparatively low; in particular, it is preferred that the mixture M 1 has a polyethylene terephthalate content in the range of from 0 to 5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M 1 .
  • said rubber material content is in the range of from 80 to 99.9 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 85 to 99.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 90 to 99 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M 1 .
  • the mixture M 1 can be prepared or can be obtained from any conceivable process.
  • at least one end-of-life rubber material comprises or consists of at least one end-of-life tire.
  • at least one end-of-life tire it is preferred that it is at least one of a car tire, a motorcycle tire, a bicycle tire, a truck tire, a bus tire, a tractor tire, a mining machine tire and an aircraft tire, more preferably a passenger car tire. Therefore, preferably according to the present invention, the mixture M 1 according to (1) is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
  • providing the mixture M 1 according to (1) comprises
  • the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) is subjected to comminution. No particular restrictions exist how said comminution is carried out. It is preferred that comminution according to (b) comprises one or more of cutting and shredding, preferably shredding.
  • the mixture M T obtained according to (b) is subjected to a separation method. No particular restrictions exist how said separation method is carried out. It is preferred that the separation method according to (c) comprises
  • first separation step according to (c.1) it is preferred that it comprises one or more of shredding and magnetic separation.
  • second separation step according to (c.2) it is preferred that it comprises one or more of shredding and sieving, more preferably sieving.
  • composition of the rubber material fraction F TR it is preferred that from 75 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 80 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 85 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction F TR consist of rubber. Yet more preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 96 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 97 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction F TR consist of rubber. A range of from 99 to 100 weight-% is also conceivable.
  • the polyethylene terephthalate content of the mixture M 1 should be comparatively low since too high a respective content may lead to the crystallization of terephthalic acid and, as a consequence, to clogging in distribution lines such as distribution lines in the production unit described below.
  • the polyethylene terephthalate content is at most 5 weight-%. Therefore, it is preferred that preparing the mixture M 1 according to (d) comprises
  • adjusting the value of C PET to a desired value preferably comprises admixing at least a part of the rubber material fraction F TR to the mixture M 1 '.
  • pyrolysis conditions according to (2) it is preferred that they comprise a pyrolysis temperature T P in the range of from 300 to 900 °C, more preferably in the range of from 350 to 800 °C, more preferably in the range of from 400 to 700 °C. Respective ranges of from 400 to 500 °C, from 500 to 600 °C and from 600 to 700 °C are conceivable. Further regarding the pyrolysis conditions according to (2), it is preferred that they comprise a pyrolysis pressure p P in the range of from 0.1 to 5 bar, more preferably 0.5 to 3 bar. Respective ranges of from 0.5 to 1 bar, from 1 to 2 bar and from 2 to 3 bar are conceivable.
  • the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) it is preferred that they comprise an inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere, wherein preferably from 99.5 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.8 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.9 to 100 volume-% of said inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere consist of one or more of nitrogen and argon, more preferably nitrogen.
  • the inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere comprises from 0 to 0.5 volume-%, more preferably from 0 to 0.2 volume-%, more preferably from 0 to 0.1 volume-% oxygen.
  • said inert atmosphere is present at the beginning of the pyrolysis, and in the course of the pyrolysis, the atmosphere will contain one or more condensable and/or non-condensable gases.
  • the pyrolysis according to (2) is carried out as batch pyrolysis. It is preferred, however, that the mixture M 1 is continuously or semi-continuously subjected to pyrolysis conditions according to (2).
  • the process further comprises one or more posttreatment steps directed to the purification of the pyrolysis oil fraction F P .
  • the process further comprises
  • dehalogenation as used in the context of the present invention generally refers to “dechlorination”, “debromination” and “defluorination”, more preferably to “dechlorination”.
  • the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises a support material for said one or more elements, wherein the support material is preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one oxidic material and carbon, wherein the at least one oxidic material is preferably one or more of alumina, silica, magnesia, zirconia, titania, a zeolitic material, a silica-alumina phosphate material, zinc oxide, sodium oxide, mixed silica-alumina and calcium oxide, more preferably alumina. More preferably, the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises an element of the group 6 of the periodic table of elements, wherein the element of the group 6 is preferably one or more of Mo and W, more preferably Mo.
  • said pyrolysis oil is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
  • Reference RF1 The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the product ⁇ referred to in the preceding paragraph is a product as described in Reference RF1; paragraphs [1000] to [8005].
  • the process described herein is further a process for the production of a product referred to in the preceding paragraph.
  • building block as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises compounds, which are in a gaseous or liquid state under standard conditions of 0°C and 0.1 MPa. Building blocks are typically used in chemical industry to form secondary products, which provide a higher structural complexity and/or higher molecular weight than the building block on which the secondary product is based.
  • the building block is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycols, syngas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds.
  • the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds comprise in particular 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • the term "monomer”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises molecules, which can react with each other to form polymer chains by polymerization.
  • the monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates.
  • (Meth)acrylates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • the terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or acrylate and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable.
  • the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.
  • the building block can further be an intermediate compound.
  • intermediate compound as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises organic reagents, which are applied for formation of compounds with higher molecular complexity.
  • the intermediate compound can be selected for example from the group consisting of phosgene, polyisocyanates and propylene oxide.
  • the polyisocyanates are in particular aromatic di- and polyisocyanates, preferably toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and/or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).
  • polymer A as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mixture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2001] to [2007] of Reference RF1.
  • polymer composition A as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as described above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and/or flame retardant, and is defined in more detail in paragraph [2008] of Reference RF1.
  • additive(s) e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and/or flame retardant
  • polymer product A as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises any product comprising the polymer A and/or polymer composition A as described above and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2009] and [2010] of Reference RF1.
  • the step(s) to obtain the polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A or polymer product, preferably polymer product A is/are described in more detail in paragraph [2011] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "industrial use polymer”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises rhe-ology, polycarboxylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, polyether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs [3035] to [3044] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "industrial use surfactant”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3008] to [3034] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "industrial use descaling compound”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs [3001] to [3005] of Reference RF1.
  • NPB non-phosphate based builders
  • CoP phosphonates
  • industrial use biocide refers to a chemical compound that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs [3006] to [3007] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "industrial use solvent”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lactamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs [3045] to [3055] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "industrial use dispersant”, as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3056] to [3058] of Reference RF1.
  • composition and/or formulation thereof with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling compounds and/or industrial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and/or institutional use products and/or fabric and home care products and/or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph [3059] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3060] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3061] of Reference RF1.
  • agrochemical composition typically relates to a composition comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary.
  • agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1, paragraph [4001].
  • the agrochemical composition may take the form of any customary formulation.
  • the agrochemical compositions are prepared in a known manner, e.g. described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005 .
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the agrochemically active ingredients and auxiliaries may be conducted in analogy to the production step(s) of their analogues that are based on petrochemicals or other precursors that are not gained by recycling processes.
  • active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises substances that provide pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body. Intermediates thereof are isolated products that are generated during a multi-step route of synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • pharmaceutical excipients as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises compounds or compound mixtures used in compositions for various pharmaceutical applications, which are not substantially pharmaceutically active on itself. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients are defined in more detail in paragraph [5001] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • animal feed additives human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the con-text of the product ⁇ herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, especially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xanthophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta carotene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combinations thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or ammonium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, prop
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • aroma chemical and “aroma composition” as used in the context of the product ⁇ here-in comprise a volatile organic substance with a molecular weight between 70-250 g/mol comprising a functional group with a carbon skeleton of C5-C16 carbon atoms comprising linear, branched, cyclic, for example with a ring size of C5-C18, bicyclic or tricyclic aliphatic chains and but not necessarily one or more unsaturated structural elements like double bonds, triple bonds, aromatics or heteroaromatics and preferably the one or more additional functional groups are selected from alcohol, ether, ester, ketone, aldehyde, acetal, carboxylic acid, nitrile, thiol, amine.
  • the aroma chemical is a terpene-based aroma chemical, for example selected from monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes or tetraterpenes.
  • Aroma chemicals can be combined with further aroma chemicals to give an aroma composition.
  • Aroma chemicals and aroma compositions are defined in more de-tail in paragraph [5003] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the aroma chemical and aroma composition may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • aqueous polymer dispersion as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises aqueous composition(s) comprising dispersed polymer(s) and is defined in more detail in the section [6001] entitled “aqueous polymer dispersion" of Reference RF1.
  • the dispersed polymer(s) may be selected from acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene butadiene dispersion(s), aqueous dispersion(s) comprising composite particles, acrylate alkyd hybrid dispersion(s), polyurethane(s) (including UV-curable polyurethanes) and polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s).
  • emulsion polymer as used herein, comprises polymer(s) made by free-radical emulsion polymerization.
  • Aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) are defined in more detail in the section [6002] entitled “Polyurethane dispersions” of Reference RF1.
  • UV-curable polyurethane(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6017] of Reference RF1.
  • Polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6016] of Reference RF1.
  • polymeric dispersant as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) defined in more detail in paragraph [6020] entitled “Polymeric dispersant” of Reference RF1.
  • the converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6003] entitled "Emulsion polymerization" of Reference RF1.
  • the converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6014] entitled “Process for the preparation of aqueous poly-urethane dispersions” and section [6017)] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” of Reference RF1.
  • Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in the following sections of Reference RF1:
  • UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6009] entitled "UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hot melt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles" of Reference RF1.
  • Polyisocyanate(s), composition(s) comprising them and their uses are defined in more detail in section [6010] entitled “Polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1.
  • Hyperbranched polyester polyol(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6011] entitled "Organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols suitable for use in coating com-positions" of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the hyperbranched polyester polyols is/are defined in more detail in the section [6012] entitled “Preparation of organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols" of Reference RF1.
  • Coating composition(s) comprising hyperbranched polyester polyol(s), polyisocyanate(s) and additive(s) and substrate(s) coated therewith are defined in more detail in section [6013] entitled "Organic solvent based two component coating compositions comprising hyperbranched polyester polyols and polyisocyanates" of Reference RF1.
  • Unsaturated polyester polyol(s), solvent-based coating composition(s) comprising said unsaturated polyester polyol(s) and substrate(s) for coating with said coating composition(s) are defined in more detail in section [6018] entitled "Organic solvent based coating composition comprising unsaturated polyester polyols" of Reference RF1.
  • 100% curable coating composition(s) is/are defined in more detail in section [6019] of Reference RF1.
  • Polymeric dispersant(s) for inorganic binder compositions is/are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1.
  • the inorganic binder composition(s) comprising the polymeric dispersants and their use are defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1.
  • the term "inorganic binder composition" comprising the polymeric dispersant(s), as used herein, comprises preferably in particular hydraulically setting compositions and compositions comprising calcium sulfate and is defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1 entitled "Inorganic binder compositions comprising the polymeric dispersant and their use".
  • Specific building material formulation(s) comprising polymeric dispersant(s) or building product(s) produced by a building material formulation comprising a polymeric dispersant are disclosed in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1.
  • cosmetic surfactant as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7002] of Reference RF1.
  • emollient as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and/or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7003] of Reference RF1.
  • wax as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7004] of Reference RF1.
  • cosmetic polymer as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7005] of Reference RF1.
  • UV filter as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, refers to a chemical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7006] of Reference RF1.
  • further cosmetic ingredient as used in the context of the product ⁇ herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation.
  • composition and/or formulation thereof with reference to the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and/or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and/or cosmetic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph [7007] of Reference RF1.
  • the converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is/are defined in more detail in paragraph [7008] of Reference RF1.
  • the present invention is further illustrated by the following set of embodiments and combinations of embodiments resulting from the dependencies and back-references as indicated.
  • every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e., the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The process of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3".
  • the following set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.
  • X is a chemical element A, B and C are concrete elements such as Li, Na, and K, or X is a temperature and A, B and C are concrete temperatures such as 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C.
  • X is one or more of A and B" disclosing that X is either A, or B, or A and B, or to more specific realizations of said feature, e.g. "X is one or more of A, B, C and D", disclosing that X is either A, or B, or C, or D, or A and B, or A and C, or A and D, or B and C, or B and D, or C and D, or A and B and C, or A and B and D, or B and C and D, or A and B and C and D, or A and B and C and D, or A and B and C and D, or A and B and C and D, or A and B and C and D, or A and B and C and D.
  • the content of volatile matter of the feedstocks was measured according to DIN EN 15402: 2011-05.
  • the content of fixed carbon of the feedstocks was measured according to DIN 51734: 2008-12.
  • the ash content of the feedstocks and the obtained solid materials was measured according to DIN EN 15403: 2011-05.
  • the moisture content of the feedstocks and the obtained solid materials was measured according to DIN CEN/TS 15414-2.
  • Comparative Example 1 Pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising only rubber granules
  • a feed consisting of 30.4 g of rubber granules of end-of-life tires was pyrolysed at 550 °C, 1.1 bar and under 10 NI/h N 2 .
  • the composition of the feed is listed in Table 1.
  • the rubber granules were heated for 10-20 min to reach 550°C, and kept at this temperature for 30 min.
  • the elemental composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil is listed in Table 3 and the elemental of the obtained pyrolysis oil was analyzed by NMR, as shown in Table 4.
  • Example 1 Pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising rubber granules and end-of-life tire textile fibers
  • a layered feed of 26.4 g of rubber granules of end-of-life tires and 3 g of end-of-life tire textile fibers was pyrolysed at 550 °C, 1.1 bar and under 10 NI/h N 2 .
  • the composition of the feed is listed in Table 1.
  • end-of-life tire textile fibers may be obtained after shredding end-of-life tires followed by metal-removal, granulation and sieving, wherein a granulated rubber fraction, a steel wire fraction and a textile fiber fraction ('fluff') are obtained.
  • the feed was heated for 10-20 min to reach 550 °C, and kept at this temperature for 30 min.
  • the elemental composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil is listed in Table 3. As may be taken from Table 2, the C-, H-, N- and S-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to comparative Example 1 is comparable to the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Example 1. Further, the O-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Comparative Example 1, at 2.2 g/100 g, is more than twice as high as the O-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Example 1, at 0.79 g/100 g. Table 3 Composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil of comparative Example 1 and Example 1. Element Unit Comparative Example 1 Example 1 C g/100g 84.9 86.4 H g/100g 11 10.8 O g/100g 2.2 0.79 N g/100g 0.9 1 S g/100g 1 1 Cl mg/kg 37 110
  • composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil was also analyzed by NMR, as shown in Table 3. As can be seen, the product distribution of comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is comparable. Thus, the addition of textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires does not significantly influence the composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil.
  • Table 4 Composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 measured by NMR. Comparative Example 1 Example 1 Aromatic [H%] 7.7 7.6 Olefinic [H%] 7 7.4 Aliphatic [H%] 85.3 85

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)

Abstract

A process for preparing a pyrolysis oil, the process comprising (1) providing a mixture M<sub>1</sub> comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black; (2) subjecting the mixture M<sub>1</sub> to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction F<sub>P</sub> and a solid recovered carbon black fraction F<sub>CB</sub>; wherein from 95 to 100 weight-% of the mixture M<sub>1</sub> consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.

Description

  • The present invention relates to a process for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life rubber materials, especially end-of-life tires, and a production unit for carrying out said process. Further, the present invention relates to a pyrolysis oil which is obtainable or obtained by said process, and to recovered carbon black which is obtainable or obtained by said process.
  • Bowes, A. J. et al., Assessing the impacts of feedstock and process control on pyrolysis output, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, Vol. 182, 106277, relates to a method for controlling waste tire feedstocks, e.g., regarding their ash content for pyrolysis to obtain improved recovered carbon black (rCB).
  • Lewandowski, W. M. et al., Efficiency and proportions of waste tyre pyrolysis products depending on the reactor type - A review, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2019, Vol. 140, pages 25-53, relates to different pyrolytic reactors regarding the yields of waste tire pyrolytic recycling. The pyrolysis of whole waste tires is difficult because of the low thermal conductivity of tires and the difficulty of maintaining a constant pyrolysis process due to the loading of tires into the reactor while pyrolysis continues in the absence of oxygen. In addition, the pyrolysis of any polymer is a rather undirected bond cleavage reaction. Therefore, products are often a result of cleaving statistics.
  • Known processes for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires, however, lead to pyrolysis oils with poor qualities and oil yield worthy of improvement. Therefore, there is a need for an improved process for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires.
  • Thus, it was the object of the present invention to provide a new process for preparing pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires, which is more efficient and cost-effective compared to existing ones. Surprisingly, it was found that the process of the present invention permits to improve the generation of pyrolysis oil from end-of-life tires, in particular showing improved yields of the pyrolysis oil while being cost effective and showing lower oxygen content of the obtained pyrolysis oil.
  • Therefore, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a pyrolysis oil, wherein the process comprises
    1. (1) providing a mixture M1 comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black;
    2. (2) subjecting the mixture M1 to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP and a solid recovered carbon black fraction FCB;
    wherein from 95 to 100 weight-% of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
  • With regard to mixture M1, it is preferred that from 96 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-%, of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
  • It is preferred that providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
    1. (i) providing a rubber material fraction FTR;
    2. (ii) providing a textile material fraction FTT;
    3. (iii) mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining the mixture M1;
    wherein the rubber material fraction FTR comprises at least one end-of-life rubber material and the textile material fraction FTT comprises at least one end-of-life textile material. According to the present invention, it is possible that the rubber material fraction FTR consists of at least one end-of-life rubber material. Further according to the present invention, it is possible that the textile material fraction FTT consists of at least one end-of-life textile material.
  • The term "textile material" as used herein encompasses textile raw materials and non-textile raw materials that are processed by various methods into linear, planar, and spatial structures. It concerns the linear textile structures produced from them, such as yarns, twisted yarns and ropes, the sheet-like textile structures, such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, braids, stitch-bonded fabrics, nonwovens and felts, and the three-dimensional textile structures, i.e. body structures, such as textile hoses, stockings or textile semi-finished products; and it further concerns those finished products which, using the aforementioned products, are brought into a saleable condition by making up, opening up and/or other operations for onward transmission to the processor, the trade or the end consumer. The term "end-of-life textile material" as used herein covers a textile material as defined above, the inherent value of which has been consumed from the perspective of its current holder and, thus, is an end-of-life material for said holder.
  • Preferably, the at least one end-of-life rubber material comprises one or more of at least a natural rubber material and at least a synthetic rubber material.
  • While not being subject to any particular restrictions, it is preferred that the at least one end-of-life rubber material is obtained from one or more of end-of-life tires, conveyor belts, pipes, mountings, gaskets, belts, hoses, shoe soles, clothing, flooring, car bumpers, gloves, rubber bands, umbrellas, balloons, and braces, more preferably from end-of-life tires.
  • With regard to the at least one end-of-life textile material, it is preferred that the at least one end-of-life textile material is obtained from one or more of pre-consumer textile waste materials and post-consumer textile waste materials. More preferably, the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of textile scraps from the clothing industry, textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires and fishing nets. More preferably, the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires.
  • Preferably, the mixture M1 has a textile material content in the range of from 0.1 to 20 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1. Ranges from 1 to 2.5 weight-% or from 2.5 to 5 weight-% or from 5 to 7.5 weight-% or from 7.5 to 10 weight-% are conceivable.
  • Preferably, the at least one end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one elastane; at least one polyamide 6; at least one polyamide 6.6; at least one semi aromatic polyamide including one or more of polyamide 6T and polyamide 6I; at least one polyethylene terephthalate; at least one polyurethane; at least one polyester; at least one polyether; at least one natural fiber material such as wool and cotton; at least one cellulose material; at least one natural elastomer; at least one synthetic elastomer; at least one copolymer of two or more of said polymeric compounds including statistical copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, and graft copolymers.
  • Preferably, the end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one aliphatic polyamide, at least one aromatic polyamide, at least one polyester, at least one cellulose-based polymer, at least one a polyacrylate, and at least one polyolefin, more preferably one or more of at least one polyamide 6, at least one polyamide 66, at least one polyethylene terephthalate, at least one viscose material, at least one poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), and at least one poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide).
  • Preferably, the end-of-life textile material comprises at least one aliphatic polyamide, more preferably at least one polyamide 66, and wherein the aliphatic polyamide content of the textile material is in the range of from 0 to 10 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • Preferably, wherein the end-of-life textile material comprises at least one polyester, more preferably at least one polyethylene terephthalate, and wherein the polyester content of the textile material is in the range of from 10 to 50 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 20 to 45 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 40 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • Preferably, the textile material comprises at least one viscose material, and wherein the viscose material content of the textile material is in the range of from 1 to 40 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 10 to 35 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 20 to 30 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
  • In case the end-of-life textile material comprises polyethylene terephthalate, it is preferred that the respective content of the mixture M1 is comparatively low; in particular, it is preferred that the mixture M1 has a polyethylene terephthalate content in the range of from 0 to 5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
  • With regard to the rubber material comprised in the mixture M1, it is preferred that said rubber material content is in the range of from 80 to 99.9 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 85 to 99.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 90 to 99 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
  • If the mixture M1 should contain any steel material, it is preferred that the respective content is very low. Preferably, the mixture M1 has a steel content of at most 1 weight-%, preferably of at most 0.5 weight-%, more preferably of at most 0.1 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
  • According to the present invention, the mixture M1 can be prepared or can be obtained from any conceivable process. According to the present invention, it is preferred that at least one end-of-life rubber material comprises or consists of at least one end-of-life tire. With regard to said at least one end-of-life tire, it is preferred that it is at least one of a car tire, a motorcycle tire, a bicycle tire, a truck tire, a bus tire, a tractor tire, a mining machine tire and an aircraft tire, more preferably a passenger car tire. Therefore, preferably according to the present invention, the mixture M1 according to (1) is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
    1. (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
    2. (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
    3. (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
    4. (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c).
  • Further according to the present invention, it is preferred that providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
    1. (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
    2. (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
    3. (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
    4. (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c).
  • According to (b), the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) is subjected to comminution. No particular restrictions exist how said comminution is carried out. It is preferred that comminution according to (b) comprises one or more of cutting and shredding, preferably shredding.
  • According to (c), the mixture MT obtained according to (b) is subjected to a separation method. No particular restrictions exist how said separation method is carried out. It is preferred that the separation method according to (c) comprises
    • (c.1) subjecting the mixture MT to a first separation step, obtaining the steel fraction FTS and a rubber material and textile material mixture MTRT,
    • (c.2) subjecting the mixture MTRT obtained according to (c.1) at least once to a second separation step, obtaining the rubber material fraction FTR and the textile material fraction FTT.
  • Regarding the first separation step according to (c.1), it is preferred that it comprises one or more of shredding and magnetic separation. Regarding the second separation step according to (c.2), it is preferred that it comprises one or more of shredding and sieving, more preferably sieving.
  • Regarding the composition of the rubber material fraction FTR; it is preferred that from 75 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 80 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 85 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction FTR consist of rubber. Yet more preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 96 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 97 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction FTR consist of rubber. A range of from 99 to 100 weight-% is also conceivable.
  • According to the present invention, it was found that, as indicated above, the polyethylene terephthalate content of the mixture M1 should be comparatively low since too high a respective content may lead to the crystallization of terephthalic acid and, as a consequence, to clogging in distribution lines such as distribution lines in the production unit described below. In particular, it is preferred that the polyethylene terephthalate content is at most 5 weight-%. Therefore, it is preferred that preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprises
    • (d.1) mixing at least part of the rubber material fraction FTR with at least part of the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining a mixture M1';
    • (d.2) determining the polyethylene terephthalate content CPET of the mixture M1';
    • (d.3) if CPET > 5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4.5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4 weight-%, adjusting CPET to a value of at most 5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, obtaining the mixture M1.
  • If according to (d.3) it is found that the CPET exhibits too high a value, adjusting the value of CPET to a desired value preferably comprises admixing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR to the mixture M1'.
  • Regarding the pyrolysis conditions according to (2), it is preferred that they comprise a pyrolysis temperature TP in the range of from 300 to 900 °C, more preferably in the range of from 350 to 800 °C, more preferably in the range of from 400 to 700 °C. Respective ranges of from 400 to 500 °C, from 500 to 600 °C and from 600 to 700 °C are conceivable. Further regarding the pyrolysis conditions according to (2), it is preferred that they comprise a pyrolysis pressure pP in the range of from 0.1 to 5 bar, more preferably 0.5 to 3 bar. Respective ranges of from 0.5 to 1 bar, from 1 to 2 bar and from 2 to 3 bar are conceivable. Yet further regarding the pyrolysis conditions according to (2), it is preferred that they comprise an inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere, wherein preferably from 99.5 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.8 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.9 to 100 volume-% of said inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere consist of one or more of nitrogen and argon, more preferably nitrogen. Still more preferably, the inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere comprises from 0 to 0.5 volume-%, more preferably from 0 to 0.2 volume-%, more preferably from 0 to 0.1 volume-% oxygen. Preferably, said inert atmosphere is present at the beginning of the pyrolysis, and in the course of the pyrolysis, the atmosphere will contain one or more condensable and/or non-condensable gases.
  • Generally, it is conceivable that the pyrolysis according to (2) is carried out as batch pyrolysis. It is preferred, however, that the mixture M1 is continuously or semi-continuously subjected to pyrolysis conditions according to (2).
  • Preferably according to the present invention, the process further comprises one or more posttreatment steps directed to the purification of the pyrolysis oil fraction FP. In this regard, it is preferred that the process further comprises
    • (3) optionally filtrating and/or centrifugate the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP;
    • (4) subjecting the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP obtained according to (2) and/or the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil obtained according to (3) to hydrogenation in at least one hydrogenation zone Z1 containing a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    • (5) filtrating the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    • (6) subjecting the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil PH obtained according to (5) to dehalogenation in at least one dehalogenation zone Z2, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil P being depleted, compared to PH, in one or more halogenated organic compounds.
  • The term "dehalogenation" as used in the context of the present invention generally refers to "dechlorination", "debromination" and "defluorination", more preferably to "dechlorination".
  • Preferably, the liquid fraction FP subjected to hydrogenation in (4) has a temperature in the range of from 60 to 250 °C, more preferably in the range of from 80 to 220 °C, more preferably in the range of from 100 to 200 °C.
  • Further preferably, the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) comprises one or more elements of the groups 8 to 12, more preferably 8 to 10, more preferably 9 to 10 of the periodic table of elements, more preferably one or more of Ni, Pd and Co, more preferably one or more of Ni and Pd. More preferably, the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises a support material for said one or more elements, wherein the support material is preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one oxidic material and carbon, wherein the at least one oxidic material is preferably one or more of alumina, silica, magnesia, zirconia, titania, a zeolitic material, a silica-alumina phosphate material, zinc oxide, sodium oxide, mixed silica-alumina and calcium oxide, more preferably alumina. More preferably, the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises an element of the group 6 of the periodic table of elements, wherein the element of the group 6 is preferably one or more of Mo and W, more preferably Mo.
  • Further according to the present invention, it is preferred that (4) comprises
    • (4.1) introducing a gas stream G0 into the reaction zone Z1, the gas stream G0 comprising H2;
    • (4.2) introducing the liquid fraction FP into the hydrogenation zone Z1;
    • (4.3) contacting the liquid fraction FP with the gas stream G0 and the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst in Z1, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    • (4.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH from the reaction zone Z1.
  • Preferably, from 70 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 80 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 90 to 100 weight-% of the gas stream G0 consist of H2.
  • Further, it is preferred that the liquid pyrolysis oil PH subjected to dehalogenation in (6) has a temperature in the range of from 150 to 450 °C, more preferably in the range of from 200 to 400 °C, more preferably in the range of from 250 to 350 °C.
  • Yet further, it may be preferred that the dehalogenation zone Z2 according to (6) comprises an adsorption zone, the adsorption zone more preferably comprises a heterogeneous halide adsorbent material. Preferably, the heterogeneous adsorbent material comprises one or more of a carbon-containing adsorbent material and an aluminum-containing adsorbent material.
  • Yet further, it may be preferred that the dehalogenation zone Z2 according to (6) comprises a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst, wherein said catalyst more preferably comprises one or more catalytically active elements of groups 8 to 12 of the periodic system of elements.
  • Yet further according to the present invention, it is preferred that (6) comprises
    • (6.1) introducing a gas stream G2 into the dehalogenation zone Z2, wherein G2 preferably comprises one or more of H2 and N2, more preferably H2;
    • (6.2) introducing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH into the dehalogenation zone Z2;
    • (6.3) contacting the liquid pyrolysis oil PH with the gas stream G1 and a heterogeneous adsorbent material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst in Z2, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil P;
    • (6.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil P from Z2.
  • Preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the gas stream G2 consist of H2 or N2.
  • Still further, the present invention also relates to a pyrolysis oil which is obtainable or obtained by a process according to the present invention.
  • In this respect, it is preferred that said pyrolysis oil is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
    1. (1) providing a mixture M1 comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black, said providing comprising
      1. (i) providing a rubber material fraction FTR;
      2. (ii) providing a textile material fraction FTT;
      3. (iii) mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining the mixture M1;
        wherein the rubber material fraction FTR comprises at least one end-of-life rubber material and the textile material fraction FTT comprises at least one end-of-life textile material; and wherein from 95 to 100 weight-% of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black;
    2. (2) subjecting the mixture M1 to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP and a solid recovered carbon black fraction FCB;
    3. (3) optionally filtrating and/or centrifugate the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP;
    4. (4) subjecting the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP obtained according to (2) and/or the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil obtained according to (3) to hydrogenation in at least one hydrogenation zone Z1 containing a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    5. (5) filtrating the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    6. (6) subjecting the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil PH obtained according to (5) to dehalogenation in at least one dehalogenation zone Z2, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil P being depleted, compared to PH, in one or more halogenated organic compounds.
  • In this respect, it is preferred that said pyrolysis oil is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
    1. (1) providing a mixture M1 comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black, said providing comprising
      1. (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
      2. (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
      3. (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black, said separation method preferably comprising
        • (c.1) subjecting the mixture MT to a first separation step, obtaining the steel fraction FTS and a rubber material and textile material mixture MTRT,
        • (c.2) subjecting the mixture MTRT obtained according to (c.1) at least once to a second separation step, obtaining the rubber material fraction FTR and the textile material fraction FTT;
      4. (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c), said preparing preferably comprising
        • (d.1) mixing at least part of the rubber material fraction FTR with at least part of the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining a mixture M1';
        • (d.2) determining the polyethylene terephthalate content CPET of the mixture M1';
        • (d.3) if CPET> 5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4.5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4 weight-%, adjusting CPET to a value of at most 5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, obtaining the mixture M1;
    2. (2) subjecting the mixture M1 to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP and a solid recovered carbon black fraction FCB;
    3. (3) optionally filtrating and/or centrifugate the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP;
    4. (4) subjecting the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP obtained according to (2) and/or the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil obtained according to (3) to hydrogenation in at least one hydrogenation zone Z1 containing a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    5. (5) filtrating the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    6. (6) subjecting the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil PH obtained according to (5) to dehalogenation in at least one dehalogenation zone Z2, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil P being depleted, compared to PH, in one or more halogenated organic compounds.
  • Further, the present invention relates to recovered carbon black, obtainable or obtained by a process according to the present invention.
  • Yet further, the present invention relates to a pyrolysis feed mixture M1, obtainable or obtained by a process according to the present invention.
  • The present invention further relates to a production unit U for carrying out the process according to the present invention, the production unit comprising
    1. (A) a pyrolysis unit; means for introducing the mixture M1 into the pyrolysis unit; means for removing the liquid fraction FP from the pyrolysis unit; and means for removing the solid fraction FCB from the pyrolysis unit;
    2. (B) a purification unit; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into the purification unit; means for removing purified pyrolysis oil P from the purification unit; the purification unit preferably comprising
      • (B.1) a hydrogenation zone Z1 comprising a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into Z1; means for removing the pyrolysis oil PH from Z1;
      • (B.2) a dehalogenation zone Z2 comprising a heterogeneous adsorption material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst; means for introducing the pyrolysis oil PH into Z2; means for removing the purified pyrolysis oil P from Z2.
  • Preferably, the pyrolysis unit comprises a pyrolysis reactor which is more preferably a fluidized-bed reactor, a screw reactor, a rotary kiln, or a stirring kettle. Preferably, the pyrolysis unit U further comprises arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A) a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (iii) comprising mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, means for introducing the fraction FTR and means for introducing the fraction FTT into UM; means for removing the mixture M1 from UM. Further preferably, the pyrolysis unit further comprises arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A)
    • a unit Uc for comminuting of end-of-life tires; means for introducing the end-of-life tires into the unit Uc; means for removing the mixture MT from the unit Uc;
    • a first separation unit US1 for carrying out the separation step (c.1); means for introducing the mixture MT into US1; means for removing the mixture MTRT from Uc; means for removing the steel fraction FTS from US1;
    • a second separation unit US2 for carrying out the separation step (c.2); means for introducing the mixture MTRT, into US2; means for removing the rubber material fraction FTR from US2; means for removing the textile material fraction FTT from US2;
    • a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprising mixing at least part of the fraction FTR with at least part of the fraction FTT according to (d.1); means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTR and means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTT into UM; means for removing the mixture M1 from UM;
    • means for determining the polyethylene terephthalate content of the mixture according to (d.2);
    • means for introducing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR into UM for adjusting CPET according to (d.3).
  • According to another aspect, the present invention relates to a process, preferably the process as described herein, said process comprising the step of converting the pyrolysis oil obtainable or obtained by the process as described herein and/or the recovered carbon black obtainable or obtained by the process as described herein, and/or a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process as described herein, to obtain a product Ω. Further according to said aspect, the present invention relates to a process comprising the step of using the production unit as described herein to obtain the pyrolysis oil as described herein and/or the recovered carbon black as described herein, and more preferably converting said pyrolysis oil and/or said recovered carbon black to obtain a product Ω.
  • Preferably, the product Ω is selected from
    • building block or monomer; or
    • polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or
    • cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formulation thereof; or
    • agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or
    • active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or
    • aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or
    • cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or
    • polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.
  • Preferably, the content of the pyrolysis oil as described herein and/or the recovered carbon black as described herein and/or the chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process as described herein in the product Ω is 1 weight-% or more, more preferably 2 weight-% or more, more preferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight-% or more, more preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and/or the content of the pyrolysis oil as described herein and/or the recovered carbon black as described herein and/or the chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process as described herein in the product Ω is 100 weight-% or less, more preferably 95 weight-% or less, more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight-% or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; wherein more preferably, the content is determined based on identity preservation and/or segregation and/or mass balance and/or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.
  • The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably, the product Ω referred to in the preceding paragraph is a product as described in Reference RF1; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]. Preferably, the process described herein is further a process for the production of a product referred to in the preceding paragraph.
  • The converting step to obtain the product Ω preferably comprises one or more step(s) as described below and can be performed by conventional methods well known to a person skilled in the art. The converting step preferably comprises one or more step(s) selected from:
    • recycling, preferably depolymerizing, gasifying, pyrolyzing, and/or steam cracking; and/or
    • purifying, preferably crystallizing, (solvent) extracting, distilling, evaporating, hydrotreating, absorbing, adsorbing and/or subjecting to ion exchanger; and/or
    • assembling, preferably foaming, synthesizing, chemical conversion, chemically transforming, polymerizing and/or compounding; and/or
    • forming, preferably foaming, extruding and/or molding; and/or
    • finishing, preferably coating and/or smoothing.
  • In addition, the one or more step(s) are described in detail in Reference RF1; paragraphs [1000] to [8005].
  • The term "building block", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises compounds, which are in a gaseous or liquid state under standard conditions of 0°C and 0.1 MPa. Building blocks are typically used in chemical industry to form secondary products, which provide a higher structural complexity and/or higher molecular weight than the building block on which the secondary product is based. The building block is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycols, syngas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds. The alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds comprise in particular 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • The term "monomer", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises molecules, which can react with each other to form polymer chains by polymerization. The monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates. (Meth)acrylates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or acrylate and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable. Further, the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.
  • The building block can further be an intermediate compound. The term "intermediate compound", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises organic reagents, which are applied for formation of compounds with higher molecular complexity. The intermediate compound can be selected for example from the group consisting of phosgene, polyisocyanates and propylene oxide. The polyisocyanates are in particular aromatic di- and polyisocyanates, preferably toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and/or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).
  • The building block and the monomer and typical converting step(s) to obtain the building block or monomer are described in more detail in paragraphs [1000] to [1012] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "polymer A", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mixture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2001] to [2007] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "polymer composition A", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as described above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and/or flame retardant, and is defined in more detail in paragraph [2008] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "polymer product A", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises any product comprising the polymer A and/or polymer composition A as described above and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2009] and [2010] of Reference RF1.
  • The step(s) to obtain the polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A or polymer product, preferably polymer product A is/are described in more detail in paragraph [2011] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "industrial use polymer", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises rhe-ology, polycarboxylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, polyether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs [3035] to [3044] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use surfactant", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3008] to [3034] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use descaling compound", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs [3001] to [3005] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use biocide", as used herein, refers to a chemical compound that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs [3006] to [3007] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use solvent", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lactamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs [3045] to [3055] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use dispersant", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3056] to [3058] of Reference RF1. The term "composition and/or formulation thereof" with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling compounds and/or industrial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and/or institutional use products and/or fabric and home care products and/or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph [3059] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3060] of Reference RF1. The converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3061] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "agrochemical composition", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, typically relates to a composition comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary. Examples of agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1, paragraph [4001].
  • The agrochemical composition may take the form of any customary formulation. The agrochemical compositions are prepared in a known manner, e.g. described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005. The converting step(s) to obtain the agrochemically active ingredients and auxiliaries may be conducted in analogy to the production step(s) of their analogues that are based on petrochemicals or other precursors that are not gained by recycling processes. In addition, conversion to compounds mentioned in sections "Polymer" and "Cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or compositions or formulations thereof" may be performed as described in these sections as well as the respective paragraphs in Reference RF1.
  • The term active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises substances that provide pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body. Intermediates thereof are isolated products that are generated during a multi-step route of synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The term pharmaceutical excipients, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises compounds or compound mixtures used in compositions for various pharmaceutical applications, which are not substantially pharmaceutically active on itself. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients are defined in more detail in paragraph [5001] of Reference RF1.
  • The converting step(s) to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • The terms animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the con-text of the product Ω herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, especially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xanthophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta carotene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combinations thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or ammonium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, propionic acid and ammonium propionate, formic acid and propionic acid, formic acid and sodium formiate and propionic acid, propionic acid and sodium propionate and formic acid and sodium formiate; glycerides of carboxylic acids and short and medium chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, such as omega-6 fatty acid (C18:2) methyl ester and 1,2-propandiol and beverage stabilizers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer or polyvinylimidazole/polyvinylpyrrolidone-copolymer. Animal feed additives, human food additives and dietary supplements are defined in more detail in paragraph [5002] of Reference RF1.
  • The converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • The terms "aroma chemical" and "aroma composition" as used in the context of the product Ω here-in, comprise a volatile organic substance with a molecular weight between 70-250 g/mol comprising a functional group with a carbon skeleton of C5-C16 carbon atoms comprising linear, branched, cyclic, for example with a ring size of C5-C18, bicyclic or tricyclic aliphatic chains and but not necessarily one or more unsaturated structural elements like double bonds, triple bonds, aromatics or heteroaromatics and preferably the one or more additional functional groups are selected from alcohol, ether, ester, ketone, aldehyde, acetal, carboxylic acid, nitrile, thiol, amine. In one aspect, the aroma chemical is a terpene-based aroma chemical, for example selected from monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes or tetraterpenes. Aroma chemicals can be combined with further aroma chemicals to give an aroma composition. Aroma chemicals and aroma compositions are defined in more de-tail in paragraph [5003] of Reference RF1.
  • The converting step(s) to obtain the aroma chemical and aroma composition may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • The term "aqueous polymer dispersion", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises aqueous composition(s) comprising dispersed polymer(s) and is defined in more detail in the section [6001] entitled "aqueous polymer dispersion" of Reference RF1. The dispersed polymer(s) may be selected from acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene butadiene dispersion(s), aqueous dispersion(s) comprising composite particles, acrylate alkyd hybrid dispersion(s), polyurethane(s) (including UV-curable polyurethanes) and polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s). The term "emulsion polymer", as used herein, comprises polymer(s) made by free-radical emulsion polymerization. Aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) are defined in more detail in the section [6002] entitled "Polyurethane dispersions" of Reference RF1. UV-curable polyurethane(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6017] of Reference RF1. Polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6016] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "polymeric dispersant", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) defined in more detail in paragraph [6020] entitled "Polymeric dispersant" of Reference RF1.
  • The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6003] entitled "Emulsion polymerization" of Reference RF1.
  • The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6014] entitled "Process for the preparation of aqueous poly-urethane dispersions" and section [6017)] entitled "Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them" of Reference RF1. Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in the following sections of Reference RF1:
    • section [6004] entitled "Uses of aqueous polymer dispersions",
    • section [6005] entitled "Binders for architectural and construction coatings"
    • section [6006] entitled "Binders for paper coating"
    • section [6007] entitled "Binders for fiber bonding"
    • section [6008] entitled "Adhesive polymers and adhesive compositions"
    • section [6015] entitled "Aqueous polyurethane dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions"
    • section [6016] entitled "Aqueous polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybride polymer dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions"
    • section [6017] entitled "Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them"
    • section [6018] entitled "Inorganic binder compositions comprising polymeric dispersants and their use" [6019] 100% curable coating compositions
  • UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6009] entitled "UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hot melt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles" of Reference RF1.
  • Polyisocyanate(s), composition(s) comprising them and their uses are defined in more detail in section [6010] entitled "Polyisocyanates" of Reference RF1.
  • Hyperbranched polyester polyol(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6011] entitled "Organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols suitable for use in coating com-positions" of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the hyperbranched polyester polyols is/are defined in more detail in the section [6012] entitled "Preparation of organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols" of Reference RF1. Coating composition(s) comprising hyperbranched polyester polyol(s), polyisocyanate(s) and additive(s) and substrate(s) coated therewith are defined in more detail in section [6013] entitled "Organic solvent based two component coating compositions comprising hyperbranched polyester polyols and polyisocyanates" of Reference RF1.
  • Unsaturated polyester polyol(s), solvent-based coating composition(s) comprising said unsaturated polyester polyol(s) and substrate(s) for coating with said coating composition(s) are defined in more detail in section [6018] entitled "Organic solvent based coating composition comprising unsaturated polyester polyols" of Reference RF1.
  • 100% curable coating composition(s) is/are defined in more detail in section [6019] of Reference RF1.
  • Polymeric dispersant(s) for inorganic binder compositions is/are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1. The inorganic binder composition(s) comprising the polymeric dispersants and their use are defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1. The term "inorganic binder composition" comprising the polymeric dispersant(s), as used herein, comprises preferably in particular hydraulically setting compositions and compositions comprising calcium sulfate and is defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1 entitled "Inorganic binder compositions comprising the polymeric dispersant and their use". Specific building material formulation(s) comprising polymeric dispersant(s) or building product(s) produced by a building material formulation comprising a polymeric dispersant are disclosed in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1.
  • The term "cosmetic surfactant", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7002] of Reference RF1. The term "emollient", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and/or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7003] of Reference RF1. The term "wax", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7004] of Reference RF1. The term "cosmetic polymer", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7005] of Reference RF1. The term "UV filter", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, refers to a chemical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7006] of Reference RF1. The term "further cosmetic ingredient", as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation. Several sources disclose cosmetically acceptable ingredients. E. g. the database Cosing on the internet pages of the European Com-mission discloses cosmetic ingredients and the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), discloses cosmetic ingredients. The term "composition and/or formulation thereof" with reference to the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and/or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and/or cosmetic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph [7007] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is/are defined in more detail in paragraph [7008] of Reference RF1.
  • The terms "polymer B", "polymer composition B", "coating composition", "other functional composition", "foil", "molded body", "coating" and "coated substrate" are well known to the person skilled in the art and are defined in more detail from paragraph [8000] to [8005] of Reference RF1.
  • The present invention is further illustrated by the following set of embodiments and combinations of embodiments resulting from the dependencies and back-references as indicated. In particular, it is noted that in each instance where a range of embodiments is mentioned, for examples in the context of a term such as "The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 3", every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e., the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The process of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3". Further, it is explicitly noted that the following set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.
    1. 1. A process for preparing a pyrolysis oil, the process comprising
      1. (1) providing a mixture M1 comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black;
      2. (2) subjecting the mixture M1 to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP and a solid recovered carbon black fraction FCB;
      wherein from 95 to 100 weight-% of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
    2. 2. The process of embodiment 1, wherein from 96 to 100 weight-%, preferably 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably 99 to 100 weight-%, of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
    3. 3. The process of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
      1. (i) providing a rubber material fraction FTR;
      2. (ii) providing a textile material fraction FTT;
      3. (iii) mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining the mixture M1;
      wherein the rubber material fraction FTR comprises at least one end-of-life rubber material and the textile material fraction FTT comprises at least one end-of-life textile material.
    4. 4. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the at least one end-of-life rubber material comprises one or more of at least a natural rubber material and at least a synthetic rubber material.
    5. 5. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one end-of-life rubber material is obtained from one or more of end-of-life tires, conveyor belts, pipes, mountings, gaskets, belts, hoses, shoe soles, clothing, flooring, car bumpers, gloves, rubber bands, umbrellas, balloons, and braces, preferably from end-of-life tires.
    6. 6. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the at least one end-of-life textile material is obtained from one or more of pre-consumer textile waste materials and post-consumer textile waste materials, preferably one or more of textile scraps from the clothing industry, textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires and fishing nets, more preferably textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires.
    7. 7. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the mixture M1 has a textile material content in the range of from 0.1 to 20 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
    8. 8. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one elastane; at least one polyamide 6; at least one polyamide 6.6; at least one semi-aromatic polyamide including one or more of polyamide 6T and polyamide 6I; at least one polyethylene terephthalate; at least one polyurethane; at least one polyester; at least one polyether;-at least one natural fiber material such as wool and cotton; at least one cellulose material; at least one natural elastomer; at least one synthetic elastomer; at least one copolymer of two or more of said polymeric compounds including statistical copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, and graft copolymers.
    9. 9. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the end-of-life textile material comprises polyethylene terephthalate and wherein the mixture M1 has a polyethylene terephthalate content in the range of from 0 to 5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
    10. 10. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the mixture M1 has a rubber material content in the range of from 80 to 99.9 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 85 to 99.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 90 to 99 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
    11. 11. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the mixture M1 has steel content of at most 1 weight-%, preferably of at most 0.5 weight-%, more preferably of at most 0.1 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
    12. 12. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the mixture M1 according to (1) is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
      1. (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
      2. (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
      3. (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
      4. (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c).
    13. 13. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
      1. (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
      2. (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
      3. (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
      4. (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c).
    14. 14. The process of embodiment 12 or 13, wherein comminution according to (b) comprises one or more of cutting and shredding, preferably shredding.
    15. 15. The process of any one of embodiments 12 to 14, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction FTR consist of rubber.
    16. 16. The process of any one of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein the separation method according to (c) comprises
      • (c.1) subjecting the mixture MT to a first separation step, obtaining the steel fraction FTS and a rubber material and textile material mixture MTRT,
      • (c.2) subjecting the mixture MTRT obtained according to (c.1) at least once to a second separation step, obtaining the rubber material fraction FTR and the textile material fraction FTT.
    17. 17. The process of embodiment 16, wherein the first separation step according to (c.1) comprises one or more of shredding and magnetic separation.
    18. 18. The process of embodiment 16 or 17, wherein the second separation step according to (c.2) comprises one or more of shredding and sieving, preferably sieving.
    19. 19. The process of any one of embodiments 12 to 18, wherein preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprises
      • (d.1) mixing at least part of the rubber material fraction FTR with at least part of the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining a mixture M1';
      • (d.2) determining the polyethylene terephthalate content CPET of the mixture M1';
      • (d.3) if CPET > 5 weight-%, preferably CPET > 4.5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4 weight-%, adjusting CPET to a value of at most 5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, obtaining the mixture M1.
    20. 20. The process of embodiment 19, wherein (d.3) comprises admixing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR to the mixture M1'.
    21. 21. The process of any one of embodiments 12 to 20, wherein the end-of-life tire is at least one of a car tire, a motorcycle tire, a bicycle tire, a truck tire, a bus tire, a tractor tire, a mining machine tire and an aircraft tire, preferably a passenger car tire.
    22. 22. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the textile material comprises one or more of at least one aliphatic polyamide, at least one aromatic polyamide, at least one polyester, at least one cellulose-based polymer, at least one a polyacrylate, and at least one polyolefin, preferably one or more of at least one polyamide 6, at least one polyamide 66, at least one polyethylene terephthalate, at least one viscose material, at least one poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), and at least one poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide).
    23. 23. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the textile material comprises at least one aliphatic polyamide, preferably at least one polyamide 66, and wherein the aliphatic polyamide content of the textile material is in the range of from 0 to 10 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
    24. 24. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the textile material comprises at least one polyester, preferably at least one polyethylene terephthalate, and wherein the polyester content of the textile material is in the range of from 10 to 50 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 20 to 45 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 40 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
    25. 25. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the textile material comprises at least one viscose material, and wherein the viscose material content of the textile material is in the range of from 1 to 40 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 10 to 35 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 20 to 30 weight-%, based on the total weight of the textile material.
    26. 26. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) comprise a pyrolysis temperature TP in the range of from 300 to 900 °C, preferably in the range of from 350 to 800 °C, more preferably in the range of from 400 to 700 °C.
    27. 27. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) comprise a pyrolysis pressure pP in the range of from 0.1 to 5 bar, preferably 0.5 to 3 bar.
    28. 28. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) comprise, preferably at the beginning of the pyrolysis, an inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere, wherein preferably from 99.5 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.8 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.9 to 100 volume-% of said inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere consist of one or more of nitrogen and argon, preferably nitrogen.
    29. 29. The process of embodiments 28, wherein the inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere comprises from 0 to 0.5 volume-%, preferably from 0 to 0.2 volume-%, more preferably from 0 to 0.1 volume-% oxygen.
    30. 30. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the mixture M1 is continuously or semi-continuously subjected to pyrolysis conditions according to (2).
    31. 31. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the process further comprises
      • (3) optionally filtrating and/or centrifugate the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP;
      • (4) subjecting the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP obtained according to (2) and/or the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil obtained according to (3) to hydrogenation in at least one hydrogenation zone Z1 containing a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
      • (5) filtrating the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
      • (6) subjecting the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil PH obtained according to (5) to dehalogenation in at least one dehalogenation zone Z2, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil P being depleted, compared to PH, in one or more halogenated organic compounds.
    32. 32. The process of embodiment 31, wherein the liquid fraction FP subjected to hydrogenation in (4) has a temperature in the range of from 60 to 250 °C, preferably in the range of from 80 to 220 °C, more preferably in the range of from 100 to 200 °C.
    33. 33. The process of any one of embodiments 31 or 32, wherein the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) comprises one or more elements of the groups 8 to 12, preferably 8 to 10, more preferably 9 to 10 of the periodic table of elements, preferably one or more of Ni, Pd and Co, more preferably one or more of Ni and Pd.
    34. 34. The process of embodiment 33, wherein the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises a support material for said one or more elements, wherein the support material is preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one oxidic material and carbon, wherein the at least one oxidic material is preferably one or more of alumina, silica, magnesia, zirconia, titania, a zeolitic material, a silica-alumina phosphate material, zinc oxide, sodium oxide, mixed silica-alumina and calcium oxide, more preferably alumina.
    35. 35. The process of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst according to (4) further comprises an element of the group 6 of the periodic table of elements, wherein the element of the group 6 is preferably one or more of Mo and W, more preferably Mo.
    36. 36. The process of any one of embodiments 31 to 35, wherein (4) comprises
      • (4.1) introducing a gas stream G0 into the reaction zone Z1, the gas stream G0 comprising H2;
      • (4.2) introducing the liquid fraction FP into the hydrogenation zone Z1;
      • (4.3) contacting the liquid fraction FP with the gas stream G0 and the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst in Z1, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
      • (4.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH from the reaction zone Z1.
    37. 37. The process of embodiment 36, wherein from 70 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 80 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 90 to 100 weight-%, of the gas stream G0 consists of H2.
    38. 38. The process of any one of embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the liquid pyrolysis oil PH subjected to dehalogenation in (6) has a temperature in the range of from 150 to 450 °C, preferably in the range of from 200 to 400 °C, more preferably in the range of from 250 to 350 °C.
    39. 39. The process of any one of embodiments 31 to 38, wherein the dehalogenation zone Z2 according to (6) comprises an adsorption zone, the adsorption zone preferably comprising a heterogeneous halide adsorbent material.
    40. 40. The process of embodiment 39, wherein the heterogeneous adsorbent material comprises one or more of a carbon-containing adsorbent material and an aluminum-containing adsorbent material.
    41. 41. The process of any one of embodiments 31 to 40, wherein the dehalogenation zone Z2 according to (6) comprises a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst, wherein said catalyst preferably comprises one or more catalytically active elements of groups 8 to 12 of the periodic system of elements.
    42. 42. The process of any one of embodiments 31 to 41, wherein (6) comprises
      • (6.1) introducing a gas stream G2 into the dehalogenation zone Z2, wherein G2 preferably comprises one or more of H2 and N2, more preferably H2;
      • (6.2) introducing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH into the dehalogenation zone Z2;
      • (6.3) contacting the liquid pyrolysis oil PH with the gas stream G1 and a heterogeneous adsorbent material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst in Z2, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil P;
      • (6.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil P from Z2.
    43. 43. The process of embodiment 42, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the gas stream G2 consist of H2 or N2.
    44. 44. A pyrolysis oil, obtainable or obtained by a process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43.
    45. 45. Recovered carbon black, obtainable or obtained by a process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43.
    46. 46. A pyrolysis feed mixture M1, obtainable or obtained by a process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43.
    47. 47. A production unit U for carrying out the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43, the production unit comprising
      1. (A) a pyrolysis unit; means for introducing the mixture M1 into the pyrolysis unit; means for removing the liquid fraction FP from the pyrolysis unit; and means for removing the solid fraction FCB from the pyrolysis unit;
      2. (B) a purification unit; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into the purification unit; means for removing purified pyrolysis oil P from the purification unit; the purification unit preferably comprising
        • (B.1) a hydrogenation zone Z1 comprising a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into Z1; means for removing the pyrolysis oil PH from Z1;
        • (B.2) a dehalogenation zone Z2 comprising a heterogeneous adsorption material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst; means for introducing the pyrolysis oil PH into Z2; means for removing the purified pyrolysis oil P from Z2.
    48. 48. The production unit U of embodiment 47, wherein the pyrolysis unit comprises a pyrolysis reactor which is preferably a fluidized-bed reactor, a screw reactor, a rotary kiln, or a stirring kettle.
    49. 49. The production unit U of embodiment 47 or 48, further comprising arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A)
      • a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (iii) comprising mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, means for introducing the fraction FTR and means for introducing the fraction FTT into UM; means for removing the mixture M1 from UM.
    50. 50. The production unit U according to any one of embodiments 47 to 49, further comprising arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A)
      • a unit UC for comminuting of end-of-life tires; means for introducing the end-of-life tires into the unit Uc; means for removing the mixture MT from the unit Uc;
      • a first separation unit US1 for carrying out the separation step (c.1); means for introducing the mixture MT into US1; means for removing the mixture MTRT from Uc; means for removing the steel fraction FTS from US1;
      • a second separation unit US2 for carrying out the separation step (c.2); means for introducing the mixture MTRT, into US2; means for removing the rubber material fraction FTR from US2; means for removing the textile material fraction FTT from US2;
      • a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprising mixing at least part of the fraction FTR with at least part of the fraction FTT according to (d.1); means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTR and means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTT into UM; means for removing the mixture M1 from UM;
      • means for determining the polyethylene terephthalate content of the mixture according to (d.2);
      • means for introducing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR into UM for adjusting CPET according to (d.3).
    51. 51. A process, preferably of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, comprising the step of converting the pyrolysis oil obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 and/or the recovered carbon black obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43, or a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 to obtain a product Ω.
    52. 52. A process comprising the step of using the production unit of any one of embodiments 47 to 50 to obtain the pyrolysis oil and/or the recovered carbon black, and preferably converting the pyrolysis oil and/or the recovered carbon black to obtain a product Ω.
    53. 53. The process of embodiment 51 or 52, wherein the product Ω is selected from
      • building block or monomer; or
      • polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or
      • cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formulation thereof; or
      • agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or
      • active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or
      • aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or
      • cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or
      • polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.
    54. 54. The process of any one of embodiments 51 to 53, wherein the content of the pyrolysis oil obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 and/or the recovered carbon black obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43, and/or a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 in the product Ω is 1 weight-% or more, preferably 2 weight-% or more, more preferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight-% or more, more preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and/or
      • wherein the content of the pyrolysis oil obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 and/or the recovered carbon black obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 and/or a chemical material
      • obtainable by or obtained by the process the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 in product Ω is 100 weight-% or less, preferably 95 weight-% or less, more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight-% or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; and
      • preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preservation and/or segregation and/or mass balance and/or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.
  • It is explicitly noted that the above set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.
  • In the context of the present invention, a term "X is one or more of A, B and C", wherein X is a given feature and each of A, B and C stands for specific realization of said feature, is to be understood as disclosing that X is either A, or B, or C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. In this regard, it is noted that the skilled person is capable of transfer to above abstract term to a concrete example, e.g. where X is a chemical element A, B and C are concrete elements such as Li, Na, and K, or X is a temperature and A, B and C are concrete temperatures such as 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C. In this regard, it is further noted that the skilled person is capable of extending the above term to less specific realizations of said feature, e.g. "X is one or more of A and B" disclosing that X is either A, or B, or A and B, or to more specific realizations of said feature, e.g. "X is one or more of A, B, C and D", disclosing that X is either A, or B, or C, or D, or A and B, or A and C, or A and D, or B and C, or B and D, or C and D, or A and B and C, or A and B and D, or B and C and D, or A and B and C and D.
  • The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
    • Examples Reference Example 1: Determination of the S-, F-, CI-, and Br-content
  • The S-, FI-, Cl -and Br-contents of the feedstocks, the obtained pyrolysis oils and the obtained solid materials were measured according to DIN EN 15408: 2011-05.
    • Reference Example 2: Determination of C-, H-, and N-content
  • The C-, H- and N-contents of the feedstocks, the obtained pyrolysis oils and the obtained solid materials were measured according to DIN EN 15407: 2011-05.
    • Reference Example 3: Determination of the content of volatile matter
  • The content of volatile matter of the feedstocks was measured according to DIN EN 15402: 2011-05.
    • Reference Example 4: Determination of the content of fixed carbon
  • The content of fixed carbon of the feedstocks was measured according to DIN 51734: 2008-12.
    • Reference Example 5: Determination of the ash content
  • The ash content of the feedstocks and the obtained solid materials was measured according to DIN EN 15403: 2011-05.
    • Reference Example 6: Determination of moisture content
  • The moisture content of the feedstocks and the obtained solid materials was measured according to DIN CEN/TS 15414-2.
    • Comparative Example 1: Pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising only rubber granules
  • A feed consisting of 30.4 g of rubber granules of end-of-life tires was pyrolysed at 550 °C, 1.1 bar and under 10 NI/h N2. The composition of the feed is listed in Table 1. The rubber granules were heated for 10-20 min to reach 550°C, and kept at this temperature for 30 min. As may be taken from Table 2, the pyrolysis yields 51 wt.-% of pyrolysis oil, 37.2 wt.-% of a solid product, and 11.8 wt.-% gases (gas yield was calculated to reach 100% conversion). The elemental composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil is listed in Table 3 and the elemental of the obtained pyrolysis oil was analyzed by NMR, as shown in Table 4.
    • Example 1: Pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising rubber granules and end-of-life tire textile fibers
  • A layered feed of 26.4 g of rubber granules of end-of-life tires and 3 g of end-of-life tire textile fibers was pyrolysed at 550 °C, 1.1 bar and under 10 NI/h N2. The composition of the feed is listed in Table 1. In the context of the present application, end-of-life tire textile fibers may be obtained after shredding end-of-life tires followed by metal-removal, granulation and sieving, wherein a granulated rubber fraction, a steel wire fraction and a textile fiber fraction ('fluff') are obtained. The feed was heated for 10-20 min to reach 550 °C, and kept at this temperature for 30 min. Table 1
    Feed compositions of comparative Example 1 and Example 1.
    Element Unit Method Feed of Comparative Example 1 Feed of Example 1 'Fluff'
    F mg/kg Reference Example 1 <50 <50 <50
    Cl mg/kg Reference Example 1 433 424 340
    Br mg/kg Reference Example 1 398 430 713
    I mg/kg Reference Example 1 <50 <50 <50
    C wt.-% Reference Example 2 82 81.5 77.4
    H wt.-% Reference Example 2 7.1 7.1 7.5
    N wt.-% Reference Example 2 0.4 0.7 3.2
    S mg/kg Reference Example 1 16000 15820 14200
    O wt.-% Calculated by difference 0.4 0.8 4.1
    Volatiles wt.-% Reference Example 3 63.7 64.6 72.8
    Fixed Carbon wt.-% Reference Example 4 27.9 27.2 20.8
    Ash (815 °C) wt.-% Reference Example 5 8.4 8.2 6.4
    Total water wt.-% Reference Example 6 1.9 1.88 1.7
  • As may be taken from Table 2, the oil yield of Example 1 is about 3.7 % higher than the oil yield of Comparative Example 1. Table 2
    Yields of Example 1 and comparative Example 1
    Pyrolysis oil yield Solid product yield Gas yielda
    Comparative Example 1 51.0 wt.-% 37.2 wt.-% 11.8 wt.-%
    Example 1 54.7 wt.-% 35.8 wt.-% 9.6 wt.-%
    a gas yield was calculated to reach 100 % conversion.
  • The elemental composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil is listed in Table 3. As may be taken from Table 2, the C-, H-, N- and S-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to comparative Example 1 is comparable to the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Example 1. Further, the O-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Comparative Example 1, at 2.2 g/100 g, is more than twice as high as the O-content of the pyrolysis oil obtained according to Example 1, at 0.79 g/100 g. Table 3
    Composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil of comparative Example 1 and Example 1.
    Element Unit Comparative Example 1 Example 1
    C g/100g 84.9 86.4
    H g/100g 11 10.8
    O g/100g 2.2 0.79
    N g/100g 0.9 1
    S g/100g 1 1
    Cl mg/kg 37 110
  • Further, the composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil was also analyzed by NMR, as shown in Table 3. As can be seen, the product distribution of comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is comparable. Thus, the addition of textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires does not significantly influence the composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil. Table 4
    Composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 measured by NMR.
    Comparative Example 1 Example 1
    Aromatic [H%] 7.7 7.6
    Olefinic [H%] 7 7.4
    Aliphatic [H%] 85.3 85
    • Cited Literature
    • Bowes, A. J. et al., Assessing the impacts of feedstock and process control on pyrolysis output, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, Vol. 182, 106277
    • Lewandowski, W. M. et al., Efficiency and proportions of waste tyre pyrolysis products depending on the reactor type - A review, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2019, Vol. 140, pages 25-53
    • Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024
    • Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001
    • Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005
    • Database Cosing on the internet pages of the European Commission discloses cosmetic ingredient and the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC)

Claims (15)

  1. A process for preparing a pyrolysis oil, the process comprising
    (1) providing a mixture M1 comprising at least one end-of-life textile material and at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black;
    (2) subjecting the mixture M1 to pyrolysis conditions, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP and a solid recovered carbon black fraction FCB;
    wherein from 95 to 100 weight-% of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
  2. The process of claim 1, wherein from 96 to 100 weight-%, preferably 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably 99 to 100 weight-%, of the mixture M1 consist of the at least one end-of-life textile material and the at least one end-of-life rubber material containing carbon black.
  3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
    (i) providing a rubber material fraction FTR;
    (ii) providing a textile material fraction FTT;
    (iii) mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining the mixture M1;
    wherein the rubber material fraction FTR comprises at least one end-of-life rubber material and the textile material fraction FTT comprises at least one end-of-life textile material; wherein the at least one end-of-life rubber material is preferably obtained from one or more of end-of-life tires, conveyor belts, pipes, mountings, gaskets, belts, hoses, shoe soles, clothing, flooring, car bumpers, gloves, rubber bands, umbrellas, balloons, and braces, preferably from end-of-life tires; and
    wherein the at least one end-of-life textile material is preferably obtained from one or more of pre-consumer textile waste materials and post-consumer textile waste materials, preferably one or more of textile scraps from the clothing industry, textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires and fishing nets, more preferably textile fibers extracted from end-of-life tires.
  4. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixture M1 has a textile material content in the range of from 0.1 to 20 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 15 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1; and wherein the mixture M1 has a rubber material content in the range of from 80 to 99.9 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 85 to 99.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 90 to 99 weight-%, based on the total weight of the mixture M1.
  5. The process of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mixture M1 according to (1) is obtainable or obtained by a process comprising
    (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
    (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
    (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
    (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c);
    and/or wherein providing the mixture M1 according to (1) comprises
    (a) providing an end-of-life tire;
    (b) subjecting the end-of-life tire provided according to (a) to comminution, obtaining a mixture MT comprising comminuted end-of-life tire material comprising steel, fiber material and rubber material containing carbon black;
    (c) subjecting the mixture MT obtained according to (b) to a separation method, obtaining a steel fraction FTS, a textile material fraction FTT and a rubber material fraction FTR containing carbon black;
    (d) preparing the mixture M1 from at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR obtained according to (c) and at least a part of the textile material fraction FTT obtained according to (c).
  6. The process of claim 5, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-% of the rubber material fraction FTR consist of rubber.
  7. The process of claim 5 or 6, wherein the separation method according to (c) comprises
    (c.1) subjecting the mixture MT to a first separation step, obtaining the steel fraction FTS and a rubber material and textile material mixture MTRT,
    (c.2) subjecting the mixture MTRT obtained according to (c.1) at least once to a second separation step, obtaining the rubber material fraction FTR and the textile material fraction FTT.
  8. The process of any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprises
    (d.1) mixing at least part of the rubber material fraction FTR with at least part of the textile material fraction FTT, obtaining a mixture M1';
    (d.2) determining the polyethylene terephthalate content CPET of the mixture M1';
    (d.3) if CPET > 5 weight-%, preferably CPET > 4.5 weight-%, more preferably CPET > 4 weight-%, adjusting CPET to a value of at most 5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 4.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 4 weight-%, obtaining the mixture M1, wherein (d.3) optionally comprises admixing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR to the mixture M1'.
  9. The process of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the end-of-life textile material comprises one or more of at least one aliphatic polyamide, at least one aromatic polyamide, at least one polyester, at least one cellulose-based polymer, at least one a polyacrylate, and at least one polyolefin, preferably one or more of at least one polyamide 6, at least one polyamide 66, at least one polyethylene terephthalate, at least one viscose material, at least one poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), and at least one poly(m-phenylene-isophthalamide).
  10. The process of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) comprise a pyrolysis temperature TP in the range of from 300 to 900 °C, preferably in the range of from 350 to 800 °C, more preferably in the range of from 400 to 700 °C, at a pyrolysis pressure pP in the range of from 0.1 to 5 bar, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 3 bar, wherein the pyrolysis conditions according to (2) preferably further comprise an inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere, preferably at the beginning of the pyrolysis, wherein preferably from 99.5 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.8 to 100 volume-%, more preferably from 99.9 to 100 volume-% of said inert pyrolysis gas atmosphere consist of one or more of nitrogen and argon, preferably nitrogen.
  11. The process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the process further comprises
    (3) optionally filtrating and/or centrifugate the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP;
    (4) subjecting the liquid pyrolysis oil fraction FP obtained according to (2) and/or the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil obtained according to (3) to hydrogenation in at least one hydrogenation zone Z1 containing a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    (5) filtrating the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    (6) subjecting the filtered liquid pyrolysis oil PH obtained according to (5) to dehalogenation in at least one dehalogenation zone Z2, obtaining a liquid pyrolysis oil P being depleted, compared to PH, in one or more halogenated organic compounds;
    wherein (4) preferably comprises
    (4.1) introducing a gas stream G0 into the reaction zone Z1, the gas stream G0 comprising H2;
    (4.2) introducing the liquid fraction FP into the hydrogenation zone Z1;
    (4.3) contacting the liquid fraction FP with the gas stream G0 and the heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst in Z1, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil PH;
    (4.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH from the reaction zone Z1;
    and wherein (6) preferably comprises
    (6.1) introducing a gas stream G2 into the dehalogenation zone Z2, wherein G2 preferably comprises one or more of H2 and N2, more preferably H2;
    (6.2) introducing the liquid pyrolysis oil PH into the dehalogenation zone Z2;
    (6.3) contacting the liquid pyrolysis oil PH with the gas stream G1 and a heterogeneous adsorbent material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst in Z2, obtaining the liquid pyrolysis oil P;
    (6.4) removing the liquid pyrolysis oil P from Z2.
  12. A pyrolysis oil, obtainable or obtained by a process according to any one of claims 1 to 11.
  13. Recovered carbon black, obtainable or obtained by a process according to any one of claims 1 to 11.
  14. A production unit U for carrying out the process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, the production unit U comprising
    (A) a pyrolysis unit; means for introducing the mixture M1 into the pyrolysis unit; means for removing the liquid fraction FP from the pyrolysis unit; and means for removing the solid fraction FCB from the pyrolysis unit;
    (B) a purification unit; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into the purification unit; and means for removing purified pyrolysis oil P from the purification unit; the purification unit preferably comprising
    (B.1) a hydrogenation zone Z1 comprising a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst; means for introducing the liquid fraction FP into Z1; means for removing the pyrolysis oil PH from Z1;
    (B.2) a dehalogenation zone Z2 comprising a heterogeneous adsorption material or a heterogeneous dehalogenation catalyst; means for introducing the pyrolysis oil PH into Z2; means for removing the purified pyrolysis oil P from Z2;
    wherein the pyrolysis unit preferably comprises a pyrolysis reactor which is preferably a fluidized-bed reactor, a screw reactor, a rotary kiln, or a stirring kettle;
    wherein the production unit U preferably further comprises arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A)
    - a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (iii) comprising mixing the rubber material fraction FTR with the textile material fraction FTT;
    - means for introducing the fraction FTR and means for introducing the fraction FTT into UM; and
    - means for removing the mixture M1 from UM;
    and wherein the production unit U preferably further comprises arranged upstream of the production unit according to (A)
    - a unit UC for comminuting of end-of-life tires; means for introducing the end-of-life tires into the unit UC; means for removing the mixture MT from the unit Uc;
    - a first separation unit US1 for carrying out the separation step (c.1); means for introducing the mixture MT into US1; means for removing the mixture MTRT from Uc; means for removing the steel fraction FTS from US1;
    - a second separation unit US2 for carrying out the separation step (c.2); means for introducing the mixture MTRT, into US2; means for removing the rubber material fraction FTR from US2; means for removing the textile material fraction FTT from US2;
    - a mixing unit UM for preparing the mixture M1 according to (d) comprising mixing at least part of the fraction FTR with at least part of the fraction FTT according to (d.1); means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTR and means for introducing at least part of the fraction FTT into UM; means for removing the mixture M1 from UM;
    - means for determining the polyethylene terephthalate content of the mixture according to (d.2);
    - means for introducing at least a part of the rubber material fraction FTR into UM for adjusting CPET according to (d.3).
  15. A process, preferably of any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising the step of converting the pyrolysis oil obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 11 and/or the recovered carbon black obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, or a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 11 to obtain a product Ω; and/or a process comprising the step of using the production unit of claim 14 to obtain the pyrolysis oil and/or the recovered carbon black, and preferably converting the pyrolysis oil and/or the recovered carbon black to obtain a product Ω.
EP24185363.9A 2024-06-28 2024-06-28 METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL Pending EP4671346A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP24185363.9A EP4671346A1 (en) 2024-06-28 2024-06-28 METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP24185363.9A EP4671346A1 (en) 2024-06-28 2024-06-28 METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4671346A1 true EP4671346A1 (en) 2025-12-31

Family

ID=91738570

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP24185363.9A Pending EP4671346A1 (en) 2024-06-28 2024-06-28 METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL

Country Status (1)

Country Link
EP (1) EP4671346A1 (en)

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008131643A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-11-06 Huihong Chen Method and apparatus for combined recycling of waste polymer material or joint production with carbon black
US10731081B2 (en) * 2012-02-09 2020-08-04 Vadxx Energy LLC Zone-delineated pyrolysis apparatus for conversion of polymer waste

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008131643A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-11-06 Huihong Chen Method and apparatus for combined recycling of waste polymer material or joint production with carbon black
US10731081B2 (en) * 2012-02-09 2020-08-04 Vadxx Energy LLC Zone-delineated pyrolysis apparatus for conversion of polymer waste

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BOWES, A. J. ET AL.: "Assessing the impacts of feedstock and process control on pyrolysis output", RESOUR. CONSERV. RECYCL., vol. 182, 2022, pages 106277, XP087032451, DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106277
LEWANDOWSKI, W. M. ET AL.: "Efficiency and proportions of waste tyre pyrolysis products depending on the reactor type - A review", J. ANAL. APPL. PYROLYSIS, vol. 140, 2019, pages 25 - 53, XP055812474, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2019.03.018
MOLLETGRUBEMANN: "Formulation technology", 2001, WILEY VCH

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3509811B1 (en) Method for producing polyolefin recyclates
DE69630652T2 (en) METHOD FOR PRODUCING LOW-BOILING OIL FROM PLASTIC WASTE CONTAINING PHTHALIC ACID POLYESTER AND / OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
EP1676828B1 (en) Process for the preparation of alicyclic carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
EP2655511B1 (en) Thermoplastic elastomer composition and method for the production thereof
DE10338581A1 (en) Process for producing tert-butanol
EP3959294B1 (en) Oiling method
EP4671346A1 (en) METHOD FOR PRODUCING PYROLYSIS OIL FROM END-OF-LIFE TEXTILE MATERIAL AND END-OF-LIFE RUBBER MATERIAL
FI20205809A1 (en) Process and process arrangements for producing hydrocarbon and use
WO2011067386A2 (en) Method for producing aliphatic aldehydes
WO2026074008A1 (en) Process for preparing ethyne from a solid rubber-based material
EP4671330A1 (en) HIGH-QUALITY RECOVERED SOLICITORS FROM PYROLYSIS OF SELECTED RUBBER PARTS
WO2026032962A1 (en) Process for purifying an aqueous liquid stream comprising monomeric ε-caprolactam
WO2025196041A1 (en) Recycling of polyurethane
WO2025196193A1 (en) Highly integrated process for preparing polyamide 6 from polyamide 6 containing waste
WO2025238085A1 (en) Process for separating high boilers from polyamide 6 depolymerization mixtures
WO2026047099A1 (en) A process for the purification of an aqueous stream comprising e-caprolactam
WO2025238077A1 (en) Process for separating high boilers from polyamide 6 depolymerization mixtures
WO2025133298A2 (en) Highly water-efficient process for preparing purified epsilon-caprolactam from polyamide 6
WO2026068520A1 (en) Recycling of waste streams comprising polyamide and an organosilicon compound
WO2025233329A1 (en) Recovery of glass fibers from solvolysis mixture obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of poly-amide (pa66) engineering plastics
DE3335706A1 (en) METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FUNCTIONALIZED POLY- (ALPHA) -OLEFINE RUBBER AND ITS USE FOR PRODUCING IMPACT TOES, THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
TW202611018A (en) Process for separating high boilers from polyamide 6 depolymerization mixtures
WO2025262140A1 (en) Process for recycling waste material
WO2025133208A1 (en) Process for separating high boilers from polyamide 6 depolymerization mixtures
WO2026062130A1 (en) Energy-efficient process for preparing one or more ethers

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN PUBLISHED

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR