EP4649543A1 - Transformable binder composition providing a printable electrolyte composition - Google Patents

Transformable binder composition providing a printable electrolyte composition

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Publication number
EP4649543A1
EP4649543A1 EP24701529.0A EP24701529A EP4649543A1 EP 4649543 A1 EP4649543 A1 EP 4649543A1 EP 24701529 A EP24701529 A EP 24701529A EP 4649543 A1 EP4649543 A1 EP 4649543A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
electrolyte
salt
binder
electrochemical cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP24701529.0A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mats Sandberg
Ioannis PETSAGKOURAKIS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB
Original Assignee
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB filed Critical RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB
Publication of EP4649543A1 publication Critical patent/EP4649543A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrolyte composition and an electrolyte precursor composition.
  • the present invention further relates a method for transforming said electrolyte precursor composition into said electrolyte composition.
  • the present invention also relates to an electrochemical cell and a method of manufacturing said electrochemical cell.
  • the present invention relates to a printing process and a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell.
  • the electrolyte can smear onto the rolls and destroy the properties of the printed circuits.
  • the requirement on ionic conductivity is high. So typically, a mechanically weak jelly-like composition can be tolerated, but this is not preferred from a processing point of view. The softness and tackiness can cause smearing and limits the possibility to stack or roll up the printed devices until they are covered or encapsulated.
  • the environmental conditions affects the performance. Particularly, the efficiency and ionic conductivity of the currently available printed electrolyte technology is dependent on humidity.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte composition that is designed to be transformed from a printed and cured and mechanically stable form, to form solvents and softeners for salts in printed electrolytes. Another object is to provide an electrolyte composition designed to be ionically conducting after being transformed from an electrolyte precursor composition which is designed to be printable and to have good mechanical properties for the printing processing steps. Another object is to provide such an electrolyte composition designed to simplify additive printing manufacturing of electrochemical devices. Another object is to provide such an electrolyte composition designed for the use in electrochemical devices which are less costly to manufacture. Another object is to provide such electrochemical devices that may be produced by conventional printing techniques.
  • an electrolyte composition designed for the use in electrochemical devices which is less prone to migration within the device.
  • an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric ⁇ -amino esters; optionally a supporting binder system; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium; is provided according to the present inventive concept.
  • An electrolyte precursor composition and an electrochemical cell including the electrolyte composition are provided according to claims 17 and 1 respectively.
  • an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt and an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium.
  • electrolyte composition or “electrolyte”, which may be used interchangeably in the present application, is to be construed as a medium that is containing ions and which is ionically conducting through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons.
  • the salt needs to be dissolved and dissociated or at least partly dissolved and dissociated in the ion transporting medium for the electrolyte composition to provide ion conductivity.
  • the electrolyte may be in the form of a liquid or a gelled liquid to provide a high ionic conductivity.
  • the electrolyte may further contain phases that are not contributing to ion conductivity, but are contributing to the mechanical integrity of the composite, or have other functions such as light scattering in the case of a pigment.
  • the ion conducting phase of the electrolyte must constitute a continuous phase to provide macroscopic ion conductivity between the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. In that sense, the electrolyte composition has to be in between and in ionic contact with the electrodes of the electrochemical cell for the cell to function.
  • ionic contact between two elements is provided by at least one material capable of transporting ions between the two elements.
  • An electrolyte such as an electrolyte composition, in direct contact (common interface) with a first and a second electrochemically active layer, is one example of a material which may provide ionic contact between the two electrochemically active layers in the electrochemical cell.
  • the electrolyte may hence be referred to as being in ionic contact with the two electrochemically active layers.
  • ion transporting medium means a matrix in which ions may be dissolved and transported in.
  • the ion transporting medium may be any solvent, substance or composition that is able to dissolve, dissociate and relocate ions in a salt.
  • the ion transporting medium is also constituting a continuous phase in the electrolyte composition, i.e.
  • solvolysis means reactions that involves a special type of substitution reaction in which one atom or molecule is replaced by another atom or molecule.
  • a solvent, or a solvolysis agent in which other compounds may be dissolved is used to create new products.
  • solvolysis is a type of substitution or elimination reaction in which the solvent or the solvolysis agent acts as a nucleophile.
  • the solvolysis agent may act as a nucleophile or a chemical compound that form bonds by donating electrons to other substances, such as the binder molecules according to the present invention.
  • the binder molecules may be transformed to solvolysis products that comprises of two types, diols or polyols from the diol or polyol acrylates used in the synthesis, that is, molecules bearing at least two hydroxy groups, e.g. in the form of polyethers terminated with hydroxyl groups.
  • Other solvolysis products may be ⁇ -amino acids.
  • the solvolysis products that comprises at least two hydroxy groups have the function of dissolving the ions provided as solid particles in the binder composition.
  • the term “solvolysis products” thus means products that may be formed from a solvolysis reaction. When submitting an oligo- or poly- ⁇ ⁇ -amino ester to solvolysis, two types of fragments may be formed.
  • the polymeric ⁇ -amino esters may be synthesized from e.g. a diol diacrylate and an amine, one type of fragment is a diol from the original diol diacrylate, and the other type of fragment is ⁇ -amino esters or acids from the original amine. It is well known in the art that certain diols may boost or impart ion conductivity. Thus, according to the present inventive concept ⁇ -amino esters or acids may do the same, i.e. boost or impart ion conductivity.
  • the solvolysis according to the present inventive concept may be hydrolysis or alcoholysis. In hydrolysis water added to the composition or provided by humid air may react to form hydrolysis products of the binder molecules of the present invention.
  • the hydrolysis products of hydrolysis of the binder molecules may comprise at least two hydroxy groups, e.g. in the form of polyethers terminated with hydroxyl groups, such as diols, and ⁇ -amino acids.
  • hydroxyl groups such as diols, and ⁇ -amino acids.
  • alcoholysis alcohols or enol forms of ketones may form alcoholysis products.
  • Alcoholysis may also be considered as a transesterification reaction.
  • alcoholysis products may also be considered as transesterification products, wherein a new ester link may be formed.
  • the alcoholysis products of binder molecules may be diols and ⁇ -amino esters, such that the binder molecules are transformed to provide the ion transporting medium which may dissolve the salt.
  • Solvolysis agents may be polar solvents.
  • Solvolysis agents according to the present invention may be humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof. When a ketone is used as a solvolysis agent it may be considered that it is the enol tautomer that is acting as nucleophile in the solvolysis reaction. Humid air or water are preferred solvolysis agents.
  • binder molecules means molecules that have adhesive properties in a “binder composition” and thus provides mechanical integrity to the precursor electrolyte composition which enables excellent processability and handling of the composition.
  • the binder molecules of the present invention thus provide the precursor electrolyte composition with mechanical properties to be suitable for printing and curing.
  • specific binder molecules of the present invention are polymeric or oligomeric ⁇ -amino esters (PBAE), which may be selected from soluble polymeric or oligomeric ⁇ -amino esters and insoluble polymeric oligomeric ⁇ - amino ester.
  • polymeric means a chemical molecule that may be either an oligomer, i.e. an oligo ⁇ -amino ester, or a polymer, i.e. a poly ⁇ - amino ester, wherein the ⁇ -amino ester is the repeating unit.
  • oligo ⁇ -amino ester means an oligomer with one to eight repeating ⁇ -amino ester units.
  • poly ⁇ -amino ester means a polymer with more than 8 repeating ⁇ -amino ester units, preferably more than 10, preferably more than 50, or preferably more than 100.
  • Oligomers of the present invention may comprise 1-8 repeating units, preferably 1-5 repeating units, preferably 1-3 repeating units, with acrylic endcaps for acryl terminated oligo ⁇ -amino esters ATOBAE.
  • the binder molecules selected from polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, such as poly- and oligo ⁇ -amino esters, may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-secondary (sec) amines or primary amines.
  • a molecular structure 1 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-sec amines.
  • the two R2 groups of structure 1 may be replaced with an R1 group according to the present invention, such that a heterocyclic group comprising two nitrogen atoms may be obtained, as shown by molecular structure 2.
  • Structure 2a may be an example of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with cyclic di-sec amines, wherein the two R2 groups are directly linked together, such as in piperazine.
  • a molecular structure 3 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with primary amines.
  • R1 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as ⁇ (CH 2 )l ⁇ or ⁇ (CH2)kCR4(R5)(CH2)k ⁇ , wherein m, l and k, denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may
  • R1 may be represented by ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)
  • R2 may be an alkyl chain, such as ⁇ CH3, ⁇ CH2CH3 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
  • m may also be in the range 1-8, or in the range 1-6, or in the range 1-3, or in the range 1-2. m may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; or ⁇ (CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)y ⁇ (CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)x ⁇ CH 3, wherein x and y may be 1-10, preferably R2 is selected from ⁇ CH3, ⁇ CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2OH, ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 3 and ⁇ (CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)y ⁇ (CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)x ⁇ CH 3 .
  • R3 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 2 ⁇ , or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as ⁇ (CH 2 )l ⁇ or ⁇ (CH 2 )kCR4(R5)(CH 2 )k ⁇ , wherein m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • R3 may be represented by ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)
  • R4 and R5 may independently be represented by hydrogen (H) or alkyl groups, such as ⁇ CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ C(CH 3 ) 2 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R2 and R3 may also contain or constitute cyclic compounds.
  • R2 or R3 constitute the alkyl chain in a piperidine or piperazine ring.
  • alkyl or “alkyl chain” or “alkylene” means both straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups as well as cyclic hydrocarbons.
  • alkyl chains or alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, iso-propylene, n-butylene, t-butylene, iso- butylene, and sec-butylene groups.
  • (C 1 - C9)alkyl means an alkyl chain, straight or branched, comprising between 1-9 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl groups of the present invention are cyclic alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • (C4-C6)cycloalkyl means a cyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 4-6 carbon atoms.
  • the cyclic alkyl group may also be a heterocyclic group comprising one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen.
  • (C 4 -C 6 )cycloalkyl means a cyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 4-6 carbon atoms and the term “(C3- C6)heterocycloalkyl” means a heterocyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 3- 6 carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms, such as nitrogen.
  • soluble polymeric ⁇ -amino esters means PBAEs that ideally are solid in neat form but soluble in the precursor electrolyte ink composition by a suitable solvent that cannot function as a solvolysis agent.
  • This class of PBAE may be termed soluble PBAE, or S-PBAE.
  • the S-PBAE may be selected from polymers obtained from the reaction between diacrylates of diols, where the diols are selected from oligo- and polyether diols such as oligoethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols, and di-secondary amines such as piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g.
  • N,N’-dialkyl- alkylene diamines e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3- propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane- 1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’- trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine.
  • secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH 3 )-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ))x-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® SD-2001 and Jeffamine ® D-205, which ate both difunctional secondary polyetheramines.
  • Primary amines may be considered as difunctional when coupled with acrylates to form ⁇ -amino esters.
  • Primary amines may be monoamines such as monofunctional polyetheramines, alkylamines, and alkylamines comprising functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups.
  • Examples of monofunctional primary polyetheramines may be a substance with the chemical structure CH3-(O-CH2- CH 2 -)x-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )y-NH 2 , wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® M-1000, which is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) based primary amine with molecular weight 1000, or primary aminoalcohols e.g. 4- hydroxylbutylamine or primary alkylamines, e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • primary aminoalcohols e.g. 4- hydroxylbutylamine or primary alkylamines, e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine.
  • S-PBAE primary amines should be stoichiometrically balanced with diacrylates to form polymers.
  • Diol diacrylates are selected so that the diols formed after solvolysis can act to dissolve and dissociate ions and function as softeners in an electrolyte composition.
  • the ⁇ -amino acids and ⁇ -amino esters may function as softeners as well and possibly act to increase the solubility of ions in the compositions.
  • the S-PBAE structure is selected so that the S-PBAE provides mechanical strength before the transformation to enable facile processing while its solvolysis products provides solubility of ions and are able to function as softeners.
  • the transformable binders may be selected to provide a rate of transformation suitable to the manufacturing process.
  • insoluble polymeric ⁇ -amino esters means PBAEs that are not soluble in the precursor electrolyte composition or the wet ink, and simply serves as a solid filler or solid particles, which however dissolve upon solvolysis.
  • PBAE as dispersed insoluble particles in the precursor electrolyte composition may be used for controlled release of ion solubilizing particles.
  • the role of the PBAE particles is not to impart mechanical strength in the first place, but the role of the particles is to serve as a repository of PBAE to release ion solvating molecules upon solvolysis of the binder composition into the ion transporting medium of the electrolyte composition of the first aspect.
  • the PBAE particles may optionally have polymerizable groups.
  • the PBAE particles may be solids or in the form of a gel. These PBAE particles may be termed gel PBAE (G-PBAE).
  • G-PBAE gel PBAE
  • H-PBAE Hyperbranched PBAE
  • D-PBEA dendrimeric PBAE
  • the present invention is focused on the G- PBAE, since it is easier and cheaper to produce compared to H-PBAE and D- PBAE.
  • a polymer gel network such as G-PBAE
  • monomers are selected so that the number of groups with coupling functionality is at least two for one monomer type, and more than two in the other molecule type, and where one monomer type bears acrylic groups, and the other monomer type bears primary or secondary amino groups.
  • a secondary amine is monofunctional, while a primary amine is considered di-functional as it can create bonds to two acrylic groups.
  • Monomers for the G-PBAE may be selected from molecules comprising at least two acrylate groups. These are coupled with amines comprising at least two functionalities in the coupling with acrylate groups. For secondary amines, this means that molecules comprising at least two secondary amines are selected.
  • Di-secondary amines can be selected from piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propane- diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’- trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine.
  • alkylene dipiperidines e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine
  • N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-
  • secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH3)-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® SD-2001 and Jeffamine ® D-205, which are both difunctional secondary polyetheramines.
  • primary amines that are di-functional as they can create bonds to two acrylic groups, this means that molecules are selected from molecules comprising at least one primary amine group, such as monofunctional primary polyetheramines, e.g.
  • x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® M-1000, which is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) based primary amine with molecular weight 1000, or primary aminoalcohols e.g. 4- hydroxylbutylamine or primary alkylamines, e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine.
  • di-primary amines may be used.
  • Molecules comprising two or more acrylate groups can be selected from acrylates of molecules with two or more hydroxyl groups, preferentially hydroxyl molecules that may function to dissolve and dissociate ions and that may serve as softener in the electrolyte.
  • the insoluble polymeric ⁇ -amino ester may be in the form of solid particles, wherein the solid particles may have an average particle size of less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably less than 50 ⁇ m, preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, preferably less than 2 ⁇ m, preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle size may at least be smaller than the mesh openings of a screen-printing web, for example smaller than 10 ⁇ m, preferably smaller than 2 ⁇ m, preferably smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
  • sub-micron particles are preferred.
  • the solid particles may be in the range of 50 nm to 2000 nm, or in the range of 100 nm to 1000 nm, or in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m. These solid particles are not soluble in the wet ink compositions and simply serves as a solid filler, but their parts dissolve upon hydrolysis.
  • the solid particles may be in a weight fraction in the binder composition in a range of 1-99 % by weight, preferably in a range of 5-95 % by weight, preferably in a range of 10-90 % by weight, preferably in a range of 20-80 % by weight, preferably in a range of 30-70% by weight, based on the total amount of the electrolyte precursor composition.
  • the amount of solid particles relative to the binder composition depends on the type of application it may be used for.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be a liquid comprising essentially binder composition with only a small amount of salt.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be a paste comprising essentially solid particles of salt with only a small amount of binder composition.
  • the oligo ⁇ -amino esters may comprise polymerizable groups, such as acryl groups.
  • the polymerizable groups may be acrylates or methacrylates.
  • acrylates may be diol diacrylates, such as 1,6- hexanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,2-propanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate or polyethylene glycol diacrylate.
  • the diol diacrylate may be diethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate.
  • methacrylates may be diol dimethacrylates, such as 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate, 1,2-propanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
  • Polyfunctional and starshaped OBAE may be produced starting from a trifunctional or higher functional amine- or acryl bearing molecule onto which acryl terminated amino ester chain segments are built to form a starshaped OBAE.
  • the OBAEs of the present invention may be fluids that polymerizes to form a binder during UV-curing.
  • the advantage with a fluid OBAE is that it may make the printable electrolyte precursor composition into a fluid with rheologic properties suitable for printing processes.
  • the OBAEs may have the function of providing an ink with fluidity, so to say by being fluids or liquids. Ideally, the OBAE should minimize or eliminate the need for a solvent in the composition.
  • the polymerizable groups may be cured by a polymerization reaction initiated by UV radiation or by thermal initiation.
  • said oligo ⁇ -amino esters are comprising OBAEs terminated with acryl groups, these are termed acryl terminated oligo ⁇ -amino esters (ATOBAE).
  • ATOBAE acryl terminated oligo ⁇ -amino esters
  • the polymerizable groups may be used to transform the oligomers to polymers.
  • the ATOBAE may be selected from ATOBAE obtained by reaction PEG-diacrylates with trimethylene dipiperidine with a stoichiometric excess of diacrylates, for example with 2:1, 3:2, and 4:3 molar ratios.
  • the electrolyte composition may also comprise a supporting binder system.
  • supporting binder system means a compound or composition that may provide a cohesive effect to the electrolyte composition e.g. when the electrolyte composition may be in liquid form.
  • the supporting binder system may provide with an additional stabilization of the electrolyte composition in that it may hinder the electrolyte composition to migrate from the place of deposition and spread throughout the device, thus contaminating other device parts, and also causing contamination risks for persons handling the device.
  • the electrolyte composition may be kept in a designated place in an electrochemical device.
  • the supporting binder system may comprise molecules able to form a polymeric network, i.e. the supporting binder, after print deposition to provide cohesive and adhesive strength and integrity to the system.
  • the supportive binder system may comprise one or more binders and one or more initiators for forming the polymeric network including the polyelectrolyte and the solid particulate phase.
  • the supporting binder and the supportive binder system may be curable after the initiation by for example ultraviolet radiation, which initiates the cross-linking, networking reaction.
  • Examples of such supportive binders or supporting binder systems are acrylates that can polymerize to form a supportive network, such as molecules comprising more two or more polymerizable groups, such as (meth) acrylates, and often used in the formulation of UV-curable inks.
  • acrylates that can polymerize to form a supportive network, such as molecules comprising more two or more polymerizable groups, such as (meth) acrylates, and often used in the formulation of UV-curable inks.
  • Specific examples are diacrylates of alkylenediols, glycols, and hydroxy terminated ethers, urethane acrylates, and acrylamides.
  • UV-polymerizable binder systems are mainly intended for compositions having S-PBAE and G-PBAE as transformable component.
  • acrylate binders may be used in compositions with ATOBAE binders, but in that case the binder formed is a copolymer having kinetic chains having both transformable ⁇ -amino ester parts and acrylic kinetic polymer chains that are not affected by the transformation, and where the transformation imparts a slight change in properties which may be desired.
  • the supporting binder may also be a solvent drying binder, that is, polymers that are soluble in the ink composition solvent or binder molecule, but are solid in the absence of such solvents. Examples of such solvents are polyethers, such as solid polyethylene glycol, solid polypropylene glycols, cellulose derivatives, or synthetic polymers, such as poly(meth)acrylates or polyesters like polycaprolactones.
  • the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and solid polypropylene glycols (PPG) have to be in solid form because fluid low molecular PEG and PPG may not function as a binder.
  • the supporting binder system may also comprise hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose. This would add mechanical strength to the system. Alternatively, the supporting binder system may comprise one or more binders which are curable upon thermal treatment.
  • the electrolyte composition may also comprise one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents. The role of these ingredients or compounds may be to adjust the optical properties of the electrolyte composition for the purpose of optically hiding an electrode, adjusting the color, or to filter light from penetrating deep into the electrolyte composition.
  • softeners may be polyglycerols (PG), such as PG3, saccharides, such as sorbitol, or oligomers or polymers, that may be random or block copolymers, of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g. PEG-block-PPG. Further, softeners may provide the properties of making the composition softer and more flexible, to increase its plasticity, to decrease its viscosity, and/or to decrease friction during its handling in manufacture. Examples of piments may be titanium dioxide, zinc oxide. Pigments may provide the properties of hiding a behind lying electrode. Examples of dye molecules may be titanium dioxide (TiO2), which may e.g. add white color to displays.
  • PG polyglycerols
  • saccharides such as sorbitol
  • oligomers or polymers that may be random or block copolymers, of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g. PEG-block-PPG.
  • softeners may provide the properties of making the composition softer and more
  • Dye molecules may also provide the properties of tuning the optical properties of the electrolyte.
  • Processing aid agents may be a dispersing aid which may be optionally added to keep the solid particles dispersed under dry conditions when water has been evaporated from the composition.
  • the particles may be well dispersed in water, but as the film is processed at high temperature and water evaporates, particles may form aggregates which may lead to disintegration of the film unless a dispersing agent with a low volatility is present.
  • dispersing aids having this purpose are aliphatic carboxylic acids.
  • the acid has a low melting point, in combination with a high boiling point.
  • the processing aid agent may be 2-hydroxypropionic acid, in its DL- form, also denoted DL-lactic acid.
  • This lactic acid has a melting point of -53 °C and boiling point of 122 °C, at 12 mm Hg.
  • the dispersing aid may prevent that the solid particles aggregate causing the coating to form cracks.
  • an electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a salt; and a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition.
  • electrolyte precursor composition is meant a composition which is in a pre-stage of becoming an electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition according to the present inventive concept may be transformed to an electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition has the advantage of having excellent processing properties in that it has high mechanical strength.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition also has the advantage of being non-tacky, which makes it printable on various substrates and also over-printable in a layered structure.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be a printable ink or coating ink.
  • the substrate may be a flexible substrate.
  • the substrate shall be suitable for the selected printing method.
  • the substrate may be of a plastic material, of any fibrous material, of textile, or paper.
  • the substrate may also be a glass material or any other suitable material that may be used in an electrochemical cell.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may also comprise a supporting binder system.
  • the supporting binder system may be as specified according to the first aspect with the same purpose in the composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may also comprise at least one polymerization initiator, especially when there is a supporting binder system.
  • polymerization initiator agents or compounds that may be used to initiate e.g. chain-growth polymerization such as radical polymerization, which may regulate initiation by heat or light.
  • polymerization initiators may be divided thermal polymerization initiators and photopolymerization initiators.
  • Thermal polymerization initiators are compounds that generate radicals or cations upon exposure to heat.
  • thermal radical polymerization initiators may be azo compounds such as 2,2'- azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, or organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or di- tert-butyl peroxide.
  • Typical photoradical initiators are represented by benzoin derivatives, such as acetophenone, benzophenone, methylbenzophenone, hydroxy- benzophenone, ( ⁇ )-Camphorquinone, benzoin, anisoin etc.
  • Preferred photoradical initiators may be (2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropio- phenone) (Irgacure 2959) or diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide, (Lucirin TPO).
  • the polymerization initiators may typically be added together with the supportive binder system.
  • the polymerization initiators have the ability to initiate a polymerization upon irradiation, thus, curing the electrolyte precursor composition. Further, the at least one polymerization initiator may be initiated at a specific wavelength, by mixing two or more photoinitiators, being initiated at different wave lengths, the range of wave lengths at which the photoinitiator may be activated, and the electrolyte precursor composition cured, may be broadened.
  • the at least one polymerization initiator should preferentially be compatible with all materials in the composition. This means that they should function in a composition filled with e.g. white pigment particles, meaning that they should initiate in light that is transmitted through or scattered through such particle dispersion.
  • water may be present in the composition, and all components may be to some extent soluble in water, therefore a certain distribution of photoinitiator in water is desirable.
  • UV-curing of printed the electrolyte precursor composition when being opaque may be challenging, especially for photoinitiators absorbing at short wavelengths. In the case of white pigments, the light is scattered through the material. For good bulk curing, needed to obtain good cohesion and adhesion to the underlying material, one can use a photoinitiator absorbing at long wavelengths that can pass the pigment filled material.
  • polymerization initiators may be Irgacure 2959, 2-hydroxy- 4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone 98%, purchased from Sigma Aldrich; Esacure ONETM, which is a difunctional- ⁇ -hydroxy ketone, available from Lamberti SA. Esacure is a photoinitiator showing high reactivity which may be an advantage when curing the electrolyte; diphenyl(2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, Lucirin TPO (available from BASF).
  • the electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect may also comprise at least one solvent. The solvent may be added in order to dissolve the binder or the binder system.
  • the solvent may impart rheology making the composition suitable for printing.
  • the solvent may be selected from solvents of the type esters, ethers, carbonates, nitriles, and molecules combing these groups and mixtures of these.
  • the solvent should not be flammable.
  • the solvent should not dry pre-maturely during a printing process.
  • the solvent should be harmless.
  • the solvent may be compatible with the ink components.
  • the solvent should not cause a solvolysis reaction with ⁇ -amino esters, that is, the solvent should not contain hydroxyl groups or ketones.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect may also comprise one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, such as specified for the electrolyte composition of the first aspect.
  • the salt of the present invention may be an inorganic salt or an organic salt.
  • the salt may be in the form of solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be printed or coated onto an electrode.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be cured by thermal heating or UV radiation, wherein eventual solvents may evaporate and the binder molecules comprising polymerizable groups may form a cross-linked network, thus, providing the electrolyte precursor composition in solid form.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be over- printable with a printable electrode.
  • the salt may be dissolved in the composition comprising hydrolysis products of binder molecules.
  • the electrolyte composition may provide mobility for ions and may provide ionic contact between a first and a second electrode when it is arranged in between said first and second electrodes.
  • the salt is in the form of solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition for the composition to be printable or coatable with various printing or coating techniques.
  • the salt in the form of solid particles may have an average particle size of less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably less than 50 ⁇ m, preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, preferably less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, preferably less than 2 ⁇ m, preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the inorganic salt may be selected form the group consisting of: calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2) and zinc citrate.
  • the inorganic salt is selected from CaCl 2 and ZnCl 2 .
  • Zinc acetate and zinc citrate may also be considered organic salts since zinc acetate is the zinc salt of acetic acid and zinc citrate is the zinc salt of citric acid.
  • the organic salt may also be choline acetate.
  • the organic salt may also be a polyelectrolyte.
  • the polyelectrolyte has the property of providing ions and ion mobility sufficient for the electrolyte composition to function as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell.
  • the polyelectrolyte may provide mobile counter ions and the whole composition, i.e. the electrolyte, may provide mobility for ions to provide for electrolytic connectivity between a first and a second electrode sandwiching the electrolyte. This means that the ion transporting paths in the electrolyte composition should be sufficient to provide ion transport for the electrochemical switches in the electrodes.
  • the polyelectrolyte may be selected from polycationic materials, such as cationic polymers, preferably polymers comprising quaternized ammonium groups.
  • polyelectrolytes being cationic polymers may be poly[(3- methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co-(1-vinylpyrrolidone)] and poly(diallyl- dimethylammonium chloride), which may be shortened PDADMC-CI or PDADMAC.
  • the poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co-(1- vinylpyrrolidone)] may be available as “Luviquat ExcellenceTM” which is a solution comprising 40 wt% of poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co- (1-vinylpyrrolidone)] in water.
  • the poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)- co-(1-vinylpyrrolidone)] is a copolymer having 95 mole % 3-methyl-1- imidazolium chloride repeating units and 5 mole % vinylpyrrolidone units.
  • the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) may typically be used as a water solution comprising 35 wt. % poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride).
  • the mentioned polyelectrolyte salts may also be provided as solid in particle form.
  • One advantage of providing polyelectrolytes in a solid form is that they would not bring water that may prematurely start the transformation.
  • the organic salt may also be a porous ionic organic network (PION).
  • PION may be a colloid of solid porous particles with a high per weight density of charge in an ion transporting medium or in a binder composition, i.e. a framework comprising charged or chargeable groups that may provide sufficient ion conductivity to function in the electrochemical devices according to the present invention.
  • the PION according to the present invention may be prepared as a covalent cross-linked ionic organic network in particle form by reacting cyanuric chloride with molecules comprising two or more tertiary amino groups.
  • the particles may be suspended in the composition of the invention forming a suspension that may behave as an electrolyte with an ionic conductivity.
  • the PION has a porous structure permitting ion transport. Thus, it may function as a salt in the electrolyte composition of the invention for use in electrochemical cells and devices.
  • the PION may be a comprising quaternary ammonium groups, thereby providing a charge-bearing structure.
  • the electrolyte composition of the invention may also comprise further components, like for example surface active agents, lubricants, process stabilizers.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition according the second aspect may comprise a binder composition that may be a transformable binder composition configured to be transformed into an electrolyte composition according the first aspect of the present invention, when exposed to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof.
  • an electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, wherein the electrolyte composition is arranged in between and in ionic contact with both the first electrode and the second electrode.
  • the electrochemical cell according to the third aspect may be an electrochromic display; or the electrochemical cell may be an electrochemical transistor; or the electrochemical cell may be a battery; or the electrochemical cell may be a supercapacitor.
  • the electrochemical cell may be formed by an additive printing process or a laminating process.
  • a method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode, preferably the electrode may be provided as an electrode layer on a substrate; providing an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to the first electrode, preferably by means of printing or coating; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, preferably by means of thermal heating or irradiating by actinic radiation, such as UV radiation, thereby transforming the electrolyte precursor composition into a solid form or maintaining the electrolyte precursor composition as an adhesive; providing a second electrode to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, preferably by means of overprinting or laminating, thereby providing a cell precursor; exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may be arranged between and in ionic contact with both the
  • the cell precursor or electrochemical cell may be optionally provided with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor or the electrochemical cell, preferably wherein the cell precursor and the electrochemical cell have a vertically layered structure.
  • the protecting layer may be perforated, or not airtight, leading to that the electrolyte precursor composition may be converted or transformed to the electrolyte by e.g. hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the binder molecules.
  • a printing process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer; printing an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to the first electrode layer; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition; overprinting a second electrode layer to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may be arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and the second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell.
  • a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a substrate comprising a second electrode layer; coating of an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to at least one of the first and second electrode layers; laminating of the first and second electrode layers, such that the electrolyte precursor composition may be arranged between the first and second electrode layers; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; optionally providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may
  • the laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell wherein the step of laminating may be by means adhesively joining the first and second electrode by heating, pressing, hot- pressing, hot-rolling, cold-pressing or cold-rolling.
  • the step of exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents may be a step of hydrolyzing or alcoholyzing.
  • the step of hydrolyzing or alcoholyzing comes before the step of printing and laminating of protecting layer.
  • the protecting layer may be a structural layer.
  • a method for transforming an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention into an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention by exposing the composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, or alcohols or ketones, or combinations thereof.
  • an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an electrolyte composition comprising hydrolysis products of binder molecules selected from oligo ⁇ -amino esters and poly ⁇ -amino esters, and combinations thereof, wherein the salt is dissolved in the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte composition according to the first aspect may be in the form of a liquid.
  • the electrolyte composition may be a gel or gel-like.
  • an electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from oligo ⁇ -amino esters and poly ⁇ -amino esters, and combinations thereof; optionally a supporting binder system; optionally at least one polymerization initiator; optionally at least one solvent; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition may be a printable ink or coating ink. With the term “ink” means liquid that may be used for printing, writing, drawing or coating.
  • the ink may be a composition that is fluid, or may be made fluid such as shear thinning paste, like toothpaste, which may solidify by solvent drying or actinic irradiation.
  • an electrolyte precursor composition wherein the binder composition may be a transformable binder composition configured to be transformed into the electrolyte according to the first aspect of the invention, when exposed to one or more hydrolyzing agents, such as humid air, or water, or deionized water, or combinations thereof.
  • hydrolyzing agents such as humid air, or water, or deionized water, or combinations thereof.
  • a transformable composition is a composition that may be transformed according to the present inventive concept.
  • Figure 1 Illustrates the Bode diagram of a CaCl 2 based composition (ink) and a ZnCl2 based composition (ink) as described in example 4a, 4b and 4c, respectively.
  • Figure 2. Illustrates the Bode diagram of two PION-based compositions (inks) as described in example 4c and 4d, respectively.
  • Figure 3. Illustrates the Bode diagram of two polyelectrolyte inks as described in example 5.
  • Figure 4. Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of the method procedure M1 to a CaCl 2 based composition (ink) as described in example 4a.
  • FIG. 11 Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of method procedure M1 to the polyelectrolyte ink described in example 5.
  • Figure 11. Illustrates the Bode diagram of a printed polyelectrolyte ink as described in example 8, and its comparison to E001.
  • Figure 12. Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the starting materials PEG250 and N,N’-DEDEA and the resulting ATOBAE binder molecule of example 2d.
  • Figure 13 Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the starting materials PEG700 and N,N’-DEDEA and the resulting ATOBAE binder molecule of example 2c.
  • FIG. 15 Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the ATOBAE binder molecule and the solvolysis products after exposure to DI water, ethanol or acetone.
  • Figure 15. Illustrates an electrochromic display comprising an electrolyte composition based on the ATOBAE binder molecule and CaCl 2 wherein the devices are in the (A) on-state and (B) the off-state.
  • Figure 16. Illustrates an irreversible electrochromic display comprising an electrolyte composition based on the ATOBAE binder molecule and CaCl2, and the device has an active layer of ITO wherein (C) shows the device in off- state and (D) shows the irreversible on-state.
  • Figure 17. Shows a free-standing device before a Zn tape is attached.
  • Figure 18 Shows the arrangement of components in an electrochemical cell, in a) the protecting layer is partly covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell and in b) the protecting layer is fully covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell.
  • Figure 19 Shows a method for manufacturing of an electrochemical cell.
  • Figure 20 Illustrates an electrochemical cell (100) according to the invention comprising two electrodes (120 and 140) connected by an electrolyte composition (130) of porous ionic organic network particles (131) in an ion transporting medium (132). The particles (131) may be in direct contact with each other, or randomly dispersed in the medium (132).
  • Figure 21 Shows the arrangement of components in an electrochemical cell, in a) the protecting layer is partly covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell and in b) the protecting layer is fully covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell.
  • Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for an example of a PION.
  • Figure 22 Illustrates the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for a PION2 example to compare with the PION.
  • Figure 23 Illustrates the ATR FTIR spectra of powder PION samples, both dialyzed (dotted) and non-dialyzed (straight).
  • Figure 24 Illustrates the scattering intensity vs size plots for three electrolyte compositions with dispersions of PIONs and PION2 example.
  • FIG. 25 Illustrates the Bode plots acquired from 4p-EIS for the inks 1 ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) and 3 ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Figure 26 Illustrates the Bode plots acquired from 4p-EIS for the inks 1 ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) and 3 ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • Figure 31. Illustrates the C-V curves for the supercapacitors based on ink 1 for two scan rates; 10mV/s (straight line), 100mV/s (dotted line).
  • the electrolyte composition should exhibit the properties of an ink for the printing technique used, being a fluid with suitable rheology and surface tensions, etc., for the selected printing method, and should transform into a solid print upon curing.
  • the cured solid electrolyte should have a mechanical integrity that permits further processing, subsequent printing of additional layers and rolling or stacking of the printed material for storage, and subsequent unrolling and exfoliation of a stack without delamination or ripping due to tackiness of the print. The processability thus call for mechanically strong and non-tacky films.
  • High ionic conductivity of organic electrolytes typically requires a high degree of molecular mobility and a high concentration of dissolved or liquid electrolytes.
  • electrolytes are liquids or gelled liquids to permit a high ionic conductivity. Liquids and gelled liquids do not, obviously, exhibit the properties of a solid suitable for further printing processes and mechanical pressure.
  • PION porous ionic organic network
  • the present invention solves the problem by using an electrolyte composition in the form of a colloid of solid charged porous particles 131 with a high per weight density of charge in an ion transporting medium 132. More specifically, it has been found that the polymer product obtained by reacting cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups, such as diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), may act as a cross-linked polyelectrolyte network in particle form 131, and that suspensions of the particles in low volatile solvents behave as electrolytes with a conductivity that is sufficient at low humidity or low moisture content environments for many electrochemical devices.
  • DABCO diazabicyclooctane
  • Examples of chemical substances comprising two or more tertiary amino groups may be 1,3- diazabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-1,5- diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatri-cyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]-undecane, 1,3,6,8- tetrazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane,4,4’-dipyridine, 4,4'-dipyridyl-methane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine or 1,2-di(4- pyridyl)ethylene.
  • the present invention relates to a method of producing an electrolyte composition comprising a porous ionic organic network and an ion transporting medium 132 comprising at least one non-aqueous diluent, said method comprising the steps of: reacting cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups, preferably in a mole ratio of 2:3 of cyanuric chloride : the chemical substance, thus forming a porous ionic organic network as a polymer product comprising quaternary ammonium groups; dispersing the porous ionic organic network in an ion transporting medium comprising at least one non-aqueous diluent; optionally adding additional ingredients selected from binders, softeners, pigments and dye molecules; and mixing or homogenizing the dispersed porous ionic organic network in the ion transporting medium with the optional additional ingredients, thereby providing the electrolyte composition, preferably as a printable ink or coating ink.
  • the ion transporting medium 132 may comprise at least one non- aqueous diluent selected from the group consisting of: nitrile diluents such as succinonitrile, carbonate diluents such as propylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate, polyol diluents such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or glycerol, amide diluents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, polyether diluents such as polyethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • nitrile diluents such as succinonitrile
  • carbonate diluents such as propylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate
  • polyol diluents such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or glycerol
  • amide diluents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • polyether diluents such as poly
  • the ion transporting medium 132 may comprise at least one non-aqueous diluent in the amount of 1-100% by weight of the total amount of the ion transporting medium.
  • the new inventive concept according to the present invention is ink cured binders that may be transformed to form solvents and softeners for salts in printed electrolytes.
  • the present invention uses binder molecules that may be depolymerized and depolymerized to compounds that enhance ionic conductivity. The effect of this is that the binder molecules first provide the cured electrolyte as an electrolyte precursor composition with good mechanical properties to be suitable for the processes following printing and curing.
  • the binder molecule After triggering the depolymerization, the binder molecule decomposes into smaller molecules, including molecules in fluid form with ability to dissolve ions. More specifically, the invention employs binder molecules of the poly- ⁇ - amino ester (PBAE) types and oligo- ⁇ -amino ester (OBAE) types. Poly- ⁇ - amino esters have been developed to form degradable scaffolds in vehicles for transfection of genetic materials. This works by the relatively rapid hydrolysis of the PBAE by water. The present inventive concept is to utilize this effect in printable electrolyte compositions or printable ink by using PBAE as a binder composition or binder molecules in a composition, comprising salts.
  • PBAE poly- ⁇ - amino ester
  • OBAE oligo- ⁇ -amino ester
  • the PBAE binder molecules provides mechanical integrity to the cured composition to enable subsequent processes and handling of the of the substrate.
  • the PBAE containing material may be exposed to one or more solvolysis agents, e.g. water, alcohols, ketones or a humid environment.
  • solvolysis agents e.g. water, alcohols, ketones or a humid environment.
  • the exposure to solvolysis agents starts a process wherein PBAE is depolymerized into smaller molecular fragments. If the PBAE was obtained by a diol diacrylate and amines, the depolymerization fragments will contain the diols and tertiary amine compounds.
  • the diols may be selected to be liquid compounds that may act as softeners of the composition and may act as solvents for ionic species.
  • the printed and cured electrolyte composition After depolymerization, the printed and cured electrolyte composition has less mechanical integrity, but at this stage, the electrolyte may be surrounded by structures creating a closure around the electrolyte that mechanically protects it and seals it from egress of its now liquid contents.
  • the invention solves the problem by using binder molecules that depolymerizes upon stimuli, i.e. by exposure to solvolysis agents, and that it depolymerizes to form molecules that impart ionic conductivity of the electrolyte composition. Two effects thus work to solve the problem.
  • the presence of the binder as such imparts mechanical integrity during processing, and the decomposition as such removes the binder structure that impedes ion transport.
  • the second effect is that the molecules formed upon depolymerization softens the composition and act as solvents for ions.
  • the invention may also be considered as a controlled release of molecules imparting ionic conductivity to the compositions.
  • the monomers used in the synthesis of PBAE determines what product are formed upon depolymerization.
  • a PBAE formed by reacting a diol diacrylate with a di- secondary amine degrades into the diol and the bis( ⁇ -amino acid).
  • diols in an electrolyte are typically liquids that may act to soften the electrolyte and may dissolve ions.
  • the diols are not desired during the printing and a few processing and handling steps following curing, since the diols makes the compositions tacky and soft.
  • the small bis( ⁇ -amino acid) molecules may also assist in ion transport. It is therefore desired to use amines for the PBAE synthesis that form bis( ⁇ -amino acids) that may improve the properties of the electrolyte during device operation.
  • the invention may utilize three types of poly- ⁇ -amino esters and oligo- ⁇ -amino esters to solve the problem in different ways. 1.
  • PBAE polymers or oligomers as solvent-based binders These are PBAE polymers that ideally may be solid in neat form but soluble in the wet ink composition.
  • This class of PBAE is termed soluble PBAE, or S-PBAE.
  • the S-PBAE may be selected from polymers obtained from the reaction between diacrylates of diols, where the diols are selected from oligo- and polyether diols such as oligoethyleneglycols and polyethyleneglycols, and di-secondary amines such piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g.
  • secondary amines may be di- sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH 3 )-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ))x-(O-CH 2 - CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® SD- 2001 and Jeffamine ® D-205, which are both difunctional secondary polyetheramines.
  • Primary amines can be considered as difunctional when coupled with acrylates to form ⁇ -amino esters.
  • Primary amines may be monoamines such as alkylamines, and alkylamines comprising functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups.
  • S-PBAE primary amines should be stoichiometrically balanced with di-acrylates, i.e. molar ratios of 1:1, to form polymers.
  • Diol diacrylates are selected so that the diols formed after solvolysis can act to dissolve and dissociate ions and function as softeners in an electrolyte composition.
  • the ⁇ -amino acids and ⁇ -amino esters may function as softeners as well and possibly act to increase the solubility of ions in the compositions.
  • the S-PBAE structure should be selected so that the S- PBAE provides mechanical strength before the transformation to enable facile processing while its solvolysis products should provide solubility of ions and be able to function as softeners.
  • the transformable binders may be selected to provide a rate of transformation suitable to the manufacturing process.
  • the S- PBAE may be soluble in esters, ethers, ether esters, carbonates, nitriles or hydrocarbons.
  • the S-PBAE of the present invention may also be described by the general formula 1: ⁇ [N(R2)-R3-N(R2)-(CH2)2-C(O)O-R1-OC(O)-(CH2)2-]n ⁇ or , 1 wherein R1 may be represented by ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , wherein m may be at least 10, ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH
  • R1 may be represented by ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , wherein m may be at least 10, ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2
  • R1 may be represented by ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , wherein m may be at least 10, ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2
  • S-PBAE Single-chain polymer
  • G-PBAE particles can function as repositories for controlled release of electrolyte solvents, and that a high loading of particles does not influence the viscosity as much as a high loading of polymers do.
  • G-PBAE particles can in principle be added to any ink system suitable to host an electrolyte, making implementation simple. Further G-PBAE can be added to ATOBAE and S- PBAE inks. 2.
  • oligo ⁇ -amino esters as polymerizable molecules forming binders. These oligomers may be fluids that polymerizes to form a binder during UV-curing. These are termed ATOBAE.
  • the cured polymerized form may be termed PATOBAE.
  • the ATOBAE may be ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2 ⁇ or ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2 ⁇ , preferably R1 is selected from ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ and ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ ; R2 may be represented by ⁇ CH3, ⁇
  • PBAE as dispersed insoluble particles for controlled release of ion solubilizing particles.
  • the role of the PBAE particles is not to impart mechanical strength in the first place, but the role of the particles is to serve as a repository of PBAE to release ion solvating molecules upon solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis.
  • the particles are not soluble in the wet ink compositions and simply serves as a solid filler, but their parts dissolve upon solvolysis.
  • the particles may optionally have polymerizable groups.
  • the particles may be solids or in the form of a gel. These particles may be termed G-PBAE.
  • Hyperbranched PBAE H-PBAE
  • the G-PBAE may be selected from molecules comprising at least two acrylate groups. These are coupled with amines comprising at least two functionalities in the coupling with acrylate groups. For secondary amines, this means that molecules comprising at least two secondary amines are selected.
  • Di-secondary amines can be selected from piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g.
  • secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH 3 )-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ))x-(O-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine ® SD-2001 and Jeffamine ® D-205, which ate both difunctional secondary polyetheramines.
  • primary amines that are di-functional as they may create bonds to two acrylic groups, this means that molecules are selected from molecules comprising at least one primary amine group.
  • di-primary amines may be used.
  • Molecules comprising two or more acrylate groups can be selected from acrylates of molecules with two or more hydroxyl groups, preferentially hydroxyl molecules that can function to dissolve and dissociate ions and that can serve as softener in the electrolyte. All three types belong to the group polymeric ⁇ -amino ester, but these three materials of the invention need to be designed and synthesized in different ways, their functions are different, and effects of solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis, of them have different effects. The three types may be combined with each other, and with other binder molecules to provide the printed electrolytes with desired properties before, during processing, and after, during device operation, the hydrolysis or alcoholysis of polymeric BAE.
  • the bonds constituting the PBAE are ⁇ -amino ester bonds. Upon hydrolysis, these decompose into the diols and ⁇ -amino acids corresponding to the monomers from which they were synthesized.
  • the hydrolysis effect of PATOBAE is different from that of G- and S-PBAE.
  • the ATOBAE only has terminal acrylate group, for example in an ATOBAE obtained by reacting two diol diacrylates with an amine or a di-secondary amine, the diols end up as side groups in the kinetic oligomer chain. If the ATOBAE is longer, for example one formed by reacting three diol diacrylates with two amines or two di-sec-amines, the ATOBAE contains on average ATOBAE with one diol diacrylate forming a non-terminal acrylic end, that may be an di- ⁇ -amino ester of the diol of the diol diacrylate. This central segment will after hydrolysis form a diol, just as the constituents of S-PBAE and G-PBAE.
  • G-PBAE may be obtained by different methods.
  • Insoluble PBAE-based particles are well known, since this is the form of PBAE used in gene delivery by transfection, and there are several methods to obtain such materials, even if these particles have never been used for the purpose of the present invention.
  • One method is to polymerize monomers into a cross-linked insoluble material that may be crushed and ground into suitably sized particles.
  • the particles may have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, preferably less than 2 ⁇ m. preferably less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • G-PBAE particles may also be obtained by slowly dropping small droplets of a PBAE solution into a non-solvent during agitation.
  • G-PBAE may be obtained by polymerizing PBAE in a non-solvent in presence of a dispersion agent such as a surfactant.
  • a surfactant or a surface-active agent is a chemical compound that decrease the surface tension e.g. between two liquids or the interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid.
  • non-solvent means that it is a solvent that does not dissolve neither the reagents, i.e. both diacrylates and diamines to a high extent, nor the formed polymer, i.e. the G-PBAE, and the non-solvent has the function of producing the G-PBAE as particles suspended in the non- solvent.
  • a non-solvent may be a hydrocarbon.
  • G-PBAE may be a suitable form for adding a large loading of PBAE in a printable composition or printable ink, since particle dispersions do not alter the rheology as much as PBAE solutions may do.
  • Hyperbranched PBAE H-PBAE
  • H-PBAE Hyperbranched PBAE
  • ATOBAE, S-PBAE and G-PBAE may have different functions, different curing functions, different effects on ink rheology, and impart different properties of the printed, cured and solvolyzed electrolyte composition.
  • transformable binder molecules may be combined and may also be combined with non-transforming binder systems.
  • One advantage of the invention is that it enables the combination of good mechanical properties during processing with good ionic conductivity during device operation by converting the printed material chemically.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the preparation of AOBAEs is very simple and may be performed in rudimentary laboratory settings.
  • Another advantage is that PBAE and OBAE are not harmful, and neither are their decomposition products.
  • Another advantage is that the number of combinations of reasonably priced amines, mainly diamines, and diacrylates suitable as starting materials is very large. Block copolymers structures and hyperbranched and dendrimeric PBAE-structures are possible to obtain from commercial materials.
  • the electrolyte composition (or electrolyte) 130 The present invention relates to an electrolyte composition 130 comprises a salt and an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric ⁇ -amino esters that can dissolve the salt. The nature of the solvolysis products depends on the structure of the polymeric ⁇ -amino ester binder molecules.
  • the polymeric ⁇ -amino esters may be selected from soluble polymeric ⁇ -amino esters or insoluble polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, or a combination of said polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, and when they are submitted to solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis, they may dissolve the salt in the ion transporting medium.
  • solvolysis such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis
  • the role of the ion transporting medium is to provide mobility of ions in an electrochemical device.
  • the electrolyte composition may also comprise other ingredients to adjust its properties.
  • the electrolyte may thus comprise additional supporting binder systems, softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition (or ink) 160 Unlike the electrolyte composition 130 of the present invention, wherein the properties have been optimized for working as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell 100, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 has been optimized for being a printable ink. As these properties do not go hand in hand, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 comprises a salt which is present as solid particles in a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric ⁇ -amino esters. Optionally the electrolyte precursor composition 160 comprises other ingredients such as a supporting binder system, at least one polymerization initiator, at least one solvent or one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents.
  • the function of the electrolyte precursor composition is to be printable and thus the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. Accordingly, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 is in the form of a printable ink, which may be printed or coated before it may be submitted to curing conditions. A solid may be obtained after printing or coating and curing of the precursor electrolyte composition.
  • Another function of the electrolyte precursor composition is to be over-printable by e.g. a composition forming e.g. a top electrode in a device, and also to be convertible to the electrolyte composition.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition 160 may be a printable ink or coatable ink.
  • the binder molecules selected from polymeric ⁇ -amino esters may for example be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-secondary (sec) amines or primary amines.
  • Scheme 1 illustrates a molecular structure 1 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-sec amines.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates a molecular structure 2a of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with cyclic di-sec amines, such as piperazine.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates a molecular structure 2a of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with cyclic di-sec amines, such as piperazine.
  • Scheme 3 illustrates a molecular structure 3 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with primary amines.
  • R1 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as ⁇ (CH2)l ⁇ or ⁇ (CH2)mCR4(R5)(CH2)k ⁇ , wherein m, l and k, denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • n may be at least 1, or at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100.
  • R1 may be represented by ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
  • R2 may be an alkyl chain, such as ⁇ CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 3 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 , ⁇ CH2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2
  • m may also be in the range 1-8, or in the range 1-6, or in the range 1-3, or in the range 1-2. m may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; or ⁇ (CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)y ⁇ (CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)x ⁇ CH 3, wherein x and y may be 1-10, preferably R2 is selected from ⁇ CH3, ⁇ CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2CH2CH2OH, ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 3 and ⁇ (CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)y ⁇ (CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ O)x ⁇ CH 3 .
  • R3 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as ⁇ CH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )mCH 2 ⁇ , or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as ⁇ (CH 2 )l ⁇ or ⁇ (CH 2 )kCR4(R5)(CH 2 )k ⁇ , wherein x, y, m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein x and y may be 1-10; m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • x, y, m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein x and y may be 1-10; m may be at least 10, preferably m may be
  • R3 may be represented by ⁇ CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3) ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) ⁇ , ⁇ CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH2CH2 ⁇ , ⁇ CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2 ⁇ ,
  • R4 and R5 may independently be represented by hydrogen (H) or alkyl groups, such as ⁇ CH3, ⁇ CH2CH3, ⁇ C(CH3)2, ⁇ CH2CH2CH3, ⁇ CH2C(CH3)2.
  • R2 and R3 may also contain or constitute cyclic compounds.
  • R2 or R3 constitute the alkyl chain in a piperidine or piperazine ring.
  • the salt may be an inorganic salt or an organic salt. The salt forms the electrolyte when it is dissolved by the hydrolysis products of polymeric ⁇ -amino esters in the ion transporting medium.
  • the salt should exist as solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition 160 and should be soluble in the solvolysis products of the polymeric ⁇ -amino esters. This place demands on the selection of both salt and the other components, i.e. the salt should not be soluble in any of the other ingredients of the electrolyte composition 130, but it should be soluble in molecules formed by hydrolysis of polymeric ⁇ -amino esters, i.e. poly- or oligo ⁇ -amino esters.
  • the salt may be an inorganic salt or an organic low molecular salt,but could also be solid particles of polyelectrolytes or porous ionic organic networks (PIONs), salts suitable for use in e.g. battery electrolytes.
  • PIONs porous ionic organic networks
  • a non-limiting list of suitable salts is calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2), zinc citrate CaCl 2 and ZnCl 2 .
  • the salt is a porous ionic organic network (PION), wherein the porous ionic organic network preferably is a polymer product from reaction of cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups preferably selected from diazabicyclooctane, 1,3-diazabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-diazabicyclo- [2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatri- cyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]-undecane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane,4,4’-d
  • the electrochemical cell 100 relates to an electrochemical cell 100 (see figure 18), which comprises a first or bottom electrode, preferably the electrode is provided as an electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110.
  • the electrode layer 120 may be an electrically conducting polymer, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy- thiophene) (PEDOT) or a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), such as indium tin oxide (ITO).
  • the substrate 110 may be a flexible substrate.
  • the substrate 110 shall be suitable for the selected printing method.
  • the substrate 110 may be of a plastic material, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil or any fibrous material, e.g. textile or paper.
  • the substrate 110 may also be a glass material or any other suitable material that may be used in an electrochemical cell 100 of the present invention.
  • the electrochemical cell 100 also comprises an electrolyte composition 130 and a second or top electrode, preferably the electrode is provided as an electrode layer 140.
  • the electrode layer 140 may be hybrid-composite-electrodes such as electrodes made from inks comprising carbon black and MnO (IV) or Zinc in powder form or provided as a tape. The electrodes may be selected depending on the requirements of the specific device.
  • the electrolyte composition 130 is arranged in between and in ionic contact with both the first electrode and the second electrode.
  • the electrochemical cell 100 may also be provided with a protecting layer 150.
  • the protecting layer 150 may be provided to cell precursor 190, i.e. before the electrolyte precursor composition 160 has been transformed, e.g. by solvolysis 240, to the electrolyte composition 130 or after to the electrochemical cell 100.
  • the protecting layer 150 may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor 190 or the electrochemical cell 100.
  • the cell precursor 190 and the electrochemical cell 100 have a vertically layered structure.
  • the present invention also relates to a printing process (see figure 19) for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate 110 comprising a first electrode layer 120, printing 210 an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to the first electrode layer 120, curing of the electrolyte precursor composition 160; overprinting 220 a second electrode layer 140 to the cured electrolyte precursor composition 160, thereby providing a cell precursor 190; providing 230 the cell precursor with a protecting layer 150, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor 190; and exposing (240) the electrolyte precursor composition 160 to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition 130, such that the electrolyte composition 130 is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and the second electrode layers 120 and 140 respectively, thereby providing the electrochemical cell 100.
  • the electrochemical cell 100 may have the function of an electrochromic cell (see e.g. figures 15 and 16), wherein at least one of the electrodes change optical properties in response to changes in the electrochemical potential.
  • the electrochemical cell may also have the primary function of storing energy electrochemically, as a battery (see e.g.
  • the electrochemical cell may also have the function of an electrochemical transistor.
  • the bottom and top electrodes e.g. the electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110 and the electrode layer 140, are so called to describe the bottom electrode as the electrode printed first in an additive manufacturing method of producing the electrochemical cell 100.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition 160 is printed on top of the bottom electrode layer 120.
  • the top electrode layer 140 is printed on top of the electrolyte precursor composition 160. All-additive manufacturing of electrochemical cells by printing involves printing a cell component on top of another. All-additive manufacturing means that all parts of the cell are sequential added or stacked by additive manufacturing.
  • over-printability is by necessity a property of two materials, the printed and cured material to be overprinted, the printed substrate, and the printable fluid ink composition to be printed on the printed substrate. Over-printability depends on the effects of an ink composition on the previously printed substrate and vice versa. Over-printability requirements for all-additive production electrochemical cells by all-additive printing are demanding, and that is one of the reasons why batteries are not manufactured industrially by all-additive methods. From the perspective of the electrolyte, it should have a sufficiently high content and mobility of ions for the specific application. Supercapacitors typically require extremely low resistance and electrochromic displays can tolerate higher resistances of the electrolyte, for example, but in general the higher conductivity the better.
  • High conductivity and mobility are typically found in soft materials, such as gels and other soft matter. This, of course, poses challenges in printing an electrode on top of the electrolyte as a soft material may not have the properties needed to be overprinted. Still, the present invention facilitates additive manufacturing of supercapacitors since the electrolyte composition is overprintable when cured but is soft when transformed into an electrolyte. The functions required of the electrode material adds to the over- printability challenges.
  • the electrode should transport electrons and ions with low resistance and be able to store charge.
  • the binder matrix of the electrode should function as an ion transport medium. Practically, this is achieved by using binder molecules with polar groups and free volume to enable high and concentration of ions in the binder matrix.
  • printable electrode compositions typically contain water-soluble binder molecules, and consequently the electrode inks are water- based.
  • Printing a water-based electrode ink on top of a water sensitive electrolyte is likely to cause destroy or degrade the electrolyte.
  • an electrode ink binder is selected among organic soluble molecules, the binder matrix is likely a poor conductor of ions.
  • a non-limiting list of water-based electrode inks is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based inks.
  • PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
  • the object of the present invention is to provide binder systems for electrolytes and electrodes designed to combine these desired properties of printable compositions for electrolytes and electrodes.
  • the invention solves the problem on how to combine the above-mentioned properties of electrolyte and electrode ink compositions by using binder systems that can transform from being organic binder systems to molecules imparting ion conductivity in the binder matrices of printed electrolytes and electrodes.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell 100 according to the present invention.
  • the method comprises a step of providing a first electrode, which preferably is provided as an electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110. As related above the electrode may be selected depending on the device.
  • a step of providing an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to the first electrode preferably by means of printing or coating.
  • a step of curing the electrolyte precursor composition 160 preferably by means of thermal heating or irradiating by actinic radiation, such as UV radiation. Thereby transforming the electrolyte precursor composition 160 into a solid form or maintaining the electrolyte precursor composition as an adhesive.
  • a step of providing a second electrode 140 to the cured electrolyte precursor composition 160 preferably by means of overprinting or laminating, thereby providing a cell precursor 190.
  • the electrolyte composition is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrodes, thereby providing the electrochemical cell 100.
  • the steps of printing or overprinting may be by means of flexographic printing, screen printing, offset printing, gravure printing or digital printing.
  • the present invention also describes a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell 100 which comprises the steps of providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a substrate comprising a second electrode layer. A step of coating of an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to at least one of the first and second electrode layers 120.
  • the step of laminating may be by means adhesively joining the first and second electrode by heating, pressing, hot-pressing, hot-rolling, cold- pressing or cold-rolling.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for transforming an electrolyte precursor composition into an electrolyte composition, by exposing the composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, or alcohols or ketones, or combinations thereof.
  • S-PBAE binder molecules 1a S-PBAE based on piperazine Equimolar amounts of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG diacrylate) 250 (Merck) and piperazine (Merck) were mixed in DBE-9 (dibasic ester mixture of dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl succinate) under stirring. The temperature was kept at ambient temperature (with ambient temperature means 20-25 °C) for 30 minutes, and then raised to 65 °C for 30 minutes to provide a viscous liquid. Removal of the solvent afforded a rubbery solid. DBE-9 is a mixture of dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl succinate, Dibasic ester mixture.
  • ATOBAE binder molecules 2a ATOBAE 2:1 based on 4-amino-1-butanol
  • Two molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for every molar equivalent of 4-amino-1-butanol were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and 30 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product.
  • Scheme 5 shows an ATOBAE synthesized from 2 molar equivalents of diethylene glycol diacrylate per 1 mole 4-aminobutanol. 5 Scheme 5.
  • Scheme 6 shows a polymerized network structure (PATOBAE) obtained by curing of the polymerizable groups of acryl terminated OBAE synthesized from 2 molar equivalents of diethylene glycol diacrylate per mole 4- aminobutanol.
  • Scheme 6 shows examples molecular fragments that may be obtained by hydrolysis of the PATOBAE.
  • Scheme 7. 2b) ATOBAE 3:2 based on 4-amino-1-butanol Three molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for two molar equivalents of 4-amino-1-butanol were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and 30 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product.
  • N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) was subsequently added in 3:2 molar ratio (3 molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250:2 molar equivalents of N,N’- diethyl ethylenediamine) and the mix was stirred at room temperature for 60 minutes to afford a viscous product.
  • G-PBAE binder molecules Trimethylhexamethylenediamine (2,2,4-Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine), 1.60 g (158.28 g/mole) was mixed with PEG diacrylate 250, 2.51 g (250 g/mole). The viscosity of the mixture gradually increased and eventually a gel was formed. On standing at ambient temperature over a weekend, a brittle soft solid was formed that may be crushed and ground to fine particles of a crosslinked G-PBAE.
  • Scheme 8 shows the synthesis of a cross-linked network of G-PBAE obtained by polymerizing 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine and a PEG- diacrylate.
  • the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, i.e.2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 0.04 g, and Lucirin TPO, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation.
  • the ink was stencil printed with a 200 ⁇ m stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven, using a mercury lamp.
  • the inks were further characterized with a 4p-EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figure 1).
  • PION-1 (0.2g) were mixed with the ATOBAE and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, 0.04g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation.
  • the ink was stencil printed with a 200 ⁇ m stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven.
  • the inks were further characterized with a 4p- EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figures 1 and 2). Examples of preparation of PIONs are disclosed in Example 12 and 13. 4d) PION-2 based composition (ink) ATOBAE 3:2 from example 2e (5.95 g) was prepared.
  • PION (0.2g) were mixed with the ATOBAE and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, 0.04g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation.
  • the ink was stencil printed with a 200 ⁇ m stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven.
  • the inks were further characterized with a 4p- EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figure 2). Examples of preparation of PIONs are disclosed in Example 12 and 13.
  • Figure 1 shows the Bode diagram of the CaCl 2 based composition and the ZnCl2 based composition as described in example 4a and 4b, respectively, together with the PION-1 based composition as described in example 4c.
  • the filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, i.e. ( ⁇ ) is example 4a, ( ⁇ ) is example 4b and ( ⁇ ) is example 4c, respectively.
  • the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, for example 4a ( ⁇ ), example 4b ( ⁇ ) and example 4c ( ⁇ ), respectively.
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device.
  • Figure 2 shows the Bode diagram of the PION-based compositions described in examples 4c and 4d.
  • the filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, i.e. ( ⁇ ) is example 4c and ( ⁇ ) is example 4d, respectively.
  • the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, for example 4c ( ⁇ ) and example 4d ( ⁇ ), respectively.
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. Before solvolysis the different examples 4a-4d show similar behavior, which was expected. Example 5.
  • PBAE binder molecules to enhance the ionic conductance of polyelectrolyte-based screen-printed inks
  • Luviquat Excellence polyelectrolyte in water 45 g was mixed with titanium dioxide (Kronos 2190, 41.3 g), the photoinitiators (Irgacure 2959, 0.35 g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.28 g) and DL-lactic acid (8.3 g).
  • PBAE binder molecules from example 1 was added (4.85 g).
  • the obtained white paste was used as a UV-curing polyelectrolyte ink.
  • the ionic resistance of the ink was extracted with 4point probe Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (4p- EIS), which may be illustrated in a Bode diagram.
  • Figure 3 shows the Bode diagram of the polyelectrolyte ink described in example 5.
  • the filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, wherein ( ⁇ ) is a reference example using a conventional binder E001 and ( ⁇ ) is example 5.
  • E001 is the product number of a polyelectrolyte ink developed by RISE and may be commercially available as a screen-printing ink.
  • E001 may be prepared by the method described above but using PEG-700 diacrylate instead of PBAE.
  • the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, i.e. ( ⁇ ) is conventional binder E001 and ( ⁇ ) is example 5.
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device.
  • a conventional binder commercially available ink E001 from RISE
  • PBAE binder molecules as an additive to a polyelectrolyte ink may decrease the ionic resistance of the polyelectrolyte ink approximately five times compared to using a conventional binder.
  • Example 6 Processes for electrolyte precursor composition transformation The compositions presented in example 4 were exposed to humid air with different procedures, so the ionic resistance will decrease. The exposure of the compositions into humid air may transform the electrolyte precursor composition, e.g. based on ATOBAE, and facilitate the solubilization of the ionic components within the formed electrolyte composition, thus decreasing the ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition. For this example seven method procedures have been developed.
  • RH relative humidity
  • RT room temperature
  • DI water deionized water is water that has been treated to remove all ions. Since the water may be evaporated in the present invention, it does not specifically have to be DI water.
  • DI water By the use of dynamic or static vacuum in the present application is a means of providing a reproducible exposure of the device to water vapor.
  • a desiccator may be used as a vessel of suitable dimension that may be closed and evacuated to ensure a dynamic or static vacuum.
  • Method procedure 1 (M1 procedure) The devices were introduced to a chamber and exposed to 80%RH at RT and 1 bar pressure for 48 h. Afterwards the devices were removed from the chamber and were left at atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes, before being characterized with 4p-EIS.
  • Method procedure 2 (M2 procedure) The devices were placed on a hot plate at 50 °C and 100 ⁇ l of DI water was dropped on the ink while annealing. Subsequently, the devices were left on the hot plate for 10 minutes. Afterwards the devices were removed from the chamber and were left at atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes, before being characterized with 4p-EIS.
  • Method procedure 3 (M3 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of DI water. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 30 minutes, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6d) Method procedure 4 (M4 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of DI water. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 24 hours, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes.
  • Method procedure 5 (M5 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of pure Ethanol. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 3 hours, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6f) Method procedure 6 (M6 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of pure Acetone. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum.
  • FIG 4 the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M1 to a CaCl 2 based composition as described in example 4a are presented.
  • the filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p- EIS for example composition 4a as printed ( ⁇ ) and example composition 4a after M1 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for composition 4a as printed ( ⁇ ) and composition 4a after M1 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the CaCl2 salt is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to two orders of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance.
  • Figure 5 the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M2 to a ZnCl 2 based composition as described in example 4b are presented.
  • the filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example composition 4b as printed ( ⁇ ) and example composition 4b after M2 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for composition 4b as printed ( ⁇ ) and composition 4b after M2 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the salt is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to one order of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance.
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device.
  • Figure 6 are presented the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M4 to PION based compositions as described in examples 4c and 4d are presented. Impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example compositions (inks) 4c ( ⁇ ) and 4d ( ⁇ ) as printed and example compositions (inks) 4c ( ⁇ ) and 4d ( ⁇ ) after M4 procedure.
  • the unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for example compositions (inks) 4c ( ⁇ ) and 4d ( ⁇ ) as printed and example compositions (inks) 4c ( ⁇ ) and 4d ( ⁇ ) after M4 procedure.
  • the polyelectrolyte is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to one order of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance.
  • Figure 7 are presented the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the procedures M1 – M4 to the PION-1 based composition as described in example 4c are presented.
  • the filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS and the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies.
  • ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink as printed, ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M1, ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M2, ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M3, ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M4, ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M5, and ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) is the ink after M6.
  • the polyelectrolyte is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to significant decrease of the device ionic resistance.
  • procedure M4 was the most impactful process, resulting in four orders of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance of the device.
  • the ionic resistance values are extracted for 1Hz and presented in Table 1.
  • FIG. 8 shows the results, where the ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition ( ⁇ ), as extracted from 4p-EIS is stable at low a humidity and increases by two orders of magnitude as the humidity is increased beyond 40% RH. Also, shown in figure 8, which confirms the stability at low humidity, is the stability of the electrolyte composition when left in the climate chamber for 5 days.
  • FIG. 8 corresponds to the resistance of the electrolyte composition after left at 10% for 5 days and the symbol ( ⁇ ) corresponds to the resistance of the electrolyte composition after left at 35% for 5 days.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the 4p-EIS results for the impact of method procedure M7 to a CaCl2 based composition (i.e. example 4a), a ZnCl2 based composition (i.e. example 4b) and a PION-1 based composition (i.e. example 4c), respectively.
  • the salts e.g.
  • Example 7 Transformation of PBAE binder molecules as additives to boost the ionic conductance of polyelectrolyte inks The method procedure M1 described in example 6a, was further used in the devices as described in example 5 forming example composition 7 wherein PBAE are used instead of ATOBAE.
  • Figure 10 shows the Bode diagram of the impact of the method procedure M1 to an electrolyte precursor composition comprising PBAE binder molecules.
  • the filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example composition 7 as printed ( ⁇ ) and example composition 7 after M1 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for example composition 7 as printed ( ⁇ ) and example composition 7 after M1 procedure ( ⁇ ).
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device.
  • Example 8 A polyelectrolyte composition using G-PBAE binder molecules and its further transformation to enhance the ionic conductance of the polyelectrolyte ink Luviquat Excellence polyelectrolyte in water (45 g) was mixed with titanium dioxide (Kronos 2190, 41.3 g), the photoinitiators (Irgacure 2959, 0.35g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.28 g) and D-Lactic acid (8.3 g). Immediately before printing, G-PBAE from example 3 was added (4.85 g).
  • the obtained white paste was used as a UV-curing polyelectrolyte ink.
  • the ionic resistance of the ink was extracted with 4point probe Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (4p-EIS) as seen in Figure 11, which shows a Bode diagram of the as printed ink comprising G-PBAE binder molecules as described in example 8, and its comparison to E001.
  • the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, wherein ( ⁇ ) is example 8 as printed, ( ⁇ ) is example 8 after being treated according to method M3, is example 8 after being treated according to method M4, ( ⁇ ) is example 8 after being treated according to method M5, ( ⁇ ) is example 8 after being treated according to method M6 and ( ⁇ ) is a reference example using a conventional binder E001.
  • the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device.
  • a conventional binder commercially available ink E001
  • Polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (PEGDA250) (Merck) ( ⁇ in figure 12) and N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (N,N’-DEDEA) (Merck) ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in figure 12) is reacted forming the ATOBAE (— in figure 12) comprising electrolyte precursor composition.
  • Figure 12 and figure 13 show the ATR-FTIR spectra for the raw starting materials and the resulting ATOBAE (— in figure 13) comprising composition of example 2d and 2c, respectively. Indeed the peaks around 3300 cm -1 corresponding to NH of the amine group in N,N’-DEDEA are disappearing as the ATOBAE is formed ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in figure 13).
  • N-H peak should be present in the spectrum of the formed ATOBAE.
  • FIG 14. Further evidence of the transformation of ATOBAE after exposure to water, ethanol or acetone may be seen in Figure 14.
  • the ATOBAE formulation of example 2d (— before transformation in figure 14) was chosen as an example for proving the transformation effect. Drops of DI water ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in figure 14), pure ethanol ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ in figure 14) and acetone ( ⁇ in figure 14) were added to the three separate components to initiate the transformation by hydrolysis or alcoholysis, which may be seen in Figure 14.
  • Electrochromic displays based on ATOBAE electrolyte inks The method of manufacturing electrochemical cells, in this case electrochromic displays is comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode layer, in this case a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based active layer was provided, providing the electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a to the first electrode by printing onto the first electrode layer. Curing of the electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a by means of UV-band-oven.
  • PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
  • FIG. 15 is showing an example of a working device in the on state (A) and the off state (B).
  • Irreversible electrochromic displays based on ATOBAE electrolyte inks Irreversible electrochromic displays were prepared following the same procedure as for example 10a.
  • the electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a was used. In this case the PEDOT based active layer was replaced with indium tin oxide (ITO).
  • the electrochemical instability of ITO may be used as a means to fabricate irreversible electrochromic displays.
  • the devices were then exposed to solvolysis agents according to the method procedure M4.
  • Figure 16 is showing an example of a working device in the off state (C) and the irreversible on state (D).
  • Example 11 Method of manufacturing a battery using a transformable ink A battery was fabricated using the electrolyte precursor composition, also called ink, of example 4b.
  • PVDF:TrFE 70:30 was mixed with DBE-3 solvent, carbon black and MnO (IV) in a ratio 0.8:10:0.4:0.4 g for the anode and PVDF:TrFE 70:30 was mixed with DBE-3 solvent, carbon black and Zinc powder in a ratio 0.8:10:0.4:1.2 g for the cathode.
  • Three different battery architectures were fabricated. The open circuit voltage was extracted with a Biologic potentiostat SP200. 11a) Vertical printed device on PET The cathode ink was stencil printed on PET foil and annealed at 100 °C for 2h. Afterwards, the ink of example 4b was stencil printed and UV cured.
  • the anode ink was overprinted on the UV-cured electrolyte ink and the device was annealed at 100 °C for 2h.
  • the devices were then according to the method procedure M4 in order to transform the ink into the electrolyte composition of the present invention.
  • the measured open circuit voltage was 1.04 ⁇ 0.15 V (statistics between 5 devices).
  • the anode ink, MnO based was stencil printed on a PET foil and annealed at 100 °C for 2h. Afterwards, the ink of example 4b was stencil printed and UV cured.
  • the devices were then treated according to the method procedure M4 in order to transform the ink into the electrolyte composition of the present invention.
  • Figure 17 the free-standing device before the Zn tape is attached.
  • the measured open circuit voltage was 1.33 ⁇ 0.05 V (statistics between 3 devices).
  • Example 12 Preparation of an example of a PION All reagents and solvents were used as received except for dioxane which was dried over molecular sieves before use. DABCO (Merck, 3,17 g) dissolved in dried dioxane 125 mL, was slowly dropped during 20 minutes into a chilled (16 °C) solution of cyanuric chloride (TCI, 3,47 g) dissolved in previously dried dioxane (31 g) under vigorous stirring.
  • TBI cyanuric chloride
  • FIG. 21 shows the attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for the produced PION according to Example 12. The spectrum is matching clearly shows the -OH and triazine groups of the PION.
  • ATR-FTIR attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectrum
  • PION2 Preparation of another example of PION - “PION2”
  • DABCO N,N,N ⁇ ,N ⁇ - tetramethylethylenediamine
  • TMEDA N,N,N ⁇ ,N ⁇ - tetramethylethylenediamine
  • 1,74 g TMEDA was dissolved in dioxane (75 mL) and chilled in a round bottom flask in a water bath holding 13 °C.
  • Cyanuric chloride (1.84 g), in dioxane (30 mL) was added slowly under stirring while kept under nitrogen gas.
  • Dialysis of the PION The PION prepared according to Example 12 was dissolved in deionized water and placed in a 30 cm length of a 22 mm Thermo Scientific SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 7kD molecular weight cut-off, for four days with a large number of replacements of water. ATR-FTIR spectra reveal that the PION compound before and after dialysis is identical (see figure 23).
  • the hose When performing dialysis where the PION is in a dialysis hose, the hose is immersed in pure water.. Excess salt moves through the tube membrane wall.
  • the dialysis membrane has a characteristic molecular weight cut-off, meaning that only molecules with a lower molecular weight than for example 7000 g/mole permeates the membrane.
  • the concentration of mobile salt is equilibrated between the tube contents, a small volume, and the surrounding water, a large volume. For example, if the volume ratio is 1:100, then the salt concentration may be reduced by a factor 100 after the first exchange of water. In the second it may be reduced further by a factor 100, etc.
  • Example 15 Preparation of electrolyte compositions of dispersed PION Porous particles of the PION are added to a non-aqueous diluent, such as a low volatile solvent, for example glycerol, the resulting fluid is used as an electrolyte in electrochemical cells. a) The PION of Example 12 was dispersed in de-ionized water (DI water), 3.2 wt% forming solution 1.
  • DI water de-ionized water
  • Example 13 The PION2 of Example 13 was dispersed in de-ionized water, 3.2 wt% forming solution 2.
  • Dialyzed PION of Example 14 was dispersed in de-ionized water, 3.2 wt% forming solution 3.
  • the PION of Example 12 was dispersed in glycerol, 3.2 wt% forming solution 4.
  • Phosphate buffer (PBS) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in de-ionized water forming solution 5.
  • f) NaCl was dissolved in de-ionized water, 1M forming solution 6.
  • Example 12 The PION of Example 12 was mixed with de-ionized water and hydroxy-2-ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION of Example 12, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 1.
  • ThePION2 of Example 13 was mixed with DI water and hydroxy-2- ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION2 of Example 13, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 2.
  • Ion Exchange Resin Ambercrom 1X4 Chloride form Mesh 200-400 was mixed with DI Water and hydroxy-2-ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION2 of Example 13, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 3.
  • Example 16a Test structure for impedance measurements A four-probe structure with four parallel traces of conducting electrode materials were used to probe the impedances. The electrolyte composition under test, was applied as a string crossing the parallel traces. By measuring the impedance using for or two conducting traces, it was possible to obtain values of the electrolyte volume impedance.
  • Example 16b Three electrode cell characterization
  • the potential window of electrochemical stability was investigated in a three-electrode cell, where the material under test was the electrolyte composition.
  • the potential was swept over a voltage interval while the current is recorded to indicate electrochemical reactions, and to measure the potential window, where no faradaic reactions was taking place.
  • Linear sweep voltammetry, cyclovoltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectro-scopy were performed in these solutions, using glassy carbon as the working electrode, Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and a Pt wire as the counter electrode.
  • screen printed carbon electrodes based on the carbon ink 7102 from DuPont were used. All experiments were performed with a Biologic Potentiostat SP200.
  • the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 exhibit a similar electrochemical behavior, while both exhibit a high electrochemical stability window (ESW).
  • ESW electrochemical stability window
  • the PION appears more electrochemically stable than PBS and the PION2 of Example 13, which opens up possibilities for range of applications in electrochemical devices that require a stable electrolyte system, i.e. a supercapacitor, as examined in example 6.
  • the ESW of both PBS and the PION2 of Example 13 seem to decrease with the scan rate, which implies that other redox reactions that are kinetically dependent could be taking place in the system.
  • Figure 27 shows the cyclic voltammograms for the three solutions of Example 15. Both the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 exhibit a similar behavior.
  • Both the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 have a similar order of magnitude resistance, but the PION has a lower ionic resistance.
  • Table 3. The ionic resistance from the fitted electrochemical impedance spectra. Sample identity Ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition R, (m ⁇ ) Solution 5 100 Solution 1 236 Solution 2 300 More characterizations on the dialyzed electrolytes, and Capacitance measurements proving the formation of Electric Double Layer are ongoing.
  • Example 6 Supercapacitor structures
  • Supercapacitors were prepared where the material under tests is the electrolyte composition of the electrochemical cell electrolyte. Electrodes containing activated carbon were manufactured on top of metal coated substrates. The resulting supercapacitor was characterized by its charge- discharged properties.
  • the purpose of this experiment was to conform the function of the electrolyte composition comprising a porous ionic organic network and an ion transporting medium in supercapacitors.
  • Supercapacitors were prepared in accordance with a method 200 of manufacturing an electrochemical cell 100 according to the present invention, wherein the material under tests is the electrolyte composition 130 of the electrochemical cell electrolyte, namely inks 1-3. Electrodes 120 and 140 containing activated carbon were coated on top of metal coated substrates 110. Then the electrolyte was coated 210 on one of those electrodes 120 and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. The supercapacitor cell was completed in laminating 220 a second electrode 140 containing the aforementioned activated carbon on the electrolyte composition 130.
  • the resulting supercapacitor was characterized by its charge-discharged properties.
  • the purpose of this experiment was to confirm the function of the electrolyte composition 130 comprising a porous ionic organic network particles 131 and an ion transporting medium 132 in supercapacitors.
  • Figure 30 shows the I-V curves of the supercapacitor based on the PION ink 1, Example 15, where a capacitive behavior was observed. The capacitance vs potential of those devices was also plotted in figure 31, s featuring a capacitive behavior. Based on those I-V curves, galvanostatic charge - discharge experiments were performed on those devices, evidencing that they are functioning as supercapacitors (see figure 32).
  • Example 7 Electrochromic displays Lateral electrochromic displays were fabricated by deposition of a PION- based electrolyte ink on screen printed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes. As seen in figure 33, the device can function properly, showcasing that PIONs may act as the active electrolytic composition for lateral electrochromic displays due to its high ionic conductivity.
  • PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

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Abstract

The present invention related to an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters; optionally a supporting binder system; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium. The present invention also relates to an electrolyte precursor composition, an electrochemical cell and methods for manufacturing said electrochemical cell.

Description

TRANSFORMABLE BINDER COMPOSITION PROVIDING A PRINTABLE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION Field of the invention The present invention relates to an electrolyte composition and an electrolyte precursor composition. The present invention further relates a method for transforming said electrolyte precursor composition into said electrolyte composition. The present invention also relates to an electrochemical cell and a method of manufacturing said electrochemical cell. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a printing process and a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell. Technical Background In vertically printed electrochromic cells, the cell components are printed as layers on top of each other. This requires a good mechanical integrity of the layers so that they can be over-printed by the ink forming the subsequent layer. This is a challenge for the electrolytes in printed electrochemical cells since high ion conductivity is often associated with flexibility and solvents that can dissolve salts. To increase the ionic conductivity, molecules that may dissolve salts and that may soften the composition may be added to improve ion mobility into the ink to form the electrolyte. The drawback with this is that this gives inks that after curing are soft and tacky, and this complicates the printing process significantly. When the printed layer is in contact with other substrates during the process, such when sheets are stacked or continuous webs are rolled up, or when the printed material is in mechanical contact with other surfaces, tackiness can make the inks adhere to other parts and substrates, destroy the layers and cause contamination. Further, if the cured but tacky ink contacts rolls in subsequent printing steps, the electrolyte can smear onto the rolls and destroy the properties of the printed circuits. In laterally printed electrochromic displays, the requirement on ionic conductivity is high. So typically, a mechanically weak jelly-like composition can be tolerated, but this is not preferred from a processing point of view. The softness and tackiness can cause smearing and limits the possibility to stack or roll up the printed devices until they are covered or encapsulated. For both vertical and lateral printed electrochemical cells the environmental conditions affects the performance. Particularly, the efficiency and ionic conductivity of the currently available printed electrolyte technology is dependent on humidity. However, this limits the usage of those printed electrochemical cells until Relative Humidity is around 30% , and thus limiting the usage in a wide range of potential applications. Furthermore, the presence of humidity in the electrolyte might be detrimental for energy storage oriented electrochemical cells such as printed batteries. In other words, the selection and design of current printable electrolytes is a compromise between device performance, e.g. ion conductivity, and processing properties, e.g. mechanical integrity and non-tack. Hence, there is a need for new materials and devices that addresses the above-mentioned limitations. Summary of the invention In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte composition that is designed to be transformed from a printed and cured and mechanically stable form, to form solvents and softeners for salts in printed electrolytes. Another object is to provide an electrolyte composition designed to be ionically conducting after being transformed from an electrolyte precursor composition which is designed to be printable and to have good mechanical properties for the printing processing steps. Another object is to provide such an electrolyte composition designed to simplify additive printing manufacturing of electrochemical devices. Another object is to provide such an electrolyte composition designed for the use in electrochemical devices which are less costly to manufacture. Another object is to provide such electrochemical devices that may be produced by conventional printing techniques. Another object is to provide such an electrolyte composition designed for the use in electrochemical devices which is less prone to migration within the device. To achieve at least one of the above objects and also other objects that will be evident from the following description, an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters; optionally a supporting binder system; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium; is provided according to the present inventive concept. An electrolyte precursor composition and an electrochemical cell including the electrolyte composition are provided according to claims 17 and 1 respectively. Methods of manufacture are provided according to claims 8, 12 and 14, respectively. Further, a method for transformation of the electrolyte precursor composition to the electrolyte composition is provided in claim 16. Preferred variations to the inventive concept will be evident from the dependent claims. According to a first aspect there is provided an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt and an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters, wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium. The term “electrolyte composition” or “electrolyte”, which may be used interchangeably in the present application, is to be construed as a medium that is containing ions and which is ionically conducting through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons. Thus, the salt needs to be dissolved and dissociated or at least partly dissolved and dissociated in the ion transporting medium for the electrolyte composition to provide ion conductivity. The electrolyte may be in the form of a liquid or a gelled liquid to provide a high ionic conductivity. The electrolyte may further contain phases that are not contributing to ion conductivity, but are contributing to the mechanical integrity of the composite, or have other functions such as light scattering in the case of a pigment. The ion conducting phase of the electrolyte must constitute a continuous phase to provide macroscopic ion conductivity between the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. In that sense, the electrolyte composition has to be in between and in ionic contact with the electrodes of the electrochemical cell for the cell to function. Thus, ionic contact between two elements is provided by at least one material capable of transporting ions between the two elements. An electrolyte, such as an electrolyte composition, in direct contact (common interface) with a first and a second electrochemically active layer, is one example of a material which may provide ionic contact between the two electrochemically active layers in the electrochemical cell. The electrolyte may hence be referred to as being in ionic contact with the two electrochemically active layers. With “ion transporting medium” means a matrix in which ions may be dissolved and transported in. Thus, the ion transporting medium may be any solvent, substance or composition that is able to dissolve, dissociate and relocate ions in a salt. The ion transporting medium is also constituting a continuous phase in the electrolyte composition, i.e. a fluid phase of a colloid within which solid or fluid particles may be distributed, thus having the ability of connecting the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. With “solvolysis” means reactions that involves a special type of substitution reaction in which one atom or molecule is replaced by another atom or molecule. During solvolysis reactions, a solvent, or a solvolysis agent in which other compounds may be dissolved, is used to create new products. Further, solvolysis is a type of substitution or elimination reaction in which the solvent or the solvolysis agent acts as a nucleophile. The solvolysis agent may act as a nucleophile or a chemical compound that form bonds by donating electrons to other substances, such as the binder molecules according to the present invention. Thus, the binder molecules may be transformed to solvolysis products that comprises of two types, diols or polyols from the diol or polyol acrylates used in the synthesis, that is, molecules bearing at least two hydroxy groups, e.g. in the form of polyethers terminated with hydroxyl groups. Other solvolysis products may be ^-amino acids. The solvolysis products that comprises at least two hydroxy groups have the function of dissolving the ions provided as solid particles in the binder composition. The term “solvolysis products” thus means products that may be formed from a solvolysis reaction. When submitting an oligo- or poly- ^ ^-amino ester to solvolysis, two types of fragments may be formed. Since the polymeric β-amino esters may be synthesized from e.g. a diol diacrylate and an amine, one type of fragment is a diol from the original diol diacrylate, and the other type of fragment is ^-amino esters or acids from the original amine. It is well known in the art that certain diols may boost or impart ion conductivity. Thus, according to the present inventive concept ^-amino esters or acids may do the same, i.e. boost or impart ion conductivity. Thus, the solvolysis according to the present inventive concept may be hydrolysis or alcoholysis. In hydrolysis water added to the composition or provided by humid air may react to form hydrolysis products of the binder molecules of the present invention. The hydrolysis products of hydrolysis of the binder molecules may comprise at least two hydroxy groups, e.g. in the form of polyethers terminated with hydroxyl groups, such as diols, and ^-amino acids. In alcoholysis alcohols or enol forms of ketones may form alcoholysis products. Alcoholysis may also be considered as a transesterification reaction. Thus, alcoholysis products may also be considered as transesterification products, wherein a new ester link may be formed. However, in the case of alcoholysis according to the present invention, the alcoholysis products of binder molecules may be diols and ^-amino esters, such that the binder molecules are transformed to provide the ion transporting medium which may dissolve the salt. Solvolysis agents may be polar solvents. Solvolysis agents according to the present invention may be humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof. When a ketone is used as a solvolysis agent it may be considered that it is the enol tautomer that is acting as nucleophile in the solvolysis reaction. Humid air or water are preferred solvolysis agents. If water- free electrolyte is preferred with β-amino esters as hydrolysis product alcohols or ketones are preferred. With the term “binder molecules” means molecules that have adhesive properties in a “binder composition” and thus provides mechanical integrity to the precursor electrolyte composition which enables excellent processability and handling of the composition. The binder molecules of the present invention thus provide the precursor electrolyte composition with mechanical properties to be suitable for printing and curing. As specific binder molecules of the present invention are polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters (PBAE), which may be selected from soluble polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters and insoluble polymeric oligomeric β- amino ester. With the term “polymeric” means a chemical molecule that may be either an oligomer, i.e. an oligo β-amino ester, or a polymer, i.e. a poly β- amino ester, wherein the β-amino ester is the repeating unit. With oligo β-amino ester means an oligomer with one to eight repeating β-amino ester units. With poly β-amino ester means a polymer with more than 8 repeating β-amino ester units, preferably more than 10, preferably more than 50, or preferably more than 100. Oligomers of the present invention may comprise 1-8 repeating units, preferably 1-5 repeating units, preferably 1-3 repeating units, with acrylic endcaps for acryl terminated oligo β-amino esters ATOBAE. The binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters, such as poly- and oligo β-amino esters, may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-secondary (sec) amines or primary amines. In one embodiment of the present invention there is disclosed a molecular structure 1 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-sec amines. In another embodiment of the present invention the two R2 groups of structure 1 may be replaced with an R1 group according to the present invention, such that a heterocyclic group comprising two nitrogen atoms may be obtained, as shown by molecular structure 2. Structure 2a may be an example of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with cyclic di-sec amines, wherein the two R2 groups are directly linked together, such as in piperazine. In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is disclosed a molecular structure 3 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with primary amines. 3 According to the embodiments of the present invention, R1 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as −(CH2)l− or −(CH2)kCR4(R5)(CH2)k−, wherein m, l and k, denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. For example, R1 may be represented by −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−. R2 may be an alkyl chain, such as −CH3, −CH2CH3−, −CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH; or an alkyl aryl chain, such as benzyl or propylbenzene; or an alkyl heteroaryl chain, such as 2- ethylimidazole, 1-propylimidazole, 2-propylimidazole or 4-propylmorpholine; or a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3, wherein m may be at least 1, or at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100. m may also be in the range 1-8, or in the range 1-6, or in the range 1-3, or in the range 1-2. m may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; or −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3, wherein x and y may be 1-10, preferably R2 is selected from −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3 and −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3. R3 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as −(CH2)l− or −(CH2)kCR4(R5)(CH2)k−, wherein m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. For example, R3 may be represented by −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−. R4 and R5 may independently be represented by hydrogen (H) or alkyl groups, such as −CH3, −CH2CH3, −C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2. R2 and R3 may also contain or constitute cyclic compounds. For example, R2 or R3 constitute the alkyl chain in a piperidine or piperazine ring. The term “alkyl” or “alkyl chain” or “alkylene” means both straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups as well as cyclic hydrocarbons. Examples of alkyl chains or alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, iso-propylene, n-butylene, t-butylene, iso- butylene, and sec-butylene groups. In the present application the term “(C1- C9)alkyl” means an alkyl chain, straight or branched, comprising between 1-9 carbon atoms. Further, there is the option that the alkyl groups of the present invention are cyclic alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In the present application the term “(C4-C6)cycloalkyl” means a cyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 4-6 carbon atoms. The cyclic alkyl group may also be a heterocyclic group comprising one or more heteroatoms, such as nitrogen. In the present application the term “(C4-C6)cycloalkyl” means a cyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 4-6 carbon atoms and the term “(C3- C6)heterocycloalkyl” means a heterocyclic hydrocarbon comprising between 3- 6 carbon atoms and one or two heteroatoms, such as nitrogen. With “soluble polymeric β-amino esters” means PBAEs that ideally are solid in neat form but soluble in the precursor electrolyte ink composition by a suitable solvent that cannot function as a solvolysis agent. This class of PBAE may be termed soluble PBAE, or S-PBAE. The S-PBAE may be selected from polymers obtained from the reaction between diacrylates of diols, where the diols are selected from oligo- and polyether diols such as oligoethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols, and di-secondary amines such as piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl- alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3- propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane- 1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’- trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine. Other examples of secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH3)-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® SD-2001 and Jeffamine® D-205, which ate both difunctional secondary polyetheramines. Primary amines may be considered as difunctional when coupled with acrylates to form ^-amino esters. Primary amines may be monoamines such as monofunctional polyetheramines, alkylamines, and alkylamines comprising functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups. Examples of monofunctional primary polyetheramines may be a substance with the chemical structure CH3-(O-CH2- CH2-)x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3)y-NH2, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® M-1000, which is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) based primary amine with molecular weight 1000, or primary aminoalcohols e.g. 4- hydroxylbutylamine or primary alkylamines, e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine. To produce S-PBAE, primary amines should be stoichiometrically balanced with diacrylates to form polymers. Diol diacrylates are selected so that the diols formed after solvolysis can act to dissolve and dissociate ions and function as softeners in an electrolyte composition. The ^-amino acids and ^-amino esters may function as softeners as well and possibly act to increase the solubility of ions in the compositions. Further, the S-PBAE structure is selected so that the S-PBAE provides mechanical strength before the transformation to enable facile processing while its solvolysis products provides solubility of ions and are able to function as softeners. The transformable binders may be selected to provide a rate of transformation suitable to the manufacturing process. With “insoluble polymeric β-amino esters” means PBAEs that are not soluble in the precursor electrolyte composition or the wet ink, and simply serves as a solid filler or solid particles, which however dissolve upon solvolysis. Thus, PBAE as dispersed insoluble particles in the precursor electrolyte composition may be used for controlled release of ion solubilizing particles. Thus, the role of the PBAE particles is not to impart mechanical strength in the first place, but the role of the particles is to serve as a repository of PBAE to release ion solvating molecules upon solvolysis of the binder composition into the ion transporting medium of the electrolyte composition of the first aspect. The PBAE particles may optionally have polymerizable groups. The PBAE particles may be solids or in the form of a gel. These PBAE particles may be termed gel PBAE (G-PBAE). Hyperbranched PBAE (H-PBAE) or dendrimeric PBAE (D-PBEA) are also possible sub-groups of G-PBAE. In order to make these the molecular weight needs to be limited, so as not to make a G-PBAE. However, in this aspect the present invention is focused on the G- PBAE, since it is easier and cheaper to produce compared to H-PBAE and D- PBAE. To produce a polymer gel network, such as G-PBAE, monomers are selected so that the number of groups with coupling functionality is at least two for one monomer type, and more than two in the other molecule type, and where one monomer type bears acrylic groups, and the other monomer type bears primary or secondary amino groups. Thereby, one need to consider that in this coupling reaction, a secondary amine is monofunctional, while a primary amine is considered di-functional as it can create bonds to two acrylic groups. Monomers for the G-PBAE may be selected from molecules comprising at least two acrylate groups. These are coupled with amines comprising at least two functionalities in the coupling with acrylate groups. For secondary amines, this means that molecules comprising at least two secondary amines are selected. Di-secondary amines can be selected from piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propane- diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’- trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine. Other examples of secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH3)-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® SD-2001 and Jeffamine® D-205, which are both difunctional secondary polyetheramines. For primary amines, that are di-functional as they can create bonds to two acrylic groups, this means that molecules are selected from molecules comprising at least one primary amine group, such as monofunctional primary polyetheramines, e.g. CH3-(O-CH2- CH2-)x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3)y-NH2, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® M-1000, which is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) based primary amine with molecular weight 1000, or primary aminoalcohols e.g. 4- hydroxylbutylamine or primary alkylamines, e.g. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine. To create cross-links, di-primary amines may be used. Molecules comprising two or more acrylate groups can be selected from acrylates of molecules with two or more hydroxyl groups, preferentially hydroxyl molecules that may function to dissolve and dissociate ions and that may serve as softener in the electrolyte. The insoluble polymeric β-amino ester may be in the form of solid particles, wherein the solid particles may have an average particle size of less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm, preferably less than 20 μm, preferably less than 10 μm, preferably less than 5 μm, preferably less than 2 μm, preferably less than 1 μm. The average particle size may at least be smaller than the mesh openings of a screen-printing web, for example smaller than 10 μm, preferably smaller than 2 μm, preferably smaller than 1 μm. For inkjet compositions, sub-micron particles are preferred. For example, the solid particles may be in the range of 50 nm to 2000 nm, or in the range of 100 nm to 1000 nm, or in the range of 1 μm to 2 μm. These solid particles are not soluble in the wet ink compositions and simply serves as a solid filler, but their parts dissolve upon hydrolysis. Further, the solid particles may be in a weight fraction in the binder composition in a range of 1-99 % by weight, preferably in a range of 5-95 % by weight, preferably in a range of 10-90 % by weight, preferably in a range of 20-80 % by weight, preferably in a range of 30-70% by weight, based on the total amount of the electrolyte precursor composition. The amount of solid particles relative to the binder composition depends on the type of application it may be used for. For example, the electrolyte precursor composition may be a liquid comprising essentially binder composition with only a small amount of salt. In another example, the electrolyte precursor composition may be a paste comprising essentially solid particles of salt with only a small amount of binder composition. The oligo β-amino esters (OBAE) may comprise polymerizable groups, such as acryl groups. For example the polymerizable groups may be acrylates or methacrylates. Examples of acrylates may be diol diacrylates, such as 1,6- hexanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,2-propanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate or polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Preferably the diol diacrylate may be diethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Examples of methacrylates may be diol dimethacrylates, such as 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate, 1,2-propanediol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Polyfunctional and starshaped OBAE may be produced starting from a trifunctional or higher functional amine- or acryl bearing molecule onto which acryl terminated amino ester chain segments are built to form a starshaped OBAE. The OBAEs of the present invention may be fluids that polymerizes to form a binder during UV-curing. The advantage with a fluid OBAE is that it may make the printable electrolyte precursor composition into a fluid with rheologic properties suitable for printing processes. In other word, the OBAEs may have the function of providing an ink with fluidity, so to say by being fluids or liquids. Ideally, the OBAE should minimize or eliminate the need for a solvent in the composition. Further, the polymerizable groups may be cured by a polymerization reaction initiated by UV radiation or by thermal initiation. Preferably, said oligo β-amino esters are comprising OBAEs terminated with acryl groups, these are termed acryl terminated oligo β-amino esters (ATOBAE). The polymerizable groups may be used to transform the oligomers to polymers. The ATOBAE may be selected from ATOBAE obtained by reaction PEG-diacrylates with trimethylene dipiperidine with a stoichiometric excess of diacrylates, for example with 2:1, 3:2, and 4:3 molar ratios. A specific example is ATOBAE obtained by reaction of a PEG-diacrylate with trimethylene dipiperidine in a molar ratio of 2:1, to obtain a product with on average a di-β- amino ester with two terminal acrylic groups. The electrolyte composition may also comprise a supporting binder system. With the term “supporting binder system” means a compound or composition that may provide a cohesive effect to the electrolyte composition e.g. when the electrolyte composition may be in liquid form. The supporting binder system may provide with an additional stabilization of the electrolyte composition in that it may hinder the electrolyte composition to migrate from the place of deposition and spread throughout the device, thus contaminating other device parts, and also causing contamination risks for persons handling the device. Hence, by the use of a supporting binder system the electrolyte composition may be kept in a designated place in an electrochemical device. The supporting binder system may comprise molecules able to form a polymeric network, i.e. the supporting binder, after print deposition to provide cohesive and adhesive strength and integrity to the system. The supportive binder system may comprise one or more binders and one or more initiators for forming the polymeric network including the polyelectrolyte and the solid particulate phase. The supporting binder and the supportive binder system may be curable after the initiation by for example ultraviolet radiation, which initiates the cross-linking, networking reaction. Examples of such supportive binders or supporting binder systems are acrylates that can polymerize to form a supportive network, such as molecules comprising more two or more polymerizable groups, such as (meth) acrylates, and often used in the formulation of UV-curable inks. Specific examples are diacrylates of alkylenediols, glycols, and hydroxy terminated ethers, urethane acrylates, and acrylamides. UV-polymerizable binder systems are mainly intended for compositions having S-PBAE and G-PBAE as transformable component. In principle, acrylate binders may be used in compositions with ATOBAE binders, but in that case the binder formed is a copolymer having kinetic chains having both transformable β-amino ester parts and acrylic kinetic polymer chains that are not affected by the transformation, and where the transformation imparts a slight change in properties which may be desired. The supporting binder may also be a solvent drying binder, that is, polymers that are soluble in the ink composition solvent or binder molecule, but are solid in the absence of such solvents. Examples of such solvents are polyethers, such as solid polyethylene glycol, solid polypropylene glycols, cellulose derivatives, or synthetic polymers, such as poly(meth)acrylates or polyesters like polycaprolactones. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) and solid polypropylene glycols (PPG) have to be in solid form because fluid low molecular PEG and PPG may not function as a binder. The supporting binder system may also comprise hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose. This would add mechanical strength to the system. Alternatively, the supporting binder system may comprise one or more binders which are curable upon thermal treatment. The electrolyte composition may also comprise one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents. The role of these ingredients or compounds may be to adjust the optical properties of the electrolyte composition for the purpose of optically hiding an electrode, adjusting the color, or to filter light from penetrating deep into the electrolyte composition. Examples of softeners may be polyglycerols (PG), such as PG3, saccharides, such as sorbitol, or oligomers or polymers, that may be random or block copolymers, of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g. PEG-block-PPG. Further, softeners may provide the properties of making the composition softer and more flexible, to increase its plasticity, to decrease its viscosity, and/or to decrease friction during its handling in manufacture. Examples of piments may be titanium dioxide, zinc oxide. Pigments may provide the properties of hiding a behind lying electrode. Examples of dye molecules may be titanium dioxide (TiO2), which may e.g. add white color to displays. Dye molecules may also provide the properties of tuning the optical properties of the electrolyte. Processing aid agents may be a dispersing aid which may be optionally added to keep the solid particles dispersed under dry conditions when water has been evaporated from the composition. Thus, the particles may be well dispersed in water, but as the film is processed at high temperature and water evaporates, particles may form aggregates which may lead to disintegration of the film unless a dispersing agent with a low volatility is present. Examples of dispersing aids having this purpose are aliphatic carboxylic acids. Preferably, the acid has a low melting point, in combination with a high boiling point. More specifically the processing aid agent may be 2-hydroxypropionic acid, in its DL- form, also denoted DL-lactic acid. This lactic acid has a melting point of -53 °C and boiling point of 122 °C, at 12 mm Hg. The dispersing aid may prevent that the solid particles aggregate causing the coating to form cracks. In a second aspect there is provided an electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a salt; and a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected polymeric β-amino esters, wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. With the term “electrolyte precursor composition” is meant a composition which is in a pre-stage of becoming an electrolyte composition. Thus, the electrolyte precursor composition according to the present inventive concept may be transformed to an electrolyte composition. The electrolyte precursor composition has the advantage of having excellent processing properties in that it has high mechanical strength. The electrolyte precursor composition also has the advantage of being non-tacky, which makes it printable on various substrates and also over-printable in a layered structure. Thus, the electrolyte precursor composition may be a printable ink or coating ink. The substrate may be a flexible substrate. The substrate shall be suitable for the selected printing method. The substrate may be of a plastic material, of any fibrous material, of textile, or paper. The substrate may also be a glass material or any other suitable material that may be used in an electrochemical cell. The electrolyte precursor composition may also comprise a supporting binder system. The supporting binder system may be as specified according to the first aspect with the same purpose in the composition. The electrolyte precursor composition may also comprise at least one polymerization initiator, especially when there is a supporting binder system. With the term “polymerization initiator” agents or compounds that may be used to initiate e.g. chain-growth polymerization such as radical polymerization, which may regulate initiation by heat or light. Thus, polymerization initiators may be divided thermal polymerization initiators and photopolymerization initiators. Thermal polymerization initiators are compounds that generate radicals or cations upon exposure to heat. Examples of thermal radical polymerization initiators may be azo compounds such as 2,2'- azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or 2,2'-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, or organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or di- tert-butyl peroxide. Photopolymerization initiators with generated active species, such as radicals. Photopolymerization initiators may generate free radicals upon light irradiation and the resulting radical starts the polymerization process. Typical photoradical initiators are represented by benzoin derivatives, such as acetophenone, benzophenone, methylbenzophenone, hydroxy- benzophenone, (±)-Camphorquinone, benzoin, anisoin etc. Preferred photoradical initiators may be (2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropio- phenone) (Irgacure 2959) or diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide, (Lucirin TPO). The polymerization initiators may typically be added together with the supportive binder system. The polymerization initiators have the ability to initiate a polymerization upon irradiation, thus, curing the electrolyte precursor composition. Further, the at least one polymerization initiator may be initiated at a specific wavelength, by mixing two or more photoinitiators, being initiated at different wave lengths, the range of wave lengths at which the photoinitiator may be activated, and the electrolyte precursor composition cured, may be broadened. The at least one polymerization initiator, should preferentially be compatible with all materials in the composition. This means that they should function in a composition filled with e.g. white pigment particles, meaning that they should initiate in light that is transmitted through or scattered through such particle dispersion. Further, water may be present in the composition, and all components may be to some extent soluble in water, therefore a certain distribution of photoinitiator in water is desirable. UV-curing of printed the electrolyte precursor composition when being opaque may be challenging, especially for photoinitiators absorbing at short wavelengths. In the case of white pigments, the light is scattered through the material. For good bulk curing, needed to obtain good cohesion and adhesion to the underlying material, one can use a photoinitiator absorbing at long wavelengths that can pass the pigment filled material. Examples of polymerization initiators may be Irgacure 2959, 2-hydroxy- 4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone 98%, purchased from Sigma Aldrich; Esacure ONE™, which is a difunctional-α-hydroxy ketone, available from Lamberti SA. Esacure is a photoinitiator showing high reactivity which may be an advantage when curing the electrolyte; diphenyl(2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, Lucirin TPO (available from BASF). The electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect may also comprise at least one solvent. The solvent may be added in order to dissolve the binder or the binder system. The solvent may impart rheology making the composition suitable for printing. The solvent may be selected from solvents of the type esters, ethers, carbonates, nitriles, and molecules combing these groups and mixtures of these. The solvent should not be flammable. The solvent should not dry pre-maturely during a printing process. The solvent should be harmless. The solvent may be compatible with the ink components. The solvent should not cause a solvolysis reaction with β-amino esters, that is, the solvent should not contain hydroxyl groups or ketones. The electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect may also comprise one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, such as specified for the electrolyte composition of the first aspect. The salt of the present invention may be an inorganic salt or an organic salt. In the second aspect of the invention the salt may be in the form of solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition. This has the advantage that the electrolyte precursor composition may be printed or coated onto an electrode. Further, the electrolyte precursor composition may be cured by thermal heating or UV radiation, wherein eventual solvents may evaporate and the binder molecules comprising polymerizable groups may form a cross-linked network, thus, providing the electrolyte precursor composition in solid form. This has the advantage that the electrolyte precursor composition may be over- printable with a printable electrode. However, in the first aspect of the invention the salt may be dissolved in the composition comprising hydrolysis products of binder molecules. This has the advantage that the electrolyte composition may provide mobility for ions and may provide ionic contact between a first and a second electrode when it is arranged in between said first and second electrodes. It is important that the salt is in the form of solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition for the composition to be printable or coatable with various printing or coating techniques. The salt in the form of solid particles may have an average particle size of less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm, preferably less than 20 μm, preferably less than 10 μm, preferably less than 5 μm, preferably less than 2 μm, preferably less than 1 μm. The inorganic salt may be selected form the group consisting of: calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2) and zinc citrate. Preferably the inorganic salt is selected from CaCl2 and ZnCl2. Zinc acetate and zinc citrate may also be considered organic salts since zinc acetate is the zinc salt of acetic acid and zinc citrate is the zinc salt of citric acid. The organic salt may also be choline acetate. The organic salt may also be a polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte has the property of providing ions and ion mobility sufficient for the electrolyte composition to function as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell. The polyelectrolyte may provide mobile counter ions and the whole composition, i.e. the electrolyte, may provide mobility for ions to provide for electrolytic connectivity between a first and a second electrode sandwiching the electrolyte. This means that the ion transporting paths in the electrolyte composition should be sufficient to provide ion transport for the electrochemical switches in the electrodes. The polyelectrolyte may be selected from polycationic materials, such as cationic polymers, preferably polymers comprising quaternized ammonium groups. Examples of polyelectrolytes being cationic polymers may be poly[(3- methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co-(1-vinylpyrrolidone)] and poly(diallyl- dimethylammonium chloride), which may be shortened PDADMC-CI or PDADMAC. Further, the poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co-(1- vinylpyrrolidone)] may be available as “Luviquat Excellence™” which is a solution comprising 40 wt% of poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)-co- (1-vinylpyrrolidone)] in water. The poly[(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium chloride)- co-(1-vinylpyrrolidone)] is a copolymer having 95 mole % 3-methyl-1- imidazolium chloride repeating units and 5 mole % vinylpyrrolidone units. The poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) may typically be used as a water solution comprising 35 wt. % poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The mentioned polyelectrolyte salts may also be provided as solid in particle form. One advantage of providing polyelectrolytes in a solid form is that they would not bring water that may prematurely start the transformation. One advantage of using polyelectrolytes is that, when dissolved in the ion transporting medium, they may provide ions and ion mobility sufficient for the electrolyte composition to function as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell. The organic salt may also be a porous ionic organic network (PION). The PION may be a colloid of solid porous particles with a high per weight density of charge in an ion transporting medium or in a binder composition, i.e. a framework comprising charged or chargeable groups that may provide sufficient ion conductivity to function in the electrochemical devices according to the present invention. The PION according to the present invention may be prepared as a covalent cross-linked ionic organic network in particle form by reacting cyanuric chloride with molecules comprising two or more tertiary amino groups. The particles may be suspended in the composition of the invention forming a suspension that may behave as an electrolyte with an ionic conductivity. The PION has a porous structure permitting ion transport. Thus, it may function as a salt in the electrolyte composition of the invention for use in electrochemical cells and devices. The PION may be a comprising quaternary ammonium groups, thereby providing a charge-bearing structure. At least one advantage with the PION is its relatively large particle size and in practice infinite molecular weight, which makes spontaneous migration of the PION particles very limited in an electrochemical cell. The electrolyte composition of the invention may also comprise further components, like for example surface active agents, lubricants, process stabilizers. The electrolyte precursor composition according the second aspect may comprise a binder composition that may be a transformable binder composition configured to be transformed into an electrolyte composition according the first aspect of the present invention, when exposed to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof. In a third aspect there is provided an electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, wherein the electrolyte composition is arranged in between and in ionic contact with both the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrochemical cell according to the third aspect may be an electrochromic display; or the electrochemical cell may be an electrochemical transistor; or the electrochemical cell may be a battery; or the electrochemical cell may be a supercapacitor. The electrochemical cell may be formed by an additive printing process or a laminating process. In a fourth aspect there is provided a method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode, preferably the electrode may be provided as an electrode layer on a substrate; providing an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to the first electrode, preferably by means of printing or coating; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, preferably by means of thermal heating or irradiating by actinic radiation, such as UV radiation, thereby transforming the electrolyte precursor composition into a solid form or maintaining the electrolyte precursor composition as an adhesive; providing a second electrode to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, preferably by means of overprinting or laminating, thereby providing a cell precursor; exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may be arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrodes, thereby providing the electrochemical cell. Further, there may be a step of optionally providing the cell precursor or electrochemical cell with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor or the electrochemical cell, preferably wherein the cell precursor and the electrochemical cell have a vertically layered structure. When the precursor cell is exposed to moisture, the protecting layer may be perforated, or not airtight, leading to that the electrolyte precursor composition may be converted or transformed to the electrolyte by e.g. hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the binder molecules. In a fifth aspect there is provided a printing process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer; printing an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to the first electrode layer; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition; overprinting a second electrode layer to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may be arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and the second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell. The printing process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell according to the fifth aspect, wherein the steps of printing or overprinting may be by means of flexographic printing, screen printing, offset printing, gravure printing or digital printing. In a sixth aspect there is provided a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a substrate comprising a second electrode layer; coating of an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention to at least one of the first and second electrode layers; laminating of the first and second electrode layers, such that the electrolyte precursor composition may be arranged between the first and second electrode layers; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; optionally providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, such that the electrolyte may be arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell. The laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell according to the sixth aspect, wherein the step of laminating may be by means adhesively joining the first and second electrode by heating, pressing, hot- pressing, hot-rolling, cold-pressing or cold-rolling. In one embodiment of the present invention the step of exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents may be a step of hydrolyzing or alcoholyzing. In one embodiment of the present invention the step of hydrolyzing or alcoholyzing comes before the step of printing and laminating of protecting layer. The protecting layer may be a structural layer. In a seventh aspect there is provided a method for transforming an electrolyte precursor composition according to the second aspect of the present invention into an electrolyte composition according to the first aspect of the present invention, by exposing the composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, or alcohols or ketones, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment of the first aspect there is provided an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an electrolyte composition comprising hydrolysis products of binder molecules selected from oligo β-amino esters and poly β-amino esters, and combinations thereof, wherein the salt is dissolved in the electrolyte composition. The electrolyte composition according to the first aspect may be in the form of a liquid. The electrolyte composition may be a gel or gel-like. In one embodiment of the second aspect there is provided an electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from oligo β-amino esters and poly β-amino esters, and combinations thereof; optionally a supporting binder system; optionally at least one polymerization initiator; optionally at least one solvent; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. The electrolyte precursor composition may be a printable ink or coating ink. With the term “ink” means liquid that may be used for printing, writing, drawing or coating. The ink may be a composition that is fluid, or may be made fluid such as shear thinning paste, like toothpaste, which may solidify by solvent drying or actinic irradiation. In one embodiment of the second aspect there is provided an electrolyte precursor composition, wherein the binder composition may be a transformable binder composition configured to be transformed into the electrolyte according to the first aspect of the invention, when exposed to one or more hydrolyzing agents, such as humid air, or water, or deionized water, or combinations thereof. With the term “transformed” or “transformable” means that the composition has a certain structural configuration with specific properties such as having great mechanical strength for the beginning, then when it is transformed it changes its structural configuration and thus gains other specific properties, such as having excellent electrically conducting properties. A transformable composition is a composition that may be transformed according to the present inventive concept. Short description of the drawings Figure 1. Illustrates the Bode diagram of a CaCl2 based composition (ink) and a ZnCl2 based composition (ink) as described in example 4a, 4b and 4c, respectively. Figure 2. Illustrates the Bode diagram of two PION-based compositions (inks) as described in example 4c and 4d, respectively. Figure 3. Illustrates the Bode diagram of two polyelectrolyte inks as described in example 5. Figure 4. Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of the method procedure M1 to a CaCl2 based composition (ink) as described in example 4a. Figure 5. Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of the method procedure M2 to a ZnCl2 based composition (ink) as described in example 4b. Figure 6. Illustrates the 4p-EIS results for the impact of method procedure M4 to the inks described in examples 4c-4d. Figure 7. Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of method procedures M1-M6 to the ink described in example 4c. Figure 8. Illustrates the ionic resistance, i.e. the magnitude from 4p-EIS vs the various humidity levels. Figure 9. Illustrates the ionic resistance, i.e. the impedance magnitude of the various ATOBAE inks measured with 4p-EIS at 1Hz over time for the method procedure M5. Figure 10. Illustrates the Bode diagram of the impact of method procedure M1 to the polyelectrolyte ink described in example 5. Figure 11. Illustrates the Bode diagram of a printed polyelectrolyte ink as described in example 8, and its comparison to E001. Figure 12. Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the starting materials PEG250 and N,N’-DEDEA and the resulting ATOBAE binder molecule of example 2d. Figure 13. Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the starting materials PEG700 and N,N’-DEDEA and the resulting ATOBAE binder molecule of example 2c. Figure 14. Illustrates the ATR-FTIR spectra for the ATOBAE binder molecule and the solvolysis products after exposure to DI water, ethanol or acetone. Figure 15. Illustrates an electrochromic display comprising an electrolyte composition based on the ATOBAE binder molecule and CaCl2 wherein the devices are in the (A) on-state and (B) the off-state. Figure 16. Illustrates an irreversible electrochromic display comprising an electrolyte composition based on the ATOBAE binder molecule and CaCl2, and the device has an active layer of ITO wherein (C) shows the device in off- state and (D) shows the irreversible on-state. Figure 17. Shows a free-standing device before a Zn tape is attached. Figure 18. Shows the arrangement of components in an electrochemical cell, in a) the protecting layer is partly covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell and in b) the protecting layer is fully covering the electrolyte layer, or electrolyte precursor layer, of the cell. Figure 19. Shows a method for manufacturing of an electrochemical cell. Figure 20. Illustrates an electrochemical cell (100) according to the invention comprising two electrodes (120 and 140) connected by an electrolyte composition (130) of porous ionic organic network particles (131) in an ion transporting medium (132). The particles (131) may be in direct contact with each other, or randomly dispersed in the medium (132). Figure 21. Illustrates the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for an example of a PION. Figure 22. Illustrates the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for a PION2 example to compare with the PION. Figure 23. Illustrates the ATR FTIR spectra of powder PION samples, both dialyzed (dotted) and non-dialyzed (straight). Figure 24. Illustrates the scattering intensity vs size plots for three electrolyte compositions with dispersions of PIONs and PION2 example. PION before dialysis is depicted with a straight line, PION after dialysis with a dotted line and the PION2 example with a dashed line. Figure 25. Illustrates the Bode plots acquired from 4p-EIS for the inks 1 ( ^, ^) and 3 (▲, ^). Figure 26. Illustrates (a) the I-V curves from the Linear Sweep Voltammetry experiments for the solutions 1 (dotted line), 2 (dashed line) and 5 (straight line) of Example 15 with three different scan rates (5mV/s – left, 20mV/s – center , 100mV/s – right); (b) the same curves in log scale; (c) the extracted Electrochemical Stability window for the substances (solution 1, ▲, solution 2, ■, solution 5, ^). Figure 27. Illustrates the cyclic voltammograms for the three solutions, solution 1 (dotted line), 2 (dashed line) and 5 (straight line) of Example 15. Figure 28. Illustrates (a) the I-V curves from the Linear Sweep Voltammetry experiments for solutions 1 (dotted line), 3 (dashed line) and 5 (straight line) of Example 15 with three different scan rates (5mV/s – left, 20mV/s – center , 100mV/s – right); (b) the same curves in log scale; (c) the extracted Electrochemical Stability window for these substances (solution 1, ▲, solution 3, ^, solution 5, ^); the PION2 of example 13 (solution 2, ■) from example 2 was also used for comparison; (d) the I-V curve from the cyclovoltammetry of the aforementioned solutions. The sixth cycle was chosen to be presented herein. Figure 29. Illustrates (a) the Bode plots and (b) the Nyquist plots acquired from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for the solutions 1 ( ^, ^), 2 (▼, ^) and 5 (■, ^) of Example 15. In the Nyquist plot are also introduced the fined graphs from the equivalent circuits for solutions 1(dotted line) and 5 (dashed line); (c) shows the equivalent circuit used for the fitting of the impedance spectra. Figure 30. Illustrates the I-V curves for the supercapacitors based on ink 1 for a scan rate of 10mV/s and various voltage widths; left : -0.2 – 0.2V (straight line), -0.4V – 0.4V (dashed line), -0.6V – 0.6V (dotted line); right : -0.8V – 0.8V (dashed line), -1V – 1V (straight line). Figure 31. Illustrates the C-V curves for the supercapacitors based on ink 1 for two scan rates; 10mV/s (straight line), 100mV/s (dotted line). Figure 32. Illustrates the Galvanostatic Charge Discharge experiments on the supercapacitors based on ink 1 for various currents; 2mA (dotted line), 5mA (dashed line), 10mA (dash dotted line) and 25mA (straight line). Figure 33. Illustrates a lateral electrochromic display. Detailed description of the invention Although individual features may be included in different embodiments, these may possibly be combined in other ways, and the inclusion in different embodiments does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible. In addition, singular references do not exclude a plurality. In the context of the present invention, the terms "a", "an" does not preclude a plurality. The overbearing dilemma with printed electrolytes is that there are different requirements on properties of the printed electrolyte during the time of processing than during the time of the device operation. During printing processing, the electrolyte composition should exhibit the properties of an ink for the printing technique used, being a fluid with suitable rheology and surface tensions, etc., for the selected printing method, and should transform into a solid print upon curing. The cured solid electrolyte should have a mechanical integrity that permits further processing, subsequent printing of additional layers and rolling or stacking of the printed material for storage, and subsequent unrolling and exfoliation of a stack without delamination or ripping due to tackiness of the print. The processability thus call for mechanically strong and non-tacky films. During device operation, on the other hand, there is need for a high ionic conductivity. High ionic conductivity of organic electrolytes typically requires a high degree of molecular mobility and a high concentration of dissolved or liquid electrolytes. Ideally, electrolytes are liquids or gelled liquids to permit a high ionic conductivity. Liquids and gelled liquids do not, obviously, exhibit the properties of a solid suitable for further printing processes and mechanical pressure. One new inventive concept according to the present invention is the unexpected finding that suspensions of porous ionic organic network, here abbreviated PION, provide sufficient ion conductivity to function in certain electrochemical devices as shown in figure 20. The present invention solves the problem by using an electrolyte composition in the form of a colloid of solid charged porous particles 131 with a high per weight density of charge in an ion transporting medium 132. More specifically, it has been found that the polymer product obtained by reacting cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups, such as diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), may act as a cross-linked polyelectrolyte network in particle form 131, and that suspensions of the particles in low volatile solvents behave as electrolytes with a conductivity that is sufficient at low humidity or low moisture content environments for many electrochemical devices. Examples of chemical substances comprising two or more tertiary amino groups may be 1,3- diazabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-1,5- diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatri-cyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]-undecane, 1,3,6,8- tetrazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane,4,4’-dipyridine, 4,4'-dipyridyl-methane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine or 1,2-di(4- pyridyl)ethylene. The present invention relates to a method of producing an electrolyte composition comprising a porous ionic organic network and an ion transporting medium 132 comprising at least one non-aqueous diluent, said method comprising the steps of: reacting cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups, preferably in a mole ratio of 2:3 of cyanuric chloride : the chemical substance, thus forming a porous ionic organic network as a polymer product comprising quaternary ammonium groups; dispersing the porous ionic organic network in an ion transporting medium comprising at least one non-aqueous diluent; optionally adding additional ingredients selected from binders, softeners, pigments and dye molecules; and mixing or homogenizing the dispersed porous ionic organic network in the ion transporting medium with the optional additional ingredients, thereby providing the electrolyte composition, preferably as a printable ink or coating ink. The ion transporting medium 132 may comprise at least one non- aqueous diluent selected from the group consisting of: nitrile diluents such as succinonitrile, carbonate diluents such as propylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate, polyol diluents such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or glycerol, amide diluents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, polyether diluents such as polyethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The ion transporting medium 132 may comprise at least one non-aqueous diluent in the amount of 1-100% by weight of the total amount of the ion transporting medium. The new inventive concept according to the present invention is ink cured binders that may be transformed to form solvents and softeners for salts in printed electrolytes. The present invention uses binder molecules that may be depolymerized and depolymerized to compounds that enhance ionic conductivity. The effect of this is that the binder molecules first provide the cured electrolyte as an electrolyte precursor composition with good mechanical properties to be suitable for the processes following printing and curing. After triggering the depolymerization, the binder molecule decomposes into smaller molecules, including molecules in fluid form with ability to dissolve ions. More specifically, the invention employs binder molecules of the poly-β- amino ester (PBAE) types and oligo-β-amino ester (OBAE) types. Poly-β- amino esters have been developed to form degradable scaffolds in vehicles for transfection of genetic materials. This works by the relatively rapid hydrolysis of the PBAE by water. The present inventive concept is to utilize this effect in printable electrolyte compositions or printable ink by using PBAE as a binder composition or binder molecules in a composition, comprising salts. The PBAE binder molecules provides mechanical integrity to the cured composition to enable subsequent processes and handling of the of the substrate. At a suitable stage of the processing such as before providing a protecting layer, e.g. by lamination or overprinting, the PBAE containing material may be exposed to one or more solvolysis agents, e.g. water, alcohols, ketones or a humid environment. The exposure to solvolysis agents starts a process wherein PBAE is depolymerized into smaller molecular fragments. If the PBAE was obtained by a diol diacrylate and amines, the depolymerization fragments will contain the diols and tertiary amine compounds. The diols may be selected to be liquid compounds that may act as softeners of the composition and may act as solvents for ionic species. After depolymerization, the printed and cured electrolyte composition has less mechanical integrity, but at this stage, the electrolyte may be surrounded by structures creating a closure around the electrolyte that mechanically protects it and seals it from egress of its now liquid contents. The invention solves the problem by using binder molecules that depolymerizes upon stimuli, i.e. by exposure to solvolysis agents, and that it depolymerizes to form molecules that impart ionic conductivity of the electrolyte composition. Two effects thus work to solve the problem. The presence of the binder as such imparts mechanical integrity during processing, and the decomposition as such removes the binder structure that impedes ion transport. The second effect is that the molecules formed upon depolymerization softens the composition and act as solvents for ions. The invention may also be considered as a controlled release of molecules imparting ionic conductivity to the compositions. The monomers used in the synthesis of PBAE determines what product are formed upon depolymerization. A PBAE formed by reacting a diol diacrylate with a di- secondary amine degrades into the diol and the bis(β-amino acid). Presence of diols in an electrolyte is desired during operation as they are typically liquids that may act to soften the electrolyte and may dissolve ions. On the other hand, the diols are not desired during the printing and a few processing and handling steps following curing, since the diols makes the compositions tacky and soft. The small bis(β-amino acid) molecules may also assist in ion transport. It is therefore desired to use amines for the PBAE synthesis that form bis(β-amino acids) that may improve the properties of the electrolyte during device operation. The invention may utilize three types of poly-β-amino esters and oligo- β-amino esters to solve the problem in different ways. 1. PBAE polymers or oligomers as solvent-based binders. These are PBAE polymers that ideally may be solid in neat form but soluble in the wet ink composition. This class of PBAE is termed soluble PBAE, or S-PBAE. The S-PBAE may be selected from polymers obtained from the reaction between diacrylates of diols, where the diols are selected from oligo- and polyether diols such as oligoethyleneglycols and polyethyleneglycols, and di-secondary amines such piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2- diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane- diamine, 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4- trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine. Other examples of secondary amines may be di- sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH3)-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))x-(O-CH2- CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® SD- 2001 and Jeffamine® D-205, which are both difunctional secondary polyetheramines. Primary amines can be considered as difunctional when coupled with acrylates to form ^-amino esters. Primary amines may be monoamines such as alkylamines, and alkylamines comprising functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups. To produce S-PBAE, primary amines should be stoichiometrically balanced with di-acrylates, i.e. molar ratios of 1:1, to form polymers. Diol diacrylates are selected so that the diols formed after solvolysis can act to dissolve and dissociate ions and function as softeners in an electrolyte composition. The ^-amino acids and ^-amino esters may function as softeners as well and possibly act to increase the solubility of ions in the compositions. Further, the S-PBAE structure should be selected so that the S- PBAE provides mechanical strength before the transformation to enable facile processing while its solvolysis products should provide solubility of ions and be able to function as softeners. The transformable binders may be selected to provide a rate of transformation suitable to the manufacturing process. The S- PBAE may be soluble in esters, ethers, ether esters, carbonates, nitriles or hydrocarbons. The S-PBAE of the present invention may also be described by the general formula 1: −[N(R2)-R3-N(R2)-(CH2)2-C(O)O-R1-OC(O)-(CH2)2-]n− or , 1 wherein R1 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 10,−CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−; and n may be at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100, preferably R1 is selected from −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 50, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2− and −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−; R2 may be represented by −CH3, −CH2CH3−, −CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3, wherein m may be at least 10, or −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3, wherein x and y may be 1-10; R3 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 10, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−; and n may be at least 10, or n may be at least 50, or n may be at least 100. The S-PBAE of the present invention may also be described by the general formula 2: 2 wherein R1 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 10,−CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−; and n may be at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100, preferably R1 is selected from −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 50, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2− and −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−; R3 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 10, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−; and n may be at least 10, or n may be at least 50, or n may be at least 100. The S-PBAE of the present invention may also be described by the general formula 3: 3 wherein R1 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 10,−CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−; and n may be at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100, preferably R1 is selected from −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, wherein m may be at least 50, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2− and −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−; R2 may be represented by −CH3, −CH2CH3−, −CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3, wherein m may be at least 10, or −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3, wherein x and y may be 1-10; and n may be at least 10, or n may be at least 50, or n may be at least 100. One advantage of using S-PBAE is that they lack acrylic groups which may be harmful and it is possible to cure thicker layers than possible with UV- curing. One advantage of using G-PBAE is that they enable a high loading of transformable material as they are added as solid particles and these do not influence the ink viscosity as much as a dissolved polymer does. G-PBAE particles can function as repositories for controlled release of electrolyte solvents, and that a high loading of particles does not influence the viscosity as much as a high loading of polymers do. G-PBAE particles can in principle be added to any ink system suitable to host an electrolyte, making implementation simple. Further G-PBAE can be added to ATOBAE and S- PBAE inks. 2. Acryl terminated oligo β-amino esters (ATOBAE) as polymerizable molecules forming binders. These oligomers may be fluids that polymerizes to form a binder during UV-curing. These are termed ATOBAE. The cured polymerized form may be termed PATOBAE. The ATOBAE may be −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, preferably R1 is selected from −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2− and −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−; R2 may be represented by −CH3, −CH2CH3−, −CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3) 2, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH,−CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3 or −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3; m may be at least 1; and x, y and z may be independently selected from 1-10. It may be noted that it may be in the range of 1 to 8, for an OBAE and n may be above 8 for a PBAE, preferably n may be at least 10. 3. PBAE as dispersed insoluble particles for controlled release of ion solubilizing particles. In this capacity, the role of the PBAE particles is not to impart mechanical strength in the first place, but the role of the particles is to serve as a repository of PBAE to release ion solvating molecules upon solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis. The particles are not soluble in the wet ink compositions and simply serves as a solid filler, but their parts dissolve upon solvolysis. The particles may optionally have polymerizable groups. The particles may be solids or in the form of a gel. These particles may be termed G-PBAE. Hyperbranched PBAE (H-PBAE) may be a possible sub- group of G-PBAE. The G-PBAE may be selected from molecules comprising at least two acrylate groups. These are coupled with amines comprising at least two functionalities in the coupling with acrylate groups. For secondary amines, this means that molecules comprising at least two secondary amines are selected. Di-secondary amines can be selected from piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propane- diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’- trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine. Other examples of secondary amines may be di-sec-polyether diamines, such as RNH-CH(CH3)-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))x-(O-CH2-CH(CH3))y-NHR, wherein x and y may be 1-10, for example Jeffamine® SD-2001 and Jeffamine® D-205, which ate both difunctional secondary polyetheramines. For primary amines, that are di-functional as they may create bonds to two acrylic groups, this means that molecules are selected from molecules comprising at least one primary amine group. To create cross-links, di-primary amines may be used. Molecules comprising two or more acrylate groups can be selected from acrylates of molecules with two or more hydroxyl groups, preferentially hydroxyl molecules that can function to dissolve and dissociate ions and that can serve as softener in the electrolyte. All three types belong to the group polymeric β-amino ester, but these three materials of the invention need to be designed and synthesized in different ways, their functions are different, and effects of solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis, of them have different effects. The three types may be combined with each other, and with other binder molecules to provide the printed electrolytes with desired properties before, during processing, and after, during device operation, the hydrolysis or alcoholysis of polymeric BAE. In S-PBAE and G-PBAE, the bonds constituting the PBAE are β-amino ester bonds. Upon hydrolysis, these decompose into the diols and β-amino acids corresponding to the monomers from which they were synthesized. The hydrolysis effect of PATOBAE is different from that of G- and S-PBAE. In the case of PATOBAE, there are also bonds formed by polymerization of terminal acryl groups. These are termed kinetic chains, a term used in radical polymerization. Hydrolysis of PATOBAE breaks β-amino ester bonds but does not break acrylic ester bonds. This means that a diol diacrylate where one acrylate is terminal of the ATOBAE and part of a kinetic chain after curing, is not hydrolyzed. If the ATOBAE is constructed from a triethylene glycol diacrylate, for example, effect is that the kinetic chain after curing and hydrolysis may constitute a poly(triethylene glycol acrylate), P(TGDA). This kinetic P(TGDA) may likely be a short polymer, an oligomer of a short kinetic chain length due to oxygen termination because of the conditions of UV-curing of inks in the open-air atmosphere. Presence of a short chain polymer such as P(TGDA) may impart flexibility and may act as a solvent for ions. If the ATOBAE only has terminal acrylate group, for example in an ATOBAE obtained by reacting two diol diacrylates with an amine or a di-secondary amine, the diols end up as side groups in the kinetic oligomer chain. If the ATOBAE is longer, for example one formed by reacting three diol diacrylates with two amines or two di-sec-amines, the ATOBAE contains on average ATOBAE with one diol diacrylate forming a non-terminal acrylic end, that may be an di-β-amino ester of the diol of the diol diacrylate. This central segment will after hydrolysis form a diol, just as the constituents of S-PBAE and G-PBAE. G-PBAE may be obtained by different methods. Insoluble PBAE-based particles are well known, since this is the form of PBAE used in gene delivery by transfection, and there are several methods to obtain such materials, even if these particles have never been used for the purpose of the present invention. One method is to polymerize monomers into a cross-linked insoluble material that may be crushed and ground into suitably sized particles. The particles may have an average particle size of less than 10 μm, preferably less than 5 μm, preferably less than 2 μm. preferably less than 1 μm. G-PBAE particles may also be obtained by slowly dropping small droplets of a PBAE solution into a non-solvent during agitation. G-PBAE may be obtained by polymerizing PBAE in a non-solvent in presence of a dispersion agent such as a surfactant. A surfactant or a surface-active agent, is a chemical compound that decrease the surface tension e.g. between two liquids or the interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid. With the term “non-solvent” means that it is a solvent that does not dissolve neither the reagents, i.e. both diacrylates and diamines to a high extent, nor the formed polymer, i.e. the G-PBAE, and the non-solvent has the function of producing the G-PBAE as particles suspended in the non- solvent. For example a non-solvent may be a hydrocarbon. G-PBAE may be a suitable form for adding a large loading of PBAE in a printable composition or printable ink, since particle dispersions do not alter the rheology as much as PBAE solutions may do. Hyperbranched PBAE (H-PBAE), is an exclusive class of PBAE, and may be formed by sequential addition of polyfunctional acrylates and amines. As with G-PBAE, H-PBAE may be added in high loadings without imparting high viscosity to the composition. ATOBAE, S-PBAE and G-PBAE may have different functions, different curing functions, different effects on ink rheology, and impart different properties of the printed, cured and solvolyzed electrolyte composition. These three types of transformable binder molecules may be combined and may also be combined with non-transforming binder systems. One advantage of the invention is that it enables the combination of good mechanical properties during processing with good ionic conductivity during device operation by converting the printed material chemically. Another advantage of the invention is that the preparation of AOBAEs is very simple and may be performed in rudimentary laboratory settings. Another advantage is that PBAE and OBAE are not harmful, and neither are their decomposition products. Another advantage is that the number of combinations of reasonably priced amines, mainly diamines, and diacrylates suitable as starting materials is very large. Block copolymers structures and hyperbranched and dendrimeric PBAE-structures are possible to obtain from commercial materials. For certain applications, the basicity of the binder system and its decomposition products may be advantageous. Altogether, a major advantage of the invention in is that it enables overprinting on a material forming an electrolyte, wherein it is the material which is forming the new concept of the present invention. The present inventive concept may be summarized as follows. The electrolyte composition (or electrolyte) 130 The present invention relates to an electrolyte composition 130 comprises a salt and an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters that can dissolve the salt. The nature of the solvolysis products depends on the structure of the polymeric β-amino ester binder molecules. The polymeric β-amino esters may be selected from soluble polymeric β-amino esters or insoluble polymeric β-amino esters, or a combination of said polymeric β-amino esters, and when they are submitted to solvolysis, such as hydrolysis or alcoholysis, they may dissolve the salt in the ion transporting medium. The role of the ion transporting medium is to provide mobility of ions in an electrochemical device. The electrolyte composition may also comprise other ingredients to adjust its properties. The electrolyte may thus comprise additional supporting binder systems, softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents. The electrolyte precursor composition (or ink) 160 Unlike the electrolyte composition 130 of the present invention, wherein the properties have been optimized for working as an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell 100, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 has been optimized for being a printable ink. As these properties do not go hand in hand, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 comprises a salt which is present as solid particles in a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters. Optionally the electrolyte precursor composition 160 comprises other ingredients such as a supporting binder system, at least one polymerization initiator, at least one solvent or one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents. The function of the electrolyte precursor composition is to be printable and thus the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. Accordingly, the electrolyte precursor composition 160 is in the form of a printable ink, which may be printed or coated before it may be submitted to curing conditions. A solid may be obtained after printing or coating and curing of the precursor electrolyte composition. Another function of the electrolyte precursor composition is to be over-printable by e.g. a composition forming e.g. a top electrode in a device, and also to be convertible to the electrolyte composition. The electrolyte precursor composition 160 may be a printable ink or coatable ink. The binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters The binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters, such as poly- and oligo β-amino esters, may for example be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-secondary (sec) amines or primary amines. Scheme 1 illustrates a molecular structure 1 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with di-sec amines. Scheme 1. Scheme 2 illustrates a molecular structure 2a of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with cyclic di-sec amines, such as piperazine. Scheme 2. Scheme 3 illustrates a molecular structure 3 of a PBAE that may be obtained by reacting diol diacrylates with primary amines. Scheme 3. According to the above presented molecular structures in schemes 1- 3, R1 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as −(CH2)l − or −(CH2)mCR4(R5)(CH2)k−, wherein m, l and k, denote the number of repeating units, wherein m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. n may be at least 1, or at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100. For example, R1 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−. R2 may be an alkyl chain, such as −CH3, −CH2CH3−, −CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, or a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3, wherein m, which denotes the number of repeating units, may be at least 1, or at least 10, or at least 50, or at least 100. m may also be in the range 1-8, or in the range 1-6, or in the range 1-3, or in the range 1-2. m may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; or −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3, wherein x and y may be 1-10, preferably R2 is selected from −CH3, −CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, −CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH3 and −(CH(CH3)−CH2−O)y−(CH2−CH2−O)x−CH3. R3 may be a poly- or oligoether chain, such as −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, or a straight or branched alkylene group or alkyl chain, such as −(CH2)l− or −(CH2)kCR4(R5)(CH2)k−, wherein x, y, m, l and k denote the number of repeating units, wherein x and y may be 1-10; m may be at least 10, preferably m may be at least 50, preferably m may be at least 100; l may be at least 2; and k may be between 1-6, preferably wherein k may be 1-3, preferably wherein k may be 1-2, preferably wherein k may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. For example, R3 may be represented by −CH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2−, −CH2−, −CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)−, −CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2−, −CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2− or −CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2−. R4 and R5 may independently be represented by hydrogen (H) or alkyl groups, such as −CH3, −CH2CH3, −C(CH3)2, −CH2CH2CH3, −CH2C(CH3)2. R2 and R3 may also contain or constitute cyclic compounds. For example, R2 or R3 constitute the alkyl chain in a piperidine or piperazine ring. The salt The salt may be an inorganic salt or an organic salt. The salt forms the electrolyte when it is dissolved by the hydrolysis products of polymeric β-amino esters in the ion transporting medium. Thus, the salt should exist as solid particles in the electrolyte precursor composition 160 and should be soluble in the solvolysis products of the polymeric β-amino esters. This place demands on the selection of both salt and the other components, i.e. the salt should not be soluble in any of the other ingredients of the electrolyte composition 130, but it should be soluble in molecules formed by hydrolysis of polymeric β-amino esters, i.e. poly- or oligo β-amino esters. The salt may be an inorganic salt or an organic low molecular salt,but could also be solid particles of polyelectrolytes or porous ionic organic networks (PIONs), salts suitable for use in e.g. battery electrolytes. A non-limiting list of suitable salts is calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2), zinc citrate CaCl2 and ZnCl2. In one embodiment the salt is a porous ionic organic network (PION), wherein the porous ionic organic network preferably is a polymer product from reaction of cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups preferably selected from diazabicyclooctane, 1,3-diazabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-diazabicyclo- [2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatri- cyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]-undecane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane,4,4’-dipyridine, 4,4'-dipyridyl- methane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine or 1,2-di(4- pyridyl)ethylene, and wherein the polymer product preferably comprises quaternary ammonium groups. The electrochemical cell 100 The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell 100 (see figure 18), which comprises a first or bottom electrode, preferably the electrode is provided as an electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110. The electrode layer 120 may be an electrically conducting polymer, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy- thiophene) (PEDOT) or a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The substrate 110 may be a flexible substrate. The substrate 110 shall be suitable for the selected printing method. The substrate 110 may be of a plastic material, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil or any fibrous material, e.g. textile or paper. The substrate 110 may also be a glass material or any other suitable material that may be used in an electrochemical cell 100 of the present invention. The electrochemical cell 100 also comprises an electrolyte composition 130 and a second or top electrode, preferably the electrode is provided as an electrode layer 140. For example, the electrode layer 140 may be hybrid-composite-electrodes such as electrodes made from inks comprising carbon black and MnO (IV) or Zinc in powder form or provided as a tape. The electrodes may be selected depending on the requirements of the specific device. The electrolyte composition 130 is arranged in between and in ionic contact with both the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrochemical cell 100 may also be provided with a protecting layer 150. The protecting layer 150 may be provided to cell precursor 190, i.e. before the electrolyte precursor composition 160 has been transformed, e.g. by solvolysis 240, to the electrolyte composition 130 or after to the electrochemical cell 100. The protecting layer 150 may be partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor 190 or the electrochemical cell 100. Preferably the cell precursor 190 and the electrochemical cell 100 have a vertically layered structure. The present invention also relates to a printing process (see figure 19) for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate 110 comprising a first electrode layer 120, printing 210 an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to the first electrode layer 120, curing of the electrolyte precursor composition 160; overprinting 220 a second electrode layer 140 to the cured electrolyte precursor composition 160, thereby providing a cell precursor 190; providing 230 the cell precursor with a protecting layer 150, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor 190; and exposing (240) the electrolyte precursor composition 160 to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition 130, such that the electrolyte composition 130 is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and the second electrode layers 120 and 140 respectively, thereby providing the electrochemical cell 100. There protecting layer 150 may be arranged such that it may be partly covering the electrolyte layer 130, or electrolyte precursor layer 160 (see figure 18a), or the protecting layer 151 may be fully covering the electrolyte layer 130, or electrolyte precursor layer 160 (see figure 18b), of the electrochemical cell 100, 101, 190. An opening or exposure to atmosphere may facilitate the transformation of an electrolyte precursor layer to becoming an electrolyte layer. The electrochemical cell 100 may have the function of an electrochromic cell (see e.g. figures 15 and 16), wherein at least one of the electrodes change optical properties in response to changes in the electrochemical potential. The electrochemical cell may also have the primary function of storing energy electrochemically, as a battery (see e.g. figure 17) or supercapacitor. The electrochemical cell may also have the function of an electrochemical transistor. The bottom and top electrodes, e.g. the electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110 and the electrode layer 140, are so called to describe the bottom electrode as the electrode printed first in an additive manufacturing method of producing the electrochemical cell 100. The electrolyte precursor composition 160 is printed on top of the bottom electrode layer 120. The top electrode layer 140 is printed on top of the electrolyte precursor composition 160. All-additive manufacturing of electrochemical cells by printing involves printing a cell component on top of another. All-additive manufacturing means that all parts of the cell are sequential added or stacked by additive manufacturing. The key materials property, over-printability, is by necessity a property of two materials, the printed and cured material to be overprinted, the printed substrate, and the printable fluid ink composition to be printed on the printed substrate. Over-printability depends on the effects of an ink composition on the previously printed substrate and vice versa. Over-printability requirements for all-additive production electrochemical cells by all-additive printing are demanding, and that is one of the reasons why batteries are not manufactured industrially by all-additive methods. From the perspective of the electrolyte, it should have a sufficiently high content and mobility of ions for the specific application. Supercapacitors typically require extremely low resistance and electrochromic displays can tolerate higher resistances of the electrolyte, for example, but in general the higher conductivity the better. High conductivity and mobility are typically found in soft materials, such as gels and other soft matter. This, of course, poses challenges in printing an electrode on top of the electrolyte as a soft material may not have the properties needed to be overprinted. Still, the present invention facilitates additive manufacturing of supercapacitors since the electrolyte composition is overprintable when cured but is soft when transformed into an electrolyte. The functions required of the electrode material adds to the over- printability challenges. The electrode should transport electrons and ions with low resistance and be able to store charge. One of the implications of this is that the binder matrix of the electrode should function as an ion transport medium. Practically, this is achieved by using binder molecules with polar groups and free volume to enable high and concentration of ions in the binder matrix. For this reason, printable electrode compositions typically contain water-soluble binder molecules, and consequently the electrode inks are water- based. Printing a water-based electrode ink on top of a water sensitive electrolyte is likely to cause destroy or degrade the electrolyte. If an electrode ink binder is selected among organic soluble molecules, the binder matrix is likely a poor conductor of ions. A non-limiting list of water-based electrode inks is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based inks. Thus, to enable all-additive manufacturing of electrochemical cells, there is a need to combine over-printability with high ion conductivity in printed electrolytes. This combination is difficult to achieve in present electrolyte compositions. In addition, there is need to formulate electrode compositions so as to combine over-printability of electrodes onto electrolytes with high ion conductivity in the electrode binder matrix. The object of the present invention is to provide binder systems for electrolytes and electrodes designed to combine these desired properties of printable compositions for electrolytes and electrodes. The invention solves the problem on how to combine the above-mentioned properties of electrolyte and electrode ink compositions by using binder systems that can transform from being organic binder systems to molecules imparting ion conductivity in the binder matrices of printed electrolytes and electrodes. Thus, the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell 100 according to the present invention. The method comprises a step of providing a first electrode, which preferably is provided as an electrode layer 120 on a substrate 110. As related above the electrode may be selected depending on the device. A step of providing an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to the first electrode, preferably by means of printing or coating. A step of curing the electrolyte precursor composition 160, preferably by means of thermal heating or irradiating by actinic radiation, such as UV radiation. Thereby transforming the electrolyte precursor composition 160 into a solid form or maintaining the electrolyte precursor composition as an adhesive. A step of providing a second electrode 140 to the cured electrolyte precursor composition 160, preferably by means of overprinting or laminating, thereby providing a cell precursor 190. A step of exposing the electrolyte precursor composition 160 to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof, thereby solvolyzing binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters to solvolysis products, with the effect of dissolving the salt into an ion transporting medium and thereby forming an electrolyte composition 130. Hence, the electrolyte composition is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrodes, thereby providing the electrochemical cell 100. Optionally a step of providing the cell precursor 190 or electrochemical cell 100 with a protecting layer 140, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor 190 or the electrochemical cell 100, preferably wherein the cell precursor and the electrochemical cell have a vertically layered structure. Further, the steps of printing or overprinting may be by means of flexographic printing, screen printing, offset printing, gravure printing or digital printing. The present invention also describes a laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell 100 which comprises the steps of providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a substrate comprising a second electrode layer. A step of coating of an electrolyte precursor composition 160 to at least one of the first and second electrode layers 120. A step of laminating of the first and second electrode layers 120 and 140 respectively, such that the electrolyte precursor composition 160 is arranged between the first and second electrode layers. A step of curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor. Optionally a step of providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer 150, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor. A step of exposing the electrolyte precursor composition 160 to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition 130, such that the electrolyte composition is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell 100. Further, the step of laminating may be by means adhesively joining the first and second electrode by heating, pressing, hot-pressing, hot-rolling, cold- pressing or cold-rolling. The present invention also relates to a method for transforming an electrolyte precursor composition into an electrolyte composition, by exposing the composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, or alcohols or ketones, or combinations thereof. The present inventive concept will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the following examples and the accompanying figures, in which preferred variants of the inventive concept are shown. This inventive concept may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the variants set forth herein; rather, these variants are provided for thoroughness and completeness, and fully convey the scope of the invention to the skilled person. Although individual features may be included in different variants, these may possibly be combined in other ways, and the inclusion in different variants does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible. In addition, singular references do not exclude a plurality. In the context of the present invention, the terms "a", "an" does not preclude a plurality. Examples Example 1. Synthesis of S-PBAE binder molecules 1a) S-PBAE based on piperazine Equimolar amounts of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG diacrylate) 250 (Merck) and piperazine (Merck) were mixed in DBE-9 (dibasic ester mixture of dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl succinate) under stirring. The temperature was kept at ambient temperature (with ambient temperature means 20-25 °C) for 30 minutes, and then raised to 65 °C for 30 minutes to provide a viscous liquid. Removal of the solvent afforded a rubbery solid. DBE-9 is a mixture of dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl succinate, Dibasic ester mixture. 1b) S-PBAE based on trimethylene dipiperidine PBAE from equimolar amounts of diethylene glycol diacrylate (Merck) and 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine (Merck) were mixed in DBE-9. Removal of the solvent afforded a rubbery solid. Scheme 1 shows the polymerization of equimolar amounts of diethylene glycol diacrylate and 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine to PBAE, here used as S- PBAE. Upon hydrolysis, diethylene glycol is formed together with the corresponding β-amino ester or acid. Scheme 4. Example 2. Synthesis of ATOBAE binder molecules 2a) ATOBAE 2:1 based on 4-amino-1-butanol Two molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for every molar equivalent of 4-amino-1-butanol were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and 30 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product. Scheme 5 shows an ATOBAE synthesized from 2 molar equivalents of diethylene glycol diacrylate per 1 mole 4-aminobutanol. 5 Scheme 5. Scheme 6 shows a polymerized network structure (PATOBAE) obtained by curing of the polymerizable groups of acryl terminated OBAE synthesized from 2 molar equivalents of diethylene glycol diacrylate per mole 4- aminobutanol. Scheme 6. Further, scheme 7 shows examples molecular fragments that may be obtained by hydrolysis of the PATOBAE. Scheme 7. 2b) ATOBAE 3:2 based on 4-amino-1-butanol Three molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for two molar equivalents of 4-amino-1-butanol were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and 30 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product. 2c) ATOBAE 1:1 based on N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine One molar equivalent of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 700 (Merck) for every molar equivalent of N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 10 minutes and 50 minutes at 80 °C to afford a viscous product. 2d) ATOBAE 2:1 based on N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine Two molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for every molar equivalent of N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 10 minutes and 50 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product. 2e) ATOBAE 3:2 based on N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine Three molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) for two molar equivalents of N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) were mixed and stirred at ambient temperature for 10 minutes and 50 minutes at 50 °C to afford a viscous product. 2f) ATOBAE 3:2 based on N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine with Ionically conductive additives Polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) and the ionically conductive additive (i.e. ZnCl2) were mixed in a ratio of 6.7 g/g and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 60 minutes. Afterwards the mixture is stirred to room temperature for 15 minutes in order cool down to room temperature. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) was subsequently added in 3:2 molar ratio (3 molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250:2 molar equivalents of N,N’- diethyl ethylenediamine) and the mix was stirred at room temperature for 60 minutes to afford a viscous product. 2g) ATOBAE 3:2 based on N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine with Ionically conductive additives Polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (Merck) and the ionically conductive additive (i.e. ZnCl2) were mixed in a ratio of 3.5 g/g and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 60 minutes. Afterwards the mixture is stirred to room temperature for 15 minutes in order cool down to room temperature. N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (Merck) was subsequently added in 3:2 molar ratio (3 molar equivalents of polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250:2 molar equivalents of N,N’- diethyl ethylenediamine) and the mix was stirred at room temperature for 60 minutes to afford a viscous product. Example 3. Synthesis of G-PBAE binder molecules Trimethylhexamethylenediamine (2,2,4-Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine), 1.60 g (158.28 g/mole) was mixed with PEG diacrylate 250, 2.51 g (250 g/mole). The viscosity of the mixture gradually increased and eventually a gel was formed. On standing at ambient temperature over a weekend, a brittle soft solid was formed that may be crushed and ground to fine particles of a crosslinked G-PBAE. Scheme 8 shows the synthesis of a cross-linked network of G-PBAE obtained by polymerizing 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine and a PEG- diacrylate. The PEG-diacrylates are illustrated with a diethylene glycol diacrylate. On hydrolysis, PEG is formed together with the corresponding β- amino ester or acid. Scheme 8. Example 4. Electrolyte precursor compositions using an ATOBAE binder 4a) CaCl2 based composition (ink) ATOBAE 3:2 from example 2e (5.95 g) was prepared. CaCl2 x 6 H2O (0.66 g) were mixed with the ATOBAE and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, i.e.2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 0.04 g, and Lucirin TPO, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation. The ink was stencil printed with a 200 µm stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven, using a mercury lamp. The inks were further characterized with a 4p-EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figure 1). 4b) ZnCl2 based composition (ink) ATOBAE 3:2 and ZnCl2 mixture from example 2f (6.61 g) was prepared. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, 0.04 g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation. The ink was stencil printed with a 200μm stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven. The inks were further characterized with a 4p- EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figure 1). 4c) PION-1 based composition (ink) ATOBAE 3:2 from example 2e (5.95 g) was prepared. PION-1 (0.2g) were mixed with the ATOBAE and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, 0.04g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation. The ink was stencil printed with a 200μm stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven. The inks were further characterized with a 4p- EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figures 1 and 2). Examples of preparation of PIONs are disclosed in Example 12 and 13. 4d) PION-2 based composition (ink) ATOBAE 3:2 from example 2e (5.95 g) was prepared. PION (0.2g) were mixed with the ATOBAE and the mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutes. Subsequently, the photoinitiators were added to the mixture (Irgacure 2959, 0.04g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.03 g) and the mixture was further mixed using dual axis centrifugation. The ink was stencil printed with a 200μm stencil and UV cured using a UV-band-oven. The inks were further characterized with a 4p- EIS to extract their ionic resistance (see Figure 2). Examples of preparation of PIONs are disclosed in Example 12 and 13. Figure 1 shows the Bode diagram of the CaCl2 based composition and the ZnCl2 based composition as described in example 4a and 4b, respectively, together with the PION-1 based composition as described in example 4c. The filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, i.e. ( ^) is example 4a, ( ^) is example 4b and ( ^) is example 4c, respectively. The unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, for example 4a ( ^), example 4b ( ^) and example 4c ( ^), respectively. For frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. Figure 2 shows the Bode diagram of the PION-based compositions described in examples 4c and 4d. The filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, i.e. ( ^) is example 4c and ( ^) is example 4d, respectively. The unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, for example 4c ( ^) and example 4d ( ^), respectively. For frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. Before solvolysis the different examples 4a-4d show similar behavior, which was expected. Example 5. The use of PBAE binder molecules to enhance the ionic conductance of polyelectrolyte-based screen-printed inks In order to use the transformable PBAE binder molecules to enhance the ionic conductance of polyelectrolyte-based screen printed inks Luviquat Excellence polyelectrolyte in water (45 g) was mixed with titanium dioxide (Kronos 2190, 41.3 g), the photoinitiators (Irgacure 2959, 0.35 g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.28 g) and DL-lactic acid (8.3 g). Immediately before printing, PBAE binder molecules from example 1 was added (4.85 g). The obtained white paste was used as a UV-curing polyelectrolyte ink. The ionic resistance of the ink was extracted with 4point probe Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (4p- EIS), which may be illustrated in a Bode diagram. Figure 3 shows the Bode diagram of the polyelectrolyte ink described in example 5. The filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, wherein ( ^) is a reference example using a conventional binder E001 and ( ^) is example 5. E001 is the product number of a polyelectrolyte ink developed by RISE and may be commercially available as a screen-printing ink. E001 may be prepared by the method described above but using PEG-700 diacrylate instead of PBAE. The unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, i.e. ( ^) is conventional binder E001 and ( ^) is example 5. For frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. Thus, the results were also compared with the use of a conventional binder (commercially available ink E001 from RISE) which was used an additive instead of the PBAE binder molecules according to Example 5. As seen in Figure 3, the use of PBAE binder molecules as an additive to a polyelectrolyte ink may decrease the ionic resistance of the polyelectrolyte ink approximately five times compared to using a conventional binder. Example 6. Processes for electrolyte precursor composition transformation The compositions presented in example 4 were exposed to humid air with different procedures, so the ionic resistance will decrease. The exposure of the compositions into humid air may transform the electrolyte precursor composition, e.g. based on ATOBAE, and facilitate the solubilization of the ionic components within the formed electrolyte composition, thus decreasing the ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition. For this example seven method procedures have been developed. The term “RH” in the present application is “relative humidity”. RH is expressed as a percentage, and indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. Further, the term “RT” in the present application is “room temperature”, which may be in the range of 20-25 °C. With the term deionized (DI) water is water that has been treated to remove all ions. Since the water may be evaporated in the present invention, it does not specifically have to be DI water. By the use of dynamic or static vacuum in the present application is a means of providing a reproducible exposure of the device to water vapor. A desiccator may be used as a vessel of suitable dimension that may be closed and evacuated to ensure a dynamic or static vacuum. 6a) Method procedure 1 (M1 procedure) The devices were introduced to a chamber and exposed to 80%RH at RT and 1 bar pressure for 48 h. Afterwards the devices were removed from the chamber and were left at atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes, before being characterized with 4p-EIS. 6b) Method procedure 2 (M2 procedure) The devices were placed on a hot plate at 50 °C and 100 μl of DI water was dropped on the ink while annealing. Subsequently, the devices were left on the hot plate for 10 minutes. Afterwards the devices were removed from the chamber and were left at atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes, before being characterized with 4p-EIS. 6c) Method procedure 3 (M3 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of DI water. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 30 minutes, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6d) Method procedure 4 (M4 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of DI water. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 24 hours, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6e) Method procedure 5 (M5 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of pure Ethanol. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 3 hours, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6f) Method procedure 6 (M6 procedure) The devices were placed in a desiccator with 10 ml of pure Acetone. Dynamic vacuum was applied for 5 minutes and then it was converted to Static Vacuum. After exposure for 30 minutes, the samples were removed from the desiccator and left in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar) for 5 minutes. The devices were subsequently characterized with 4p-EIS. 6g) Method procedure 7 (M7 procedure) The devices were characterized with 4p-EIS at a constant frequency of 1Hz and the ionic resistance was extracted over time. After a certain amount of time (~100s), a drop of DI water (100 μl) was deposited on the ink and the ionic behavior of the inks was tracked down live with 4p-EIS. This process is undergone in ambient atmospheric conditions (20%RH, RT, 1bar). In Figure 4 the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M1 to a CaCl2 based composition as described in example 4a are presented. The filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p- EIS for example composition 4a as printed ( ^) and example composition 4a after M1 procedure ( ^). The unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for composition 4a as printed ( ^) and composition 4a after M1 procedure ( ^). As expected from the transformation of the ATOBAE binder molecules that is described in example 6a, the CaCl2 salt is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to two orders of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance. In Figure 5 are presented the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M2 to a ZnCl2 based composition as described in example 4b are presented. The filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example composition 4b as printed ( ^) and example composition 4b after M2 procedure ( ^). The unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for composition 4b as printed ( ^) and composition 4b after M2 procedure ( ^). As expected from the transformation of ATOBAE that is described in example 6b, the salt is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to one order of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance. For both examples 6a and 6b frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. In Figure 6 are presented the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the method procedure M4 to PION based compositions as described in examples 4c and 4d are presented. Impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example compositions (inks) 4c ( ^) and 4d ( ^) as printed and example compositions (inks) 4c ( ^) and 4d ( ^) after M4 procedure. The unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for example compositions (inks) 4c ( ^) and 4d ( ^) as printed and example compositions (inks) 4c ( ^) and 4d ( ^) after M4 procedure. As expected from the transformation of ATOBAE that is described in example 6, the polyelectrolyte is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to one order of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance. In Figure 7 are presented the 4p-EIS results for the impact of the procedures M1 – M4 to the PION-1 based composition as described in example 4c are presented. The filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS and the unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies. Symbols ( ^/ ^) is the ink as printed, ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M1, ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M2, ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M3, ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M4, ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M5, and ( ^/ ^) is the ink after M6. As expected from the transformation of ATOBAE that is described in example 6, the polyelectrolyte is being solubilized after exposure to humidity which results to significant decrease of the device ionic resistance. As it may be seen in Figure 7, according to this example, procedure M4 was the most impactful process, resulting in four orders of magnitude decrease of the ionic resistance of the device. To further simplify and highlight the effect, the ionic resistance values are extracted for 1Hz and presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The Ionic resistance of the devices based on PION-1 in example 4c and exposed in the different procedures M1-M4 Method procedure Ionic Resistance (Impedance Magnitude @ 1Hz) (Ω) As printed 5.1E8 After M1 2.2E8 After M2 2.2E6 After M3 1.1E7 After M4 1.8E5 After M5 6.5E5 After M6 5.6E6 In order to further investigate the stability of the PION based composition of example 4c in various humidity levels, and highlighting the impact of the transformation of the composition to its electrochemical characteristics, devices from the PION-1 composition of example 4a were treated with procedure M4 and placed in a climate chamber. With climate chamber means a cabinet of controlled humidity and temperature environment. The devices were then characterized with 4p-EIS, while the humidity of the climate chamber was varied. The humidity scan started by keeping the humidity at 10% for 48 hours, measuring to extract the ionic resistance, and then ramping the humidity levels every 12 hours until 80%. Figure 8 shows the results, where the ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition ( ^), as extracted from 4p-EIS is stable at low a humidity and increases by two orders of magnitude as the humidity is increased beyond 40% RH. Also, shown in figure 8, which confirms the stability at low humidity, is the stability of the electrolyte composition when left in the climate chamber for 5 days. The symbol ( ^) in figure 8 corresponds to the resistance of the electrolyte composition after left at 10% for 5 days and the symbol ( ^) corresponds to the resistance of the electrolyte composition after left at 35% for 5 days. Further, Figure 9 illustrates the 4p-EIS results for the impact of method procedure M7 to a CaCl2 based composition (i.e. example 4a), a ZnCl2 based composition (i.e. example 4b) and a PION-1 based composition (i.e. example 4c), respectively. As expected from the transformation of the ATOBAE binder molecules described in example 6, the salts, e.g. the example compositions 4a ( ^), 4b ( ^) and 4c ( ^) are being solubilized after exposure to humidity, i.e. by DI water being dropped on the respective devices, which results in a significant decrease of the ionic resistance down to ~100 kOhm. As time passes, the DI Water evaporates and the signal in 4p-EIS signal is stabilized showcasing the solubilization of the ionic components. Example 7. Transformation of PBAE binder molecules as additives to boost the ionic conductance of polyelectrolyte inks The method procedure M1 described in example 6a, was further used in the devices as described in example 5 forming example composition 7 wherein PBAE are used instead of ATOBAE. Thus, Figure 10 shows the Bode diagram of the impact of the method procedure M1 to an electrolyte precursor composition comprising PBAE binder molecules. The filled symbols are the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS for example composition 7 as printed ( ^) and example composition 7 after M1 procedure ( ^). The unfilled symbols are the respective Phase vs frequencies for example composition 7 as printed ( ^) and example composition 7 after M1 procedure ( ^). For frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. The ionic resistance of the devices was subsequently decreased, due to the transformation of the PBAE binder molecules into the ion transporting medium according to the present invention as soluble acid components (see Figure 10). Example 8. A polyelectrolyte composition using G-PBAE binder molecules and its further transformation to enhance the ionic conductance of the polyelectrolyte ink Luviquat Excellence polyelectrolyte in water (45 g) was mixed with titanium dioxide (Kronos 2190, 41.3 g), the photoinitiators (Irgacure 2959, 0.35g, and Lucirin TPO, 0.28 g) and D-Lactic acid (8.3 g). Immediately before printing, G-PBAE from example 3 was added (4.85 g). The obtained white paste was used as a UV-curing polyelectrolyte ink. The ionic resistance of the ink was extracted with 4point probe Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (4p-EIS) as seen in Figure 11, which shows a Bode diagram of the as printed ink comprising G-PBAE binder molecules as described in example 8, and its comparison to E001. The impact of method procedures M3-M6 to the ink are further illustrated, wherein the filled symbols represent the magnitude of the impedance vs frequencies from 4p-EIS, wherein ( ^) is example 8 as printed, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M3, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M4, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M5, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M6 and ( ^) is a reference example using a conventional binder E001. The unfilled symbols represent the respective Phase vs frequencies, wherein ( ^) is example 8 as printed, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M3, is example 8 after being treated according to method M4, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M5, ( ^) is example 8 after being treated according to method M6 and ( ^) is a reference example using a conventional binder E001. For frequencies below 1Hz, the device acts as an ionic resistor, which translates that the magnitude of the impedance is equal to the Ionic Resistance of the device. Thus, the results were also compared with the use of a conventional binder (commercially available ink E001) which was used an additive instead of the G-PBAE binder molecules according to Example 8. As seen in Figure 11, the use of G-PBAE binder molecules as additive actually increases the ionic resistance of the polyelectrolyte ink. However, upon exposure of those devices to the method procedures M3-M6 described in example 6c-6f, the ionic resistance drops several orders of magnitude, following the transformation of the binder (see Figure 11). Example 9. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) of ATOBAE binder molecules and its transformation. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate 250 (PEGDA250) (Merck) (····in figure 12) and N,N’-diethyl ethylenediamine (N,N’-DEDEA) (Merck) (˗ ˗ ˗ in figure 12) is reacted forming the ATOBAE (— in figure 12) comprising electrolyte precursor composition. Figure 12 and figure 13 show the ATR-FTIR spectra for the raw starting materials and the resulting ATOBAE (— in figure 13) comprising composition of example 2d and 2c, respectively. Indeed the peaks around 3300 cm-1 corresponding to NH of the amine group in N,N’-DEDEA are disappearing as the ATOBAE is formed (˗ ˗ ˗ in figure 13). Preferably, no N-H peak should be present in the spectrum of the formed ATOBAE. Further evidence of the transformation of ATOBAE after exposure to water, ethanol or acetone may be seen in Figure 14. The ATOBAE formulation of example 2d (— before transformation in figure 14) was chosen as an example for proving the transformation effect. Drops of DI water (˗ ˗ ˗ in figure 14), pure ethanol (‒ ‒ ‒ in figure 14) and acetone (····in figure 14) were added to the three separate components to initiate the transformation by hydrolysis or alcoholysis, which may be seen in Figure 14. The peaks at 3445 cm-1 that correspond to the formation of -OH, appear with the presence of DI water, ethanol and acetone. For the case of the DI water exposure, the aminoester is being converted into an amino acid, while in the case of the ethanol and acetone it undergoes transformation into other amino esters and PEG derivatives. Example 10. Method of manufacturing electrochemical cells 10a) Electrochromic displays based on ATOBAE electrolyte inks The method of manufacturing electrochemical cells, in this case electrochromic displays is comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode layer, in this case a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based active layer was provided, providing the electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a to the first electrode by printing onto the first electrode layer. Curing of the electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a by means of UV-band-oven. Providing a second electrode layer to the cured electrolyte precursor composition by overprinting. Providing the cell precursor, i.e. the electrochemical cell before the transformation, with a protecting layer. The device, i.e. the electrochromic displays were then exposed to solvolysis agents according to the method procedure M4. Figure 15 is showing an example of a working device in the on state (A) and the off state (B). 10b) Irreversible electrochromic displays based on ATOBAE electrolyte inks Irreversible electrochromic displays were prepared following the same procedure as for example 10a. The electrolyte precursor composition of example 4a was used. In this case the PEDOT based active layer was replaced with indium tin oxide (ITO). The electrochemical instability of ITO may be used as a means to fabricate irreversible electrochromic displays. The devices were then exposed to solvolysis agents according to the method procedure M4. Figure 16 is showing an example of a working device in the off state (C) and the irreversible on state (D). Example 11. Method of manufacturing a battery using a transformable ink A battery was fabricated using the electrolyte precursor composition, also called ink, of example 4b. For the battery electrodes, PVDF:TrFE 70:30 was mixed with DBE-3 solvent, carbon black and MnO (IV) in a ratio 0.8:10:0.4:0.4 g for the anode and PVDF:TrFE 70:30 was mixed with DBE-3 solvent, carbon black and Zinc powder in a ratio 0.8:10:0.4:1.2 g for the cathode. Three different battery architectures were fabricated. The open circuit voltage was extracted with a Biologic potentiostat SP200. 11a) Vertical printed device on PET The cathode ink was stencil printed on PET foil and annealed at 100 °C for 2h. Afterwards, the ink of example 4b was stencil printed and UV cured. Finally, the anode ink was overprinted on the UV-cured electrolyte ink and the device was annealed at 100 °C for 2h. The devices were then according to the method procedure M4 in order to transform the ink into the electrolyte composition of the present invention. The measured open circuit voltage was 1.04±0.15 V (statistics between 5 devices). 11b) Vertical printed device on PET/ Zn tape The anode ink, MnO based, was stencil printed on a PET foil and annealed at 100 °C for 2h. Afterwards, the ink of example 4b was stencil printed and UV cured. The devices were then treated according to the method procedure M4 in order to transform the ink into the electrolyte composition of the present invention. Afterwards, Zn tape was stuck on the transformed ink and the devices were characterized. The measured open circuit voltage was 1.34±0.06 V (statistics between 3 devices). 11c) Free-standing battery devices The anode ink, MnO based, was stencil printed on glass substrates and annealed at 100 °C for 2h. Afterwards, the ink of example 4b was stencil printed and UV cured. Afterwards the anode/electrolyte system was delaminated as a free-standing film. The devices were then treated according to the method procedure M4 in order to transform the ink into the electrolyte composition of the present invention. Finally, Zn tape was stuck on the transformed ink and the devices were characterized. Figure 17 the free-standing device before the Zn tape is attached. The measured open circuit voltage was 1.33±0.05 V (statistics between 3 devices). Example 12. Preparation of an example of a PION All reagents and solvents were used as received except for dioxane which was dried over molecular sieves before use. DABCO (Merck, 3,17 g) dissolved in dried dioxane 125 mL, was slowly dropped during 20 minutes into a chilled (16 °C) solution of cyanuric chloride (TCI, 3,47 g) dissolved in previously dried dioxane (31 g) under vigorous stirring. After the addition, the temperature was gradually raised, to be kept at 25 °C for 30 min, 35 °C for 20 min, 45 °C for 30 min, 50 °C for 60 min, 65 °C for 60 min, and 85 °C for 40 min. The precipitate was collected and washed with dioxane on a glass filter before being dried under vacuum. Figure 21 shows the attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectrum (ATR-FTIR) for the produced PION according to Example 12. The spectrum is matching clearly shows the -OH and triazine groups of the PION. Example 13. Preparation of another example of PION - “PION2” The preparation of PION2 was carried out in a similar way as for the PION according to Example 12, but DABCO was replaced with N,N,N´,N´- tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). 1,74 g TMEDA was dissolved in dioxane (75 mL) and chilled in a round bottom flask in a water bath holding 13 °C. Cyanuric chloride (1.84 g), in dioxane (30 mL) was added slowly under stirring while kept under nitrogen gas. The cooling bath was removed and replaced with heating bath kept at 35 °C for 45 min, kept at 45 °C for 30 min, 55 °C for 45c min, 60 °C for 75 min, 75 °C for 15 min and 85 °C for 105 min. After cooling the reaction mixture, solvent was removed by filtration and the crystals were washed with dioxane and dried under vacuum to yield 4,6 g of the product. Figure 22 shows the ATR-FTIR spectrum of the PION2 of Example 13 where the triazine and-OH are also present. Example 14. Dialysis of the PION The PION prepared according to Example 12 was dissolved in deionized water and placed in a 30 cm length of a 22 mm Thermo Scientific SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 7kD molecular weight cut-off, for four days with a large number of replacements of water. ATR-FTIR spectra reveal that the PION compound before and after dialysis is identical (see figure 23). When performing dialysis where the PION is in a dialysis hose, the hose is immersed in pure water.. Excess salt moves through the tube membrane wall. The dialysis membrane has a characteristic molecular weight cut-off, meaning that only molecules with a lower molecular weight than for example 7000 g/mole permeates the membrane. The concentration of mobile salt is equilibrated between the tube contents, a small volume, and the surrounding water, a large volume. For example, if the volume ratio is 1:100, then the salt concentration may be reduced by a factor 100 after the first exchange of water. In the second it may be reduced further by a factor 100, etc. Example 15. Preparation of electrolyte compositions of dispersed PION Porous particles of the PION are added to a non-aqueous diluent, such as a low volatile solvent, for example glycerol, the resulting fluid is used as an electrolyte in electrochemical cells. a) The PION of Example 12 was dispersed in de-ionized water (DI water), 3.2 wt% forming solution 1. b) The PION2 of Example 13 was dispersed in de-ionized water, 3.2 wt% forming solution 2. c) Dialyzed PION of Example 14 was dispersed in de-ionized water, 3.2 wt% forming solution 3. d) The PION of Example 12 was dispersed in glycerol, 3.2 wt% forming solution 4. e) Phosphate buffer (PBS) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in de-ionized water forming solution 5. f) NaCl was dissolved in de-ionized water, 1M forming solution 6. g) The PION of Example 12 was mixed with de-ionized water and hydroxy-2-ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION of Example 12, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 1. h) ThePION2 of Example 13 was mixed with DI water and hydroxy-2- ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION2 of Example 13, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 2. Ion Exchange Resin Ambercrom 1X4 Chloride form Mesh 200-400 was mixed with DI Water and hydroxy-2-ethylcellulose (HEC), 1.28 wt% of the PION2 of Example 13, 20 wt% HEC, forming ink 3. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was performed on solutions 1-3. Particle formations proving that all systems are acting as dispersions are evident in figure 24. All systems form large aggregates with at least two modes, detectable with DLS, with the major modes to be apparent in the range of 100- 1200nm for all systems. PION2 (600-1200 nm) forms particles with bigger radius than PION(100-1100nm). Furthermore, the dialysis appeared to not have dramatically affected the particle size of the PION, since the major mode of dialyzed PION has radius in the range of 200-1100nm. Salinity measurements were also used on the solutions 1-4 and on inks 1-3 and the electrical conductivity of the systems were extracted from the measured salinities. The results are presented in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, both the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 in DI water exhibit a relatively high electrical conductivity, which though is diminished in a diluent like glycerol.
Table 2. The electrical conductivity values for the dispersions based on salinity measurements. Electrical conductivity of the electrolyte composition (mS/cm) Solution 1 6.97 Solution 2 5.86 Solution 3 6.24 Solution 4 0.009 Ink 1 3.2 Ink 2 3.6 Ink 3 5.2 Example 16. Preparation of test structures and electrochemical cell devices Example 16a) Test structure for impedance measurements A four-probe structure with four parallel traces of conducting electrode materials were used to probe the impedances. The electrolyte composition under test, was applied as a string crossing the parallel traces. By measuring the impedance using for or two conducting traces, it was possible to obtain values of the electrolyte volume impedance. This technique will be identified as four probe electrochemical impedance spectroscopy from now on (4p-EIS). A Biologic Potentiostat SP200 was used to perform the 4p-EIS and the Bode plots were extracted for DC Voltage 0V and AC Voltage of 1000mV, in the range of 100 kHz – 100 mHz. The inks 1 and 3 were deposited in those defined architectures via blade coating and were annealed at 100 °C for 15 minutes in a ventilated oven. The devices were then characterized with 4p-EIS, and the results are presented in figure 25, where both inks showcase as similar performance; PION based inks have impedance rivaling the one from an ion exchange resin. Example 16b) Three electrode cell characterization The potential window of electrochemical stability was investigated in a three-electrode cell, where the material under test was the electrolyte composition. The potential was swept over a voltage interval while the current is recorded to indicate electrochemical reactions, and to measure the potential window, where no faradaic reactions was taking place. Linear sweep voltammetry, cyclovoltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectro-scopy were performed in these solutions, using glassy carbon as the working electrode, Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and a Pt wire as the counter electrode. For the capacitance experiments, screen printed carbon electrodes, based on the carbon ink 7102 from DuPont were used. All experiments were performed with a Biologic Potentiostat SP200. For the linear sweep voltammetry experiments, the voltage was sweeped from +2 to -2V vs Ag/AgCl in three different scan rates; 5, 20 and 100 mV/s. For the cyclic voltammetry, voltage was scanned between -2 and 2 V in a scan rate of 100 mV/s. For the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the Bode and Nyquist plots were extracted for DC Voltage 0V and AC Voltage of 10 mV, in the range of 100 kHz – 10 Hz. The Software EC-Lab was used for the equivalent circuit model fitting of the Nyquist plots. Figure 26 shows the results for the linear sweep voltammetry in normal and log scale. The PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 exhibit a similar electrochemical behavior, while both exhibit a high electrochemical stability window (ESW). However, the PION appears more electrochemically stable than PBS and the PION2 of Example 13, which opens up possibilities for range of applications in electrochemical devices that require a stable electrolyte system, i.e. a supercapacitor, as examined in example 6. Moreover, the ESW of both PBS and the PION2 of Example 13 seem to decrease with the scan rate, which implies that other redox reactions that are kinetically dependent could be taking place in the system. Figure 27 shows the cyclic voltammograms for the three solutions of Example 15. Both the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 exhibit a similar behavior. There was no apparent difference in the electrochemical behavior of the PION before, i.e. Example 12, and after, i.e. Example 14, dialysis as seen in figure 28, wherein the voltammograms are presented for linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry on those solutions. Figure 29 shows the Bode and Nyquist plots as acquired from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the solutions of Example 15. The PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 showcase a similar impedance in the Bode plots. An equivalent circuit comprising of a resistance in series with a capacitor that was in parallel to a constant phase element was used to fit the Nyquist plots. Upon fitting, the ionic resistance of the electrolytes was extracted and presented in Table 2. Both the PION of Example 12 and the PION2 of Example 13 have a similar order of magnitude resistance, but the PION has a lower ionic resistance. Table 3. The ionic resistance from the fitted electrochemical impedance spectra. Sample identity Ionic resistance of the electrolyte composition R, (m ^) Solution 5 100 Solution 1 236 Solution 2 300 More characterizations on the dialyzed electrolytes, and Capacitance measurements proving the formation of Electric Double Layer are ongoing. Example 6. Supercapacitor structures Supercapacitors were prepared where the material under tests is the electrolyte composition of the electrochemical cell electrolyte. Electrodes containing activated carbon were manufactured on top of metal coated substrates. The resulting supercapacitor was characterized by its charge- discharged properties. The purpose of this experiment was to conform the function of the electrolyte composition comprising a porous ionic organic network and an ion transporting medium in supercapacitors. Supercapacitors were prepared in accordance with a method 200 of manufacturing an electrochemical cell 100 according to the present invention, wherein the material under tests is the electrolyte composition 130 of the electrochemical cell electrolyte, namely inks 1-3. Electrodes 120 and 140 containing activated carbon were coated on top of metal coated substrates 110. Then the electrolyte was coated 210 on one of those electrodes 120 and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. The supercapacitor cell was completed in laminating 220 a second electrode 140 containing the aforementioned activated carbon on the electrolyte composition 130. The resulting supercapacitor was characterized by its charge-discharged properties. The purpose of this experiment was to confirm the function of the electrolyte composition 130 comprising a porous ionic organic network particles 131 and an ion transporting medium 132 in supercapacitors. Figure 30 shows the I-V curves of the supercapacitor based on the PION ink 1, Example 15, where a capacitive behavior was observed. The capacitance vs potential of those devices was also plotted in figure 31, showcasing a capacitive behavior. Based on those I-V curves, galvanostatic charge - discharge experiments were performed on those devices, evidencing that they are functioning as supercapacitors (see figure 32). The supercapacitors based on inks 2 and 3 are still under study, but briefly it could be noted that the only ink 1, i.e. the PION comprising example was exhibiting a supercapacitor behavior. Example 7. Electrochromic displays Lateral electrochromic displays were fabricated by deposition of a PION- based electrolyte ink on screen printed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes. As seen in figure 33, the device can function properly, showcasing that PIONs may act as the active electrolytic composition for lateral electrochromic displays due to its high ionic conductivity.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. An electrochemical cell (100) comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte composition (130) comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium; and wherein the electrolyte composition (130) is arranged in between and in ionic contact with both the first electrode and the second electrode. 2. The electrochemical cell (100) according to claim 1, wherein the electrochemical cell is an electrochromic display; or the electrochemical cell is an electrochemical transistor; or the electrochemical cell is a battery; or the electrochemical cell is a supercapacitor; or the electrochemical cell is an electrochemical thermoelectric cell; or the electrochemical cell is a dye sensitized photovoltaic cell. 3. The electrochemical cell (100) according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the salt is an inorganic salt or an organic salt and wherein the salt is preferably selected from calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2), and zinc citrate, or the salt is a polyelectrolyte preferably a porous ionic organic network (PION), wherein the porous ionic organic network preferably is a polymer product from reaction of cyanuric chloride with a chemical substance comprising two or more tertiary amino groups preferably selected from diazabicyclooctane, 1,3- diazabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-1,5- diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, 1,3,5,7-tetraazatri-cyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane, 1,3,6,8-tetrazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]-undecane, 1,3,6,8- tetrazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane,4,4’-dipyridine, 4,4'-dipyridyl-methane, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine or 1,2-di(4- pyridyl)ethylene, and wherein the polymer product preferably comprises quaternary ammonium groups. 4. The electrochemical cell (100) according to any one of claim 1 to 3 wherein the polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters are selected from soluble polymeric β-amino esters or insoluble polymeric β-amino esters, or a combination of said polymeric β-amino esters. 5. The electrochemical cell (100) according to any one of claim 1 to 4 wherein the polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters are selected from: Polymers or oligomers obtained from the reaction between diacrylates of diols (S-PBAE), where the diols are selected from oligo- and polyether diols such as oligoethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols, and di-secondary amines such as piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g.4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’-dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4- Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine, or polymers or oligomers obtained from the reaction between molecules comprising at least two acrylate groups and amines (G-PBAE), preferably secondary amines, and wherein the amine is preferably selected from piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g.4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’- dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′- dimethyl-1,3-propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4- Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine, or polymers or oligomers obtained from the reaction between a diacrylate and an amine in stoichiometric excess of the diacrylate (ATOBAE) preferably at least 4:3, or at least 3:2, or at least 2:1, and wherein the diacrylate is preferably 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1,4- butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,2-propanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate or polyethylene glycol diacrylate and wherein the amine is a di-secondary amine, preferably piperazine, alkylene dipiperidines, e.g. N,N’-diethylethylene diamine, 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine, or N,N’- dialkyl-alkylene diamines, e.g. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine, N,N′- dimethyl-1,3-propane-diamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,6-hexane-diamine, 2,2,4- Trimethylhexane-1,6-diamine, preferably the di-secondary amines may be piperazine, 4,4’-trimethylene dipiperidine or 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6- diamine. 6. The electrochemical cell (100) according to any of the preceding claims wherein the electrolyte composition (130) comprises one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents. 7. The electrochemical cell (100) according to any of the preceding claims wherein the electrolyte composition (130) comprises a supporting binder system and wherein the supporting binder system preferably is hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxymethyl cellulose, or a network obtained by radical polymerization wherein the supporting binder system is preferably obtained from acrylates or diacrylates. 8. A method (200) of manufacturing an electrochemical cell (100) comprising the steps of: providing a first electrode, preferably the electrode is provided as an electrode layer (120) on a substrate (110); providing (210) an electrolyte precursor composition (160) to the first electrode, preferably by means of printing or coating; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, thereby transforming the electrolyte precursor composition into a solid form or maintaining the electrolyte precursor composition as an adhesive; providing a second electrode to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, preferably by means of overprinting or laminating, thereby providing a cell precursor (190); exposing (240) the electrolyte precursor composition (160) to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition (130) comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium, such that the electrolyte composition (130) is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrodes, thereby providing the electrochemical cell (100); and wherein the electrolyte precursor composition comprises: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters; wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein the method further comprising providing the cell precursor (190) or electrochemical cell (100) with a protecting layer (150), wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor or the electrochemical cell, preferably wherein the cell precursor and the electrochemical cell have a vertically layered structure. 10. The method according to claim 8 wherein the curing of the electrolyte precursor composition is done by means of thermal heating or irradiating by actinic radiation, preferably UV radiation. 11. The method according to claim 8 wherein the solvolysis agent is selected from humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof. 12. A printing process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer; printing an electrolyte precursor composition to the first electrode layer; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition; overprinting a second electrode layer to the cured electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium, such that the electrolyte composition is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and the second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell; and wherein the electrolyte precursor composition comprises: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters; wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. 13. The printing process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell according to claim 12, wherein the steps of printing or overprinting is by means of flexographic printing, screen printing, offset printing, gravure printing or digital printing. 14. A laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a substrate comprising a second electrode layer; coating of an electrolyte precursor composition to at least one of the first and second electrode layers; laminating of the first and second electrode layers, such that the electrolyte precursor composition is arranged between the first and second electrode layers; curing of the electrolyte precursor composition, thereby providing a cell precursor; optionally providing the cell precursor with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer is partly or fully surrounding the cell precursor; and exposing the electrolyte precursor composition to one or more solvolysis agents, thereby forming an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium, such that the electrolyte composition is arranged between and in ionic contact with both the first and second electrode layers, thereby providing the electrochemical cell; and wherein the electrolyte precursor composition comprises: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric or oligomeric β-amino esters; wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. 15. The laminating process for manufacture of an electrochemical cell according to claim 14, wherein the step of laminating is by means adhesively joining the first and second electrode by heating, pressing, hot-pressing, hot- rolling, cold-pressing or cold-rolling. 16. A method for transforming an electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters; wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition, into an electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium, by exposing the composition to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, or alcohols or ketones, or combinations thereof. 17. An electrolyte precursor composition (160) comprising: a salt; a binder composition comprising binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters; optionally a supporting binder system; optionally at least one polymerization initiator; optionally at least one solvent; and optionally one or more other ingredients selected from softeners, pigments, dye molecules and processing aid agents, wherein the salt is in the form of solid particles in the binder composition. 18. The electrolyte precursor composition (160) according to claim 17, wherein the electrolyte precursor composition is a printable ink or coatable ink. 19. The electrolyte precursor composition (160) according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the salt in the form of solid particles have an average particle size of less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm, preferably less than 20 μm, preferably less than 10 μm, preferably less than 5 μm, preferably less than 2 μm, preferably less than 1 μm. 20. The electrolyte precursor composition (160) according to anyone of claims 17-19, wherein the binder composition is a transformable binder composition configured to be transformed into the electrolyte composition comprising: a salt; an ion transporting medium comprising solvolysis products of binder molecules selected from polymeric β-amino esters, and wherein the salt is dissolved in the ion transporting medium when exposed to one or more solvolysis agents, such as humid air, water, alcohols, or ketones, or combinations thereof.
EP24701529.0A 2023-01-12 2024-01-11 Transformable binder composition providing a printable electrolyte composition Pending EP4649543A1 (en)

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SE2350021 2023-01-12
PCT/SE2024/050021 WO2024151203A1 (en) 2023-01-12 2024-01-11 Transformable binder composition providing a printable electrolyte composition

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