EP4634372A1 - Verfahren zur fermentativen herstellung von hypotaurin - Google Patents
Verfahren zur fermentativen herstellung von hypotaurinInfo
- Publication number
- EP4634372A1 EP4634372A1 EP22840570.0A EP22840570A EP4634372A1 EP 4634372 A1 EP4634372 A1 EP 4634372A1 EP 22840570 A EP22840570 A EP 22840570A EP 4634372 A1 EP4634372 A1 EP 4634372A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hypotaurine
- cds
- cysteine
- csad
- expression
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/70—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for E. coli
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0069—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, i.e. oxygenases (1.13)
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/1025—Acyltransferases (2.3)
- C12N9/1029—Acyltransferases (2.3) transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (2.3.1)
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
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- C12Y101/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1)
- C12Y101/01—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1) with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (1.1.1)
- C12Y101/01095—Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.95)
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- C12Y113/00—Oxidoreductases acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (1.13)
- C12Y113/11—Oxidoreductases acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (1.13) with incorporation of two atoms of oxygen (1.13.11)
- C12Y113/1102—Cysteine dioxygenase (1.13.11.20)
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- C12Y203/00—Acyltransferases (2.3)
- C12Y203/01—Acyltransferases (2.3) transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (2.3.1)
- C12Y203/0103—Serine O-acetyltransferase (2.3.1.30)
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- C12Y401/00—Carbon-carbon lyases (4.1)
- C12Y401/01—Carboxy-lyases (4.1.1)
- C12Y401/01029—Sulfinoalanine decarboxylase (4.1.1.29)
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine, characterized in that i) a microbial production strain is cultivated which is characterized in that it
- cds a coding sequence
- cdsB a coding sequence encoding a cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) belonging to the enzyme class EC 1.13.11.20
- b a cds encoding a cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) belonging to the enzyme class EC 4.1.1.29
- c is a cds encoding a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) with a feedback inhibition by serine that is reduced by at least a factor of two compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme
- d is a cds encoding a serine-O-acetyl-transferase (CysE) with a feedback inhibition by
- the expression of the cds a and b in the expression vector is coordinated with the expression of at least one cds selected from the group consisting of c, d and e in a polycistronic expression unit,
- hypotaurine is secreted by the production strain into the fermentation supernatant and (ii) the fermentation supernatant is isolated, whereby the hypotaurine content in the fermentation supernatant is at least 10 g/L and the molar ratio of hypotaurine:taurine in the fermentation supernatant is at least 3:1.
- Hypotaurine (2-aminoethanesulphonic acid, CAS number 300-84-5) is an aminosulphonic acid that occurs naturally as a degradation product of the amino acid cysteine. As a sulphonic acid, hypotaurine acts as an antioxidant and is used in the food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors.
- hypotaurine is a biosynthetic precursor of taurine (2-aminoethanesulphonic acid, CAS number 107-35-7).
- hypotaurine is produced chemically, e.g. starting from 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride. With the trend away from chemically produced ingredients, driven by consumer demands, a biotechnological process for producing hypotaurine is of interest.
- Known biosynthetic pathways to hypotaurine and further to taurine, starting from L-cysteine, can be found, for example, in the KEGG Pathway database: "Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”. The most important synthesis steps that lead from L-cysteine to hypotaurine and further to taurine are shown in equations (1) to (5).
- L-cysteine is oxidized by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (CDO, EC 1.13.11.20) to L-cysteine sulfinic acid (3-sulfinoalanine, CAS number 207121-48-0).
- Cysteamine is formally formed by decarboxylation of L-cysteine, but in mammals it is a reaction product of pantothenate biosynthesis, whereby the enzyme pantetheine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.92) splits cysteamine from the precursor (R)-pantetheine.
- pantetheine hydrolase EC 3.5.1.92
- a cysteine decarboxylase has been described for bacteria, but only acts on the C-terminal cysteine of a precursor peptide as a partial reaction of the biosynthesis of a natural product and is not suitable for the production of cysteamine.
- the pathway (2) to hypotaurine, starting from cysteine via cysteamine, is therefore technically irrelevant.
- Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSAD, EC 4.1.1.29) decarboxylates L-cysteine sulfinic acid to hypotaurine (2-aminoethane sulfinic acid, CAS number 300-84-5).
- Cysteamine dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.19) oxidizes cysteamine with atmospheric oxygen to hypotaurine.
- Known biotechnological processes are primarily aimed at the production of taurine, whereby hypotaurine is in many cases the main product due to the biosynthetic route followed.
- the known biotechnological processes for the production of hypotaurine are characterized by the fact that the hypotaurine yields, as far as disclosed, are very low.
- Honjoh et al. (2010) Amino Acids 38: 173-1183 describe a genetically modified yeast strain that heterologously expresses the CDO and CSAD genes from carp (Cyprinus carpio).
- L-cysteine was added to the culture of the genetically modified strain, the production of hypotaurine was observed as the main product and a smaller proportion of taurine.
- S. cerevisiae is capable of producing cysteine from its own metabolism, the external addition of L-cysteine to the culture medium was necessary to produce hypotaurine.
- the approach of Honjoh et al. (2010) thus corresponds to a biotransformation of L-cysteine to hypotaurine. Intracellularly formed taurine was determined analytically, with and without H 2 O2 treatment (Table 1 in Honjoh et al. ). From the significantly higher taurine
- hypotaurine was not quantified analytically.
- the non-direct quantification of hypotaurine is surprising, since in the method section of Honjoh et al. a hypo- taurine analysis was carried out.
- hypotaurine formation in baker's yeast has not been clearly proven and was only indirectly inferred from the increased taurine values after H2O2 oxidation.
- WO 17/213142 A1 (Ajinomoto) describes taurine-producing strains by heterologous expression of genes encoding cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and L-cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) in an originally cysteine-producing strain. Constructs were made from various CDO and CSAD genes, each under the control of the known strong tac promoter. However, their suitability for hypotaurine or taurine production was not tested in strains optimized for cysteine production, but in strains of E. coli (max. cysteine production 2 pM, see Table 5 of WO 17/213142 Al, strain EcoT/pMW2ql 9 ) and Pantoea ananatis (max.
- cysteine production 0 pM, see Table 5 of WO 17/213142 Al, strain PanT/pMW219), each with an inactivated tauABCD operon (named EcoT for E. coli and PanT for P. ananatis).
- the tauABCD operon is known to encode genes for the degradation of taurine.
- the main product was hypotaurine with a maximum yield of 450 pM (49.1 mg/L hypotaurine at 109.2 g/mol mol. weight of hypotaurine).
- the low hypotaurine yields are not suitable for economic production.
- the applications relate on the one hand to gene constructs that express a CDO gene and a CSAD gene, each functionally linked to its own promoter, as individual expression cassettes (each monocistronic).
- gene constructs are also described which are said to express a CDO and a CSAD gene in the form of a fusion protein, combined as a single expression cassette under the control of just one promoter (monocistronic expression cassette).
- the applications are mainly aimed at the production of taurine in plants, although no statements are made about yields. No measures to improve cysteine production with the aim of higher hypotaurine yields were described. Overall, the applications do not disclose an applicable process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine.
- the object of the present invention was to provide a process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine with high yields in the fermentation supernatant. Since hypotaurine can oxidize to taurine according to the state of the art, it was also the object to ensure that the yield of hypotaurine significantly exceeds that of taurine.
- the object is achieved by a process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine, characterized in that i) a microbial production strain is cultivated which is characterized in that it
- cds a coding sequence
- cdsB a coding sequence encoding a cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) belonging to the enzyme class EC 1.13.11.20
- b a cds encoding a cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) belonging to the enzyme class EC 4.1.1.29
- c is a cds encoding a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) with a feedback inhibition by serine that is reduced by a factor of at least two compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme
- d is a cds encoding a serine-O-acetyl-transferase (CysE) with a feedback inhibition by
- hypotaurine is secreted by the production strain into the fermentation supernatant and ii) the fermentation supernatant is isolated, whereby the hypotaurine content in the fermentation supernatant is at least 10 g/L and the molar ratio of hypotaurine to taurine in the fermentation supernatant is at least 3:1.
- a great advantage of the present invention is that a fermentative process for producing hypotaurine is disclosed in which, in the microbial production strain, the expression vectors designed according to the principle of metabolism engineering combine the expression units for increased cysteine production with expression units for hypotaurine production.
- the polycistronic arrangement of at least one eds of cysteine metabolism with the eds for cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and the eds for cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) in an artificial operon under the control of only one promoter allows the coordinated expression of cysteine and hypotaurine metabolism genes in a production strain. This helps to avoid the accumulation of intermediates of metabolism, such as L-cysteine, and maximizes the hypotaurine yield.
- the use of the claimed production strain in the process according to the invention is characterized in that no product accumulates in the biomass (fermenter cells). lated (see also Example 5).
- This extracellular production or accumulation i.e. the biosynthesis of hypotaurine in the production strain followed by secretion (export, discharge) from the production strain into the culture medium, offers the great advantage that the volume in which hypotaurine can accumulate is not limited to the small volume of the cell contents (cystosol). This avoids high intracellular product concentrations leading to toxic effects. Far higher hypotaurine yields can therefore be achieved than with intracellular production.
- the biomass based on the biomass contained in the fermenter broth, as described in Example 5, contains less than 1 g/l hypotaurine. It is particularly preferred that no hypotaurine is detectable in the biomass.
- hypotaurine also has the advantage of simplified product isolation, since hypotaurine can be isolated directly from the fermentation supernatant without the need for complex mechanical or chemical disruption of the cells. How hypotaurine is secreted from the production strain is unknown. It may be a passive mechanism whereby hypotaurine diffuses through the cell membranes, or one or more transport proteins may be involved in the secretion.
- a further advantage of the present invention is the low proportion of the by-product taurine, which is formed from hypotaurine through oxidation and reduces the hypotaurine yield.
- the process according to the invention is therefore very well suited for industrial use, as it enables the economical production of hypotaurine thanks to the high hypotaurine yields in fermentation.
- Metabolism engineering also called "pathway design” is, in contrast to biotransformation, a method of biotechnology in which the metabolic pathways of an organism are changed by optimizing or changing genetic and regulatory processes.
- new or modified enzymes can be introduced into an organism, or genes of endogenous enzymes can be expressed in a stronger or weaker manner, thereby establishing new metabolic pathways in an organism or strengthening or weakening existing metabolic pathways.
- the aim of metabolism engineering is for the organism to produce either a new metabolic product or a cell-specific metabolic product with an increased yield.
- no starting materials specific to the metabolic product are used, such as an enzyme substrate, such as L-cysteine as a starting compound for the production of hypotaurine, but only a nutrient medium, also referred to as a culture medium, which is required for the growth of the organism in question and is composed of a C source (e.g. glucose), an N source (e.g.
- the process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine disclosed in the present invention is a metabolism engineering process.
- biotransformation is defined as the conversion of one or more reactants into a product under enzymatic catalysis, whereby the enzyme substrate is added to a reaction mixture with the enzyme and converted enzymatically.
- L-cysteine is enzymatically oxidized to L-cysteine sulfinic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by a CDO enzyme (EC 1.13.11.20).
- CDO enzyme EC 1.13.11.20
- Gene and protein sequences of CDO enzymes are available, for example, in the NCBI database under the search term "cysteine dioxygenase".
- the invention comprises Genes which code for proteins with CDO activity, including preferably CDO enzymes selected from Rattus norvegicus (rat), Homo sapiens (human), Cyprinus carpio (carp), Bos taurus (cattle), Capra hircus (goat), Gallus gallus (rooster) or Synechococcus (algae) or CDO enzymes homologous thereto.
- the method is characterized in that the CDO is the CDO from Rattus norvegicus (CDOrn) with the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an enzyme with CDO activity which is at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90% and especially preferably at least 95% identical thereto.
- the CDO is a protein having SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the CDOrn-cds has the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the CDO enzyme activity test can be carried out as follows: i) Preparation of the enzyme to be tested:
- An enzyme produced by cultivation in a shake flask or in a fermentation can be used in the reaction as follows: as an aliquot from the culture broth that has not been further processed or as an aliquot of the cell suspension after re-isolation of the cells from the culture broth, e.g. by centrifugation or in the form of an aliquot of the cell homogenate a) after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or b) in the form of chemically permeabilized cells (e.g. by chloroform) or as a cell extract after separation of particulate components from the cell homogenate or as an enzyme purified e.g. by chromatography.
- the total protein concentration obtained can be determined using a commercially available Qubit 3.0 fluorometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific using the “Qubit® Protein Assay Kits” according to the manufacturer's instructions. ii) Determination of CDO enzyme activity:
- L-cysteine (10 mM final concentration) is placed in a solution buffered to pH 7 with potassium phosphate and the reaction is started by adding the enzyme from i).
- the test volume is 10 ml.
- the temperature at which the test is carried out is 30°C.
- the amount of enzyme used depends on the degree of purification. If culture broth, cell suspension of the reisolated cells, cell homogenate or cell extract are used, at least 0.1 mg of the enzyme fractions prepared in i) are used. In the case of purified enzyme, at least 10 pg of the purified enzyme fraction are used.
- the detection limit of the HPLC method is 1 mg/L L-cysteine sulfinic acid. If less than 1 mg/L L-cysteine sulfinic acid is formed under the test conditions mentioned, then the mixture does not contain any active CDO.
- L-cysteine sulfinic acid is enzymatically decarboxylated to hypotaurine.
- This reaction is catalyzed by a CSAD enzyme (EC 4.1.1.29) or alternatively, with much lower enzyme activity, GAD enzyme (EC 4.1.1.15).
- GAD enzyme EC 4.1.1.15
- Gene and protein sequences of CSAD enzymes are available, for example, in the NCBI database under the search term "cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase”.
- Gene and protein sequences of GAD enzymes are available, for example, in the NCBI database under the search term "glutamic acid decarboxylase".
- the invention comprises genes encoding proteins with CSAD activity, including preferably CSAD enzymes selected from Cyprlnus carpio (carp), Rattus norvegicus (rat), Homo sapiens (human), Bos taurus (cattle), Capra hircus (goat), Gallus gallus (rooster), Eschericia coli or Synechococcus (algae) or CSAD enzymes homologous thereto.
- CSAD enzymes selected from Cyprlnus carpio (carp), Rattus norvegicus (rat), Homo sapiens (human), Bos taurus (cattle), Capra hircus (goat), Gallus gallus (rooster), Eschericia coli or Synechococcus (algae) or CSAD enzymes homologous thereto.
- the method is characterized in that the CSAD is the CSAD from Cyprinus carpio (CSADcc) with the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an enzyme with CSAD activity that is at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90% and especially preferably at least 95% identical thereto.
- the CSAD is particularly preferably a protein with SEQ ID NO: 6.
- the CSADcc-cds preferably has the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 5 (nt 1-1503).
- CSAD is the CSAD from Homo sapiens (CSADhs) with the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an enzyme with CSAD activity that is at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90% and especially preferably at least 95% identical thereto.
- CSADhs Homo sapiens
- the CSAD is a protein with SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the CSADhs-cds has the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 3 (nt 1-1509).
- the CSAD enzyme activity test can be performed as follows: i) Preparation of the enzyme to be tested:
- An enzyme produced by cultivation in a shake flask or in a fermentation can be used in the reaction as follows: as an aliquot from the culture broth which has not been further processed or as an aliquot of the cell suspension after re-isolation of the cells from the culture broth, e.g. by centrifugation or in the form of an aliquot of the cell homogenate c) after mechanical disruption of the cell suspension or d) in the form of chemically permeabilised cells (e.g. by chloroform) or as a cell extract after separation of particulate components from the cell homogenate or as a chromatographically purified enzyme, for example.
- the total protein concentration obtained in each case can be determined, for example, with a commercially available Qubit 3.0 fluorometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific using the "Qubit® Protein Assay Kit” according to the manufacturer's instructions. ii) Determination of CSAD enzyme activity:
- L-cysteine sulfinic acid (10 mM final concentration) is placed in a solution buffered to pH 7 with potassium phosphate and the reaction is started by adding the enzyme from i).
- the test batch volume is 10 ml.
- the temperature at which the test is carried out is 30°C.
- the amount of enzyme used depends on the degree of purification. If culture broth, cell suspension of the reisolated cells, cell homogenate or cell extract are used, at least 0.1 mg of the enzyme fractions prepared in i) are used. In the case of purified enzyme, at least 10 pg of the purified enzyme fraction are used.
- the detection limit of the HPLC method is 1 mg/L L-hypotaurine. If less than 1 mg/L hypotaurine is formed under the test conditions mentioned, then the mixture does not contain any active CSAD.
- the open reading frame (ORF, synonymous with cds, coding sequence) is the region of DNA or RNA that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon and codes for the amino acid sequence of a protein.
- the ORF is also known as the coding region or structural gene.
- a gene, cistron or expression unit is the DNA section that contains all the basic information for producing a biologically active RNA.
- a gene contains the DNA section from which a single-stranded RNA copy is produced by transcription and the expression signals that are involved in regulating this copying process.
- the expression signals include at least one promoter, one transcription start, one translation start and one ribosome binding site (RBS). Other possible expression signals are a terminator and one or more operators.
- bacterial proteins such as SerA or CysE begin with a capital letter, while the sequences encoding these proteins (cds) are designated with a lower case letter (e.g. serA or cysE).
- the promoters controlling the expression of these cds are also designated with a lower case letter (e.g. serA promoter or cysE promoter).
- proteins/enzymes and cds/genes of higher organisms such as Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus or Cyprinus carpio are designated with capital letters and, where appropriate, are each identified as protein/enzyme (e.g. CDO protein/enzyme or CSAD protein/enzyme) or cds/gene (e.g. CDO cds/gene or CSAD cds/gene).
- a gene construct is a DNA molecule produced by cloning that includes at least one expression unit and can also include other genetic elements such as selection markers and replication origins.
- the gene construct can be a linear DNA molecule integrated into the genome or a circular DNA molecule in the form of a plasmid, which is also known as a vector. This vector is then referred to as an expression vector.
- the genetic elements of the vector When introduced into a suitable host strain (transformed), the genetic elements of the vector cause its extrachromosomal Inheritance during cell growth and production of the protein encoded by cds.
- operons are often found in the genomes of microorganisms.
- An operon is characterized by a DNA section from which several genes can be expressed in a coordinated manner.
- An operon is a DNA section that contains all the basic information for producing a biologically active RNA.
- the operon contains the DNA section from which a single-stranded RNA copy is produced by transcription and the expression signals that are involved in regulating this copying process.
- the RNA copy does not just comprise the cds of a single gene, however, but the cds of two or more genes.
- the expression signals of the operon comprise a promoter and a transcription start. Each cds of the operon comprises a translation start and a ribosome binding site. Other possible expression signals are a terminator and one or more operators.
- a monocistronic expression unit If only one gene is expressed by a promoter, this is called a monocistronic expression unit. If two, three or more genes are expressed by a promoter, such an expression unit is called bicistronic, tricistronic, etc., or polycistronic.
- Operons not only occur naturally in the genome of microorganisms, but can also be specifically produced by cloning ( artificial operons ).
- the expression unit of an artificial operon also consists of a promoter functionally linked to two or more cds, each with an RBS connected in front of it (bi-, tri- or polycistronic expression unit).
- an expression unit can also contain other genetic elements such as a terminator or operators.
- the term "functionally linked" means that the expression unit comprising promoter and cds, or promoter and two or more cds in the case of an operon, leads to the transcription and translation of the cds in the microorganism.
- a promoter is a nucleotide sequence upstream of the 5' end of the cds that enables the expression of a cds.
- the promoter is located in the direction of synthesis before the coding region.
- the promoter contains regions that determine the start of transcription of the gene by the RNA polymerase and can also mediate the specific interaction with DNA-binding proteins (transcription factors) that influence the strength of transcription.
- all promoters active in the host strain are suitable as promoters of the above-mentioned cds. These include all native promoters of the approximately 5000 genes in E. coli, but also non-native (e.g. promoters from other species of the Enterobacteriaceae family) or "artificial" promoters such as the tac promoter.
- Preferred promoters in the polycistronic expression unit are the cysE, serA and GAPDH promoters contained on pCys, particularly preferably the serA promoter, as described for example in Rex et al. (1991) , J. Bacteriol. 173: 5944-5953, Fig. 2, nt 1 - nt 457.
- serA promoter having the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- mRNA also called messenger RNA
- messenger RNA is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) that carries the genetic information for building a protein.
- RNA ribonucleic acid
- An mRNA provides the construction instructions for a specific protein in a cell.
- the mRNA molecule carries the message from the genetic information (DNA) required for protein building to the protein-building ribosomes. In a cell, it is formed as a transcript of a section of DNA belonging to a gene. The genetic information stored in the DNA is not changed in the process.
- Genes of eukaryotic organisms are predominantly so-called mosaic genes and, in contrast to prokaryotic genes, also contain non-coding sections, so-called introns ('intragenic regions'). Coding sequences, so-called exons ('expressed regions') are DNA sections of a eukaryotic gene that, after transcription into RNA, are translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of a protein. The introns are spliced from the primary transcript after transcription of the DNA into RNA. The protein-coding RNA freed of introns is called messenger RNA (mRNA), also known as "mature" mRNA. This is subjected to further modifications such as capping and polyadenylation.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- the coding region of the mature mRNA is then translated into the protein sequence. If a eukaryotic gene with an exon/intron structure is to be expressed in prokaryotic organisms, it is necessary to translate the protein sequence or the coding region of the mature mRNA back into intron-free DNA, since the processing of the exon/intron structure does not take place in prokaryotes. When, in the context of this invention, reference is made to gene sequences derived from the protein sequence or from the mRNA, this is precisely the process of back translation that is meant. It is preferred that sequence optimization, i.e. adaptation to the codon usage of the corresponding prokaryote (codon optimization), takes place at the same time as the protein sequence or the mRNA sequence is translated back into DNA sequence.
- sequence optimization i.e. adaptation to the codon usage of the corresponding prokaryote (codon optimization) takes place at the same time as the protein sequence or the mRNA sequence is translated back into DNA sequence.
- homologous genes or homologous DNA sequences mean that the DNA sequences of these genes or DNA segments are at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95% identical.
- the degree of DNA identity is determined by the program "nucleotide blast", found at http://blast. ncbi . nlm. nih . gov/ , which is based on the blastn algorithm.
- the preset parameters were used as algorithm parameters for an alignment of two or more nucleotide sequences.
- Homologous protein sequences mean that the protein sequences of these proteins or protein segments are at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95% identical.
- the program "protein blast” on the website http://blast. ncbi . nlm. nih . gov/ is used to compare protein sequences. This program uses the blastp algorithm.
- the preset parameters were used as algorithm parameters for an alignment of two or more protein sequences.
- WT means wild type.
- a wild type gene is the form of the gene that has arisen naturally through evolution and is present in the wild type genome.
- the DNA sequence of Wt genes is publicly available in databases such as NCBI.
- Alleles are defined as the states of a gene that can be converted into one another by mutation, ie by changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
- the gene that occurs naturally in a microorganism is called the wild-type allele and the variants derived from it are called mutated alleles of the gene.
- Fermentation is a process step for the production (cultivation) of cell cultures on an industrial scale, in which a preferably microbial production strain is made to grow under defined conditions of culture medium, temperature, pH, oxygen supply and medium mixing. If all components of the fermentation are determined at the beginning of the cultivation and then no longer changed, this is called batch fermentation.
- feed process media components such as glucose (C source) or a complex amino acid mixture such as yeast extract (N source) are continuously added as a so-called feed, this is referred to as fed-batch fermentation (so-called feed process).
- Fed-batch fermentation can optimize the formation of biomass and target product.
- the aim of fermentation is, depending on the configuration (genetic makeup) of the production strain, the production of a protein/enzyme or a metabolic product, in each case with the highest possible yield for further use.
- the product hypotaurine can be produced by fermentation.
- the end product of the fermentation is a fermenter broth consisting of the biomass of the cells of the production strain (fermenter cells) and the fermentation medium freed of the biomass (fermentation supernatant) which was formed during the fermentation from the culture medium and the metabolic products secreted by the fermenter cells.
- the culture medium which is defined by its chemical composition
- the composition of the fermentation medium is not clearly defined due to the unpredictable formation of metabolic products.
- the product hypotaurine is produced by fermentation.
- the products of the fermentation can be found in the fermenter cells and/or in the fermentation medium. As disclosed in Example 5 of the present invention, hypotaurine is found within the detection limit exclusively in the fermentation medium. Therefore, only the hypotaurine produced by secretion into the fermentation medium is taken into account.
- the method is preferably characterized in that the hypotaurine content in the fermentation supernatant, based on the hypotaurine content in the fermentation mixture, is over 70%, preferably over 80% and particularly preferably over 90%.
- the hypotaurine content in the fermentation supernatant corresponds to the extracellular (secreted) hypotaurine.
- the hypotaurine content in the fermentation mixture is the sum of the extracellular and intracellular hypotaurine content, also referred to as the total hypotaurine content.
- the extracellular proportion of hypotaurine is determined as described in Example 3 (sample preparation).
- the intracellular proportion of hypotaurine is determined as described in Example 5, with a detection limit of 1 mg/L hypotaurine in each case.
- Shake flask culture is used to cultivate microorganisms on a laboratory scale, in contrast to production scale through fermentation. Although a certain medium and pH are specified for shake flask culture and the culture is carried out in the presence of oxygen and with constant movement (shaking), more defined conditions regarding the medium, temperature, pH, oxygen supply and medium mixing can be set and regulated in the fermenter. Culture on a smaller scale, e.g. in a shake flask, can also be used as a pre-culture for inoculating a culture on a larger scale, e.g. in a fermenter.
- the production scale in fermentation typically starts at 0.5 L batch volume and can be up to 100,000 L or more.
- the production scale in shake flask cultivation typically ranges from 10 ml to 1000 ml batch volume.
- Yield in the sense of the invention is defined as the amount of product obtained by culturing a production strain.
- the yield can be given in absolute amount of product (mmol or g) or as volume yield (concentration). tration) in volumetric amount of product (mM or g/L ).
- the method according to the invention comprises a fermentative process for producing hypotaurine using a microbial production strain.
- a production strain comprises, by definition, a microorganism, referred to as a host strain, and at least one gene construct.
- the production strain is characterized in that the gene construct is an expression vector.
- microorganism that is amenable to recombinant DNA techniques and that is suitable for the fermentative production of recombinant proteins is suitable as a host strain.
- Suitable microorganism strains include bacterial strains selected from the Corynebacteriaceae family or the Enterobacteriaceae family, yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica) or fungi (e.g. Aspergillus niger).
- the host strain used to prepare the production strain is preferably a prokaryotic microorganism, particularly preferably a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Corymbebacterium ssp. (such as particularly preferably C. glutami cum), Pantoea ssp. (such as particularly preferably P. ananatis) and Escherichia ssp. and especially preferably a microorganism of the species Escherichia coli.
- the microorganism is the strain E. coli K12 W3110, commercially available under the strain number DSM 5911 from the DSMZ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH.
- a production strain for the fermentative production of at least 10 g/l hypotaurine is characterized by the fact that it contains a gene construct which ( I ) a pathway leading to hypotaurine defined by the expression of cds a ( encoding CDO) and b ( encoding CSAD) and
- ( I I ) a deregulated cysteine biosynthesis pathway defined by the expression of at least one of the cds selected from the group consisting of c ( encoding SerA with reduced feedback inhibition by serine ), d ( encoding CysE with reduced feedback inhibition by cysteine ) and e ( encoding a cysteine exporter ).
- the genes CDO and CSAD which constitute the hypotaurine metabolic pathway in the production strain can originate from the microorganism strain which is also the host strain (homologous expression) or they can be foreign genes (heterologous expression), either synthetically produced (including the adaptation of the cds to the expression in the host strain thereby made possible by so-called codon optimization) or isolated from strains other than the host strain, or they can be a combination of homologous and heterologous expression.
- Heterologous expression of the genes of the hypotaurine metabolic pathway in the production strain is preferred, heterologous expression of synthetically produced genes is particularly preferred and especially preferred is heterologous expression of codon-optimized, synthetically produced genes of the hypotaurine metabolic pathway in the production strain.
- a production strain containing a gene construct comprising expression units for a deregulated cysteine biosynthesis pathway and thus suitable for cysteine production is characterized in that it contains at least one of the cds selected from the group consisting of c, d and e: c)
- the production strain comprises at least one modified serA gene, ie it contains at least one cds c coding for a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) with a feedback inhibition by L-serine that is reduced by at least a factor of two compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme, whereby the SerA enzyme activity can be determined, for example, photometrically by the oxidation of NADH dependent on the SerA substrate 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, as described, for example, by McKitrick and Pizer, J.
- the production strain can additionally contain the unmodified WT serA gene.
- Particularly preferred variants of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (SerA) have a feedback inhibition by L-serine that is reduced by at least a factor of 5, particularly preferably by at least a factor of 10 and, in a further preferred embodiment, by at least a factor of 50 compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme.
- - serA317 feedback-resistant SerA mutant as used in the present invention in the vector pCys (Fig. 1). It is a C-terminal deletion mutant of SerA comprising the N-terminal 317 amino acids of the SerA WT protein with a total length of 410 amino acids (Bell et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 2002, 269: 4176-4184, referred to therein as "NSD:317"; see also Example 1).
- - serA G349E Mutation of glycine at position 349 of the WT SerA enzyme to glutamic acid.
- - serA G349D Mutation of glycine at position 349 of the WT SerA enzyme to aspartic acid.
- serA mutated serA gene in which 25% of the C-terminal amino acids are altered compared to WT, where i) the change is within the 50 C-terminal amino acids of the WT protein, ii) the change comprises a C-terminal deletion, and iii) the change comprises an insertion into the WT sequence.
- the production strain comprises at least one modified cysE gene, ie it contains at least one cds d coding for a serine O-acetyl transferase (CysE) which, compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme, has a feedback inhibition by cysteine reduced by at least a factor of two (as described, for example, in Nakamori et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol.
- CysE serine O-acetyl transferase
- the CysE enzyme activity can be determined, for example, photometrically by the consumption of the CysE substrate acetyl-CoA as a result of the reaction with L-serine to form O-acetyl-L-serine, as described, for example, by Nakamori et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol. (1998) 64: 1607-1611.
- the production strain can additionally contain the unmodified WT cysE gene.
- CysE serine-O-acetyl transferase
- cysteine has a feedback inhibition by cysteine that is reduced by at least a factor of 5, particularly preferably by at least a factor of 10 and, in a further preferred embodiment, by at least a factor of 50, compared to the corresponding wild-type enzyme.
- - cysEIV A237V, mutation of alanine at position 237 to valine and G238S, mutation of glycine at position 238 to serine (double mutant).
- - cysEV A237V, mutation of alanine at position 237 to valine and G238S, mutation of glycine at position 238 to serine and M256I, mutation of methionine at position 256 to isoleucine (triple mutant).
- T167A mutation of threonine at position 167 to alanine (used in the vector pCys, example 1).
- V164A mutation of valine at position 164 to alanine and F267L, mutation of phenylalanine at position 267 to leucine (double mutant).
- - cysEXIV T167A, mutation of threonine at position 167 to alanine and M256Stop, mutation of methionine at position 256 to stop (double mutant).
- - cysEXVI D250G, mutation of aspartic acid at position 250 to glycine .
- T167A mutation of threonine at position 167 to alanine and A237V
- mutation of alanine at position 237 to valine and G238S mutation of glycine at position 238 to serine (triple mutant) .
- Arabidopsis thaliana ( plant ): A. thaliana contains three cysE genes, two of which are feedback resistant to cysteine.
- the production strain comprises at least one increased expression of cds e (overexpression) or an additional cds e encoding a cysteine exporter (-Ef fluxprotein), which leads to an increased expression of cysteine exporters, so that the cell of the production strain has a cysteine export from the cell that is increased by at least a factor of two compared to the corresponding starting strain (host strain), where the cysteine export can be determined by photometric measurement of the extracellular cysteine content according to Gaitonde, Biochem. J.
- the increased expression of cysteine exporters preferably leads to an increase in cysteine export from the cell by at least a factor of 5, particularly preferably by at least a factor of 10, especially preferably by at least a factor of 20, compared to the parent strain (host strain).
- the cds encoding the cysteine exporter is preferably one or more sequences selected from the group consisting of ydeD, yfiK, cydDC, bcr and emrAB from E. coli or a sequence that is at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90% and especially preferably at least 95% identical thereto.
- the cds which determine hypotaurine biosynthesis, and the cds , which determine the deregulated cysteine biosynthesis pathway, are present extrachromosomally on vectors in the microorganism strain, either combined on one vector or distributed across several vectors.
- the process for producing hypotaurine is characterized in that the cds encoding CDO (a) and the cds encoding CSAD (b) are present in the expression vector of the microbial production strain with the cds encoding SerA with reduced feedback inhibition by serine (c) in a tricistronic expression unit, which is particularly preferably functionally linked to the serA promoter, which particularly preferably has the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- a tricistronic expression unit which is particularly preferably functionally linked to the serA promoter, which particularly preferably has the sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- the 3 cds are present separately one after the other, each cds with its own RBS. Their expression occurs coordinately under the regulation of the same one promoter, which is preferably the serA promoter, but results in 3 separate proteins, not fusion proteins.
- sequence in the operon such that in the tricistronic operon the promoter, preferably the serA promoter, is followed by the serA-cds, then the CDO-cds and finally the CSAD-cds.
- SerA is preferably serA317. SerA317 is disclosed in Bell et al., Eur. J.
- NSD serine feedback-resistant variant of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase .
- the tricistronic Expression unit of serA, CDO and CSAD in the present invention allows the coupling of L-cysteine and hypotaurine metabolism by their coordinated expression under the control of the serA promoter.
- the expression units serA317, CDOrn and CSADhs, or serA317, CDOrn and CSADcc form an artificial tricistronic operon, with expression taking place under the control of the serA promoter.
- the serA promoter thus controls the expression of three cds in the gene constructs pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs and pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc, namely the expression of the cds encoding serA317 and the expression of the cds encoding the CDOrn enzyme, which was derived from the mRNA of the gene sequence from Rattus norvegicus (rn), as well as in the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs the expression of the cds encoding the CSADhs enzyme, which was derived from the mRNA of the gene sequence from Homo sapiens (hs), or in the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc the expression of the cds encoding the CSADcc enzyme, which was derived from the mRNA of the gene sequence from Cyprinus carpio (cc).
- a particularly preferred gene construct which comprises a cds encoding SerA with reduced feedback inhibition by serine and functionally linked to the serA promoter (c), cysE with reduced feedback inhibition by cysteine and functionally linked to the cysE promoter (d) and a cysteine exporter, functionally linked to the promoter of the E. coli GAPDH gene (e) (GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is the vector pCys disclosed in WO 2021/259491 (Wacker) and described in Example 1 (Fig. 1).
- the process for producing hypotaurine is characterized in that the CDs encoding CDO (a), CSAD (b), SerA with reduced feedback inhibition by serine (c), CysE with reduced feedback inhibition by cysteine (d) and encoding the cysteine exporter (e) are all present on a single expression vector.
- the process for producing hypotaurine is characterized in that the expression vector of the microbial production strain is selected from the gene constructs pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs or pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc. These gene constructs are disclosed in Example 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively.
- the expression vector of the microbial production strain is the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc.
- the gene construct according to the invention thus comprises feedback-resistant alleles of the cysE and/or serA gene and/or a gene for a cysteine exporter such as preferably the ydeD efflux gene as well as genes coding for a CDO and a CSAD enzyme, wherein the CDO and the CSAD gene, each with its own RBS, are linked in polycistronic expression units with the cysE, serA and/or the cysteine efflux gene, such as preferably the ydeD gene.
- a tricistronic operon is preferred, wherein the following configurations are conceivable, among others: a) serA-CDO-CSAD b) serA-CSAD-CDO c) cysE-CDO-CSAD d) cysE-CSAD-CDO e) ydeD-CDO-CSAD f) ydeD-CSAD-CDO.
- a) and b) are preferably functionally linked to the serA promoter
- c) and d) in the tricistronic operon are preferably functionally linked to the cysE promoter
- e) and f) in the tricistronic operon are preferably functionally linked to the promoter of the E. coli GAPDH gene, whereby a) to f) can be functionally linked to any other promoter active in E. coli.
- Preferred is a gene construct comprising a tricistronic operon comprising a) serA-CDO-CSAD or b) serA-CSAD-CDO.
- a gene construct comprising a tricistronic operon comprising a) serA-CDO-CSAD.
- the vector pCys (Fig. 1) described in WO 2021/259491 (Wacker) was expanded to include the genes for cysteine dioxygenase from Rattus norvegicus (CDOrn), SEQ ID NO: 1, encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, for L-cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase from Homo sapiens (CSADhs), SEQ ID NO: 3, nt 1 to nt 1509, encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, or for L-cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase from Cyprinus carpio (CSADcc), SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 1 to nt 1503, encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 6.
- CDOrn the genes for cysteine dioxygenase from Rattus norvegicus
- SEQ ID NO: 1 encoding a protein with the amino acid sequence
- the vectors pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs (Fig. 2) and pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc (Fig. 3) were created for the production of hypotaurine.
- the gene constructs were produced in accordance with the state of the art, preferably using standard recombinant DNA techniques, as described in Example 1 and as are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
- the CDOrn and CSADhs genes are cloned in the form of an artificial tricistronic operon, each with its own ribosome binding site (RBS) but without its own promoter, behind the serA317 gene contained in pCys, so that their expression occurs under the control of the serA promoter.
- RBS ribosome binding site
- the CDOrn and CSADcc genes are cloned in the form of an artificial tricistronic operon, each with its own ribosome binding site (RBS) but without its own promoter, behind the serA317 gene contained in pCys, so that their expression occurs under the control of the serA promoter.
- RBS ribosome binding site
- the production of a production strain is carried out in a known manner by transformation of the gene construct according to the invention into the microorganism (host strain), preferably of the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs or the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc, particularly preferably of the gene construct pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc into the host strain E. coli K12 W3110.
- the fermentation of production strains according to the invention which are characterized by the previously unknown coordinated expression of the CDO and CSAD genes from a polycistronic, preferably tricistronic operon under the control of the serA promoter derived from cysteine metabolism, enables a surprisingly much higher production of hypotaurine than the prior art.
- WO 17/213142 Al (Ajinomoto) discloses hypotaurine yields in E. coli of max. 450 pM, corresponding to 49.1 mg/L hypotaurine at 109.2 g/mol mol. weight of hypotaurine. Honjoh et al.
- hypotaurine in yeast with yields of 85.3 pmol/g dry biomass, corresponding to 9.3 mg/g hypotaurine at 109.2 g/mol mol. weight of hypotaurine.
- L-cysteine had to be added to the culture medium as a substrate for hypotaurine biosynthesis (see "Materials and Methods" in Hon oh et al . ).
- the process for the fermentative production of hypotaurine characterized in that the fermentation volume is at least 1 L, with the production scale of at least 10 L being particularly preferred, of at least 1000 L being particularly preferred and a fermentation volume of at least 10,000 L being especially preferred.
- the hypotaurine content can be quantified from the culture broth.
- an aliquot of 1 ml is taken from the culture broth with a cell density ODgoo/ml of at least 1.0/ml, for example, incubated for 5 minutes at 80 °C, then all solid components are separated, for example by centrifuging for five minutes at maximum speed in a table centrifuge and the supernatant is quantified by HPLC calibrated for hypotaurine and taurine, as described for hypotaurine and taurine in example 3, among others.
- the yield of the product hypotaurine at the end of the fermentation after a fermentation time of preferably a maximum of 65 hours is preferably at least 10 g/L, particularly preferably at least 20 g/L and especially preferably at least 50 g/L, far more than known in the prior art (e.g. 49.1 mg/L hypotaurine in WO 17/213142 A1).
- the process according to the invention thus enables the fermentative production of hypotaurine in previously unknown yields for applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical sectors.
- the fermentative process according to the invention is further characterized in that it allows the production of hypotaurine in a high molar excess compared to the by-product taurine.
- the molar excess is defined as the quotient of the molar hypotaurine concentration in the fermentation supernatant at the end of the fermentation divided by the molar taurine concentration in the fermentation supernatant at the same time.
- the molar excess hypotaurine:taurine is at least 3:1, preferably at least 5:1, particularly preferably at least 10:1 and especially preferably at least 20:1.
- Media for growing the production strain in shake flasks and by fermentation are familiar to the expert from the practice of microbial cultivation. They typically consist of a carbon source (C source), a nitrogen source (N- Source) as well as additives such as vitamins, salts and trace elements as well as a sulphur source (S-source) which optimises cell growth and hypotaurine production.
- C source carbon source
- N- Source nitrogen source
- S-source sulphur source
- C sources are those that can be used by the production strain to form hypotaurine products. These include all forms of monosaccharides, including C6 sugars (hexoses) such as glucose, mannose, fructose or galactose and C5 sugars (pentoses) such as xylose, arabinose or ribose, as well as all conceivable di- and polysaccharides formed from them, such as sucrose, lactose, maltose, maltodextrin, starch, or the monomers or oligomers released from them by hydrolysis (enzymatic or chemical).
- C6 sugars hexoses
- pentoses such as xylose, arabinose or ribose
- di- and polysaccharides formed from them such as sucrose, lactose, maltose, maltodextrin, starch, or the monomers or oligomers released from them by hydrolysis (enzymatic or chemical).
- C sources other than sugars or carbohydrates are acetic acid (or acetate salts derived from it), ethanol, glycerin, citric acid (and their salts) or pyruvate (and its salts).
- Gaseous C sources such as carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide are also conceivable.
- Preferred C sources for growing the production strain are glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, xylose and arabinose, among which glucose and sucrose are particularly preferred and glucose is especially preferred.
- N sources are those that can be used by the production strain to form biomass. Examples of sources that can be used include:
- Ammonia gaseous or in aqueous solution as NH 4 OH or its salts such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium acetate or ammonium nitrate and/or
- nitrate salts such as KNO 3 , NaNO 3 , ammonium nitrate, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 and other N sources such as urea and/or
- - complex amino acid mixtures such as yeast extract, proteose peptone, malt extract, soy peptone, casamino acids, corn steep liquor (liquid or dried as so-called CSD) and/or - NZ-amines and/or
- the addition of a sulfur source is necessary for the efficient production of hypotaurine.
- the continuous addition can be carried out as a pure feed solution or in a mixture with another feed component such as glucose.
- the process is preferably characterized in that it is carried out in the presence of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a salt of sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, thiosulfates and sulfides, whereby the use of the respective acids is also conceivable given a given stability.
- Preferred sulfur sources are salts of sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates and sulfides, particularly preferably salts of sulfates and thiosulfates.
- the process is particularly preferably characterized in that it is carried out in the presence of salts of thiosulfate.
- a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium thiosulfate, ammonium thiosulfate and mixtures thereof is particularly preferred as the salt of thiosulfate.
- the cultivation can be carried out in the so-called batch mode, i.e. in order to obtain biomass, the culture medium is inoculated with a starter culture of the production strain (microorganism cells carrying one or more gene constructs) and then the cell growth takes place without further feeding of nutrient sources.
- the cultivation can also be carried out in the so-called fed-batch mode (also called cultivation in the feed mode), i.e. a method for obtaining biomass in which, after an initial phase of growth in the batch mode, additional nutrient sources are fed (feed).
- the feed can consist of the C source, the N source, the sulphur source, one or more vitamins or trace elements that are important for production, or a combination of the above.
- the feed components can be together as a mixture or separately in individual feed lines.
- other media components and additives that specifically increase hypotaurine production can also be added to the feed.
- the feed can be fed continuously or in portions (discontinuously), or also in a combination of continuous and discontinuous feed.
- the process according to the invention for the fermentative production of hypotaurine with a microbial production strain is preferably characterized in that the fermentative process is a process in fed-batch mode.
- Preferred C sources in the feed are glucose, sucrose and plant hydrolysates containing glucose or sucrose as well as mixtures of the preferred C sources in any mixing ratio.
- the particularly preferred C source in the feed is glucose.
- the C source is added to the culture in such a way that the content of the carbon source in the fermenter during the production phase does not exceed 10 g/L.
- a maximum concentration of 2 g/L is preferred, particularly preferably 0.5 g/L, especially preferably 0.1 g/L.
- N sources in the feed are ammonia, gaseous or in aqueous solution as NH 4 OH and its salts ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride, as well as urea, KNO 3 , NaNO 3 and ammonium nitrate, yeast extract, proteose peptone, malt extract, soy peptone, casamino acids, corn steep liquor as well as NZ amines and yeast nitrogen base, among which particularly preferred are ammonia or ammonium salts, yeast extract, soy peptone or corn steep liquor (liquid or in dried form).
- Preferred sulphur sources in the feed are salts of sulphates, sulphites, thiosulphates and sulphides, particularly preferred are salts of sulphates and thiosulphates and particularly preferred are Salts of thiosulfate, such as sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate.
- Further media additives that can be added include salts of the elements phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, iron and, in trace amounts (i.e. in pM concentrations), salts of the elements molybdenum, boron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, copper and nickel.
- organic acids e.g. acetate, citrate
- amino acids e.g. isoleucine
- vitamins e.g. vitamin B1, vitamin B6
- the pH range is preferably from pH 5 to pH 9.
- a pH range of pH 5.5 to pH 8 is particularly preferred.
- a pH range of pH 6.0 to pH 7.5 is particularly preferred.
- the preferred temperature range for the growth of the production strain is 20°C to 40°C. Particularly preferred is the temperature range from 25°C to 37°C and especially preferred is from 28°C to 34°C.
- the growth of the production strain can occur optionally without oxygen supply (anaerobic cultivation) or with oxygen supply (aerobic cultivation). Aerobic cultivation with oxygen is preferred.
- a saturation of the oxygen content of preferably at least 10% (v/v), particularly preferably at least 20% (v/v) and especially preferably at least 30% (v/v) is set.
- the regulation of the oxygen saturation in the culture takes place automatically according to the state of the art via a combination of gas supply and stirring speed.
- the oxygen supply can be ensured by introducing compressed air or pure oxygen.
- the preferred method is aerobic cultivation by introducing compressed air.
- the range of compressed air supply in aerobic cultivation is preferably 0.05 vvm to 10 vvm (vvm: introduction of compressed air into the fermentation mixture, expressed in liters of compressed air per liter of fermentation volume per minute).
- a compressed air introduction of 0.2 vvm to 8 vvm is particularly preferred, particularly preferably from 0.4 to 6 vvm and especially preferably from 0.8 to 5 vvm.
- the maximum stirring speed is preferably 2500 rpm, more preferably a maximum of 2000 rpm and especially preferably a maximum of 1800 rpm.
- the cultivation period is preferably between 10 h and 200 h.
- a cultivation period of 20 h to 120 h is particularly preferred.
- a cultivation period of 30 h to 100 h is particularly preferred.
- the claimed microbial production strain is cultivated in step i and the fermentation supernatant is isolated in step ii.
- Hypotaurine can be used directly or isolated from the fermentation medium.
- Various analytical methods for identifying, quantifying and determining the degree of purity of the hypotaurine are available, including spectrophotometry, NMR, gas chromatography, HPLC, mass spectroscopy, gravimetry or a combination of these analytical methods.
- Fig . 1 pCys .
- Fig. 2 pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs .
- Fig. 3 pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc .
- TetR gene that confers resistance to tetracycline.
- serA317 serA (3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene, encodes amino acids 1 to 317)
- cds cysE X cysE (serine-O-acetyltransferase gene, feedback resistant) cds
- ORF306 ydeD (cysteine efflux gene) cds
- PpuMI cleavage site for the restriction enzyme
- CDOrn CDO (cysteine dioxygenase) R. norvegicus cds
- CSADhs CSAD (cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase) H. sapiens cds
- CSADcc CSAD (cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase) C. carpio cds
- RBS Ribosome binding site
- the vectors pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs and pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc are derived from the vector pCys (Fig. 1).
- pCys: pCys is disclosed in WO 2021/259491 (Wacker) and is a derivative of the plasmid pACYC184-cysEX-GAPDH-ORF306.
- the plasmid pACYC184-cysEX-GAPDH-ORF306 contains the replication origin and a tetracycline resistance gene (starting vector pACYC184) as well as the cysEX allele (synonym cysE-
- pCys also contains, cloned behind the ydeD (ORF306) efflux gene, the serA317 gene fragment, coding for the N-terminal 317 amino acids of the SerA protein (total length 410 amino acids).
- the E. coli serA gene is disclosed in the "GenBank" gene database with the gene ID 945258.
- serA317 is disclosed in Bell et al., Eur. J. Biochem. (2002) 269: 4176- 4184, referred to therein as "NSD:317" and encodes a serine feedback-resistant variant of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.
- the expression of serA317 is controlled by the serA promoter.
- the serA promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 7 is disclosed in Rex et al. (1991) , J. Bacteriol. 173: 5944-5953, Fig. 2, nt 1 - nt 457.
- plasmid DNA of the vector pCys was cut with Seal and PpuMI and the 6.1 kb vector fragment was isolated after preparative agarose gel electrophoresis (QIAquick® Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen), hereinafter referred to as pCys-Scal/PpuMI.
- CDOrn The amino acid sequence of the cysteine dioxygenase from Rattus norvegicus , derived from the mRNA of the gene, is disclosed in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database under the sequence ID: AAH70509.1. From the amino acid sequence, a DNA sequence codon-optimized for expression in E. coli (publicly available Eurofins Genomics GENEius software) was derived and synthetically produced (Eurofins Genomics) . The CDOrn DNA sequence is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1, coding for a protein with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The CDOrn DNA was synthetically produced (Eurofins Genomics) .
- CSADhs-rrnB The amino acid sequence of the cysteine dioxygenase from Rattus norvegicus , derived from the mRNA of the gene, is disclosed in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database under the sequence ID: AAH70509.1. From the amino acid sequence
- CSADhs The amino acid sequence of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSADhs) from Homo sapiens is disclosed in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database under the sequence ID: XP_016861786.1. CSADhs is deposited there as "acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1 isoform XI".
- a DNA sequence publicly available Eurofins Genomics GENEius software codon-optimized for expression in E. coli was derived from the amino acid sequence.
- This DNA sequence, designated CSADhs-cds is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 3, nt 1 to 1509, coding for a protein with the amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the DNA sequence of the E. coli rrnB terminator (SEQ ID NO: 3, nt 1510 to 1842) was linked to nt 1509.
- the DNA sequence of the rrnB terminator is disclosed in Orosz et al., Eur . J. Biochem. (1991) 201: 653 -659.
- the DNA disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 3, consisting of the CSADhs-cds and the rrnB terminator was produced synthetically (Eurofins Genomics) and named CSADhs- rrnB .
- CSADcc-rrnB The cDNA gene (cDNA: complementary DNA, isolated from mRNA by reverse transcription) of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) from Cyprinus carpio (common carp) was isolated by Honjoh et al. (2010), Amino Acids 38: 1173-183 and the DNA sequence was disclosed in the NCBI database under the Genbank Sequence ID: AB220585.1 (cds: nt 82 - 1584). A DNA sequence codon-optimized for expression in E. coli (publicly available Eurofins Genomics GENEius software) was derived from the amino acid sequence.
- CSAD cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase
- This DNA sequence designated CSADcc-cds, is disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 5, nt 1 to 1503, encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 nt 1 to 1503
- CSADcc-cds a DNA sequence having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 nt 1504 to 1834
- the DNA sequence of the rrnB terminator is disclosed in Orosz et al. (1991), see below.
- the CSADcc-rrnB DNA consisting of the CSADcc-cds and the rrnB terminator, was produced synthetically (Eurofins Genomics).
- Table 1 summarizes the name of the PCR products used for cloning, their size, and the synthetic DNA (so-called template DNA) and primers used.
- the PCR products PCRI to PCR4 were produced from the respective template DNA by PCR ("PhusionTM High-Fidelity" DNA Polymerase, Thermo ScientificTM) with the appropriate primers and isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis (QIAquick® Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen).
- Table 1 PCR products for the production of gene constructs Preparation of the vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs :
- the NEBuilder® cloning kit (NEB New England Biolabs) was used to produce the vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs.
- the 6.1 kb pCys-Scal/PpuMI vector fragment was ligated together with PCRI and PCR2, following the manufacturer's instructions regarding the amounts of the individual DNA fragments used in the ligation mixture.
- the ligation mixture was then transformed into E. coli NEB® 10-beta (NEB New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Clones from the transformation were selected on LBtet plates.
- LBtet plates contained 10 g/L tryptone (GIBCOTM), 5 g/L yeast extract (BD Biosciences), 5 g/L NaCl, 15 g/L agar and 15 mg/L tetracycline (Sigma-Aldrich). Plasmid DNA was isolated from the transformation clones (Qiagen kit) and a correct clone was selected. The plasmid DNA of the clone was designated vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs (Fig. 2).
- the NEBuilder® cloning kit (NEB New England Biolabs) was used to produce the vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc.
- the 6.1 kb pCys-Scal/PpuMI vector fragment was ligated together with PCR3 and PCR4, following the manufacturer's instructions regarding the amounts of the individual DNA fragments used in the ligation mixture.
- the ligation mixture was then transformed into E. coli NEB® 10-beta (NEB New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Clones from the transformation were selected on LBtet plates.
- the plasmid DNA was isolated from the clones of the transformation (Qiagen kit) and a correct clone was selected.
- the plasmid DNA of the clone was designated vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc (Fig. 3).
- the starting strain (host strain) for the production of production strains was the microorganism strain Escherichia coli K12 W3110 (available under the strain number DSM 5911 from the DSMZ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH).
- E. coli W3110 was treated in a known manner with the Vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs or vector pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc and transformants were selected on LBtet plates. One transformant was selected as a production strain.
- the production strains were named E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs and E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc and were used to produce hypotaurine.
- Pre-culture A pre-culture was prepared from each of the production strains E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs and E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc in LBtet medium (10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl, 15 mg/L tetracycline) (cultivation at 37 °C and 120 rpm overnight).
- LBtet medium 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L NaCl, 15 mg/L tetracycline
- Main culture 0.5 ml of the respective pre-culture was transferred into a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask (with baffle) with 30 ml SMl medium, further containing 15 g/L glucose, 2 g/L Na 2 S 2 O3 x 5 H 2 O, 0.1 g/L L-isoleucine, 0.1 g/LD, L-methionine, 0.1 g/L L-threonine, 5 mg/L vitamin B1 and 15 mg/L tetracycline.
- Composition of the SM1 medium 12 g/LK 2 HPO 4 , 3 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 5 g/L NH 4 sulfate, 0.3 g/L MgSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 0.015 g/L CaCl 2 x 2 H 2 O, 0.002 g/L FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 1 g/L Na 3 citrate x 2 H 2 O, 0.1 g/L NaCl;
- composition of the trace element solution 0.15 g/L Na 2 Mo0 4 x 2 H 2 0, 2.5 g/L H3BO3, 0.7 g/L CoCl 2 x 6 H 2 0, 0.25 g/L CuSO 4 x 5 H 2 O, 1.6 g/L MnCl 2 x 4 H 2 0, 0.3 g/L ZnSO 4 x 7 H 2 0.
- the main cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 30°C and 140 rpm in a chest shaker (Infors). After 24 hours, 1 ml samples were taken and the cell density OD 6 oo/ml (optical density of the main culture, measured photometrically at 600 nm) was measured using a GenesysTM 10S UV-Vis spectrophotometer from Thermo-ScientificTM, and the hypotaurine and taurine content was determined using HPLC.
- the hypotaurine content was 54.9 mg/L.
- the content of taurine was 44.6 mg/L.
- the strain E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc the content of hypotaurine was 158.8 mg/L.
- the content of taurine was 8.7 mg/L.
- HPLC analysis of L-cysteine sulfinic acid, hypotaurine and taurine For the quantitative determination of the compounds quantitatively analyzed in the examples and for L-cysteine sulfinic acid to detect CDO enzyme activity, an HPLC method calibrated for L-cysteine sulfinic acid, hypotaurine and taurine was used, whereby the reference substances used for calibration were commercially available (Sigma-Aldrich).
- OPA derivatization o-phthaldialdehyde
- the HPLC device was equipped with a fluorescence detector to detect the OPA-derivatized products of hypotaurine and taurine.
- the detector was set to an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and an emission wavelength of 450 nm.
- An AccucoreTM aQ column from Thermo ScientificTM, length 100 mM, inner diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 2.6 pm, heated to 40°C in the column oven was also used.
- Mobile phase A 25 mM Na-phosphate, pH 6.0.
- Mobile phase B methanol. The separation was carried out in gradient mode: 0 - 25 min, 10% Eluent B to 60% eluent B, followed by 2 min 60% eluent B to 100% eluent B, followed by another 2 min 100% eluent B, at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Retention time of L-cysteine sulfinic acid: 4.1 min. Retention time of taurine: 14.8 min. Retention time of hypotaurine: 15.7 min.
- the precultures 1 were each completely transferred to 100 ml of SMl medium supplemented with 5 g/L glucose, 5 mg/L vitamin B1 and 15 mg/L tetracycline (for the composition of SMl medium, see Example 3).
- the cultures were each shaken in an Erlenmeyer flask (1 L volume) at 30°C for 17 h at 150 rpm (Infors chest shaker). After this incubation, the cell densities OD 6 oo/ml were between 3 and 5.
- the fermentations were carried out in a Biostat B fermenter (2 1 working volume) from Sartorius BBI Systems GmbH.
- the culture medium (900 ml) contained 15 g/L glucose, 10 g/L tryptone (Difco), 5 g/L yeast extract (Difco), 2.4 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO4, 5 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 0.25 g/L NaCl, 0.6 g/L MgSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 0.03 g/L CaCl 2 x 2 H 2 O, 0.15 g/L FeSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 1 g/L Na 3 citrate x 2 H 2 O and 1 ml trace element solution (see example 3), 0.9 g/L L- isoleucine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.6 g/LD, L-methionine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.018 g/L vitamin B12.
- the pH value in the fermenter was initially set to 7.0 by pumping in a 25% NH 4 OH solution. During fermentation, the pH value was maintained at 7.0 by automatic correction with 25% NH 4 OH or 4 MH 3 PO 4 . Foam control was achieved by automatically adding 4% v/v Struktol J673 in H 2 O (Schill & Seilacher).
- vvm introduction of compressed air into the fermentation mixture, expressed in liters of compressed air per liter of fermentation volume per minute.
- the oxygen probe was calibrated to 100% saturation before inoculation.
- the target value for the O2 saturation during fermentation was set at 30%. Once the O2 saturation fell below the target value, a regulation cascade was started to bring the O2 saturation back to the target value. First, the gas supply was continuously increased (to max. 5 vvm) and then the stirring speed was continuously increased (to max. 1,500 rpm).
- Fermentation was carried out at a temperature of 30 ° C. After 2 h of fermentation, a sulfur source in the form of a sterile 60% (w/v) stock solution of sodium thiosulfate x 5 H 2 0 was added at a rate of 1.5 ml per hour.
- a 56% (w/w) glucose solution was continuously added.
- the feeding rate was adjusted so that the glucose concentration in the fermenter no longer exceeded 2 g/L.
- the glucose determination was carried out using a glucose analyzer from YSI (Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA).
- the fermentation time was 65 hours. 22 hours, 40 hours and 65 hours after the start of the fermentation, samples were taken from the fermentation mixture and the cell density OD 6 oo/ml and the content of hypotaurine and taurine in the culture supernatant were determined by HPLC. The results are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3.
- hypotaurine yield was 20.8 g/L (190.5 mM at a hypotaurine molecular weight of 109.2 g/mol) and the taurine yield was 7.4 g/L (59.1 mM at a taurine molecular weight of 125.2 g/mol).
- the molar ratio of hypotaurine:taurine was 3.2:1.
- hypotaurine yield was 62.5 g/L (572.2 mM at a hypotaurine molecular weight of 109.2 g/mol) and the taurine yield was 1.2 g/L (9.6 mM at a taurine molecular weight of 125.2 g/mol).
- the molar ratio of hypotaurine:taurine was 59.6:1.
- Table 2 Time course of cell density, hypotaurine and taurine content of the fermentation of the production strain W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADhs
- Table 3 Time course of cell density, hypotaurine and taurine content of the fermentation of the production strain W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc
- the fermentation mixture used was that of the production strain E. coli W3110 x pCys-CDOrn-CSADcc from Example 4 with a hypotaurine content of 62.5 g/L and taurine content of 1.2 g/L (Table 3).
- 2 x 1 ml of the fermenter broth (2 ml total volume) were centrifuged for 5 min at 13,000 rpm (HeraeusTM FrescoTM 21 centrifuge) and the supernatant discarded.
- the cell pellets were resuspended in 1 ml H 2 O each, centrifuged for 5 min at 13,000 rpm and the supernatant discarded.
- the cell pellets were suspended in 1 ml H 2 O each, corresponding to 2 ml total volume and corresponding to the volume of fermenter broth used above.
- a cell extract was prepared from the cell suspension.
- the FastPrep-24TM 5G cell homogenizer from . MP Biomedicals.
- the cell pellets, each suspended in 1 ml H 2 O were lysed in 1.5 ml tubes with glass beads (“Lysing Matrix B”) prepared by the manufacturer (3 x 20 seconds at a shaking frequency of 6000 rpm with a break of 30 seconds between each interval).
- the resulting cell homogenates were combined and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 13000 rpm to produce a cell extract.
- the cell extract was analyzed by HPLC for the content of hypotaurine and taurine. Neither hypotaurine nor taurine could be detected, with a detection limit of the HPLC analysis of 1 mg/L for hypotaurine and taurine respectively.
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