EP4594174A1 - Plattform zur detektion von unterwasserfahrzeugen - Google Patents
Plattform zur detektion von unterwasserfahrzeugenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4594174A1 EP4594174A1 EP23744120.9A EP23744120A EP4594174A1 EP 4594174 A1 EP4594174 A1 EP 4594174A1 EP 23744120 A EP23744120 A EP 23744120A EP 4594174 A1 EP4594174 A1 EP 4594174A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- platform
- underwater vehicle
- underwater
- designed
- sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
- G01V1/20—Arrangements of receiving elements, e.g. geophone pattern
- G01V1/201—Constructional details of seismic cables, e.g. streamers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/39—Arrangements of sonic watch equipment, e.g. low-frequency, sonar
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1886—Water using probes, e.g. submersible probes, buoys
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/001—Acoustic presence detection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/38—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for water-covered areas
- G01V1/3808—Seismic data acquisition, e.g. survey design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/08—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices
- G01V3/087—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices the earth magnetic field being modified by the objects or geological structures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/15—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/15—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat
- G01V3/165—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by the object or by the detecting device
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
- G01V5/281—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects detecting special nuclear material [SNM], e.g. Uranium-235, Uranium-233 or Plutonium-239
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V8/00—Prospecting or detecting by optical means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
- G01V2210/10—Aspects of acoustic signal generation or detection
- G01V2210/14—Signal detection
- G01V2210/142—Receiver location
- G01V2210/1423—Sea
Definitions
- the invention relates to the detection of underwater vehicles with sensors or sensor arrangements that differ from classical sonars currently used for the detection of underwater vehicles.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to create an improved concept for detecting underwater vehicles.
- the concepts in the first category deal with the detection of the underwater vehicle itself.
- the concepts in the second category and the third category each deal with the detection of the wake of the underwater vehicle, whereby the concepts in the third category use physical effects to detect the water vortices in the wake and the concepts in the second category would also be able to manage without water vortices.
- One sensor or a plurality of sensors is used per concept, which determine a physical quantity based on a physical effect.
- One physical effect is used per concept.
- the sensors can be arranged individually or in any number and combination on a platform.
- a physical effect to detect the underwater vehicle.
- a plurality of physical effects can also be used in combination to detect the underwater vehicle. The more physical effects are used, the higher the probability of detecting the underwater vehicle.
- it is finally disclosed how one or more of the sensors of the second or third category can be attached to the (own) underwater vehicle as a platform for detecting the (in particular enemy) underwater vehicle.
- at least some of the concepts described can also be used to classify underwater contacts that have already been detected. That is, to determine their exact type. This is possible because different underwater vehicles produce an individual, type-dependent expression of the physical effect under consideration.
- Embodiments of concept 1a show a platform for detecting underwater vehicles with an underwater antenna and a signal processing unit.
- the platform can be, for example, a surface platform, for example an autonomous or conventional watercraft or a floating buoy, or an underwater platform, for example an autonomous underwater vehicle or a manned underwater vehicle (submarine) or a target-seeking torpedo or an underwater buoy.
- the underwater antenna has a plurality of water sound transducers. The water sound transducers of the plurality of water sound transducers are designed to convert water sound into an electrical signal corresponding to the sound pressure.
- the signal processing unit is designed to receive the electrical signals from the underwater sound transducers and to detect infrasound emitted by the underwater vehicle in the water sound. Infrasound is generated, for example, by the underwater vehicle's propulsion engines but also by the displacement of water, the flow noise.
- the idea behind concept 1a is to detect underwater sound not only in the known sound range of classic sonars >50 Hz, but also in the infrasound range ⁇ 15 Hz, especially ⁇ 10 Hz, preferably ⁇ 7 Hz.
- underwater sound transducers such as piezoceramic underwater sound transducers, can detect noises with these frequencies.
- such low frequencies are filtered out in almost all modern sonar systems in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the actual, higher-frequency useful band.
- a major advantage of this concept is that the underwater vehicle can also be detected when the underwater sound transducers are outside the wake of the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments show that the underwater antenna has a length of at least 50 m, preferably at least 75 m, at least 100 m, at least 200 m, at least 350 m or at least 500 m. These antenna lengths allow the detection of infrasound in water according to a half-wave antenna.
- the platform has an underwater vehicle and the underwater antenna comprises a towed antenna which is designed to be towed by the underwater vehicle.
- the underwater antenna comprises a towed antenna which is designed to be towed by the underwater vehicle.
- an underwater vehicle is used to detect the (enemy) underwater vehicle, it is advantageous to use a towed antenna as the underwater antenna. This makes it possible to decouple the underwater antenna from the noise of the towing underwater vehicle.
- antenna lengths that are significantly larger than 100m can be realized and noises with frequencies less than or equal to 1 Hz can also be detected. At With a half-wave antenna this would be a length of the underwater antenna of 750m or more.
- an antenna that is permanently mounted on the underwater vehicle for example a side-view antenna
- the length of the underwater antenna is limited by the length of the underwater vehicle.
- the underwater vehicle has at least one water sound transducer of the plurality of water sound transducers and the towed antenna has at least one water sound transducer of the plurality of water sound transducers, so that the underwater vehicle and the towed antenna each have a part of the underwater antenna.
- the signal processing unit is designed to carry out beamforming based on the infrasound in order to determine a direction in which the underwater vehicle is located. It is thus possible to determine not only the presence of the (enemy) underwater vehicle, but also its position.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: - converting water sound into an electrical signal corresponding to the sound pressure; - analyzing the electrical signal in order to detect infrasound emitted by the underwater vehicle in the water sound.
- Embodiments of concept 1b (1st category, concept b) disclose an underwater platform (20) for detecting underwater vehicles comprising a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and a signal processing unit.
- the magnetic anomaly detector is designed to detect the earth's magnetic field and to output a corresponding MAD sensor signal.
- the signal processing unit receives the MAD sensor signal and can detect a deviation of the earth's magnetic field caused by the underwater vehicle.
- the idea of concept 1b is to detect a distortion of the earth's magnetic field caused by the (enemy) underwater vehicle, in particular the ferromagnetic materials such as steel installed in it.
- the effects on the earth's magnetic field are minimal, but measurable.
- the detection of underwater vehicles from the air using MAD sensors is known. This means planes or helicopters can fly over water and detect underwater vehicles using the MAD sensors.
- the communication between the aircraft or helicopter and the underwater platform, for example an underwater vehicle is not trivial.
- the underwater vehicle can also detect the (enemy) underwater vehicle.
- This method for detecting the (enemy) underwater vehicle has the great advantage that the magnetic signature of an underwater vehicle can only be reduced with great effort and therefore offers good detection options.
- Embodiments show that the underwater platform has an underwater vehicle and a traction device.
- the traction device is designed to be pulled by the underwater vehicle, in particular a submarine.
- a rope or a band, or a combination of a rope or a band and a towed antenna, is suitable as a traction device.
- the magnetic anomaly detector is arranged on the traction device so that the magnetic anomaly detector is arranged away from the underwater vehicle during operation.
- the magnetic anomaly detector can be arranged at the end of a towed sonar. This is advantageous because it creates a very large distance between the magnetic anomaly detector and the underwater vehicle. The influence of the underwater vehicle itself on the magnetic anomaly detector is thus reduced. This means that (enemy) underwater vehicles can be detected more reliably.
- the magnetic anomaly detector preferably has a distance of at least 100m, preferably at least 250m, more preferably at least 500m, more preferably at least 1000m or more preferably at least 1500m.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: -detecting the earth's magnetic field using a magnetic anomaly detector and outputting a corresponding MAD sensor signal; -Detecting a deviation in the earth's magnetic field by the underwater vehicle in the MAD sensor signal.
- Embodiments of concept 2a show a platform for detecting underwater vehicles with a sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the sensor is designed to chemically analyze seawater and to output a proportion of at least one predefined substance in a corresponding analysis result. For example, the sensor can determine a concentration of the substance in the seawater.
- the following exemplary embodiments describe various suitable substances that indicate the detection of an underwater vehicle, in particular a manned underwater vehicle. Since devices and methods are described in categories 2 and 3 for detecting the wake of the underwater vehicle, it is advantageous in each of these concepts continuously, i.e. at least at intervals of less than 10, preferably less than 1 second, more preferably at intervals of less than 100 milliseconds to take measurements with the sensor. This enables the platform, in particular a movable platform, to move with the sensor in the wake of the underwater vehicle and, when the wake is left, to find it again as quickly as possible.
- the signal processing unit is designed, based on the analysis result, to determine a deviation from a previous analysis result or a deviation from an expected analysis result in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- a deviation, particularly a significant one, from a previous analysis result can indicate that the platform's sensor is in the The wake of the (enemy) underwater vehicle has moved in or out of it.
- a deviation from an expected analysis result can, for example, indicate that the sensor is in the wake of an underwater vehicle, even without having previously determined a reference value.
- the idea of concept 2a is to detect chemical substances emitted by an underwater vehicle in the wake of the underwater vehicle and to conclude that the underwater vehicle is present.
- Embodiments show that the signal processing unit is designed to query the expected analysis result in a database based on a current position of the underwater platform.
- the database can be, for example, a nautical chart in which concentrations of the predefined substance are entered. In this way, regional differences in the proportion of the predefined substance in the sea water can be taken into account. In this way, for example, even without a previous analysis result, it can be determined with greater accuracy whether the sensor is in the wake of an underwater vehicle or not.
- the background level of the predefined substance can be determined so that an increased concentration can be determined based on the background level.
- the senor is designed to determine a proportion of zinc, nickel, copper, hydrogen or hydrocarbon as a predefined substance in the seawater.
- the signal processing unit is designed to compare the specific proportion of the predefined substance with a proportion of the predefined substance in a previous analysis result or with an expected proportion of the predefined substance in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the previous analysis result is preferably the analysis result of the last, i.e. immediately preceding, measurement.
- Zinc is suitable as a predefined substance because underwater vehicles typically have sacrificial anodes containing zinc.
- the sacrificial anodes prevent that For example, the hull or other external parts of the underwater vehicle rust.
- Nickel is suitable as a predefined material because pipes such as cooling water pipes of underwater vehicles that come into contact with seawater typically contain nickel.
- Copper is suitable as a predefined material because it is also used for pipes of underwater vehicles that come into contact with seawater. Copper is also used in antifouling paint to protect the underwater vehicle against fouling and other contaminants.
- Hydrogen is suitable as a predefined substance because it is a waste product from oxygen production. Oxygen is needed for breathing by the crew, for example.
- the proportion of hydrogen in seawater can be determined quickly and reliably using a pH analysis of the seawater as a chemical analysis.
- the senor in addition or as an alternative to determining the proportion of zinc, nickel, copper, hydrogen or hydrocarbon as a predefined substance in the seawater, is designed to determine a proportion of a hydrocarbon, in particular diesel, in the seawater.
- the signal processing unit is designed to compare the determined proportion of the hydrocarbon with the proportion of the hydrocarbon in a previous analysis result or with an expected proportion of hydrocarbon in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the sensor In the case of diesel-powered underwater vehicles, it is thus possible to detect small amounts of diesel in the wake of the underwater vehicle, since the diesel tanks are typically open at the bottom. Seawater can thus replace the used diesel in order to keep the change in the buoyancy of the underwater vehicle as small as possible.
- the senor is designed to carry out atomic absorption spectroscopy, laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy or at least two of the aforementioned methods in order to chemically analyze the seawater. Using the aforementioned methods, it is possible to examine the seawater for predetermined substances.
- the senor is designed to output proportions of a plurality of predefined substances in the seawater.
- the platform comprises a plurality of sensors, the sensor being a sensor of the plurality of sensors, the sensors of the plurality of sensors being designed to chemically analyze the seawater and, in a respective corresponding analysis result, to include a proportion of a plurality of predefined substances in the to spend more water.
- a sensor or a plurality of sensors can determine proportions of different substances in the seawater.
- the signal processing unit is designed to determine, based on the analysis results, a chemical signature from the plurality of predefined substances as a deviation of the proportions of the predefined substances from a previous analysis result or a deviation from an expected analysis result in order to detect the underwater vehicle, in particular classify.
- the signal processing unit can estimate a natural occurrence of the predefined substances at the current position of the platform. The estimate may be based on a previous reading where the platform took a measurement outside the wake of a submersible. Additionally or alternatively, the estimate can be based on values from a database.
- the database is in the form of a nautical chart in which concentrations of the predefined substances are entered at different positions.
- the types of underwater vehicles differ, for example, in the amount of diesel that is flushed out of the fuel tanks or in the length of the pipes that are in contact with the sea water. This changes the chemical signature of the underwater vehicle.
- the sensor or sensors are designed to determine an isotopic composition of the detected substance or substances in order to enable classification of the underwater vehicle.
- the isotopic composition of, for example, the diesel or the detected metals makes it possible to determine the origin of the substances. Based on the origin, it is possible to assign it to an underwater vehicle, in particular to a nation to which the underwater vehicle belongs.
- the analysis of the isotopic composition in combination with the chemical signature of the underwater vehicle enables an even more precise classification of the underwater vehicle than the respective methods allow individually.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles comprising the following steps: - chemically analyzing seawater to output a proportion of at least one predefined substance in an analysis result; - determining, based on the analysis result, a deviation from a previous analysis result or a deviation from an expected analysis result in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 2b (2nd category, concept b) show a platform for detecting nuclear-powered underwater vehicles.
- the platform has a sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the sensor is designed to detect radioactive radiation and to output a corresponding radiation signal.
- the sensor can be a Geiger counter. It is advantageous that manned underwater vehicles usually already have a Geiger counter on board. This can be mounted on the periscope, for example. The crew can use the Geiger counter to check before exiting whether the exit location is radioactive, for example due to an atomic bomb. This Geiger counter can also be used underwater to detect radioactive Radiation in the wake of the underwater vehicle can be detected. In addition or as an alternative, a separate sensor can be mounted on the platform.
- the senor can be integrated into a pressure-tight housing that allows the radioactive radiation to pass through.
- the housing can be made of glass, for example, so that the radioactive radiation can penetrate the housing.
- Gamma radiation in particular can penetrate glass.
- the signal processing unit is configured to receive the radiation signal and determine a deviation from a previous radiation signal or a deviation from an expected radiation signal to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the expected radiation signal may include or consist of the terrestrial radiation at the location.
- the previous radiation signal may originate from a measurement outside the wake of a nuclear-powered underwater vehicle in the vicinity of the current location.
- the idea of concept 2b is to be able to detect nuclear-powered underwater vehicles such as nuclear submarines, even if they emit no or very little noise. Since nuclear-powered underwater vehicles inevitably emit at least small amounts of radioactivity, such as gamma radiation, this can be detected in the water.
- the platform is designed as a (particularly stationary) underwater platform or at least includes the same.
- the underwater platform is arranged on the bottom of the water or attached to the bottom of the water, in particular the seabed. This means that the underwater platform can have a greater density than water and sink to the bottom of the water.
- the underwater platform can be attached there, for example anchored.
- the underwater platform can also be neutral in buoyancy or have a lower density than the surrounding (sea) water.
- the underwater platform can be attached to the bottom of the water, for example by means of a rope.
- the underwater platform is preferably arranged in the fairway, for example in a narrow water passage, such as in a strait. This has the advantage of forcing underwater vehicles to pass close to the underwater platform.
- the underwater platform is then inevitably arranged in the vicinity of the underwater vehicle. It is thus possible to receive atomic radiation emitted directly from the underwater vehicle and thus to carry out a classification of the underwater vehicle, for example based on an isotope study of the radioactive radiation. Radioactive radiation can also be detected at greater distances, but then only indirectly via water molecules ionized by the radioactive radiation. This makes it possible to differentiate between nuclear or conventionally powered submarines, but not a more precise distinction.
- a method for detecting nuclear-powered underwater vehicles comprising the following steps: -detecting radioactive radiation and outputting a corresponding radiation signal; Determining a deviation from a previous radiation signal or a deviation from an expected radiation signal to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 2c (2nd category, concept c) show a platform for detecting underwater vehicles with a temperature sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the temperature sensor is designed to detect a temperature with an accuracy of less than or equal to 0.1 °C, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 °C, more preferably less than or equal to 0.01 °C. This means that the temperature sensor is highly sensitive to temperature changes.
- the signal processing unit is designed to continuously receive the temperature of the temperature sensor and to determine a rate of change of the temperature in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the idea of concept 2c is to detect rapid temperature changes in the wake of the underwater vehicle, which result from the mixing of water layers triggered by the underwater vehicle. This results in frequent, rapid changes in temperature. This means that a dynamic temperature change takes place. Furthermore, the underwater vehicle heats the surrounding water is minimal. This results in a static temperature change. Both effects can be detected with a continuous temperature measurement.
- Embodiments show that the temperature sensor is designed to detect at least 90% of a temperature change of 0.1 °C within a maximum of 5 ms, preferably within a maximum of 2 ms, more preferably within 1 ms. This makes it possible to track the dynamic temperature change at the necessary speed.
- the signal processing unit is designed to carry out a statistical analysis of the temperature measurements over time in order to determine a deviation of the temperature from a usual temperature.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: -continuously detecting a temperature with an accuracy of less than 0.1 ° C; -Determining a rate of change in temperature to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 2d (2nd category, concept d) show a platform for detecting underwater vehicles with a sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the sensor is designed to determine a refractive index of the water surrounding the platform and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the sensor comprises or is, for example, a refractometer.
- the signal processing unit is designed to detect a change in the refractive index of the water surrounding the platform based on the electrical signal of successive measurements in order to detect the wake of the underwater vehicle.
- the idea of concept 2d is to detect a changed refractive index in the wake caused by the underwater vehicle.
- the refractive index changes, for example, due to a change in the temperature of the (sea) water. But there are other factors that change the refractive index. For example, a change in salinity or chemicals in the wake.
- the salt content can vary due to the mixing of water layers. Chemicals can enter the water from the underwater vehicle.
- the determination of the refractive index therefore represents both an alternative to the temperature measurement of concept 2c and a useful addition to enable more robust detection of the underwater vehicle through mixing water layers.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: -Continuously determining a refractive index of the water surrounding the platform and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; -Detecting, based on the electrical signal of successive measurements, a change in the refractive index of the water surrounding the platform to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 2e show a platform for detecting underwater vehicles with a sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the sensor is designed to detect light and output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the sensor is a photodiode or the sensor has the photodiode, or the sensor is or includes a, preferably electronic, light image sensor, e.g. a CCD sensor (charge-coupled device) or similar.
- the signal processing unit is designed to output a recommendation based on the electrical signal as to whether the electrical signal contains components of bioluminescence.
- the idea behind concept 2e is to detect bioluminescence triggered by the underwater vehicle.
- the underwater vehicle triggers this when it drives through an area in which special microorganisms such as algae live, which are stimulated by pressure and begin to glow.
- the senor is designed to detect spectral components of the light. This is possible, for example, if the sensor is a spectrometer
- the signal processing unit is designed to detect, based on the spectral components, whether spectral components of bioluminescence are present in order to issue a recommendation as to whether the electrical signal contains components of bioluminescence. This is advantageous in bright surroundings, for example in daylight or a full moon, in order to be able to reliably detect the bioluminescence despite the bright surroundings.
- the sensor advantageously has a light image sensor in order to be able to analyze both the spectrum and the real light image.
- the senor is designed to take sequential light images of the environment of the platform in order to detect the light.
- the light images are preferably recorded using an electronic sensor, e.g. a CCD sensor. Based on the sequence of light images, it is possible to detect the onset of bioluminescence. A comparison with other parameters, for example the time of day or the current position, makes it possible to rule out other causes for the onset of illumination.
- the signal processing unit is designed to process data that assigns the occurrence of pressure-luminescent creatures to locations for different locations.
- the signal processing unit has access to a nautical chart on which luminescent creatures are mapped.
- the signal processing unit can then determine the occurrence of pressure-luminescent creatures for the current location of the platform and take this information into account when issuing the recommendation as to whether the electrical signal contains elements of bioluminescence. This means that if lighting is detected in an area in which luminescent creatures are known to occur, the probability that this is bioluminescence is significantly higher than in an area in which it is known that such creatures do not exist or at least it is not known that the luminescent creatures exist.
- a method for detecting underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: -Detecting light and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; -Issuing a recommendation as to whether the electrical signal contains elements of bioluminescence to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Exemplary embodiments of concept 3a show a platform for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles.
- the platform includes a laser Doppler anemometer and a signal processing unit.
- the laser Doppler anemometer is designed to measure a flow property in the water surrounding the platform and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the laser Doppler technique is based on determining the Doppler shift of the scattered light of a moving object that is illuminated with laser light. Flow properties include, for example, whether the water flows calmly or turbulently, how fast the water flows or in which direction the water flows.
- the signal processing unit is designed to receive the electrical signal and analyze the measured flow property in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the platform advantageously comprises a plurality of laser Doppler anemometers.
- By measuring using the laser it is only possible to determine the speed and optionally the direction of the surrounding water at specific points.
- several laser Doppler anemometers several points in a volume can be examined with regard to their flow speed and, optionally, direction. This makes it possible, for example, to recognize whether it is a turbulent flow or a linear flow.
- the idea of concept 3a is to detect turbulence in the water, which indicates the wake of an underwater vehicle.
- Various techniques are available for this.
- One of these is laser Doppler anemometry. This is based on the Doppler shift of scattered light from one or more laser beams generated by particles in the water.
- the laser Doppler anemometer is designed to measure the flow properties in a backscatter arrangement. This means that the detector for receiving the scattered light is arranged on the same side of the measuring volume as the associated laser (or the associated lasers in a two-beam measuring system).
- the transmitting optics With the backward scattering arrangement, it is possible to construct the transmitting optics in such a way that they simultaneously record the receiving optics, so that there is no need for complex adjustment between the transmitting and receiving units.
- the intensity of the scattering signal with this arrangement is an order of magnitude smaller than with the forward scattering arrangement.
- backward scattering is particularly preferred for moving platforms, especially underwater vehicles. This makes it possible to operate the laser on the bow facing forward. Since the measurement volume is then located in front of the moving platform, the measurement will have little or no influence on the flow properties by the moving platform.
- a method for detecting turbulence caused by the wake of underwater vehicles comprising the following steps: - measuring a flow property in the water surrounding the platform using a laser Doppler anemometer and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; - analyzing the measured flow property in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 3b show a platform for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles.
- the platform includes a distance flow meter and a signal processing unit.
- the flow meter is designed to measure a flow property in the water surrounding the platform and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the signal processing unit is designed to receive the electrical signal and analyze the measured flow property in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the distance current meter comprises an ultrasonic Doppler profile current meter (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler - ADCP).
- the distance of scattered particles in the water can be detected via the transit time and the speed via the Doppler shift.
- High-frequency sound pulses are typically used for this, in particular frequencies typically greater than 500 kHz, preferably greater than 1 MHz. Such frequencies cannot be detected by typical passive sonars, so that the risk of being located by the emitted sound is low. Furthermore, such high frequencies are also strongly attenuated in the water, so that the range is very small and lies at most in the range of a few hundred meters.
- a method for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: measuring a flow property in the water surrounding the platform using a distance flow meter and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; -Analyzing the measured flow characteristic to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Exemplary embodiments of concept 3c show a platform for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles.
- the platform includes a thermal anemometer and a signal processing unit.
- the thermal anemometer is designed to measure a flow property, in particular a flow direction and/or a flow velocity, in the water surrounding the platform and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the thermal anemometer uses the cooling effect that the surface of a warm body experiences in a colder flowing medium as a measuring effect.
- the warm body is preferably heated electrically, so that a measurable change in the body's resistance occurs directly via the change in temperature of the body.
- the signal processing unit receives the electrical signal and analyzes the measured flow velocity in order to detect the underwater vehicle.
- the idea of concept 3c is to be able to detect turbulences in the water, which indicate the wake of an underwater vehicle, even without water vortices or particles in the water. This can be done reliably using a thermal anemometer.
- the thermal anemometer has a hot film or a hot wire (or a combination of both).
- the hot-wire anemometer comprises at least two hot wires arranged perpendicular to one another. This makes it possible to determine a two-dimensional flow direction.
- both four hot films and three or four hot wires are preferably used per thermal anemometer.
- a three-dimensional flow direction can be determined with three hot wires arranged perpendicular to one another, and a backflow can also be determined using a fourth wire.
- four hot film anemometers can be arranged on four sides of a body, for example a pipe, in order to be able to determine a three-dimensional flow direction including backflow.
- the hot film anemometer is advantageous when used on mobile platforms (e.g.
- the platform has a temperature sensor configured to determine a current temperature of the water surrounding the platform.
- the thermal anemometer is designed to adjust a current flow through a sensor element (ie, for example, hot wire or hot film) such that a measuring temperature of the thermal anemometer has a constant temperature compared to the temperature of the water surrounding the platform, regardless of the flow properties of the water.
- This procedure is also known as constant temperature anemometry. If a reference sensor is needed to determine the temperature of the water, sensors already installed on the platform, for example an underwater vehicle such as a submarine, or the temperature sensor according to concept 2c can be used. Alternatively, the thermal anemometer is designed to ensure a constant current flow through the sensor element, so that the flow properties of the water are measured via the temperature change. This procedure is also known as constant current anemometry.
- a method for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles is disclosed with the following steps: measuring a flow property in the water surrounding the platform using a thermal anemometer and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; -Analyzing the measured flow properties to detect the underwater vehicle.
- Embodiments of concept 3d show a platform for detecting turbulence caused by the wake of underwater vehicles with a sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the sensor is designed to detect a magnetic field surrounding the sensor and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the signal processing unit is designed to receive the electrical signal and, based on successive measurements, to determine magnetic field changes caused by turbulence in the wake of accelerated ions as a superposition of the static earth's magnetic field. It is thus possible to determine the entry into the wake of an underwater vehicle.
- the sensor is preferably designed to determine the magnetic field of the accelerated ions in at least two, in particular three spatial directions. Here, the typical rotating magnetic field of the turbulence present in the wake of the underwater vehicle can then also be determined.
- the idea of the 3d concept is to detect the ions naturally contained in seawater due to the salt content in the wake of the underwater vehicle. Due to their charge, the ions generate a magnetic field when they move. However, this is superimposed by the earth's magnetic field, which makes the measurement more difficult. For this reason, the signal processing unit analyses a temporal progression of the magnetic field in order to detect a change in the magnetic field. In the wake of the underwater vehicle, a change in the magnetic field is then only measurable with a multi-dimensional magnetic field sensor.
- the magnetic field sensor is therefore preferably part of an array of (preferably similar) magnetic field sensors.
- the magnetic field sensor or the array of magnetic field sensors is preferably arranged in front of the underwater vehicle. Furthermore, the magnetic field sensor has a detection threshold of preferably less than.
- the magnetic anomaly detector according to Concept 1 b is suitable as a magnetic field sensor array, provided it has sufficient measuring speed to detect the water eddies.
- the magnetic field sensor array according to concept 1 b it should be taken into account that it is advantageously towed and thus the towing underwater vehicle also generates water vortices.
- a method for detecting turbulence caused by the wake of underwater vehicles comprising the following steps: - detecting a magnetic field and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; - determining, based on successive measurements, magnetic field changes caused by turbulence in the wake of accelerated ions as a superposition of the static earth's magnetic field.
- Embodiments of concept 3e show a platform for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of for detecting underwater vehicles with a bending sensor and a signal processing unit.
- the bending sensor is designed to detect turbulences in the water surrounding the bending sensor and to output a corresponding electrical signal.
- the signal processing unit is designed to receive the electrical signal and to detect the turbulences caused by the wake of the underwater vehicle based on the electrical signal from successive measurements.
- Turbulence caused by the wake of the underwater vehicle is characterized, for example, by the fact that it forms a track and can therefore be detected using a variety of measurements. It is also possible if the turbulence at one moving platform can no longer be detected, the turbulence, ie the track, can be found again by taking measurements in the vicinity of the last measuring location.
- the idea of concept 3e is to be able to detect water currents using a highly sensitive bending sensor, based on the whiskers of seals.
- the bending sensor has a curvature, in particular a turn, preferably a plurality of turns.
- the bending sensor is designed in a helical shape. It is possible for the sensory element to have this shape; alternatively, it is also possible for the bending sensor to comprise a carrier shape onto which the sensory element is applied. This shape is advantageous in order to achieve a low inherent rigidity and thus enable a high sensitivity of the bending sensor.
- the bending sensor comprises a piezo element.
- the piezo element can be applied to the carrier shape of the bending sensor. Application is possible, for example, in the form of a coating or a film. Alternatively, the piezo element can be rod-shaped. This means that the bending sensor can do without a carrier shape. In a further alternative, the carrier shape can be based on the piezo element. Depending on the set sensitivity of the carrier shape, the pressure exerted by the carrier shape on the piezo element varies at the same water speed.
- the bending sensor can comprise a strain gauge.
- the strain gauge can be applied to the carrier form of the bending sensor.
- the bending sensor preferably has a plurality of strain gauges. This allows compression and stretching of the carrier form in different directions to be detected as best as possible.
- the same principle can also be applied with piezo elements applied to the carrier form.
- Further embodiments show the bending sensor, in particular the carrier form of the bending sensor, with a length that is at least 20 times, preferably at least 50 times, particularly preferably at least 100 times as large as a thickness (ie a diameter in the case of a round cross-section) of the bending sensor. Such a design also enables a high sensitivity of the bending sensor.
- the bending sensor is a bending sensor of a plurality of bending sensors, wherein the bending sensor and a further bending sensor of the plurality of bending sensors have a maximum sensitivity at different turbulence frequencies.
- the sensitivity of the bending sensors can be obtained, for example, via a material of the bending sensor, in particular a material of the carrier shape, different lengths of the bending sensor, in particular of the carrier shape, or different winding steepnesses of the bending sensor, in particular of the carrier shape.
- a method for detecting turbulences caused by the wake of underwater vehicles comprising the following steps: - detecting turbulences with a bending sensor and outputting a corresponding electrical signal; - detecting turbulences caused by the wake of the underwater vehicle based on the electrical signal of successive measurements.
- a platform is understood as a mobile or (quasi) stationary, i.e. essentially stationary, platform.
- the platform is essentially stationary, for example, if it is connected to the bottom of the water, e.g. the seabed, by means of a rope. The radius of movement is thus restricted to a predetermined extent.
- a buoy in particular an underwater buoy, can be used as an essentially stationary platform.
- a mobile platform can have its own drive or be moved by an external force, for example towed.
- An externally moved platform can be, for example, a towed antenna or another towed body.
- a platform with its own drive is, for example, a manned or unmanned (e.g. autonomous) underwater vehicle.
- Unmanned underwater vehicles also include underwater moving bodies (torpedoes).
- the advantage of a powered platform is that it does not require its own power supply, but can be powered by a towing device, such as an electrical cable.
- a towing device such as an electrical cable.
- an unmanned surface vehicle can pull a towed body underwater and optionally supply it with power.
- a platform can be used with one or any combination of the concepts described above. This means that the platform is, for example, equipped with different sensors that can detect the underwater vehicle according to the concepts described above.
- the use of multiple concepts reduces the probability of misdetection, i.e. a false negative or false positive detection result.
- the platforms can have a communication unit for this purpose.
- the platforms can at least send data packets and optionally also receive them.
- the sensors record measured values continuously. This makes it possible, for example, with concepts in categories 2 and 3 to follow the wake, i.e. in particular to detect when a sensor is in the wake or outside the wake. With concepts in category 1, it is also possible to follow the path of the underwater vehicle to be detected.
- the direction of the gradient indicates in which direction the measured physical effect weakens and in which direction it becomes stronger. That means it can be done using the gradient in particular, it can be determined in which direction the wake is left.
- at least 3 or 5 sensors for example straight (3) or arranged in a cross (5), are used for this purpose. Any other sensor arrays can of course also be used, which make it possible to detect a gradient in one, preferably two, spatial directions.
- the signal processing unit can determine the gradient.
- the signal processing unit can use a sensor result or any combination of the sensor results of the concepts described above.
- the signal processing unit can perform the detection using a computer-implemented classification.
- Well-known classifiers include the Bayes classifier or neural networks. Training data and evaluation data are required to train the classifier. These can be obtained, for example, by equipping one or preferably a large number of platforms with one or more of the sensors of the concepts described and knowingly recording data both outside and knowingly inside the wake of various underwater vehicles. This is of course easier in peacetime, as the actual position of underwater vehicles can be detected here, e.g. using active sonar.
- Locate means that the platform determines at least one direction, preferably a position, ie direction and distance, of the underwater vehicle.
- Classify means that the platform recognizes which underwater vehicle it is. The classification can, for example, include the determination of one or any combination of the following findings: a friend-enemy distinction, an origin (nationality), a type of underwater vehicle. Detection of the underwater vehicle is possible using the measurement result of one or more sensors of the concepts described. Locating the underwater vehicle in the Category 2 and Category 3 concepts is possible, for example, by tracking the wake. Classification can be made based on Category 3 concepts by examining the structure of the turbulence in the wake. For example, the spatial extent of the turbulence, ie a diameter of the wake, as well as speed or an average direction of rotation can enable a classification.
- FIG. 1 Concept-based embodiments that can be used with one or any combination of the concepts described above show an underwater vehicle, in particular a submarine, for detecting another underwater vehicle with a measuring head and a deployment device.
- the measuring head has a sensor.
- the sensor is designed to detect a feature of the underwater vehicle under water.
- the measuring head is also designed to be extended from the deployment device in such a way that the sensor is located in front of the underwater vehicle.
- a pipe for example, is suitable as a deployment device.
- the pipe can have guide means, for example guide grooves, on the walls.
- the idea of these conceptual exemplary embodiments is to provide one or more sensors for an underwater vehicle, the 1 . are not exposed to contamination, e.g. from algae or mussels, when not in use and 2. are not influenced by turbulence from the moving underwater vehicle.
- the first advantage is achieved in that the measuring head can be extended from the dispensing device.
- the second advantage is achieved in that the measuring head for a measurement or a series of measurements is arranged in front of the underwater vehicle in the main direction of travel.
- the deployment device can be designed to release unmanned underwater vehicles, in particular underwater running bodies, from the underwater vehicle.
- the deployment device can be a torpedo tube. This is advantageous because torpedo tubes are also present on existing underwater vehicles and therefore, at least when they are near the bow are arranged, can also be used to deploy the measuring head. Retrofitting existing manned underwater vehicles is therefore possible.
- the measuring head can further comprise a fixing means which extends into a pipe of the deployment device and is connected to the underwater vehicle in order to fix the measuring head to the underwater vehicle.
- a fixing means which extends into a pipe of the deployment device and is connected to the underwater vehicle in order to fix the measuring head to the underwater vehicle.
- An example of how the fixing means can be designed is a telescopic rod.
- the measuring head can be part of an unmanned underwater vehicle, in particular a remotely controlled underwater vehicle.
- the unmanned underwater vehicle is trained to drive ahead of the underwater vehicle.
- the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can be controlled manually, automatically or semi-automatically from the deploying underwater vehicle. In the case of an automatic or semi-automatic control, this can be set so that the remote-controlled underwater vehicle follows the changes in direction of the launching underwater vehicle, so that the remote-controlled underwater vehicle moves ahead of the launching underwater vehicle.
- the unmanned underwater vehicle can be connected to the launching underwater vehicle by means of a communication cable in order to transmit the measurement results of the sensor(s) of the measuring head.
- the control cable for the remotely controlled underwater vehicle can be integrated into the communication cable.
- the unmanned underwater vehicle is preferably connected to the underwater vehicle by means of a traction device.
- the communication cable and/or the control cable can be integrated into the traction device.
- the underwater vehicle has a retrieval device which is designed to retrieve the unmanned underwater vehicle to the deployment device by means of the traction device.
- the retrieval device can retrieve the traction device, e.g. roll it up, and thus retrieve the unmanned underwater vehicle to the deployment device.
- the deployment device is designed as a pipe
- the retrieval device can preferably pull the unmanned underwater vehicle into the pipe.
- the pipe can be supplemented with an energy-absorbing funnel so that the unmanned underwater vehicle can be retrieved into the pipe without damaging the underwater vehicle or the unmanned underwater vehicle.
- a method for detecting a further underwater vehicle with an underwater vehicle is disclosed with the following steps: - extending a measuring head from a deployment device of the underwater vehicle in such a way that a sensor of the measuring head is located in front of the underwater vehicle, the sensor being designed to be a feature of the underwater vehicle underwater to detect.
- Fig. 2 a schematic perspective view of a bending sensor according to concept 3e;
- Fig. 3 a schematic side view of an underwater vehicle with a deployment device for deploying a measuring head, which can be equipped, for example, with one or any combination of the sensors according to one of the concepts described.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a platform 20, in particular a manned or unmanned underwater vehicle, for detecting an underwater vehicle 22.
- the platform comprises a sensor 24 according to one of the concepts described above and a signal processing unit 26 according to one of the concepts described above.
- Sensor data or measured values can be transmitted from the sensor to the signal processing unit 26 via an electrical connection 27 in the form of an electrical signal.
- a controlled preamplifier can already be integrated in the sensor, which can transmit an amplification factor or similar via the electrical connection.
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of the sensor 24 in a design as a bending sensor according to concept 3e.
- a carrier form 28 is based on a (sensor) layer 30 comprising a material that converts a pressure into an electrical output voltage.
- the material is in particular a piezoelectric material, for example lead zirconate titanate (PZT).
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- the layer 30 can be applied to a semiconductor substrate 34.
- An optional cavity 36 can then be introduced, in particular etched, into the semiconductor substrate 34.
- a vibration of the carrier mold 28 can be detected, but also a 3-dimensional movement, i.e. also a movement up and down in the illustration in Fig. 2.
- an electrical circuit 34a can be formed directly in the semiconductor substrate 34. This can be, for example, the signal processing unit or can include data preprocessing. One or more further layers can be applied to the substrate, in particular between the substrate 34 and the layer 30.
- Fig. 3 shows a schematic side view of an underwater vehicle 20 as a platform.
- the underwater vehicle 20 comprises a deployment device 38.
- a measuring head 40 can be extended from the underwater vehicle by the deployment device 38 in such a way that it is located in front of the underwater vehicle.
- the measuring head has a sensor for detecting environmental information of the underwater vehicle.
- the sensor is a sensor of the concepts described above.
- aspects have been described in connection with a device, it is understood that these aspects also represent a description of the corresponding method, so that a block or a component of a device is also to be understood as a corresponding method step or as a feature of a method step. Analogously, aspects that have been described in connection with or as a method step also represent a description of a corresponding block or details or feature of a corresponding device.
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| DE102022004972.4A DE102022004972A1 (de) | 2022-09-27 | 2022-09-27 | Plattform zur Detektion von Unterwasserfahrzeugen |
| PCT/EP2023/069664 WO2024068093A1 (de) | 2022-09-27 | 2023-07-14 | Plattform zur detektion von unterwasserfahrzeugen |
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| EP4594174A1 true EP4594174A1 (de) | 2025-08-06 |
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| EP23744120.9A Pending EP4594174A1 (de) | 2022-09-27 | 2023-07-14 | Plattform zur detektion von unterwasserfahrzeugen |
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| EP (1) | EP4594174A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102022004972A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024068093A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3023310A (en) * | 1955-07-12 | 1962-02-27 | Louis R Maxwell | Method and means for detecting submarines |
| US3903520A (en) * | 1960-08-11 | 1975-09-02 | Us Navy | Underwater object locating system |
| US3490032A (en) * | 1966-12-08 | 1970-01-13 | Gulf Research Development Co | Method and apparatus utilizing a pair of spaced magnetometers for making magnetic surveys |
| DE3908574A1 (de) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-20 | Laukien Guenther | Verfahren zum betreiben getauchter unterseeboote und unterseeboot |
| US5790474A (en) * | 1989-08-04 | 1998-08-04 | Hughes Electronics | Active sonar for under-ice conditions |
| DE19518461C1 (de) * | 1995-05-19 | 1996-06-13 | Stn Atlas Elektronik Gmbh | Unterwasser-Schleppantenne |
| ES2422756T3 (es) * | 2008-03-12 | 2013-09-13 | Raytheon Co | Sistema y método de sonar autónomo |
| US20100188931A1 (en) * | 2009-01-27 | 2010-07-29 | Mark Noonan | Design and method for improving the performance of submarine and other water craft sonar sensors, arrays and/or hydrophones |
| US10107907B2 (en) * | 2016-01-04 | 2018-10-23 | Raytheon Bbn Technologies Corporation | Bobber field acoustic detection system |
| US10634765B1 (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2020-04-28 | Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Internal wave ambient noise tomography for antisubmarine warfare |
| US10605932B1 (en) * | 2018-04-22 | 2020-03-31 | David Edward Newman | Compact directional radiation detector system |
| CN211741603U (zh) * | 2019-09-09 | 2020-10-23 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十一研究所 | 红外探测潜艇的装置 |
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- 2023-07-14 EP EP23744120.9A patent/EP4594174A1/de active Pending
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| DE102022004972A1 (de) | 2024-03-28 |
| WO2024068093A1 (de) | 2024-04-04 |
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