EP4591252A1 - Methode de construction d'une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d'alignement - Google Patents
Methode de construction d'une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d'alignementInfo
- Publication number
- EP4591252A1 EP4591252A1 EP23765268.0A EP23765268A EP4591252A1 EP 4591252 A1 EP4591252 A1 EP 4591252A1 EP 23765268 A EP23765268 A EP 23765268A EP 4591252 A1 EP4591252 A1 EP 4591252A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wind
- grid
- wind turbines
- predefined
- farm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
- G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
- G06Q10/0631—Resource planning, allocation, distributing or scheduling for enterprises or organisations
- G06Q10/06312—Adjustment or analysis of established resource schedule, e.g. resource or task levelling, or dynamic rescheduling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
- F03D80/002—Micro-siting, i.e. process through which the specific location or arrangement of wind turbine is determined
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/13—Architectural design, e.g. computer-aided architectural design [CAAD] related to design of buildings, bridges, landscapes, production plants or roads
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2113/00—Details relating to the application field
- G06F2113/06—Wind turbines or wind farms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of constructing a wind farm in a predetermined space.
- wind farms To respond to environmental challenges, wind farms have appeared. These wind farms are made up of several wind turbines spaced from each other in a defined space. This delimited space can be on land or at sea. We thus distinguish between onshore wind farms (also called “onshore” wind farms) and “offshore” wind farms, that is to say at sea.
- onshore wind farms also called “onshore” wind farms
- offshore wind farms that is to say at sea.
- the wind turbines on these farms are generally horizontal axis of rotation wind turbines which have a system to orient the horizontal axis of rotation in the direction of the wind direction, in order to maximize the energy recovered by the wind turbine.
- the wind turbine is designed to automatically orient itself in the direction of the wind.
- the wakes generated by wind turbines can have the effect of reducing the wind speed downstream of the wind turbine and therefore the energy recovered by other wind turbines, particularly those located downstream of those generating these wakes.
- the positioning of wind turbines on the farm is therefore important in order to maximize the energy recovered by the farm.
- the local wind characteristics may vary. Indeed, the direction and speed of the wind are notably parameters which can vary over time at the location considered. These characteristics can in particular be obtained by sensors positioned at the defined location and maintained at this position for several months or several years so as to obtain sufficient statistical data to characterize the wind resource at the chosen location. These sensors can in particular be anemometers positioned at a sufficient altitude (of the order of 100m above the ground) to characterize the wind which will be seen by the wind turbines (that is to say the wind which is substantially at the level of the rotor axis for example). Wind data can also be obtained by laser remote sensing, also called LiDAR (from English “Light Detection And Ranging”).
- LiDAR from English “Light Detection And Ranging”.
- annual energy produced or “annual energy production”, we mean the total average energy produced by the farm, therefore by all the wind turbines on the farm. This average energy, estimated taking into account statistical wind data (distributions of wind speeds, wind direction and probabilities of occurrence), is based on a duration of one year, hence the term “annual”. , so as to avoid a seasonal influence which could distort the results. Indeed, the wind, whether its speed or direction, can vary greatly depending on the seasons.
- the average energy is obtained by knowing the distribution of wind direction, the distribution of wind speeds and the probability of occurrence of a wind speed in a given direction.
- Patent application CN1051 19320 concerns a method based on an evolution algorithm. This type of algorithm is stochastic, using random processes. This type of algorithm requires a significant number of tests in order to obtain a result, which generates significant calculation time and requires significant computer memory.
- Patent applications CN102142103A, CN105139269 and US2016171401 relate to wind turbine positioning methods based on genetic algorithms. Genetic algorithms are a category of evolutionary algorithms. They require a multitude of evaluations and cross-checking of these evaluations based on real (continuous) possible data. As a result, genetic algorithms are complex and therefore require significant calculation time and computer memory.
- the technical problem that the invention proposes to solve consists of developing a method of constructing a wind farm which allows the optimal positioning of wind turbines in locations of complex shape, such as non-convex and/or non-convex areas. related, so as to maximize the total energy produced by the wind farm, minimizing the necessary calculation time and computer memory and respecting alignment constraints of the wind turbines in two directions forming a non-zero angle between them (two non-parallel directions).
- the invention relates to a method of constructing a wind farm in a predetermined space, the wind farm being composed of a predefined number of wind turbines, the construction method comprising a first discrete speed distribution of wind, a second discrete wind direction distribution and a probability of occurrence of each discrete wind speed value in each discrete wind direction value of said first and second discrete distributions, for which at least the following successive steps are carried out: a) For different pairs of first and second predefined spacings, and for different pairs of first and second predefined directions, grids are formed in the predetermined space, each grid being defined by a plurality of points of intersection between first oriented lines in the first predefined direction and second lines oriented in the second predefined direction, the first lines being spaced from said second predefined spacing along the second predefined direction and the second lines being spaced from said first predefined spacing along the first predefined direction, each grid comprising at least one mesh delimited by said intersection points; b) For each grid of said predetermined space, the average annual energy production of
- a final arrangement of the wind turbines is determined in the predetermined space, said final arrangement corresponding to the final arrangement obtained in step e) of the grid which maximizes the annual energy production, and the wind farm is constructed by erecting the wind turbines at the positions of said final arrangement in the predetermined space so as to generate energy from the wind.
- step e) of modifying the position of the wind turbines for each grid used in step d at least the following steps are carried out: e1) for each grid used in step d), we define a sequential order of modification of the positions of the wind turbines determined by the first positioning algorithm and each wind turbine is repositioned, one by one, in the defined sequential order, by finding a point of intersection of the grid which maximizes energy production annual from said first discrete wind speed distribution, said second discrete wind direction distribution and said probability of occurrence; e2) we repeat step e1) as many times as necessary until, at the end of a step e1), no wind turbine has been repositioned and we obtain a final arrangement of the predefined number of wind turbines on each grid considered and an annual energy production for each final arrangement.
- said sequential order is obtained randomly.
- the sequential order is modified at each iteration of step e1).
- step a) statistical wind data are measured, by measuring means, preferably a LIDAR sensor, in the predetermined space to determine the first and second discrete distributions and the probabilities of occurrence of each wind speed in each wind direction of the first and second discrete distributions.
- measuring means preferably a LIDAR sensor
- said predetermined space comprises non-connected and/or non-convex zones.
- said first positioning algorithm performs at least the following steps:
- potential positions (PE_Ej) are defined for the wind turbine to be positioned, said potential positions (PE Ej) being constituted by the points of intersection of the grid located between a minimum distance and a maximum distance from all positioned wind turbines;
- the annual energy production (Eval_AEP) of the positioned wind turbines and of the wind turbine to be positioned is calculated for the potential positions (PE_Ej) defined, from said first discrete wind speed distribution (RD1), from said second distribution ( RD2) discrete wind direction and said probability of occurrence (Prob);
- said first arrangement (Disp_Ej) is determined corresponding to the position of the predefined number of wind turbines among the points of intersection of the grid considered in said predetermined space (Esp).
- step c) we make the difference between the annual energy production of the mini-farm obtained in step b) and the annual energy production of a single wind turbine multiplied by the number d wind turbines of the mini-farm.
- the invention also relates to a wind farm obtained from the method of constructing a wind farm as described above.
- Figure 1 represents an example of a construction method according to the invention.
- Figure 2 represents an example of carrying out the steps of repositioning wind turbines of the construction method according to the invention.
- Figure 3 represents an example of a complex location for positioning wind turbines according to the invention.
- Figure 4 illustrates a variant of a first positioning algorithm according to the invention.
- Figure 5 illustrates the definition of the wind turbine alignment constraints for the method according to the invention.
- Figure 6 illustrates the discontinuity of the intersection points as a function of the spacings between the lines of the grid of the method according to the invention.
- Figure 7 illustrates the definition of a grid in a predetermined space and the points of intersection of the grid of the method according to the invention.
- Figure 8 illustrates an arrangement of wind turbines on a grid in the predetermined space, the arrangement coming from one of the steps of the method according to the invention and this arrangement not being the final arrangement.
- Figure 9 illustrates the final arrangement of the wind turbines on the same grid as Figures 7 and 8, in the predetermined space obtained by the method according to the invention.
- Figure 10 illustrates an example of searching for optimal positioning of twelve wind turbines in a predetermined non-convex space, with alignment constraints, in order to build the wind turbines by maximizing the annual energy produced, according to the invention.
- grey algorithm we mean an algorithm which consists of establishing step by step a local optimum. In the case of a wind farm, it consists of positioning each wind turbine one after the other until obtaining the positioning of all the wind turbines in the predetermined space.
- Genetic algorithm means an evolutionary algorithm using the notion of natural selection. This type of algorithm can notably cross or modify certain parameters of previous solutions in order to improve results.
- unconnected zones zones for which there are at least 2 points which cannot be connected by a continuous path entirely contained in the zone in question.
- a connected area is an area for which each pair of points is connected by a continuous path entirely contained in the area.
- a “convex zone” a zone in which the segments connecting any two points in this zone are all entirely contained in the zone.
- a circle, a square or a rectangle all delimit convex areas.
- a “non-convex area” is an area in which there are at least two points connected by a segment that is not entirely contained within the area.
- an area bounded by a concentric outer circle and inner circle is not convex.
- the term “grid” means a plurality of intersection points located in the predetermined space (or at the border of this space).
- intersection points of the grid are points located at the intersection between first lines, all parallel to each other, and oriented in the first predefined direction and second lines, also all parallel to each other, and oriented in the second direction predefined.
- the first and second predefined directions are defined in relation to a global benchmark; they are generally different from the wind direction (but can be collinear with it in particular conditions).
- the first lines being spaced a second predefined spacing along the second lines. In other words, the first lines are evenly spaced (they are all equidistant) by a step corresponding to the second spacing along the second lines.
- the second lines being spaced by a first predefined spacing along the first lines.
- each grid comprises at least one mesh, of parallelogram shape, delimited by points of intersection between the first and second lines (the first and second lines being intersecting with each other).
- the invention relates to a method of constructing (or establishing) a wind farm in a predetermined space which may be a land area or an offshore area at sea.
- the farm is composed of a predefined number of wind turbines.
- the predetermined space can include unconnected zones.
- the predetermined space can correspond to real locations planned for the installation of wind turbines, for example a farm planned in a location comprising two areas separated by a road of significant width (several meters, or even several tens of meters) , such as a highway, or by a river.
- the predetermined space may include non-convex zones additionally or alternatively to the non-connected zones.
- the predetermined space can correspond to real locations of complex shape such as a space delimited by a hill or a steep cliff, the coastline, the passage of a river, a river or any other body of water.
- the predetermined space may include non-convex zones which may in particular be determined taking into account the bathymetry, the nature of the soil, borders with other countries, navigation channels, cables or pipelines for example.
- Figure 3 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, an example of a predetermined space adapted to the implementation of the positioning method of the invention (or construction of a wind farm of the invention).
- the predetermined space may in particular comprise a first zone Z1 and a second zone Z2, zones represented by vertical hatching. These zones Z1 and Z2 are not connected. Indeed, a non-zero minimum distance D appears between the two zones Z1 and Z2. In addition, zone Z1 is rectangular. Therefore, it is convex. Zone Z2 has a complex, non-convex shape. Indeed, if we consider the two points A and B, we observe that part of the segment Seg which connects points A and B is located outside zone Z2.
- a Boolean matrix can be used to identify zones Z1 and Z2 of the predetermined space in a third larger zone ZE, encompassing these two zones Z1 and Z2.
- the third zone ZE is rectangular in shape, which is easier to process computationally than unconnected and/or non-convex zones like Z1 and Z2.
- the Boolean matrix associates with each discrete value (discrete position) of zone ZE a value equal to 1 if the discrete position is located in zone Z1 or Z2 and a value 0 if it is located outside Z1 and Z2.
- This Boolean matrix is used to define the determined space used for the method. We can, from this Boolean matrix, determine the border(s) of the predetermined space. Indeed, a point will be considered as part of the boundary if its value in the Boolean matrix is 1 and if it has among its direct neighbors, at least one point which has a value in the Boolean matrix of 0.
- the construction method includes a first discrete wind speed distribution, a second discrete wind direction distribution and a probability of occurrence of each discrete wind speed value in each discrete wind direction value of said first and second discrete distributions.
- These data can in particular be obtained by means of collecting wind data, such as a LIDAR sensor (from the English “Light Detection And Ranging” which can be translated as laser remote sensing), a measuring mast or an anemometer.
- the construction method can advantageously comprise a preliminary collection step, before step a), during which the means of measuring (or means of collecting) the wind data are installed in the predetermined space for a duration predetermined on the physical site of the predetermined space (the planned terrestrial region of implantation or the planned offshore zone) in order to collect the data of wind of the site, and, thus, the statistical data of the wind are measured, by these measuring means, to determine the first and second discrete distributions of wind speed and wind direction, and the probabilities of occurrence of each speed of wind in each wind direction of the first and second discrete distributions.
- the measurement of wind data can be carried out over the predetermined duration, for the collection of measurements, which can be at least one year, in order to have data relating to the four seasons.
- we can provide a step of collecting statistical wind data in the predetermined space from at least one collection means.
- the measuring (collection) means can advantageously be a LIDAR sensor.
- At least the following successive steps are carried out: a) For different (first) pairs of first and second predefined spacings, and for different (second) pairs of first and second predefined directions, grids are formed in space predetermined, each grid being defined by a plurality of points of intersection between first lines oriented in the first predefined direction and second lines oriented in the second predefined direction, the first lines being spaced at said second predefined spacing along the second direction predefined and the second lines being spaced from said first predefined spacing along the first predefined direction, the grid comprising at least one mesh delimited by said intersection points (each mesh is delimited by four intersection points and certain intersection points may not be attached to a mesh).
- the points of intersection of the grid form a discrete mesh.
- discrete mesh we mean that the points of intersection of the mesh that constitutes the grid are discrete values (as opposed to continuous values).
- the probability of occurrence of each wind speed, in each wind direction is used in particular to calculate the average annual energy production.
- This probability can in particular come from a wind rose corresponding to the predetermined space, this wind rose being well known to those skilled in the art.
- the collection means mentioned previously such as an anemometer positioned on a mast at a sufficient altitude (between 80m and 120m for example to be approximately at the level of the hub of the wind turbine for example ), or via a LiDAR sensor (English language acronym from “Light Detection And Ranging” meaning “detection and estimation of the distance by light”), positioned close to the ground and oriented vertically.
- This means of collection is kept in place for a long period, several months and ideally more than a year, so as to be able to take into account variations in wind characteristics depending on the seasons.
- the annual energy production can be estimated by the following formula:
- aep is the annual energy production of the wind farm and is the expectation of the total power produced by the wind farm (by the predefined number of wind turbines in the predetermined space) in relation to the joint probability law of wind speed w s and wind direction w p .
- the total power produced by the farm takes into account a statistical distribution of each wind speed w s in each wind direction w p , for example by a Weibull distribution.
- N is the predefined number of wind turbines on the farm in the predetermined space
- Pf is the instantaneous power provided by each wind turbine f, in the farm, for each wind speed w s in each wind direction w p .
- a corrective factor can be taken into account to take into account the effect of misalignment.
- This corrective factor can in particular come from CFD simulations (from the English “Computational Fluid Dynamics” meaning “Calculations of fluid dynamics”).
- wake effects of wind turbines located upstream and/or to the side of wind turbine f can impact the energy production of wind turbine f.
- This wake can generate a reduction in wind speed at the wind turbine f and/or wind turbulence.
- These wake effects have the impact that the speed v f at the wind turbine rotor no longer corresponds to the speed w s and that the power coefficient C P f is then also impacted.
- the impacts of wake effects taken into account in equation [Math3] can in particular be based on wake models. These wake models can in particular translate:
- Wake models can also be determined from CFD calculations (Computational Fluid Dynamics).
- the previous formulas can be used to calculate the annual energy produced by the farm made up of the predefined number of wind turbines, by the mini-farm or by a farm made up of a single wind turbine.
- step e) of modifying the position of the wind turbines for each grid used in step d at least the following steps can be carried out: e1) for each grid used in step d), we can carry out at least the following steps: e1) for each grid used in step d), we can defines a sequential order of modification of the positions of the wind turbines determined by the first positioning algorithm and we reposition, one by one, each wind turbine of the defined sequential order, by finding a point of intersection of the grid which maximizes the production of annual energy from said first discrete wind speed distribution, said second discrete wind direction distribution and said probability of occurrence.
- step e2) We repeat step e1) as many times as necessary until, at the end of a step e1), no wind turbine has been repositioned and we obtain a final arrangement of the predefined number of wind turbines on each grid considered and an annual energy production for each final arrangement.
- Figure 1 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, the method of constructing the wind farm in a predetermined space Esp, in a global manner.
- a predetermined space Esp chosen (an offshore or onshore geographical zone) which may be a space comprising non-convex and/or non-connected zones (for example with a road or a river which crosses this space), and different first couples C1 of first and second predefined spacings and different second couples C2 of first and second predefined directions, grids (GR) are established in the predetermined space.
- Esp an offshore or onshore geographical zone
- GR grids
- Each of these grids is established from a multitude of first lines parallel to each other and regularly spaced and second lines parallel to each other and intersecting with the first lines (in other words, the angle formed between the first lines and the second lines is non-zero and non-flat).
- the different GR grids are distinguished from each other by the combination of the first couples C1 and second couples C2.
- the first lines are oriented at an angle corresponding to the first direction with respect to a direction of a predefined fixed reference (for example a reference with a north direction and an east direction) and the second lines are oriented of an angle corresponding to the second direction relative to the same direction of the predefined fixed reference (the North direction for example).
- a predefined fixed reference for example a reference with a north direction and an east direction
- the second lines are oriented of an angle corresponding to the second direction relative to the same direction of the predefined fixed reference (the North direction for example).
- the first lines are spaced by the second predefined spacing along the second lines and the second lines are spaced by the first predefined spacing along the first lines.
- a first line and a second line can be positioned arbitrarily in space, these lines then serving as a reference to the positions of the other lines.
- the points of intersection between the first lines and the second lines which are located in the predetermined space define the grid.
- the grid can thus include meshes, and the meshes of the grid form parallelograms taking into account the parallelism of the first and second lines, delimited by said lines and the points of intersection.
- the annual energy production is based on statistical wind data coming for example from a LIDAR sensor or any other means of measuring wind data, these statistical data comprising a first discrete distribution RD1 of wind speeds, a second discrete distribution RD2 of the wind directions and a probability of occurrence Prob of each wind speed value of the first discrete distribution RD1 in each wind direction of the second discrete distribution RD2.
- the mini-farm is a farm composed of a grid portion with at least one grid mesh (or several related meshes) and where, at all points of intersection of this grid portion, a wind turbine is positioned.
- the mini-farm will be made up of four wind turbines, one at each point of intersection of the mesh. This situation with a mini-farm of four wind turbines is advantageous because it makes it possible to evaluate the impact of the wake of the wind turbines on the grid in a simple and rapid manner and without requiring a lot of memory or calculation time when this step is produced by computer.
- a mesh is understood as an elementary mesh: this means that we consider a parallelogram delimited by four points of intersection to be a mesh if this parallelogram does not include any other parallelogram defined by four points d intersection, inside itself.
- one or more of the most promising couples C2 can be associated (giving the greatest annual energy production(s).
- one or more second pairs C2 are associated. This makes it possible to limit the number of combinations of first couple C1 and second couple C2 for the rest of the method.
- Comparisons of annual energy production values can be made directly (by direct comparison of the different values, we then look for the second couples C2 which maximize the annual energy produced) or indirectly.
- Ch from the annual energy production of the mini-farms, at least a second couple C2 for each first couple C1.
- Ch from the annual energy production of the mini-farms, at least a second couple C2 for each first couple C1.
- This first arrangement seeks to obtain good energy efficiency and therefore takes into account the first and second discrete distributions RD1 and RD2 and the probability of occurrence Prob.
- This step allows the definition of several possible grids within the predetermined space. Each grid therefore has a spatial limit and cannot exceed the predetermined space.
- This grid includes one or more meshes separated by points of intersection. These meshes are of parallelogram shape, for example rectangular or square, and the intersection points are at the border between the meshes. All the meshes and all the points of intersection of each grid are located inside the predetermined space. The meshes of each grid are defined between the first lines and the second lines. These grids each constitute a possible option for placing the farm's wind turbines in the predetermined space, taking into account alignment constraints (according to the first and second lines). The intersection points of each grid constitute possible positions for installing a wind turbine.
- first and second predefined spacings are non-collinear and form a non-zero (and non-flat) angle so as to consider alignment constraints in two dimensions in space so that the first lines and the second lines are intersecting.
- the first and second predefined spacings are advantageously between a minimum distance and a maximum distance, these minimum and maximum distances depending for example the diameter of the wind turbine rotor.
- the minimum distance corresponds to the minimum value by which two successive wind turbines must be separated in order to limit energy losses linked to wake effects and the maximum distance corresponds to the maximum value by which two wind turbines must be separated, a greater distance no longer resulting in gain on energy recovery and limiting the possibility of installing enough wind turbines in the predetermined space, to ensure sufficient energy yield.
- first and/or second predefined spacings less than the minimum distance or greater than the maximum distance are not necessary since the wind turbines must respect a minimum distance between them to avoid excessive energy losses linked to wake effects. and a maximum distance to install the predefined number of wind turbines and obtain an attractive energy yield from the farm in space.
- the minimum distance can be greater than twice the diameter of the rotor of the wind turbines, and preferably, greater than four times the diameter of the rotor of the wind turbines; the maximum distance can be at least four times the diameter of the wind turbines and preferably at least eight times the diameter of the wind turbines.
- the first predefined direction can be between -90° and 90°, taking into account the symmetry, relative to an orthonormal reference, for example the terrestrial reference with north located at 90° and south at -90 °, this orthonormal reference preferably being the one used to define the wind directions.
- an orthonormal reference for example the terrestrial reference with north located at 90° and south at -90 °, this orthonormal reference preferably being the one used to define the wind directions.
- the second predefined direction can be between -90° and the first direction. Therefore, with symmetry effects, we scan all possible space by limiting the number of combinations.
- the discrete values of the first and second predefined spacings can be defined in steps of 0.5 times the rotor diameter and discrete values of the first and second predefined directions can be defined in steps of 1°, these steps being sufficient to obtain accuracies sufficient at the locations of the wind turbines.
- Figure 5 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, the change of reference between the reference (01, N, E) which corresponds to the global reference, 01 being able to be based arbitrarily, N can correspond to the North direction and E to the direction East, and a reference linked to the grid with 02 a point fixed arbitrarily on a point of intersection between a first line Lig1 and a second line of the grid Lig2, the first line Lig 1 and the second line Lig2 being intersecting with each other.
- the first line Lig1 here forms an angle 01 with the direction E and the second line Lig2 forms an angle 02 with the direction E (alternatively, we could also have the first line Lig 1 forming an angle 01 with the direction N and the second line Lig2 forming an angle 02 with the direction N).
- the mark (01, N, E) can advantageously be the one used to determine the wind directions.
- Figure 6 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, the discontinuity of positions which can result from different grids, due to the different mesh.
- Q represents the predetermined space.
- a single line is represented on the grid for ease of understanding.
- Step a) made it possible to define a panel of grids where the points of intersection of each grid are points likely to correspond to the installation of a wind turbine.
- the points of intersection of each grid are points likely to correspond to the installation of a wind turbine.
- Step b) seeks to carry out this first sorting among the different grids.
- step a we consider a mini-farm made up of wind turbines at each point of intersection of the grid portion considered.
- the grid portion corresponds to a few connected meshes (a few meshes all connected together), and preferably to a single grid, so as to further simplify sorting. Thanks to all the wind turbines installed on the grid portion (for example, four wind turbines if the grid portion includes a single mesh, 9 wind turbines if the grid portion is homothetic by factor 2 compared to a grid of a single mesh ), we can determine the annual energy production of the mini-farm, in particular using the formulas presented previously.
- This step serves to limit the number of combinations to be used for the arrangement of the predefined number of wind turbines on the farm based on the results obtained in step b). Indeed, thanks to the mini wind farm, we can estimate for different (first) pairs of first and second predefined spacings, the annual energy production as a function of the (second) pair of first and second predefined directions and the first and second discrete distribution of wind speed and wind direction and the probability of occurrence of each discrete wind speed value in each discrete wind direction value.
- step c) we determine the energy loss of the mini-farm considered in relation to the ideal production of the same number of wind turbines as the mini-farm, without taking into account the wake effects of the wind turbines between them.
- step c) we can for example make the difference between the annual energy production of the mini-farm obtained in step b) and the annual energy production of a single wind turbine multiplied by the number of wind turbines on the mini-farm.
- This loss of energy Pl oss can be determined by the following formula: [Math 4]
- Pioss n*aep(f1, ws, wp)- aep (f2, ws, wp)
- aep(f1, ws, wp) is the annual energy produced according to the formula [Math 1] for a farm f1 consisting of a single wind turbine in the predefined space
- aep (f2, ws, wp) corresponds to the annual energy produced according to the formula [Math 1] for a farm f2 consisting of a number n of wind turbines in the mini-farm of the predefined space, ws and wp being the statistical distributions of wind speeds and direction of wind, taking into account the probabilities of occurrence previously mentioned.
- a first arrangement of the wind turbines is determined on each grid defined by each (first) pair of first and second predefined spacings and for each (second) pair of associated first and second predefined directions obtained in step c) previous, so as to limit the number of combinations.
- Each wind turbine is positioned on an intersection point (a single wind turbine on the same intersection point for obvious construction reasons) of the space predetermined by a first positioning algorithm.
- this first positioning algorithm can be an optimization algorithm which makes it possible to obtain a first distribution making it possible to obtain a satisfactory annual energy produced.
- this first positioning algorithm can be a greedy algorithm which positions each wind turbine one after the other so as to maximize the annual energy produced by each wind turbine that is added.
- the first wind turbine can be positioned arbitrarily in the predetermined space (at a discrete value of the first discrete mesh).
- the second wind turbine will be positioned at the point of intersection of the grid considered, making it possible to maximize the annual energy produced by the two wind turbines, the chosen position of the nth wind turbine at the point of intersection of the grid making it possible to maximize the annual energy produced.
- n wind turbines The use of a greedy algorithm makes it possible to obtain, in a simple manner, a first arrangement of the wind turbines in the predetermined space, which makes it possible to initialize the optimization method of step e), in particular by the method local search optimization of the following step e1).
- said first positioning algorithm performs at least the following steps:
- the annual energy production of the positioned wind turbines and the wind turbine to be positioned is calculated for the defined potential positions.
- an annual energy production value is associated.
- the calculation of the annual energy production takes into account the first discrete wind speed distribution, the second discrete wind direction distribution and the probability of occurrence. This calculation also involves in a known manner the characteristics of wind turbines, namely in particular the surface swept by the rotor of the wind turbine, the drag coefficient and/or the power coefficient.
- the first positioning algorithm is a greedy algorithm which includes a step of arbitrary position of the first wind turbine, then which iteratively positions an additional wind turbine on intersection points of the grid considered until all the wind turbines of the predefined number are positioned on the grid.
- This greedy algorithm makes it possible, thanks to the step of selecting potential positions, to accelerate the calculation time, while positioning the wind turbines judiciously.
- Such an algorithm makes it possible to obtain a first arrangement adapted for the following local optimization step of searching for the positioning of each wind turbine.
- Figure 4 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, an example of a step for obtaining a first arrangement of the wind turbines on each grid selected according to the invention. For this, we can for example use a greedy algorithm.
- the position of the first wind turbine P_E1 is defined, for example arbitrarily.
- Eval_AEP for each of these potential positions PE Ej, the annual energy produced from the wind turbines already positioned and from the wind turbine j to be positioned in space predetermined.
- Eval_AEP evaluation we use in particular the first and second discrete distributions RD1 and RD2 of the wind speeds and directions as well as the probability of occurrence Prob of each wind speed in each wind direction. It is possible, in a known manner, to use the characteristics of wind turbines and the wake effects previously described in this description.
- Loop F3 is carried out for, j ranging from 1 to N-1, N being the predefined number of wind turbines in the predetermined space, taking into account the fact that the first wind turbine is positioned in a stepwise manner at step P_E1.
- step d For each grid of step d), we seek to improve the annual energy by modifying the position of the wind turbines on the grid. This can in particular be done by steps e1 and e2 which are described below. Step e1) local search optimization
- this sequential order obtained randomly.
- we improve the quality of the optimization by avoiding optimization paths based on pre-established orders, these paths being able to bias the optimization results.
- each wind turbine by this defined sequential order, by finding a free point of intersection of the grid which maximizes the annual energy production: if no other point of intersection intersection of the grid does not make it possible to improve the annual energy production, the wind turbine considered is maintained at its previously determined position. We can then try to modify the position of the next wind turbine in the defined sequential order.
- the annual energy produced we of course take into account the first and second discrete distributions of wind speed and wind direction and the probability of occurrence, which are directly dependent on the geographical position of the predetermined space. and its local environment (presence of forests, mountains, geological features, buildings for example) and the characteristics of wind turbines.
- the annual energy produced can in particular be determined from the formulas previously mentioned, in particular by the formula [Math 1],
- step e1 we cannot a priori know if the arrangement of the wind turbines in each grid is optimal or if an improvement can still be made.
- step e1 we repeat step e1) as many times as necessary as long as, during this step, we reposition at least one wind turbine on an intersection point of the grid.
- no wind turbine has been repositioned: we then consider that the optimal arrangement of the predefined number of wind turbines on the grid considered has been found.
- step e2 on each grid considered (corresponding to a first pair of first and second predefined spacings and to a second pair of first and second predefined directions associated with the first pair of first and second predefined spacings), we obtain a final arrangement of the wind turbines on each grid considered and an annual energy production associated with each of these final arrangements (one for each grid considered).
- step e2) the sequential order is modified at each iteration of step e1) so as to limit the optimization paths based on pre-established orders.
- Figure 2 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, an example of research into optimization of the method according to the invention.
- Alg1 is determined a first arrangement Displ of the wind turbines on each of these grids, taking into account as input data at least a first discrete distribution RD1 of wind speeds, a second discrete distribution RD2 of wind directions. wind, and the probability of Prob occurrences of each wind speed in each wind direction.
- the characteristics of wind turbines and wake models can also be used for the determination of the annual energy produced in order to establish this first Displ provision.
- the wind data, speed, direction and probability of occurrence of each speed value in each direction can in particular be obtained from collection means during a preliminary step. These data can be used in particular to establish a wind rose known to those skilled in the art.
- This first Displ arrangement can be improved but is of sufficiently good quality to allow local optimizations in subsequent stages.
- This step of determining Alg 1 of the first Displ arrangement of the wind turbines on each selected grid can be a greedy algorithm.
- This first Displ arrangement obtained quickly thanks to the greedy algorithm is used as input data for the next Alg2 optimization step.
- This Alg2 optimization step modifies, one by one, the position of the different wind turbines of the first Displ arrangement, on other points of intersection of the same grid, so as to increase the annual energy produced by the farm by testing other possible positions on the grid, thus respecting the alignment constraints.
- this Alg2 optimization step includes the following steps:
- This OS sequential order can in particular be obtained by a random function.
- EvalJ the annual energy produced for each possible arrangement (for each possible position PDPJ of the wind turbine i to be repositioned, the other wind turbines remaining at the last position set for them).
- the annual energy produced takes into account the first and second discrete distributions RD1 and RD2 of wind speeds and directions, as well as the probability of occurrence Prob of each wind speed in each wind direction.
- an annual energy produced corresponds to each possible position PDPJ of the wind turbine i to be repositioned.
- This new arrangement includes the last positions of the wind turbines already positioned as well as the new position PosJ of wind turbine i.
- Loop B1 then makes it possible to select F1 the next wind turbine in the sequential order (i becomes i+1) defined in order to carry out the same procedure for the following wind turbines.
- loop B1 comprising for each wind turbine i to be repositioned the determination of the possible positions PDPJ, the evaluation of the annual energy produced EvalJ for each possible position, the choice of the position PosJ of the wind turbine i to be repositioned and the definition of the new provision DispJXI.
- Loop B2 ends when during the last loop B1 carried out, no wind turbine has been repositioned (all the wind turbines have been maintained in the same position as that obtained in the previous iteration).
- steps a) to f) (apart from the part of step f) concerning the construction of the wind farm) can be implemented by a computer, a server or a supercomputer. Steps a) to f) then constitute a method of positioning the wind turbines in a predetermined space.
- the invention may also relate to a computer program product implementing the method of positioning wind turbines in a predetermined space, consisting of steps a) to f) (apart from the part of step f) relating to the construction of the wind farm) described previously using IT means, such as a computer, a mobile phone or a tablet.
- the computer program product may be downloadable from a communications network and/or recorded on a computer-readable medium and/or executable by a processor or server, and it includes program code instructions for implementing the the positioning method according to one of the preceding characteristics, when the program is executed on a computer or on a mobile phone.
- the positioning method described above is particularly suitable for being implemented on computer means. It can thus be implemented in a simple manner and results can be obtained quickly.
- the invention also relates to a wind farm obtained from the method of constructing a wind farm as described above.
- This farm allows good energy efficiency by taking into account statistical wind data on the site considered and taking into account alignment constraints for the construction of the farm.
- Figure 7 illustrates in a schematic and non-limiting manner an example of creating a grid in a predetermined space.
- the predetermined space Esp includes two non-connected and non-convex zones Z1 and Z2.
- the space is divided by first lines L1 and by second lines L2.
- the first lines L1 are parallel to each other and regularly spaced from said second spacing R2 along the second lines L2 and the second lines L2 are parallel to each other and regularly spaced from said first spacing R1 along the first lines L1.
- first lines L1 are oriented in a first direction forming an angle 01 with the direction E of the reference (01, N, E) which is an arbitrarily defined reference, for example, 01 is a chosen geographical point, N is the North direction and E the East direction.
- the second lines L2 are oriented in a second direction forming an angle 02 with the direction E of the same reference mark (01, N, E). Angles 01 and 02 are chosen such that the first lines L1 intersect the second lines L2.
- One of the first lines L1 and one of the second lines L2 can be positioned arbitrarily in space and then serve as a reference for the positions of the other first lines L1 and second lines L2.
- the points of intersection, materialized by the crosses, located in the predetermined space Esp (or on the border of this space) constitute the grid.
- Meshes as represented by the mesh M1 which is hatched, can be formed between the points of intersection. It can be noted that the only point of intersection located in zone Z2 is part of the grid, even if it is not linked to a mesh since it is not connected to another point of intersection to which it could be connected by a mesh.
- intersection points of the grid are points where wind turbines can potentially be positioned in the predetermined space Esp.
- Figure 8 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, a first arrangement obtained by the method according to the invention for positioning sixteen wind turbines in the predetermined space Esp, the same space as that of Figure 7, and on the grid obtained at Figure 7.
- Figure 9 illustrates, in a schematic and non-limiting manner, a final arrangement obtained by the method according to the invention for repositioning the sixteen wind turbines following the first arrangement obtained in Figure 8 in the predetermined space Esp, the same space as that of Figure 7, and on the grid obtained in Figure 7.
- Figure 10 illustrates an example of searching for wind turbine positions in a predetermined space Z2 which is a non-convex space.
- the turbines considered are turbines with a nominal power of 10 MW, whose nacelle height is positioned at 119.8 m from the ground and whose rotor diameter is 198 m.
- the distance between the turbines in the predetermined space Z2 is greater than 4 times the diameter of the turbine rotor.
- the wind data used for this example corresponds to those from: Baker, N. F., Thomas, J. J., Stanley, A. P. J., and Ning, A. IEA Task 37 Wind Farm Layout Optimization Case Studies, https://doi.org/10.5281 /zenodo.5809681, 2021
- Diagrams a) to h) represent different positions of the wind turbines in this predetermined space Z2, from different grids in this predetermined space Z2.
- different grids were tested with the following characteristics:
- the angle of the direction of the second lines L2 relative to the reference R varies from 0° to the angle of the direction of the first lines L1 -1° in steps of 1°
- the first spacing R1 of the first lines L1 along the second lines L2 varies from 4 times the diameter of the rotors to 8 times the diameter of the rotors in steps of 0.25 times the diameter of the rotors and;
- the second spacing R2 of the second lines L2 along the first lines L1 varies from 4 times the diameter of the rotors to 8 times the diameter of the rotors in steps of 0.25 times the diameter of the rotors.
- Diagrams a) to h) represent only a few grids among those tested.
- the “round” points represent possible positions where wind turbines can be placed on the grid. They are therefore at the intersections of the first lines L1 and the second lines L2 of the grid in the predetermined space Z2;
- the crosses represent the positions of the wind turbines allowing energy recovery to be maximized on the grid considered
- the dotted lines represent the direction of the first lines L1 or the second lines L2;
- R can be a line representing the West-East direction.
- the R1 spacings represent the spacing of the first lines L1 along the second lines L2;
- the R2 spacings represent the spacing of the second L2 lines along the first L1 lines.
- the first directions 01 1, 012, and 013 represent the directions of the first lines L1 relative to the reference R.
- the first lines L1 are parallel to the lines L1 shown in diagram b).
- the first lines L1 are parallel to the lines L1 shown in diagram f).
- the optimal positions of the wind turbines on each grid are different.
- the average annual energy recovered for each positioning scheme a) to h) varies between 486611 MWh and 487467.6 MWh, i.e. a gain of 856.6 MWh for the optimal configuration according to the invention.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Human Resources & Organizations (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Economics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Strategic Management (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Marketing (AREA)
- Tourism & Hospitality (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Computational Mathematics (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Development Economics (AREA)
- Operations Research (AREA)
- Game Theory and Decision Science (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Primary Health Care (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2209630A FR3140141A1 (fr) | 2022-09-22 | 2022-09-22 | Methode de construction d’une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d’alignement |
| PCT/EP2023/074435 WO2024061627A1 (fr) | 2022-09-22 | 2023-09-06 | Methode de construction d'une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d'alignement |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4591252A1 true EP4591252A1 (fr) | 2025-07-30 |
Family
ID=84362633
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23765268.0A Pending EP4591252A1 (fr) | 2022-09-22 | 2023-09-06 | Methode de construction d'une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d'alignement |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20260092595A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4591252A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN119907983A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3140141A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024061627A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN119273102B (zh) * | 2024-12-09 | 2025-04-01 | 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司 | 一种考虑区域限制的风电机组排布优化方法及系统 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102142103A (zh) | 2011-04-15 | 2011-08-03 | 河海大学 | 一种基于实数编码遗传算法的风电场微观选址优化方法 |
| US20160171401A1 (en) | 2014-12-11 | 2016-06-16 | Hao Wu | Layout optimization for interactional objects in a constrained geographical area |
| CN105139269B (zh) | 2015-07-17 | 2018-10-26 | 同济大学 | 一种多期风电场微观选址方法 |
| CN105119320B (zh) | 2015-09-15 | 2017-06-16 | 东北大学 | 一种分散式风电场风机优化布置系统及方法 |
| FR3113322B1 (fr) | 2020-08-06 | 2024-04-12 | Ifp Energies Now | Méthode de positionnement d’éoliennes dans un espace prédéterminé |
-
2022
- 2022-09-22 FR FR2209630A patent/FR3140141A1/fr active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-09-06 CN CN202380068029.0A patent/CN119907983A/zh active Pending
- 2023-09-06 EP EP23765268.0A patent/EP4591252A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-09-06 US US19/113,449 patent/US20260092595A1/en active Pending
- 2023-09-06 WO PCT/EP2023/074435 patent/WO2024061627A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119907983A (zh) | 2025-04-29 |
| US20260092595A1 (en) | 2026-04-02 |
| WO2024061627A1 (fr) | 2024-03-28 |
| FR3140141A1 (fr) | 2024-03-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP4193318B1 (fr) | Méthode de construction d'une ferme éolienne dans un espace predeterminé | |
| EP3438448B1 (fr) | Pilotage d'un parc éolien | |
| EP3754341B1 (fr) | Procede de determination du profil vertical de la vitesse du vent en amont d'une eolienne equipee d'un capteur de teledetection par laser | |
| EP3712621B1 (fr) | Procede de prediction de la vitesse du vent dans le plan du rotor pour une eolienne equipee d'un capteur de teledetection par laser | |
| Peña et al. | On wake modeling, wind-farm gradients, and AEP predictions at the Anholt wind farm | |
| WO2024061627A1 (fr) | Methode de construction d'une ferme eolienne avec contraintes d'alignement | |
| WO2023020866A1 (fr) | Procede de determination de la vitesse du vent au moyen d'un capteur de teledetection par laser monte sur une eolienne | |
| Kirby et al. | Turbine-and farm-scale power losses in wind farms: an alternative to wake and farm blockage losses | |
| Sheridan et al. | Offshore low-level jet observations and model representation using lidar buoy data off the California coast | |
| EP4442992A1 (fr) | Procede de controle d'une ferme d'eoliennes au moyen d'une methode d'optimisation | |
| WO2025180853A1 (fr) | Methode amelioree de positionnement d'eoliennes avec contraintes d'alignement | |
| WO2025186339A1 (fr) | Systeme de supervision d'un parc eolien | |
| EP3995834B1 (fr) | Procede de determination de la vitesse du vent dans le plan du rotor d'une eolienne | |
| EP3978934B1 (fr) | Procede de determination de la vitesse moyenne du vent au moyen d'un capteur de teledetection par laser | |
| WO2010089480A1 (fr) | Procédé de calcul optimisé d'un dispositif de concentration de rayons, notamment de rayons solaires, et concentrateur de rayons ainsi obtenu | |
| EP4733578A1 (fr) | Procede de controle d'une ferme d'eoliennes | |
| Louassa et al. | Evaluation des performances de quatre types d’éolienne dans une zone aride | |
| FR3065804A1 (fr) | Procede d'evaluation de l'impact acoustique d'un parc eolien virtuel | |
| FR3157732A1 (fr) | Procédé mis en œuvre par ordinateur pour optimiser la production d’électricité d’un dispositif photovoltaïque et centrale photovoltaïque ainsi optimisée | |
| CA3133615A1 (fr) | Procede de determination d'un facteur d'induction entre un plan de mesure et le plan du rotor d'une eolinne | |
| CN118091703A (zh) | 一种基于激光雷达的三维风场构建系统 | |
| Traoré | Développement d'un simulateur numérique de rotors d'éoliennes Application à une chaîne de conversion éolienne utilisant une machine synchrone à aimants permanents | |
| Camille | Offshore wind energy in Europe: situation, policies, impacts |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20250422 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20251216 |