EP4540869A1 - Procédé de traitement d'un module photovoltaïque par immersion de lumière - Google Patents
Procédé de traitement d'un module photovoltaïque par immersion de lumièreInfo
- Publication number
- EP4540869A1 EP4540869A1 EP23733343.0A EP23733343A EP4540869A1 EP 4540869 A1 EP4540869 A1 EP 4540869A1 EP 23733343 A EP23733343 A EP 23733343A EP 4540869 A1 EP4540869 A1 EP 4540869A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- photovoltaic
- irradiance
- equal
- during
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/128—Annealing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/16—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/164—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/165—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/166—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells the Group IV-IV heterojunctions being heterojunctions of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. silicon heterojunction [SHJ] photovoltaic cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/10—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass the devices comprising amorphous semiconductor material
- H10F71/103—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass the devices comprising amorphous semiconductor material including only Group IV materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/134—Irradiation with electromagnetic or particle radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
- H10F77/162—Non-monocrystalline materials, e.g. semiconductor particles embedded in insulating materials
- H10F77/166—Amorphous semiconductors
- H10F77/1662—Amorphous semiconductors including only Group IV materials
- H10F77/1668—Amorphous semiconductors including only Group IV materials presenting light-induced characteristic variations, e.g. Staebler-Wronski effect
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR PROCESSING A PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE BY LIGHT IMMERSION
- the present invention relates to a method of treating a photovoltaic module comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells, in order to improve and stabilize the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells, and consequently, the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module.
- Figure 1 represents an example of a photovoltaic cell 10 with silicon heterojunction (SHJ).
- the photovoltaic cell 10 comprises a substrate 11 of doped crystalline silicon and two layers of amorphous silicon 12-13 arranged on either side of the substrate 11.
- One of the amorphous silicon layers 12-13 is doped with the same type of conductivity as the substrate 1 1, for example n-type, and the other layer is doped with the opposite type of conductivity, that is to say p-type.
- the heterojunction is formed by the substrate 11 of n-doped crystalline silicon and the layer of p-doped amorphous silicon, this layer forming the emitter of the photovoltaic cell.
- the transmitter can be located on the front or rear side of the photovoltaic cell.
- the SHJ photovoltaic cell is particularly sensitive to defects located at the interface between the crystalline silicon substrate 11 and the amorphous silicon layers 12-13. These defects can be dangling bonds, called “dangling bonds”, or impurities such as metal ions. They introduce energy levels into the silicon bandgap and increase the number of electron-hole recombinations at the interfaces, which deteriorates the output parameters of the photovoltaic cell, such as the open circuit voltage Voc.
- a passivation layer 14 of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon on each of the faces of the substrate. 1 1, before the amorphous silicon layer 12, 13.
- the hydrogen atoms contained in the passivation layers 14 diffuse to the surface of the substrate 1 1 and neutralize the defects.
- Each of the amorphous silicon layers 12-13 is also covered with a layer of transparent conductive oxide (or TCO, for “Transparent Conductive Oxide” in English) 15, then by collection electrodes 16 commonly called metallizations .
- SHJ photovoltaic cells are known to see their energy conversion efficiency improve by approximately 0.3% absolute under the combined action of illumination and temperature.
- This so-called cell improvement phenomenon results from the improvement of at least one of the passivation layers 14 in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, the improvement of the TCO 15 layers as well as the improvement of the interfaces between the TCO 15 layers and metallizations 16.
- the processing of a photovoltaic module may prove more advantageous than the processing of bare photovoltaic cells in terms of production rate, given that the photovoltaic cells of the module (generally 72 or 144 in number) are exposed simultaneously with the luminous flux.
- document WO 2021018757 A1 describes a method for processing a photovoltaic module comprising at least two SHJ photovoltaic cells electrically connected to each other.
- Each SHJ cell includes an n-doped crystalline silicon substrate and an amorphous silicon passivation layer hydrogenated placed on one side of the substrate.
- the treatment method comprises a step of exposing the SHJ cells to electromagnetic radiation having a high irradiance, typically greater than or equal to 200 kW/m 2 .
- the duration of the treatment with such irradiance must be very short, typically less than 12 s, at the risk of damaging the photovoltaic module due to excessive heating. Unless it is carried out several times in a row, which is long (cooling phases between exposures) and restrictive, this treatment process does not make it possible to achieve the maximum gain in yield.
- a method of treating a photovoltaic module comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells coated with an encapsulating material and arranged between two protective plates, said method successively comprising: a first step of exposing at least one photovoltaic cell of the photovoltaic module to electromagnetic radiation, during which the temperature of said at least one photovoltaic cell increases until reaching a so-called efficiency improvement temperature greater than or equal to 100°C; a second step of exposing said at least one photovoltaic cell to electromagnetic radiation, during which the temperature of said at least one photovoltaic cell is maintained between T s - 5 °C and T s + 5 °C, where T s is the yield enhancement temperature, the second exposure step having a duration greater than or equal to 5 s, preferably greater than or equal to 10 s; a step of cooling said at least one photovoltaic cell until reaching a temperature below 100°C.
- the second exposure step accomplished around the bonus temperature, improves the gain in cell yield at a high speed (we speak of kinetics of the yield gain) and also makes it possible to easily control the amplitude of the yield gain, since it is enough to adjust its duration according to the targeted yield gain.
- the treatment method according to the first aspect of the invention may present one or more complementary characteristics among the following, considered individually or in all technically possible combinations: the first exposure step is accomplished under conditions such that the temperature of said at least one photovoltaic cell increases at a speed greater than or equal to 1°C. s -1 , preferably greater than or equal to 2 °C.
- said at least one photovoltaic cell is cooled by thermal conduction during the cooling step by means of a temperature-regulated support or by forced convection; the step of cooling said at least one photovoltaic cell is accomplished under conditions such that the temperature of said at least one photovoltaic cell decreases at a speed greater than or equal to 1 °Cs -1 , preferably greater than or equal to 2 °C.
- said at least one photovoltaic cell is exposed to electromagnetic radiation during the cooling step, the electromagnetic radiation having an irradiance less than 1000 W/m 2 during the cooling step; the electromagnetic radiation has a first irradiance greater than or equal to 3 kW/m 2 during the first exposure step, preferably greater than or equal to 10 kW/m 2 ; the first irradiance is constant; the electromagnetic radiation has a second irradiance during the second exposure step, the second irradiance being less than or equal to the first irradiance; the second irradiance is reduced during the second exposure step, preferably in stages; the second exposure phase comprises several successive periods, the electromagnetic radiation has a constant irradiance during each period and decreasing between periods; several photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module are exposed simultaneously in the first and second exposure steps, and then cooled simultaneously in the cooling step; the second exposure step is immediately consecutive to the first exposure step; photovoltaic cells are silicon heterojunction cells; and each of the photovoltaic cells are silicon hetero
- a second aspect of the invention relates to equipment for the treatment of a photovoltaic module by light immersion, comprising a source of electromagnetic radiation, a cooling system and means configured to implement a treatment method according to the first aspect of the invention.
- the equipment according to the second aspect of the invention may have one or more complementary characteristics among the following, considered individually or in all technically possible combinations: the equipment further comprises a mobile support in translation relative to the radiation source and configured to transport several photovoltaic modules simultaneously; the equipment further comprises a control circuit configured to modulate at least one parameter of the cooling system and/or the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation as a function of the temperature of said at least one photovoltaic cell; the equipment further comprises a control circuit configured to modulate at least one parameter of the cooling system and/or the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation according to a predetermined profile; the cooling system comprises a plurality of nozzles capable of blowing air towards the photovoltaic module; the plurality of nozzles comprising a first group of nozzles oriented in a first direction and a second group of nozzles oriented in a second direction different from the first direction, the nozzles of the first group being directed towards a location of the
- Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an example of a heterojunction photovoltaic cell
- Figure 2 represents heating of a bare photovoltaic cell and a photovoltaic cell within a photovoltaic module during a constant irradiance treatment
- Figure 3 represents the temperature of a group of photovoltaic cells belonging to a photovoltaic module during a treatment method according to the invention
- Figure 4 represents the temperature of a group of photovoltaic cells belonging to a photovoltaic module during a variant of the treatment method according to the invention
- Figure 5 represents the temperature of the photovoltaic cells of two photovoltaic modules, one having been subjected to an example of a treatment process according to the invention and the other having been subjected to a treatment process according to the prior art
- Figure 6 illustrates the temporary cooling of a photovoltaic module, when this module is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of moderate
- Figure 2 represents the evolution of the temperature T of a bare photovoltaic cell and of a photovoltaic cell within a photovoltaic module, during an experimental treatment process by light immersion (commonly called “light-soaking”).
- the photovoltaic cell within the photovoltaic module is coated with an encapsulating material (here two sheets 650 pm thick in a polymer material close to EVA, marketed by the company MITSUI CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC under the reference SOLAR EVA TM) and placed between two protective plates (here a tempered glass plate and a multilayer base sheet or “backsheet” marketed by the company dnpSolar under the reference PV-BS VAPEW), unlike the bare photovoltaic cell.
- an encapsulating material here two sheets 650 pm thick in a polymer material close to EVA, marketed by the company MITSUI CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC under the reference SOLAR EVA TM
- two protective plates here a tempered glass plate and a multilayer base
- the light immersion treatment is accomplished under the same conditions for the two photovoltaic cells: the photovoltaic cells are exposed to electromagnetic radiation having an irradiance equal to 2 kW/m 2 .
- the source of the radiation is a halogen lamp.
- the two photovoltaic cells are identical (n-type SHJ cells with rear-facing emitter) and the temperature T is measured at the same location for both cells. This figure shows that the temperature of the photovoltaic cell within the module increases much more slowly than the temperature of the bare photovoltaic cell. This result may be counterintuitive to the extent that the photovoltaic cell of the module is surrounded by thermally insulating materials: the encapsulating material and the material(s) of the protective pads.
- the heat generated by the cell (by absorbing electromagnetic radiation) is more difficult to evacuate within the module than in the case of a bare cell, resulting in a more rapid rise in temperature.
- the slow rise in temperature of the cell within the module is explained by the fact that the other components of the module, namely the encapsulating material around the cell and the protective plates, delay the rise in temperature of the cell. cell, by absorbing the heat generated by the cell. In fact, the heat diffuses by conduction towards the encapsulating material and then the protective plates. In other words, the other components of the module act as thermal buffers.
- Treatment by light immersion improves the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell at an acceptable speed (from an industrialization point of view) only from the moment when it reaches a high temperature, from the point of view of of the order of 100°C.
- the slow rise in temperature of the photovoltaic cell within a module is therefore a handicap in obtaining a short processing time, compatible with the productivity requirements of the photovoltaic industry.
- the photovoltaic module comprises several photovoltaic cells electrically connected together (to form one or more chain of cells). These photovoltaic cells are coated with an encapsulating material, typically a polymer material such as ethylene vinyl acetate (or EVA), and placed between two protective plates, also called support plates.
- the protective plates form the front and rear faces of the photovoltaic module.
- the protective plates can be made of glass, a polymer material or a composite material. They can be single-layer or multi-layer like the backsheet usually used on the rear side.
- One of the protective plates (that forming the front face) is made of a material transparent to solar radiation (and to electromagnetic radiation emitted during the treatment process), for example glass.
- the other protective plate (that forming the rear face) is also made of a material transparent to solar radiation (e.g. glass).
- the other protective plate can be made of a material opaque to solar radiation.
- the encapsulating material is also transparent to solar radiation.
- the photovoltaic module processing method comprises exposing at least part of the photovoltaic module to electromagnetic radiation, with the aim of improving the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell or a group of photovoltaic cells.
- a group of photovoltaic cells comprises between 2 and N photovoltaic cells, N being the total number of photovoltaic cells in the module (for example equal to 72 or 144).
- the electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a radiation source towards the photovoltaic module. It passes through one of the protective plates and the encapsulating material, then is absorbed by the photovoltaic cells of the module.
- the radiation source is a device capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation with an irradiance greater than or equal to 3 kW/m 2 , preferably greater than or equal to 10 kW/m 2 .
- Irradiance also irradiance or surface density of light power, represents the power of electromagnetic radiation received by a unit area, this unit area being oriented perpendicular to the direction of the electromagnetic radiation.
- the electromagnetic radiation is preferably directed perpendicular to the surface of the photovoltaic module.
- the electromagnetic radiation can be monochromatic, that is to say present only one wavelength, or polychromatic, that is to say comprise several (monochromatic) components of different wavelengths.
- the electromagnetic radiation presents at least one wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm, preferably between 400 nm and 1100 nm, and advantageously between 800 nm and 1000 nm.
- Figure 3 is a graph of the temperature T of the group of photovoltaic cells as a function of time t, which illustrates the photovoltaic module processing method.
- the temperature T can be measured using a type K thermocouple placed between one of the photovoltaic cells in the group and the encapsulating material.
- the treatment method comprises three successive steps (or phases): a first step S1 of exposing the group of photovoltaic cells to electromagnetic radiation, during which the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells of the group increases until it reaches a temperature T s called yield enhancement; a second step S2 of exposing the group of photovoltaic cells to electromagnetic radiation, during which the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells of the group is maintained between T s - 5 °C and T s + 5 °C; and a step S3 of cooling the group of photovoltaic cells, during which the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells in the group decreases until it reaches a temperature below 100°C, for example ambient temperature (25°C).
- the bonus temperature T s is greater than or equal to 100° C., which is the temperature at which the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells begins to improve at a rate compatible with productivity requirements.
- the bonus temperature T s is also chosen at least 5°C lower than a threshold temperature Tmax beyond which the photovoltaic module is likely to be degraded (T s ⁇ Tmax - 5°C).
- This threshold temperature Tmax also called degradation temperature of the photovoltaic module depends on the materials that make up the photovoltaic module.
- the threshold temperature Tmax is imposed by the encapsulating material or the technique used to interconnect the photovoltaic cells of the module.
- the threshold temperature Tmax is equal to the highest low maximum temperatures allowable by the encapsulating material and interconnections.
- the threshold temperature Tmax can be between 120 °C and 220°C.
- the threshold temperature Tmax of a photovoltaic module can be determined in several ways.
- lV measurements or reliability tests (UV, DH, TC) of the module may show poorer performance (e.g. degraded efficiency) beyond a certain temperature. Opacification or yellowing of the encapsulating material can also be observed with the naked eye or via reflectivity measurements from a certain temperature. Delamination or separation of interconnects may also occur and be visible to the naked eye.
- the bonus temperature T s can be between 100°C (the temperature at which the treatment becomes effective) and 215°C (the maximum value of the threshold temperature Tmax minus 5°C).
- the first exposure step S1 aims to quickly heat the group of photovoltaic cells, in order to reach the bonus temperature T s in a very short period of time and thus shorten the total duration of the treatment.
- the first exposure step S1 is advantageously accomplished so that the temperature T of the cells increases at a speed greater than or equal to 1°C. s -1 , preferably greater than or equal to 2 °C. s -1 .
- the first exposure step S1 has a first duration di which can be between 3 s and 180 s, preferably between 5 s and 20 s.
- the initial temperature To of the photovoltaic cells can be the ambient temperature (25°C) or a temperature above ambient temperature.
- the treatment process can be accomplished immediately after the step of laminating the photovoltaic cells between sheets of encapsulating material and the protective plates. This step is generally accomplished at a temperature between 80°C and 160°C to soften the encapsulating material.
- the initial temperature To of the photovoltaic cells can be equal to the lamination temperature, between 80°C and 160°C. The higher the initial temperature To of the photovoltaic cells, the shorter the first duration di can be.
- the electromagnetic radiation has a first irradiance Ei which is advantageously greater than or equal to 3 kW/m 2 , even more advantageously greater than or equal to 10 kW/m 2 , and preferably between 30 kW/m 2 and 100 kW/m 2 .
- the first irradiance Ei is preferably constant throughout the first duration di of the first exposure step S1.
- the second exposure step S2 also called temperature maintenance step, makes it possible to achieve the desired gain in efficiency without risk of degrading the photovoltaic module (since the temperature remains substantially equal to the bonus temperature T s ) .
- It has a second duration d2 which can be easily adjusted according to the desired yield gain.
- the second duration d2 is greater than or equal to 5 s, preferably greater than or equal to 10 s.
- the enhancement temperature T s is advantageously chosen between [Tmax - 20 °C] and [T max - 5 °C].
- Active cooling can be achieved by forced convection, for example by blowing air onto the photovoltaic module.
- the blowing speed and/or the temperature of the blown air are adapted during the second exposure step S2 so as to compensate for the massive arrival of calories in the encapsulating material and the protective plates.
- Active cooling can also be achieved by bringing the module into contact with a temperature-regulated support (preferably a metal plate). The temperature of the support is reduced as the second exposure step S2 progresses.
- the electromagnetic radiation can present, during the second exposure step S2, a second irradiance E2 which is equal to the first irradiance E-i.
- Another possibility which can be combined with active cooling, consists of reducing the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation in order to compensate for the fact that the encapsulating material and the protective plates gradually heat up.
- the second irradiance E2 is then (strictly) lower than the first irradiance E-i.
- the second irradiance E2 is preferably reduced in stages during the second exposure step S2.
- the second exposure step S2 then comprises several successive periods, the electromagnetic radiation presenting a constant irradiance during each period and decreasing between periods.
- the second exposure step S2 can be immediately consecutive to the first exposure step S1, as shown in Figure 3. In other words, the second exposure step S2 begins at the instant when the exposure ends. first exposure stage S1. There is then no interruption of exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
- the second exposure step S2 can be separated from the first exposure step S1 by a so-called stabilization phase S1', during which the temperature of the photovoltaic cells (briefly) exceeds the temperature [T s + 5 °C].
- This stabilization phase S1 ' can correspond to the period of time necessary for the other components (encapsulating material and protective plates) of the module to absorb the excess heat generated by the photovoltaic cells (and for the cooling system to fully produce its effects, the optionally).
- the stabilization phase S1' does not harm the components of the photovoltaic module in the case where the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells becomes higher than the threshold temperature Tmax.
- the photovoltaic cells are advantageously exposed to electromagnetic radiation during the stabilization phase S1 ', in order to continue improving the efficiency during this period of time and finally shorten the total duration of the treatment.
- the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation during the stabilization phase S1 ' can be equal to the irradiance (E2) of the electromagnetic radiation at the start of the second exposure stage S2.
- the gain in yield obtained during the two exposure stages S1 -S2 can be partly lost (we speak of destabilization of the gain) if the photovoltaic cells are kept for a prolonged period (several minutes) in the dark and at high temperature (>100°C).
- the cooling of photovoltaic cells within a module is particularly slow because of the thermal inertia of the module.
- the cooling step S3 of the group of photovoltaic cells is advantageously accomplished under conditions such that the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells decreases at a rate greater than or equal to 1 °C. s -1 , preferably greater than or equal to 2 °C. s -1 .
- an active cooling system can be used.
- this cooling system may include a temperature-regulated support on which the module is placed and/or a device for air blowing (including, for example, nozzles).
- the photovoltaic cells are then cooled by thermal conduction or forced convection.
- the cooling step S3 has a third duration ds which can be between 5 s and 180 s, preferably between 10 s and 30 s.
- the group of photovoltaic cells is exposed to electromagnetic radiation during the cooling step S3, preferably at least until the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells become below 100°C.
- the electromagnetic radiation has a third irradiance E3 less than 1000 W/m 2 during the cooling stage. In other words, the cooling is advantageously accomplished under residual illumination.
- the photovoltaic module treatment method is advantageously applied at the end of the lamination step, before the installation of a frame around the module (commonly called “laminate” at this stage manufacturing) and a junction box.
- the frame typically made of aluminum
- the first exposure phase S1 is the most likely to affect the mechanical properties of the module (thermal shock), especially if it is accomplished on a module at room temperature.
- the module is still hot and thermal expansion constraints are reduced.
- step S3 The group of cells exposed simultaneously to electromagnetic radiation (steps S1 -S2) then cooled simultaneously (step S3) can include all the photovoltaic cells of the module.
- the processing method of Figure 3 or 4 is then accomplished only once per module.
- the photovoltaic cells of the module can be silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells.
- a silicon heterojunction cell comprises in particular a substrate made of crystalline silicon and at least one passivation layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon arranged on one face of the substrate.
- each photovoltaic cell of the module is of the type shown in Figure 1 and comprises: a substrate 11 made of crystalline silicon, n or p doped; a first passivation layer 14 of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (and preferably intrinsic) placed on the first face 1 1 a of the substrate 1 1; a first layer of amorphous silicon 12, placed on the first passivation layer 14 and doped with a first type of conductivity; a first layer of transparent conductive oxide 15 placed on the first layer doped with amorphous silicon 12; a second passivation layer 14 of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (and preferably intrinsic) placed on the second face 11b of the substrate 11; a second layer of amorphous silicon 13, placed on the second passivation layer 14 and doped with a second type of conductivity opposite to the first type of conductivity; and a second layer of transparent conductive oxide 15 placed on the second layer doped with amorphous silicon 13.
- Such an architecture of photo voltaic cell with silicon heterojunction is described as asymmetric because of the two layers of amorphous silicon 12-13 doped with opposite types of conductivity and arranged on either side of the substrate 11.
- the amorphous silicon of the first doped layer 12 and/or the second doped layer 13 is preferably hydrogenated.
- One of the amorphous silicon layers 12-13 is n-doped and constitutes an electron-collecting layer, while the other of the amorphous silicon layers 12-13 is p-doped and constitutes a hole-collecting layer.
- the doped amorphous silicon layers 12-13 can be replaced by n- and p-doped nanocrystalline silicon layers.
- Nanocrystalline silicon refers to amorphous silicon containing silicon nanocrystals, the size of the nanocrystals being between 1 nm and 100 nm.
- the photovoltaic cells of the module can be cells with silicon heterojunction and interdigitated rear contacts (or IBC-HET) or so-called “tandem” cells.
- a tandem cell includes a silicon heterojunction subcell and a perovskite subcell.
- first exposure step S1 (called temperature rise): irradiance Ei equal to 48 kW/m 2 for a duration ( di) equal to 12 s: second exposure stage S2 (called temperature maintenance) divided into 6 levels of constant irradiance, without cooling: irradiance E2 equal to 29 kW/m 2 for a duration equal to 4 s; irradiance E2 equal to 19 kW/m 2 for a duration equal to 13 s; irradiance E2 equal to 14.5 kW/m 2 for a duration equal to 12 s; irradiance E2 equal to 9.5 kW/m 2 for a duration equal to 20 s; irradiance E2 equal to 7 kW/m 2 for a duration equal to 40 s; irradiance E2 equal to 6 kW/
- the total duration of the first and second exposure stages S1 -S2 is therefore 240 s, or 4 min.
- the target bonus temperature is equal to 150°C.
- Electromagnetic radiation has two distinct wavelengths: 950 nm (70% of the irradiance) and 450 nm (remaining 30%).
- the photovoltaic modules are initially at room temperature (25°C).
- a second series of photovoltaic modules (identical to those of the first series) is subjected to a treatment process classic comprising a single exposure step, lasting 7 min at an irradiance of 7 kW/m 2 , and a cooling step identical to that of the example.
- the photovoltaic modules of the first and second series are constructed in the same way as the single-cell module described in relation to Figure 2 (encapsulant, protective plates, cell type, etc.). Each series includes three modules.
- Figure 5 shows the temperature profiles T of a photovoltaic cell within a module of the first series (therefore subjected to steps S1 -S3 of the method according to the invention) and of a photovoltaic cell within a module from the second series (classic process at 7 kW/m 2 for 7 min).
- the temperature T is measured using a thermocouple placed between the photovoltaic cell and the encapsulant on the rear face (before the lamination step).
- the bonus temperature T is reached much more quickly in the case of the first series of modules. Furthermore, in the temperature profile of the first series of modules, we can clearly distinguish the temperature plateau T «T S , corresponding to the second exposure stage S2. The temperature profile of the second series of modules is, on the contrary, devoid of such a plateau.
- Figure 6 represents the temperature profile T of a photovoltaic cell within another module (but identical to those of the first series and the second series) when an irradiance constant and equal to 6 kW/ m 2 (i.e. that of the last level) is used during the second exposure phase S2.
- the irradiance value 6 kW/m 2 corresponds to the value necessary to obtain in steady state a temperature T equal to 150 °C. Due to the massive transport of heat from the cell towards the encapsulating material and the protective plates (which are still relatively cold at the end of the first exposure step S1, symbolized by the vertical line), the temperature T of the cell shows a sharp drop at the start of the second exposure phase S2 before gradually increasing towards the value of 150°C.
- Figure 7 represents the yield gains obtained in the example of the treatment method according to the invention (1st series of modules) and those obtained thanks to the conventional treatment method (2nd series of modules). While the treatment method according to the invention is shorter (4 minutes compared to 7 minutes), it provides (on average) greater gains in yield.
- Figure 8 represents a preferred embodiment of equipment 1 making it possible to implement the light immersion treatment method of Figure 3 or Figure 4.
- the equipment 100 includes a magnetic radiation source 110 and a cooling system 120.
- the radiation source 1 10 is configured (or programmed) to emit electromagnetic radiation 20 at least during the first and second exposure steps S1 -S2, and advantageously during the cooling step S3 (cooling under illumination residual). It is dimensioned to illuminate at least part of a photovoltaic module 30, and preferably an entire photovoltaic module 30.
- the radiation source 110 may comprise a matrix of lasers or a matrix of light-emitting diodes (organic or not). Alternatively, it may include one or more lamps, for example of the halogen or xenon type.
- the radiation source 1 10 is equipped with a variator making it possible to vary the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation 20.
- the cooling system 120 is configured to cool the photovoltaic module 30 during the cooling step S3, and potentially during the second exposure phase S2 (temperature maintenance phase). It may comprise one or more nozzles capable of blowing air towards the photovoltaic module 30.
- the cooling system 120 may in particular comprise a first group of nozzles oriented in a first direction and a second group of nozzles oriented in a second direction different from the first direction.
- the nozzles of the first group are advantageously directed towards the location of the module when the latter is subjected to the second exposure step S2 (otherwise facing the radiation source 110).
- the buzzards of the second group are advantageously directed towards replacement planned to accomplish the cooling step S3.
- the equipment 100 further comprises a support 130 configured to receive one or more photovoltaic modules 30 to be processed.
- the radiation source 110 is placed opposite the support 130.
- the support 130 is movable in translation relative to the radiation source 110 and capable of transporting several photovoltaic modules 30 simultaneously.
- the support 130 is for example a conveyor capable of moving the photovoltaic modules 30 facing the radiation source 110 and, advantageously, at least part of the cooling system 120.
- a first photovoltaic module 30 can be exposed to electromagnetic radiation 20 (exposure steps S1 -S2) while a second photovoltaic module 30 is cooled (cooling step S3) (see Fig.8).
- the photovoltaic modules 30 can be stopped one after the other at a station where all the steps S1 -S3 are carried out with a module without moving it.
- At least part of the support 130 can be regulated in temperature (for example by integrating one or more metal plates into the conveyor belt) and thus participate in cooling. It can be considered that this part of the support 130 also belongs to the cooling system 120.
- the equipment 100 further comprises a control (or piloting) circuit 140 of the radiation source 110 and/or the cooling system 120.
- the control circuit 140 is advantageously configured (or programmed) to modulate the irradiance of the electromagnetic radiation 20 as a function of the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells within the module 30 being processed. It can also be configured to modulate one or more cooling parameter(s), such as the temperature Tair and the speed Vair of the blown air, as a function of the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells.
- the control circuit 140 is for example a microcontroller.
- the radiation source 110 and/or the cooling system 120 are advantageously controlled by the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells by means of a regulation loop (comprising for example a PID regulator).
- the equipment 100 then advantageously comprises a sensor of the temperature T of the photovoltaic cells, for example in the form of a pyrometer. This sensor communicates with the control circuit 140 in order to deliver the temperature measurement.
- An alternative for controlling the radiation source 1 10 or the cooling system 120 consists of following an irradiance profile and/or at least one cooling parameter profile (air speed, temperature of the 'air%), established previously using a reference photovoltaic module (test module) in which a thermocouple (or any other temperature sensor) has been intentionally introduced and placed in contact with the photovoltaic cells.
- the profile(s) are advantageously recorded in a memory of the control circuit 140.
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Exposure And Positioning Against Photoresist Photosensitive Materials (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2206003A FR3136892B1 (fr) | 2022-06-20 | 2022-06-20 | Procédé de traitement d’un module photovoltaïque par immersion de lumière |
| PCT/EP2023/066484 WO2023247451A1 (fr) | 2022-06-20 | 2023-06-19 | Procédé de traitement d'un module photovoltaïque par immersion de lumière |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4540869A1 true EP4540869A1 (fr) | 2025-04-23 |
Family
ID=82942546
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23733343.0A Pending EP4540869A1 (fr) | 2022-06-20 | 2023-06-19 | Procédé de traitement d'un module photovoltaïque par immersion de lumière |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250374705A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4540869A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3136892B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023247451A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9202964B2 (en) * | 2010-03-01 | 2015-12-01 | First Solar, Inc. | System and method for photovoltaic device temperature control while conditioning a photovoltaic device |
| CN107408497B (zh) * | 2015-03-13 | 2021-05-18 | 新南创新私人有限公司 | 加速掺杂硅中缺陷形成、稳定电池性能、制造电池的方法和电池 |
| CN110416357A (zh) * | 2019-07-11 | 2019-11-05 | 苏州迈正科技有限公司 | 一种异质结电池氢钝化方法、氢钝化装置、电池、电池组件及太阳能供电站 |
| FR3099294B1 (fr) | 2019-07-26 | 2021-07-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procédé de traitement d’un precurseur de cellule photovoltaïque a hétérojonction |
| FR3113190B1 (fr) * | 2020-07-29 | 2023-01-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procédé de traitement d'un précurseur de cellule photovoltaïque à hétérojonction |
-
2022
- 2022-06-20 FR FR2206003A patent/FR3136892B1/fr active Active
-
2023
- 2023-06-19 WO PCT/EP2023/066484 patent/WO2023247451A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-06-19 US US18/877,532 patent/US20250374705A1/en active Pending
- 2023-06-19 EP EP23733343.0A patent/EP4540869A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20250374705A1 (en) | 2025-12-04 |
| FR3136892A1 (fr) | 2023-12-22 |
| WO2023247451A1 (fr) | 2023-12-28 |
| FR3136892B1 (fr) | 2025-01-03 |
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