EP4479741A1 - Methode de determination d'un parametre d'une composition d'origine naturelle permettant de determiner le traitement d'elimination en heteroatomes le plus approprie de cette composition - Google Patents
Methode de determination d'un parametre d'une composition d'origine naturelle permettant de determiner le traitement d'elimination en heteroatomes le plus approprie de cette compositionInfo
- Publication number
- EP4479741A1 EP4479741A1 EP23709243.2A EP23709243A EP4479741A1 EP 4479741 A1 EP4479741 A1 EP 4479741A1 EP 23709243 A EP23709243 A EP 23709243A EP 4479741 A1 EP4479741 A1 EP 4479741A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- heteroatom
- treatment
- content
- neutral
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/50—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/006—Refining fats or fatty oils by extraction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/02—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction
- C11B3/04—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction with acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/02—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction
- C11B3/06—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction with bases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/12—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by hydrogenation
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING A PARAMETER OF A COMPOSITION OF NATURAL ORIGIN TO DETERMINE THE MOST APPROPRIATE HETEROATOM ELIMINATION TREATMENT OF THIS COMPOSITION
- the present invention relates to a method for determining a parameter representative of the quality of a composition of natural origin, this parameter making it possible to determine the most appropriate heteroatom elimination treatment for treating this composition, in particular with a view to its processing for the manufacture of renewable fuels, in particular of the diesel and/or aviation fuel type (in particular sustainable aviation fuels or SAF: “Sustainable Aviation Fuel”).
- the invention also relates to a sequence of processes for treating this type of composition, in particular to manufacture a renewable fuel.
- biodiesel and fuel derived from the hydrotreatment of oils of natural origin.
- Biodiesel is currently produced by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol, producing methyl ester and glycerol in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous basic catalyst.
- Triglycerides come from oils of natural origin.
- renewable fuels are produced by hydrodeoxygenation of oils of natural origin, generally followed by an isomerization stage making it possible to improve the cold properties of the fuel, and optionally by a fractionation stage.
- the hydrodeoxygenation and isomerization stages are also carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
- Oils of natural origin commonly used to make renewable fuels are animal fats and oils, various seed oils, soy, rapeseed, palm, seed oils that have been collected after being used to prepare food , commonly referred to as waste cooking oils (UCO), or algal oils or oils from nut shells, including cashew shell oils.
- UOU waste cooking oils
- algal oils or oils from nut shells including cashew shell oils.
- oils and fats may however contain high levels of pollutants (phospholipids, phosphate salts, gums, metals, sulphur, ashes, water, pigments and other undesirable materials) likely to have a deleterious effect on subsequent treatments, with for example deactivation of catalysts from downstream processes, corrosion, fouling, etc. It is therefore necessary to pre-treat them in order to eliminate all or part of these harmful effects.
- pollutants phospholipids, phosphate salts, gums, metals, sulphur, ashes, water, pigments and other undesirable materials
- fats and oils of natural origin and UCO are usually pretreated by well-known chemical and physical processes, similar to those implemented for the treatment of edible oils, such as degumming ( degumming), neutralization with an alkaline (usually NaOH) or acid (e.g. citric acid) solution bleaching, finishing or polishing, steam treatment , etc.
- degumming degumming
- acid e.g. citric acid
- Document US2019338219A1 thus describes a biodiesel production process comprising a pretreatment step before esterification.
- the pretreatment is chosen according to the fatty acid content of the feed. It can be chemical refining with addition of a basic compound followed by centrifugation then bleaching and polishing, or degumming with addition of a compound basic also followed by centrifugation then bleaching and polishing, or only bleaching and polishing.
- the centrifugation step makes it possible to eliminate the aqueous phase, the polar or hydratable compounds and the solids.
- the bleaching step (by heating or adding bleach) removes solids, residual soaps, moisture and other impurities.
- the polishing step removes residual solids by filtration. If fatty acids still remain, they can be removed either by stripping (or deacidification) or converted by esterification before the trans-esterification reaction.
- the biodiesel produced is then again subjected to purification by filtration.
- Document US2019031964A1 also discloses a purification process which makes it possible to significantly reduce sulfur, metals and other impurities in renewable oils.
- the oil is first mixed with an aqueous solution of citric acid at 60°C, then subjected to centrifugation to remove gums and finally treated with a mixture containing water, a long chain ester compound hydrotreated and a phosphate derivative at at least 100°C for 10 minutes, then the temperature is increased to 120°C-130°C for 30 to 90 minutes.
- the mixture is then cooled and again centrifuged.
- compositions of natural origin comprising lipids and heteroatoms, in particular at least one heteroatom chosen from nitrogen and phosphorus.
- heteroatoms are typically in the form of organic compounds.
- the Applicant has discovered that, surprisingly, the ratio of the total heteroatom content present in hydratable compounds at neutral pH to the total content of this heteroatom, in particular when the heteroatom is phosphorus or nitrogen, makes it possible to characterize the quality of a composition of natural origin containing lipids, and in particular its ability to be treated effectively by a treatment for the elimination of heteroatoms.
- the object of the present invention is to propose a method for determining a parameter representative of the quality of a composition of natural origin containing lipids, making it possible in particular to determine its ability to be treated by a treatment for the elimination of heteroatoms in order to achieve a target heteroatom content or less than a target value efficiently and inexpensively.
- This parameter can be used to determine which treatment for the elimination of heteroatoms can be applied to a composition of oil of natural origin containing lipids in order to reach a target content of heteroatoms, in particular of phosphorus and/or nitrogen.
- the parameter can also be used in a process for reducing the content of heteroatoms in a composition of natural origin containing lipids, in particular a process for reducing the content of heteroatoms
- a first object of the invention relates to a method for determining a parameter representative of the quality of a composition of natural origin comprising heteroatoms and lipids chosen from phenolic lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, di- glycerides, mono-glycerides, phospholipids, fatty acid esters and/or a mixture of two or more of these compounds, the method comprising:
- (C) the determination as a parameter representative of the quality of the composition of the ratio of the total content of the at least one heteroatom present in the compounds of this heteroatom hydratable at neutral pH identified on the total content of the composition of this heteroatom, this ratio being determined for phosphorus, for nitrogen or for each of these two heteroatoms.
- step (B) can be carried out by means of an analysis technique chosen from NMR, mass spectroscopy, ion chromatography, liquid phase chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS ), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).
- an analysis technique chosen from NMR, mass spectroscopy, ion chromatography, liquid phase chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS ), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).
- step (A) can be carried out by elementary analysis, typically by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or else by ICP (in particular according to the UOP 389 standard), although other methods are possible (NMR, HPTLC ,).
- XRF X-ray fluorescence
- ICP in particular according to the UOP 389 standard
- the total contents can be contents by mass, for example expressed in ppm, or concentrations, for example a molar or other concentration.
- a chelating agent for example of the EDTA or other type
- the hydratable nitrogen or phosphorus compounds at neutral pH that one wishes to identify and whose P and/or N content one wishes to quantify are compounds whose structure and potential presence are known, for example following to a preliminary analysis of the composition.
- composition of natural origin used in the present invention is a composition comprising heteroatoms and lipids chosen from phenolic lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, di-glycerides, mono-glycerides, phospholipids, esters of fatty acids and/or a mixture of two or more of these compounds.
- This composition may comprise, or consist of, an oil of natural origin or a mixture of natural oils.
- An oil of natural origin is defined as an oil that does not contain mineral oil of fossil origin.
- composition according to the invention may contain one or more oils of natural origin chosen from a vegetable oil, an animal oil or fat, a waste oil, an oil produced by microorganisms, esters resulting from the trans-esterification of esters of fatty acids contained in one or more of these oils, as well as mixtures thereof.
- oils of natural origin chosen from a vegetable oil, an animal oil or fat, a waste oil, an oil produced by microorganisms, esters resulting from the trans-esterification of esters of fatty acids contained in one or more of these oils, as well as mixtures thereof.
- an oil of natural origin may contain 50%m or more, 60%m or more, preferably 70%m or more, of phenolic lipids, fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters (mono- , di-, triglycerides, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters).
- An oil of natural origin may contain 50%m or more of fatty acid esters (mono-, di-, triglycerides, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters) and/or fatty acids , preferably 60% m or more, preferably 70% m or more.
- fatty acid esters mono-, di-, triglycerides, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters
- fatty acids preferably 60% m or more, preferably 70% m or more.
- an oil of natural origin or a mixture of oils of natural origin can contain fatty acid esters and free fatty acids, containing one to three C8-C24 acyl groups, saturated or unsaturated. When more than one acyl group is present, they may be the same or different.
- compositions resulting from the trans-esterification of the fatty acid esters contained in these oils can also form part of the compositions of natural origin considered in the present invention.
- An oil of natural origin may contain 50 wt% or more, preferably 60 wt% or more, preferably 70 wt% or more, of phenolic lipids.
- phenolic lipids include in particular the compounds represented by formula (1):
- R is a C10-C30, optionally C12-C20, for example C15, linear chain alkyl group, saturated or not, substituted or not by heteroatoms chosen from O, N or S,
- R 1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl group
- R 2 is hydrogen, a carboxylic group or an ester
- R 3 is hydrogen
- the oil of natural origin may in particular comprise one or more of the following phenolic lipids: alkylated phenols whose alkyl group is linear chain C10-C30, optionally C12-C20, for example C15, saturated or not, substituted or not by heteroatoms chosen from O, N or S, alkylresorcinols in which the alkyl group is linear chain C10-C30, optionally C12-C20, for example C15, saturated or not, substituted or not by chosen heteroatoms from O, N or S, anacardic acids, the alkyl group of which is linear chain C10-C30, optionally C12-C20, for example C15, saturated or not, substituted or not by heteroatoms chosen from O, N or S.
- alkylated phenols whose alkyl group is linear chain C10-C30, optionally C12-C20, for example C15, saturated or not, substituted or not by heteroatoms chosen from O, N or S
- Vegetable oil can be selected from pine oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, babasu oil , hemp oil, linola oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, mustard oil, carinata oil, walnut oil coconut oil, copra oil, olive oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, pumpkin, grapeseed oil, argan oil, jojoba oil, sesame oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, chinawood oil, l rice oil, safflower oil, algal oil, waste oils, tree nut shell oil (including cashew nut shell oil), and any combination thereof this.
- Waste oil includes used cooking oils (used food oils) and oils recovered from waste water, such as trap and drain grease/oils, gutter oils, sewage oils, e.g. water treatment plants, and used fats from the food industry.
- the animal fat can be selected from tallow, lard, fat (yellow and brown fat), fish oil/fat, milk fat.
- the oil of natural origin can also be an oil produced by microorganisms, natural or genetically modified, such as bacteria, yeasts, in particular oleaginous yeasts, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
- these oils can be recovered by well-known mechanical or chemical extraction methods.
- the aforementioned naturally occurring oils most of which are rich in triglycerides or phenolic lipids, additionally contain varying amounts of components such as free fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, and/or many other organic components. and inorganic substances, including phosphatides, sterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, hydrocarbons, pigments (gossypol, chlorophyll), vitamins (carotenoids), glucoside sterols, glycolipids, protein fragments, traces of pesticides and traces of metals, as well as resinous and mucilaginous materials.
- certain compounds in particular those which contain heteroatoms, are pollutants which it is preferable to eliminate at least in part before a subsequent treatment.
- the renewable oil composition according to the invention thus typically comprises heteroatoms including in particular phosphorus and/or nitrogen.
- These heteroatoms are generally in the form of organic compounds, in particular in the form of lipids.
- the phosphorus content of the composition of natural origin can be 20ppm or more or 50ppm or more, for example from 50ppm to 1500 ppm, or from 200ppm to 1200ppm, measured for example by X-ray fluorescence or ICP by the UOP 389 method. .
- the nitrogen content of the composition of natural origin can be 50ppm or more, for example from 50ppm to 1200ppm or from 200ppm to 2000ppm, measured for example by X-ray fluorescence.
- composition of natural origin may also comprise one or more other heteroatoms such as alkali metals, in particular potassium, alkaline-earth metals, and/or chlorine.
- alkali metals in particular potassium, alkaline-earth metals, and/or chlorine.
- the content of these heteroatoms may vary depending on the constituents of the composition. It can be determined by an elementary analysis of the X-ray fluorescence type or by ICP.
- the phosphorus may in particular be present in the form of phosphatides, the most common of which are phosphatic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphate salts. As these compounds are often charged due to their low (phosphate group) or high (amino group) pKa, they may also contain alkaline or alkaline earth elements or absorb metal cations such as copper or iron.
- FIG. 3 represents the different forms of these phospholipids in water as a function of the pH
- the group R represents a di-glyceride.
- phosphatidylcholine (denoted PC) and phosphatidylinositol (denoted PI) are hydratable whatever the pH
- phosphatidylethanolamine (denoted PE) is hydratable at pH 2-3
- phosphatic acid (denoted PA) is hydratable for pH above 4 if it is not chelated by cations present in the mixture, in which case it will remain in the organic phase.
- hydratable compound is meant a compound that is at least partially soluble in water. This solubility can depend on the pH, as explained above.
- a compound is considered to be at least partially soluble in water at neutral pH when at least 40% m of this compound is dissolved, in particular under the temperature conditions of the treatment implemented.
- the temperature conditions of the treatment implemented are in particular those of washing with water at neutral pH described below.
- Phosphorus compounds hydratable at neutral pH include the hydratable phosphate salts, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylglycerol.
- Nitrogen is present in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. It can also be present in the composition of natural origin in the form of chlorophyll, protein residues, fatty amines, ...
- Nitrogen compounds hydratable at neutral pH include phosphatidylcholine and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylinositol.
- the invention is however not limited to these compounds, and it will be possible in particular to take into account all the identifiable compounds which are hydratable at neutral pH.
- the hydratable compounds in order to identify and quantify the hydratable compounds at neutral pH, it will be possible to carry out an analysis of the composition to be treated so as to identify the organic compounds containing phosphorus and/or nitrogen, isolate these compounds and proceed to tests of solubility in water, in particular at different pH under the temperature conditions of the treatment implemented.
- the identification of the compounds may in particular be carried out by means of the techniques mentioned above (NMR, mass spectroscopy, ion chromatography, liquid phase chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and high-performance thin layer chromatography).
- Another object of the invention relates to a method for determining the heteroatom elimination treatment to be applied to an oil composition of natural origin, comprising heteroatoms and lipids chosen from phenolic lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides , di-glycerides, mono-glycerides, phospholipids, fatty acid esters and/or a mixture of two or more of these compounds, to reach a target content of at least one heteroatom, in particular phosphorus and/or nitrogen.
- the method according to the invention comprises:
- the treatment in particular the treatment having the fewest steps, making it possible to obtain a target content of heteroatoms, in particular of P and/or N.
- the treatment thus makes it possible to reach this target content whatever the initial phosphorus and/or nitrogen content of the composition.
- step (a) the parameter representative of the quality of the composition for phosphorus, the parameter representative of the quality of the composition for nitrogen, or the two parameters, and the database or the model used in step (c) are then configured to provide an estimate of a phosphorus content, a nitrogen content, or both, at the output of each treatment (ii) to (iv) as a function of a content of this heteroatom at the treatment input equal to the residual content.
- steps (a) to (c) can advantageously be repeated by diluting said composition of natural origin with another composition of natural origin, in particular a composition having a parameter representative of its quality that is higher than that of said composition. (for example previously determined by the determination method according to the invention).
- the database and/or the model can be configured to provide an estimate of the contents of the at least one heteroatom at the output of said treatment obtained for different operating conditions of each treatment (i) to (iv) and during the step (c), it is then possible to choose a treatment and the operating conditions of this treatment for which the estimated output content is less than or equal to the target content, and optionally for which the number of treatment steps is the lowest and/or for which the amount of reagent used is the lowest. It is thus possible to optimize the treatment conditions for each load to be treated, which makes it possible in particular to reduce the quantities of reagents used, and therefore the costs.
- the determination method according to the invention can in particular be used for a composition of natural origin as defined above.
- the database or the model used in the present method are thus configured to provide estimates of heteroatom contents (at least in P and/or N) at the output of a treatment. They can be established beforehand by means of tests during which compositions of natural origin are subjected to each of the treatments (i) to (iv). It will thus be possible to measure for each test and each type of treatment, optionally for different operating conditions of each treatment:
- the determination method according to the invention may further comprise a step (d) of treatment of said composition, in which the latter is subjected to the treatment chosen in step (c) and an original composition is recovered natural having a reduced content of at least one heteroatom, in particular of at least one heteroatom chosen from phosphorus and nitrogen, and advantageously of at least one other heteroatom, in particular chosen from metals, alkali metals, alkaline earths and chlorine.
- composition thus treated can then be subjected to a hydrotreatment step, optionally in a mixture with hydrocarbons of fossil origin, then advantageously to an isomerization step, in order to produce a renewable fuel, in particular of the diesel type.
- composition thus treated can be subjected to a trans-esterification or esterification step to produce a fuel of the biodiesel type.
- the steps of the elimination treatments (i) to (iv) as well as the hydrotreatment step can be as described below with reference to the process for reducing the heteroatom content of a composition of natural origin according to the 'invention.
- the invention also relates to a process for reducing the heteroatom content of a composition of natural origin comprising heteroatoms and lipids chosen from phenolic lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, di-glycerides, mono -glycerides, phospholipids, fatty acid esters and/or a mixture of two or more of these compounds, in particular as defined above.
- the method comprises:
- (E1) a step for determining the heteroatom elimination treatment to be applied to the composition of natural origin to reach a target content of at least one heteroatom, by means of the determination method according to the invention
- step (E2) a step during which said composition of natural origin is subjected to the treatment determined in step (E1).
- the method comprises:
- the composition of natural origin has a parameter representative of the quality of the composition, determined beforehand by means of the determination method according to the invention, which is greater than or equal to a threshold beyond which the effectiveness of the step elimination is sufficient to reduce the content of heteroatoms of said composition to a target content or below a target content.
- threshold values of the parameter can be determined beforehand from a database identical to that previously described, for example by a statistical processing of the data of the database and/or by means of a model such as previously described.
- Each of the four treatments (i) to (iv) that can be envisaged comprises a step of washing with water at neutral pH, which can be followed, depending on the treatment, by a step for eliminating non-hydratable compounds and/or a step for eliminating hydratable compounds at a pH other than a neutral pH. Each of these steps is detailed below.
- the reduction process can also comprise a hydrotreatment step (E3) of the product directly resulting from step (E2) or (E′2).
- washing with water at neutral pH of said composition of natural origin makes it possible to significantly reduce the content of heteroatoms, in particular heteroatoms chosen from phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine, alkali metals, alkaline-earths , in particular it makes it possible to eliminate the compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus contained in compounds of these atoms hydratable at neutral pH.
- heteroatoms in particular heteroatoms chosen from phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine, alkali metals, alkaline-earths , in particular it makes it possible to eliminate the compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus contained in compounds of these atoms hydratable at neutral pH.
- This step of washing with water is carried out with water at neutral pH, in other words without adding any chemical product (acid or alkaline) aimed at modifying the pH. It is typically a washing with demineralised water. This washing is generally carried out with agitation to promote contact between the water and the oil.
- this washing may be sufficient to eliminate all, or almost all, of these heteroatoms without having to carry out other treatments for removing heteroatoms such as the additional removal steps provided for in treatments (ii) to (iv).
- this washing with water is carried out at atmospheric pressure, at a temperature ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature at which the composition is liquid. This temperature may be determined as a function of the pour point of the composition. It may be greater than 50°C, for example from 50°C to 100°C.
- This washing step is typically carried out by bringing the composition into contact with water at neutral pH followed by separation of the oily and aqueous phases, the recovered oily phase forming a composition having a reduced content of hydratable compounds at neutral pH. . This contacting can be repeated one or more times. After each bringing into contact, the oily phase and the aqueous phase are then separated, and the separated oily phase is brought into contact again with water at neutral pH or recovered. This separation can be carried out by means of any usual separation technique.
- This washing may in particular be carried out by bringing the composition into contact with water at neutral pH, preferably with stirring, for a time sufficient to mix the two phases, for example for a time of 15 minutes to 1 hour.
- the water/composition mass ratio can be from 1:99 to 10:90. Small amounts of water are in fact sufficient to significantly lower the content of heteroatoms.
- This washing step can be carried out in a specific enclosure, dedicated to this step. It is possible, for example, to use an enclosure having a water/oil mixing device (recirculation pump with injection of water upstream of the pump, stirring device, etc.).
- a water/oil mixing device recirculation pump with injection of water upstream of the pump, stirring device, etc.
- the washing step can also be implemented in an enclosure chosen from a storage tank, a desalting capacity, a tank, in particular a separator tank of the water/oil type.
- the washing can advantageously be carried out in an already existing enclosure of a processing unit.
- the product resulting from the washing step is recovered in the usual manner by a water/oil separation technique, for example by centrifugation and/or decantation and/or with application of an electric field.
- a water/oil separation technique for example by centrifugation and/or decantation and/or with application of an electric field.
- decantation it can be carried out in the same enclosure as that used for washing.
- the product recovered, in particular directly, at the end of this washing step can either constitute a refined composition, in particular a refined oil which can then be subjected directly to a hydrotreatment step, or a partially refined oil, which can be subjected then directly either to a step for eliminating hydratable compounds at a pH other than a neutral pH then to a step for eliminating non-hydratable compounds, or only to a step for eliminating non-hydratable compounds, before a subsequent step such as hydrotreating.
- this step makes it possible to eliminate the hydratable compounds, in particular phosphorus, nitrogen and metals, and part of the chlorine, which were not eliminated during the step of washing with water at pH neutral.
- This elimination step may comprise one or more treatments chosen, for example, from a degumming treatment in an acid or basic medium and a cavitation treatment, each treatment being followed by a step for separating the oily and aqueous phases, the oily phase recovered forming a composition having a reduced content of hydratable compounds at a pH other than a neutral pH.
- This separation can be carried out by means of any usual separation technique.
- the degumming treatment can be a water degumming treatment during which the oil to be treated is typically heated to 60-70°C, water containing a basic compound (for example NaOH) or acid (for example citric or phosphoric acid) is added and mixed for about 30 minutes, then the hydrated gums are separated by centrifugation and the degummed oil is dried under vacuum.
- a basic compound for example NaOH
- acid for example citric or phosphoric acid
- This process often involves adding live steam to the product to be treated for a short time.
- the appropriate amount of water normally represents about 75% by weight of the phosphatide content of the oil to be treated. Too little water produces dark viscous gums, while too much water causes excessive loss of oil by hydrolysis.
- a water-degummed oil generally still contains phosphatides (between 50 and 200 ppm by mass).
- the degumming treatment may be an acid treatment in which the oil to be treated is typically heated to 60-70°C, and a water-acid mixture is added and mixed for about 30 minutes. Typically phosphoric acid or citric acid is used.
- the degumming treatment may be an enzymatic degumming treatment in which an enzyme, for example phospholipase Al, the newer degumming enzyme, converts phospholipids into lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. This process involves three important steps:
- the oil to be enzymatically degummed in this way can be raw or previously degummed with water.
- the lipid handbook (edited by Frank D. Gunstone, John L. Harwood, Albert J. Dijkstra. 3rd ed.) describes many variations and details of degumming treatments.
- the treatment can be a cavitation treatment, and in particular by hydrodynamic cavitation, of the oil to be treated in the presence of water under conditions effective to generate cavitation characteristics and to transfer at least a part of the impurities contained in the oil in an aqueous phase.
- Cavitation is the phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid in regions where the pressure of the liquid is lower than its vapor pressure at the temperature under consideration.
- Cavitation is a phenomenon of nucleation, growth and implosion (collapse) of cavities filled with vapor or gas, which can be obtained by the passage of ultrasound (acoustic cavitation), by a laser, by the injection of vapor in a cold fluid or by changes in flow and pressure (hydrodynamic cavitation).
- Hydrodynamic cavitation can be generated by passing the mixture to be treated through one or more cavitation devices.
- the hydrodynamic cavitation process may therefore include the following steps: pumping the oil to be treated through a cavitation device, generating cavitation characteristics to remove impurities.
- Suitable cavitation devices which can be used are for example disclosed in WO201098783A1, US8911808B2, US7762715B2, US8042989B2.
- a suitable cavitation device includes a flow path through which fluid is pumped, such as that disclosed in US8911808B2, wherein a predetermined pump pressure is applied preferably in the range of 340 kPa-34 MPA.
- the phosphatides are hydrated into gums, which are insoluble in oil and can be easily separated as a sludge forming an aqueous phase, for example by decantation, filtration or centrifugal action.
- the treatment by cavitation in particular by hydrodynamic cavitation, can be carried out in the presence of a degumming agent.
- a degumming agent can be chosen from water, steam, acids, complexing agents and mixtures thereof.
- the acids are for example strong acids, in particular inorganic acids, such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid.
- the complexing agents are for example weak organic acids (or their corresponding anhydrides) such as acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, aspartic amino acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- weak organic acids or their corresponding anhydrides
- the degumming agent comprises water, steam, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, amino aspartic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, base, salts, chelating agents, crown ethers or maleic anhydride.
- the cavitation treatment can be carried out at temperatures close to ambient temperature or lower than this, for example at 15-25°C.
- the hydrodynamic cavitation can be carried out between 10 and 90°C, preferably between 25 and 75°C and more preferably between 30 and 60°C.
- the product resulting from this elimination step can be separated by one or more of the following known techniques: sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, distillation, extraction or washing, preferably sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration.
- the product recovered after separation of the aqueous water is an oily phase which constitutes a partially refined composition or oil which can then be subjected to a step for eliminating non-hydratable compounds.
- this step removes non-hydratable compounds, including phosphorus, nitrogen, such as non-hydratable phosphatides (calcium and magnesium salts of phosphatic acid and phosphatidyl ethanolamine), as well as d other elements such as sulphur, and/or part of the residual organic chlorine, which have not been eliminated during the washing step with water at neutral pH and the optional step of eliminating hydratable compounds at a pH other than neutral pH.
- non-hydratable compounds including phosphorus, nitrogen, such as non-hydratable phosphatides (calcium and magnesium salts of phosphatic acid and phosphatidyl ethanolamine), as well as d other elements such as sulphur, and/or part of the residual organic chlorine, which have not been eliminated during the washing step with water at neutral pH and the optional step of eliminating hydratable compounds at a pH other than neutral pH.
- This step typically comprises one or more treatments chosen from a bleaching treatment in which the product to be treated is brought into contact with an absorbent, a treatment in which the product to be treated is brought into contact with an ion exchange resin, a washing mild acid, a treatment using guard beds, filtration, solvent extraction, each treatment being followed by a stage of separation of the oily and aqueous phases, the oily phase recovered forming a composition having a reduced content of non-hydratable compounds.
- This separation can be carried out using any separation technique.
- Bleaching is a well-known technique, typically used to decolorize and purify chemically or physically refined oils. It generally ensures the removal of soaps, residual phosphatides, trace metals and certain oxidation products. It catalyzes the elimination of carotene and the adsorbent also catalyzes the decomposition of peroxides. Another function is the removal of peroxides and secondary oxidation products.
- This treatment consists of bringing the product to be treated into contact with an absorbent, such as adsorbent clays, synthetic amorphous silica and activated carbons.
- an absorbent such as adsorbent clays, synthetic amorphous silica and activated carbons.
- the product to be treated can be mixed with an acid in order to decompose the metal ion/phosphatide complexes.
- the key parameters in the bleaching process are the type and dosage of adsorbent, temperature, time, humidity and filtration, as shown in the Lipids handbook, edited by Frank D. Gunstone, John L. Harwood, Albert J. Dijkstra. 3rd ed., chapter 3.7); or in the "practical guide to vegetable oil processing", 2nd edition, Monoj. K. Gupta.
- Another possible treatment is treatment with an ion exchange resin.
- This treatment consists of bringing the product to be treated into contact with an ion exchange resin in a pretreatment zone, under pretreatment conditions.
- the ion exchange resin is for example an acid ion exchange resin such as AmberlystTM-15 and can be used as a bed in a reactor through which the product to be treated flows, either upstream or downstream. .
- Another possible treatment is a mild acid wash. This treatment is carried out by bringing the product to be treated into contact with an acid such as sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric or hydrochloric acid in a reactor. The acid and the product to be treated can be brought into contact in a discontinuous or continuous process. The contact is made with a dilute acid solution, generally at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. If the contacting is carried out continuously, it is generally done against the current.
- an acid such as sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric or hydrochloric acid in a reactor.
- the acid and the product to be treated can be brought into contact in a discontinuous or continuous process.
- the contact is made with a dilute acid solution, generally at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. If the contacting is carried out continuously, it is generally done against the current.
- guard beds well known in the art. These may be guard beds containing alumina, with or without demetallization catalysts such as nickel, cobalt and/or molybdenum.
- the product recovered, in particular directly, at the end of this stage of elimination of the non-hydratable compounds constitutes a composition or refined oil which can then be subjected to a stage of conversion into fuel of natural origin, preferably by hydrotreatment.
- the process for reducing the heteroatom content of a renewable oil composition according to the invention may further comprise (E3) a step of hydrotreating the product directly resulting from step (E2) or (E'2) .
- composition treated in this hydrotreatment step is thus a refined composition, preferably directly resulting from one of the treatments (i) to (iv).
- This refined composition typically has at least one of the following characteristics, preferably all of them: A phosphorus content of less than 200ppm, preferably less than 100ppm or 50ppm, more preferably less than 3ppm,
- the refined composition can be hydrotreated mixed with one or more mineral hydrocarbon cuts.
- the mineral hydrocarbon cut or cuts can be of the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil type. This mineral hydrocarbon fraction can be added in quantities ranging from 1 to 98% by mass or from 1 to 95% by mass or in any interval defined by two of these limits.
- This mineral hydrocarbon cut which contains generally organic sulfur compounds, will supply the sulfur necessary to maintain the catalytic activity of the catalyst containing cobalt, nickel, tungsten and molybdenum.
- the mineral hydrocarbon cut is also at least partially desulfurized.
- This hydrotreatment step is typically carried out in the presence of dihydrogen and at least one catalyst to convert the fatty acid esters and the free fatty acids, contained in the product directly resulting from one of the treatments (i) to ( iv) in linear or substantially linear paraffins.
- the hydrotreatment can be carried out between 100 and 550° C. in the presence of dihydrogen at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 10 MPa.
- the ratio of dihydrogen to feedstock can be 100 to 2000 Nl/l.
- This hydrotreatment can comprise one or more steps chosen from hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation and decarbonylation.
- the hydrodeoxygenation is preferably carried out in continuous fixed bed reactors, continuous stirred tank reactors or slurry type reactors containing a solid catalyst which can be chosen from oxides or sulphides of Ni, Mo, W, Co or mixtures such as NiW, NiMo, CoMo, NiCoW, NiCoMo, NiMoW and CoMoW as the catalytic phase, preferably supported on carbon, alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
- a solid catalyst which can be chosen from oxides or sulphides of Ni, Mo, W, Co or mixtures such as NiW, NiMo, CoMo, NiCoW, NiCoMo, NiMoW and CoMoW as the catalytic phase, preferably supported on carbon, alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
- the hydrodeoxygenation can be carried out at a temperature of 200 to 500° C., preferably of 220 to 400° C., under a pressure of 1 MPa to 10 MPa (10 to 100 bars), for example 6 MPa, and with a dihydrogen/oil ratio from 100 to 2000, but preferably from 350 to 1500, for example 800 NI H 2 /l of oil.
- the decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation is preferably carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst in batch type tank reactors, continuous fixed bed reactors, continuous stirred tank reactors or slurry reactors.
- the decarboxylation and/or the decarbonylation can take place directly with glycerides, any esters or with free fatty acids.
- the catalyst can be chosen from:
- the oxides or sulphides of Ni, Mo, W, Co, NiW, NiMo, CoMo, NiCoW, NiCoMo, NiMoW and CoMoW as catalytic phase preferably supported on carbon, alumina, silica, titanium oxide or zirconia, or
- group 10 Ni, Pt and Pd
- group 11 Cu and Ag
- carbon magnesia, zinc oxide, spinels (MgzAkCU, ZnAkCU ), perovskites (BaTiO 3 , ZnTiO 3 ), calciumsilicates (such as xonotlite), alumina, silica or silica-aluminas or mixtures thereof.
- the active metal component of the catalyst in the case of Ni, Mo, W, Co or mixtures, be in the form of sulphides. It is therefore preferable that traces of (thermally or catalytically) decomposable sulfur compounds be present or deliberately added to the charge in order to maintain the metal sulphide in its sulphide state.
- these sulfur compounds can be H 2 S, COS, CS 2 , mercaptans (for example, methylsulfide), thioethers (for example, DiMethylSulfide), disulfides (for example, DiMethyldiSulfide), thiophenic and tetrahydrothiophenic compounds.
- Decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation can also be carried out on basic oxides, such as alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth oxides, lanthanide oxides, zinc oxide, spinels (Mg2Al2O4, ZnAl2O4), perovskites (BaTiO3, ZnTiO3), calciumsilicates (such as xonotlite), either in bulk or dispersed on neutral or basic supports, on basic zeolites (such as alkaline or alkaline-earth zeolites with low silica/alumina content obtained by exchange or impregnation).
- basic oxides such as alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth oxides, lanthanide oxides, zinc oxide, spinels (Mg2Al2O4, ZnAl2O4), perovskites (BaTiO3, ZnTiO3), calciumsilicates (such as xonotlite), either in bulk or dispersed on neutral or basic supports, on basic zeoli
- the decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation reaction does not require dihydrogen, it is preferable that the decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation be carried out in the presence of dihydrogen which will stabilize the catalytic activity by eliminating the strongly adsorbed unsaturated species (for example when the decarbonylation is the predominant reaction pathway) of the catalyst surface through hydrogen addition reactions.
- the presence of dihydrogen can also hydrogenate the double bonds present in the acyl part of the fatty acid in order to obtain paraffinic reaction products from the decarboxylation process.
- the decarboxylation and/or decarbonylation stage can be carried out between 100 and 550° C. in the presence of dihydrogen at pressures ranging from 0.01 to 10 MPa.
- the ratio of dihydrogen to feedstock can be 100 to 2000 Nl/l.
- the invention also relates to a system for determining the heteroatom elimination treatment to be applied to a composition of natural origin to reach a target content of at least one heteroatom, configured, in particular programmed, to implement the steps ( a) to (c) of the determination method according to the invention.
- the determination system typically comprises one or more processors, for example a microprocessor, a microcontroller or the like. It can be configured to receive the total content of said composition of at least one heteroatom chosen from phosphorus and nitrogen and the total content of said composition of hydratable compounds of the at least one heteroatom.
- the determination system can also comprise storage means which can be a random access memory (RAM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), a flash memory, an external memory or other.
- RAM random access memory
- EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read only memory
- flash memory an external memory or other.
- the system can thus include at least one processor configured to:
- the at least a processor being configured to: compare said residual grade to the target grade and choose the treatment (i) if the residual grade is less than or equal to the target grade, otherwise, to use a database or a model configured to provide, a estimation of a content of at least one heteroatom at the output of each treatment (ii) to (iv) as a function of a content of this heteroatom at the input of the treatment equal to the residual content, and choosing the treatment for which the estimated output grade is less than or equal to the target grade, and optionally for which the number of processing steps is the lowest.
- the at least one processor can additionally be configured to:
- the at least one processor can receive the data via one or more input interfaces, or input and output interfaces, in particular of the aforementioned type, and can store a database or a model in means of storage, in particular of the aforementioned type.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents an example of implementation of the processing method according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 schematically represents a washing enclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a table representing the chemical formulas of phospholipids in water as a function of pH, the group R represents a di-glyceride.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a process for reducing the heteroatom content of a composition of natural origin H.
- the natural composition H to be treated is first subjected to step (a) of determining a parameter Q i representative of its quality, here the parameter relating to the phosphorus content.
- step (b) the residual phosphorus content, denoted [P] r, is estimated from the parameter Q.
- This residual content corresponds to the total phosphorus content from which the phosphorus content present in the hydratable phosphorus compounds at neutral pH and can therefore be calculated as follows (equation 2):
- FIG. 2 represents an enclosure 1, for example a storage tank or a desalting capacity containing composition H.
- This enclosure 1 is equipped with a recirculation circuit 2 provided with a pump 3. Upstream of the pump 3 by relative to the direction of recirculation of the recirculation circuit 2, a pipe 4 makes it possible to inject water into the circuit 2.
- a withdrawal pipe 5 located at the bottom of the enclosure 1 makes it possible to recover the oil after washing with 'water.
- Example 1 Analysis of the phosphorus content of various compositions of natural origin
- the 31 P NMR measurements in the organic phase were carried out in deuterated chloroform (CDCI 3 ) and those carried out in the aqueous phase were carried out in a mixture of deuterated water ( D 2 O) and methyl alcohol ( MeOH), for example according to the protocol described below.
- a precise quantity of renewable oil sample is taken from a vial to which is added a precise quantity of a soluble phosphorus standard in the organic phase and of a soluble phosphorus standard in the aqueous phase. This sample is then dissolved in deuterated chloroform. A solution of 0.2 M EDTA at pH7 in MeOH/D 2 O is then added thereto in order to maximize the analytical resolution, drawing inspiration from articles in the literature: T. Glonek, M. Lunde, M. Mudgett , TC Myers (1971) Studies of Biological Polyphosphate Through the Use of Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. In: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 142, p. 508-513; TO Hendersen, T.
- composition C1 is poultry fat
- composition C2 is a mixture of fats from several animals
- composition C3 is pork fat.
- Table 1 make it possible to calculate the total content of hydratable phosphorus compounds at pH 7 (corresponding to the sum of the P contents from PC and PI and from the aqueous phase - the added values are in bold in the table) and the Q parameter representative of the quality of each of the compositions calculated by dividing the total P content present in the hydratable P compounds at pH 7 by the total P content of the composition measured by XRF.
- Example 2 Washing with water at neutral pH
- Composition C3 of Example 1 was subjected to washing with water at neutral pH with water/grease ratios of 4, 8 and 12. Water and fat were separated by centrifugation at 4800 g before measuring the phosphorus content of the oily phase.
- Table 2 collates the phosphorus contents of the oily phase measured by XRF for the various ratios tested.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2201327A FR3132773B1 (fr) | 2022-02-15 | 2022-02-15 | Methode de determination d’un parametre d’une composition d’origine naturelle permettant de determiner le traitement d’elimination en heteroatomes le plus approprie de cette composition |
| PCT/FR2023/050186 WO2023156727A1 (fr) | 2022-02-15 | 2023-02-13 | Methode de determination d'un parametre d'une composition d'origine naturelle permettant de determiner le traitement d'elimination en heteroatomes le plus approprie de cette composition |
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| US (1) | US20250147001A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4479741B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2025507362A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20240154546A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN118843794A (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US8911808B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2014-12-16 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Method for cavitation-assisted refining, degumming and dewaxing of oil and fat |
| US7762715B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2010-07-27 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Cavitation generator |
| US8042989B2 (en) | 2009-05-12 | 2011-10-25 | Cavitation Technologies, Inc. | Multi-stage cavitation device |
| US10961466B2 (en) | 2017-07-27 | 2021-03-30 | Basis Energy Purification, Llc | Purification of renewable oils |
| BR112020022435B1 (pt) | 2018-05-03 | 2023-03-21 | Renewable Energy Group, Inc | Processo para a produção de hidrocarbonetos a partir de uma matéria-prima biológica e processo para a produção de um biodiesel purificado a partir de uma matéria-prima contendo material insaponificável |
| WO2019229035A1 (fr) | 2018-05-30 | 2019-12-05 | Total Research & Technology Feluy | Procédé de cavitation hydrodynamique pour protéger des processus catalytiques utilisés pour désoxygéner des mélanges complexes de graisses et d'huiles naturelles en hydrocarbures exempts d'oxygène |
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| FR3132773B1 (fr) | 2024-08-16 |
| US20250147001A1 (en) | 2025-05-08 |
| EP4479741B1 (fr) | 2026-04-01 |
| JP2025507362A (ja) | 2025-03-18 |
| CN118843794A (zh) | 2024-10-25 |
| KR20240154546A (ko) | 2024-10-25 |
| WO2023156727A1 (fr) | 2023-08-24 |
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