EP4449449A1 - Procédé automatisé de détermination de plans de chargement de coeurs de réacteurs nucléaires - Google Patents
Procédé automatisé de détermination de plans de chargement de coeurs de réacteurs nucléairesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4449449A1 EP4449449A1 EP22834569.0A EP22834569A EP4449449A1 EP 4449449 A1 EP4449449 A1 EP 4449449A1 EP 22834569 A EP22834569 A EP 22834569A EP 4449449 A1 EP4449449 A1 EP 4449449A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- assemblies
- positions
- plan
- families
- core
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/001—Computer implemented control
- G21D3/004—Fuel shuffle simulation; fuel shuffle optimisation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D3/00—Control of nuclear power plant
- G21D3/001—Computer implemented control
- G21D3/002—Core design; core simulations; core optimisation
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a determination of nuclear reactor core loading plans.
- the operator generally has a “core calculation chain”, integrating an assembly reloading application for a new nuclear production campaign.
- These applications located at the start of the chain make it possible to design the loading plan for the cores in operation, which must comply with all the safety criteria, as well as a set of constraints, known as “operating constraints”, which prohibit, for example, certain positions at certain assemblies.
- Management reserve are assemblies that are generally worn out but still capable of carrying out an additional campaign.
- a method assisted by computer means is proposed for determining an optimal plan for loading a nuclear reactor core.
- respective positions of nuclear fuel assemblies are tested by said computer means according to at least one criterion before assigning optimal positions to the assemblies and proceeding with the loading of the reactor.
- the core of the reactor comprises (without the fuel assemblies) a multiplicity of cells having position symmetries relative to a plurality of axes of symmetry, common assemblies being intended to be introduced each into a cell.
- the method comprises in particular the steps:
- families of common assemblies the common assemblies of the same family having at least similar combustion rates, said families each comprising a number of common assemblies corresponding to a number of positions of one of said groups, respectively (the term "respectively" meaning here that there is a bijection between the families of current assemblies and the groups of positions, each family of assemblies and each group of positions linked by the bijection comprising respectively the same number of elements ),
- the burn-up rate (or "burn-up" hereafter) is a fundamental quantity in the characterization of a fuel assembly and in the modeling of core calculations. It characterizes the energy which has been produced by a fuel assembly during its irradiation. It is expressed in MWd/t, ratio of the total energy produced to the mass in tons of initial heavy metal invested. By knowing the rate of combustion, one can quickly calculate the energy by multiplying the specific power mass by the number of calendar days of previous operation, for example. As a general rule of thumb, the higher the burn rate of a set of assemblies, the lower the power generated, compared to a set of new assemblies.
- neighbored combustion rates for the constitution of a family of assemblies, means combustion rates of assemblies whose values do not deviate (in absolute value) from each other (or from an average per family) by more than a few percent, for example.
- the “neighboring burn rate” criterion may not be the only one for grouping the assemblies by family. Assemblies in the same family can also be designed using the same technology and/or include the same type of fuel, and/or others.
- standard loading plan whose combustion rates of assemblies, by family, are closest to the combustion rates "
- the term "standard loading plan whose combustion rates of assemblies, by family, are closest to the combustion rates " is understood to mean the choice in a database of a standard plan whose burn-up values are "closest" to those of current assemblies, for example by choosing the standard plan which minimizes a calculation of the distance between the sum of the squares of differences of the average burn-up values -up by family of the standard plan and current assemblies.
- first and second “thresholds” also mean thresholds which simply delimit burnup rate ranges (for example between 0 and 200 MWd/t, then between 200 and 17,000 MWd/t, then between 17,000 and 33,000 MWd/t or more, etc.), these ranges being most often defined by the number of production campaigns already undergone previously by these common assemblies.
- testing by digital simulation means neutron calculations (often in 3D) of the core operating with the current assemblies in the positions tested, in the absence or in the presence of control clusters, absorbing neutrons, to stifle the reaction fission nuclear reactor, and from which are extracted, by configuration in particular of the control clusters, at least antireactivity margin and rod power values or "hot spot factors Fxy and Fxy, g", respectively in the absence and in the presence of control clusters (these parameters being explained later with reference to FIGS. 50 and 51 ).
- the aforementioned "criterion”, to be fulfilled can be based on a combination of these parameters, and it is sought in particular not to globally exceed the limit values of these parameters for the selection of a candidate core.
- mapping the positions of current assemblies means both permutations between assemblies of the same family ("intra-family” permutations) and exchanges of positions between all the respective assemblies of two different families (“inter-family” permutations ”), these different families having the same number of members. In particular, the members of a family remain in the same family after permutation (and are not scattered).
- the permutations can be carried out randomly (or pseudo-randomly because nevertheless controlled by the aforementioned computer means), while nevertheless respecting predetermined rules (such as the way in which the assembly positions can be permuted in particular).
- the aforementioned plurality of axes of symmetry comprises four axes of symmetry of the core, passing through the center of the core and comprising two axes, one vertical , the other horizontal, and two other axes of slope respectively of 45 degrees and 135 degrees with respect to a horizontal line (all these axes being secant at the center of the core plane).
- the aforementioned method may comprise, in the context of the aforementioned digital simulation:
- the central assembly can typically be chosen according to its burn rate. In general, it may be the one which has the highest burn-up and which is capable of carrying out an additional in-core campaign without exceeding a prescribed burn-up.
- the central assembly is not in a family and therefore is not affected by any permutation.
- the aim is to avoid local power peaks P (curves in dotted lines) and to flatten the power distribution as much as possible (in solid lines).
- the permutations within the same family modify each assembly position of the family.
- the method may comprise:
- the permutations and test step can be:
- the method further comprising at least one test step of a crossing plan between the first and second plans.
- This step can of course be repeated, with two, then three, four, etc. pairs of candidate planes successively, which makes it possible to gradually converge towards an ideal plane, as illustrated in FIG. 21 described below, this ideal plane respecting the aforementioned predetermined criterion.
- the constitution of a crossing plane can be carried out as follows:
- the assemblies generally comprise a face facing a predetermined observation point, and after permutations, the permuted assemblies retain this same face facing the observation point (for example the north face of an assembly is, after permutation, still facing north).
- a numerical simulation can be carried out by neutron calculations of each core plane tested, under conditions with and without insertion of neutron absorbing clusters, stifling the reaction in a chain, to estimate quantities specific to the core plane tested, these quantities comprising in particular hot spot factors without cluster Fxy(plane) and with clusters Fxy, g(plane), as well as an antireactivity margin Marge( flat).
- EPC loading plan evaluation expression
- g is a hot spot limit value in the presence of clusters
- the two terms can be of the same order of magnitude, and the coefficient C can then be chosen initially so that the term C x max(Margin lim - Margin(pla ); 0) is also of the same order of magnitude as one of the two aforementioned terms.
- the coefficient C can be between 0.5 and 1 (and for example equal to 0.75).
- the coefficient C can be between 1 and 10 for example.
- a core plan thus obtained by the method can typically be distinguished from a "classic" configuration of the prior art, in which one generally finds the assemblies of the first category in a first peripheral zone of the core, the assemblies of the second category in a second intermediate zone of the core and the assemblies of the third category in a third central zone.
- these assemblies may be more “mixed” than in a conventional configuration, for example.
- the present disclosure also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for implementing the method above, when these instructions are executed by a processor.
- a non-transitory, computer-readable recording medium on which such a program is recorded is provided.
- This disclosure also relates to a computer device comprising at least one processor for implementing the above method.
- FIG. 52 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of such a device DIS, typically comprising a memory MEM capable of storing at least the instructions of a computer program of the aforementioned type and a processor PROC cooperating with the memory MEM to execute these instructions.
- the device DIS may further comprise an input interface IN with which the processor PROC cooperates to receive, for example, data relating to the assemblies (total number, rate of combustion, data of standard plans, etc.), and a output OUT with which the processor PROC cooperates to deliver, for example, the data of a candidate plan.
- FIG. 1 shows a fuel assembly of a reactor core in an exemplary embodiment.
- Fig. 2 shows a fuel assembly of a reactor core in an exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional plan of a 157-assembly core in an exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 3 shows two calculation modules involved in a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure: a module MOD1 for the constitution of plans according to predefined rules (in particular rules of permutation and crossing of heart) and a module MOD2 for the evaluation according to the aforementioned EPC criterion of the plan thus constituted by the module MOD1.
- FIG. 4] [Fig. 5], [Fig. 6], [Fig. 7], [Fig. 8] show the possible intra-family permutations for a family of four members.
- FIG. 9 [Fig. 10] , [Fig. 1 1 ] , [Fig. 12] , [Fig. 13] , [Fig. 14] , [Fig. 15] show the possible intra-family permutations for a family of eight members.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of a possible realization of a permutation between two families (inter-family permutations) of four members each (permutation of two families 4 placed in positions of symmetry 4).
- FIG. 17 shows an example of a possible realization of a permutation between two families (inter-family permutations) of eight members each (permutation of two families 8 placed in symmetrical positions 8).
- FIG. 18 shows an example of crossing two parent planes, according to one embodiment, to generate a child plane.
- FIG. 19 shows a concrete example of intrafamily permutation according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 20 shows a concrete example of interfamily permutation according to one embodiment.
- Fig. 21 shows a concrete example of interfamily permutation according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 21 shows the performance achieved in terms of convergence towards an optimum core plan, respecting the aforementioned EPC criterion, according to a concrete example of implementation (reactor 1 of the Dampierre power plant (France) for campaign 36).
- FIG. 22 is a schematic flowchart of the method presented above, according to an exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 48 shows a 193-assembly core plan produced by implementing the method.
- FIG. 49 shows a core plan with 205 assemblies produced by the implementation of the method.
- FIG. 50 schematically illustrates a radial power layer generated by a core, in the absence of a control cluster, the layer being homogeneous (solid line curve), or inhomogeneous (dotted line curve) favoring the presence of a PC hot spot ( factor Fxy mentioned above).
- FIG. 51 schematically illustrates a radial power layer generated by a core, here in the presence of control clusters g, the layer being homogeneous (solid line curve), or inhomogeneous (dotted line curve) favoring the presence of hot point PC in presence of clusters (factor Fxy, g mentioned above).
- FIG. 52 schematically illustrates a device for implementing the above method, in an exemplary embodiment. Description of embodiments
- the present disclosure proposes a new tool which improves the current situation thanks to an approach according to a method which reduces the speeds of realization of plans of recharging while designing hearts optimized from the point of view of safety and operation.
- the present disclosure proposes a method using permutations of assemblies in families, or exchanges of families of assemblies in groups of positions having the same number of elements.
- CC tubes (called “fuel rods”) are assembled using, in particular, GR retaining grids.
- An assembly is the elementary unit of fuel present in a nuclear reactor core, which consists of a plurality of assemblies, called “fuel assemblies” by abuse of language. Passages are also arranged in at least part of the assemblies to introduce one or more G clusters in order to stifle the nuclear fission reaction, if necessary.
- a plurality of fuel pellets are threaded into a sheath.
- the combustible pellets are for example made of uranium dioxide UO2.
- the assembly in Figure 1 is shown relative to the z axis of the heights.
- the core itself made up of a plurality of assemblies like the one illustrated in Figure 1, is shown by way of example in Figure 2, seen “in section" in the x,y plane.
- FIG. 2 the symmetry of positions of the assemblies having neighboring burnups.
- the assemblies in H2 and in H14 have respective burn-ups of 14548 and 14561 (values appearing in the second line of each box in figure 1).
- the assemblies in J3 and G3 have respective rates of 32415 and 32536.
- their respective symmetry C9 and C7 with respect to the axis at 45° have neighboring combustion rates, which are 32262 and 32453.
- it is the same for their other symmetrical N7, N9 and J13, G13.
- J3, G3, C7, C9, N7, N9, J13 and G13 then have burnup rates between about 32000 and 32500, and are therefore very close, relative to the burnup rates of the other assemblies.
- These assemblies J3, G3, C7, C9, N7, N9, J13 and G13 constitute a family here occupying a group of symmetrical positions with respect to all the axes. Their number is eight, per group of symmetrical positions, in the example illustrated in FIG. 2 of a core formed of 157 assemblies. This number of groups of symmetrical positions can be greater in a core comprising a greater number of assemblies.
- the periphery of the core preferably comprises new assemblies in P5 to P1 1 , L14-E14, B1 1 -B5, E2-L2 whose combustion rates are low, likely to make these assemblies very reactive in a flow of neutrons.
- these assemblies placed in these peripheral positions which correspond to areas with low neutron flux due to their leakage towards the outside of the core, will produce less neutrons, and therefore will produce a lower power than the average of the assemblies.
- such an arrangement makes it possible to “flatten” (or homogenize) the radial power distribution as illustrated in figure 50.
- the aim is to avoid local power peaks and to smooth out the power distribution as much as possible.
- hot spots are also sought to be avoided (factor F x , y explained later).
- the operator has two main means.
- a first means consists in adjusting the boron concentration in the water of the primary circuit, boron having the property of absorbing the neutrons produced by the nuclear fission reaction.
- Boron dilution is then understood to mean the operation consisting of injecting water into the primary circuit to reduce the boron concentration, and thus promote an increase in the neutron flux.
- borication means adding boron to the water in the primary circuit to promote the boron concentration and therefore reduce the neutron flux.
- the number of assemblies per type of nuclear reactor core is predetermined.
- A-1 is an integer divisible by 3 and 4.
- the operator Towards the end of an N operating campaign of a nuclear unit, the operator must anticipate the next N+1 operating campaign, and have a loading plan for the N+1 campaign.
- the industrial challenge is to minimise, at the end of campaign N, the period of temporary shutdown of operation known as “unit shutdown” for possible maintenance of equipment and/or unloading/reloading of nuclear fuels. Each day of stoppage corresponds to a real shortfall for the operator. From the start of the unit outage phase, all the fuel assemblies of the N campaign are unloaded from the vessel to a storage pool, known as the “fuel building” near the reactor building. The assemblies for the upcoming N+1 campaign are transferred from a fuel building pool to the reactor building pool.
- the spent assemblies not being recovered, that is to say not reloaded in the coming campaign, remain in the pool of the fuel building for several years before evacuation for reprocessing. Assemblies that can still be recycled for the next unit loading plans are added to the management reserve and are also stored in the fuel building pool. To fix the ideas and orders of magnitude, they are those which have a combustion rate approximately included in the intervals of [8000; 14500] MWD/t, [20000; 25000] , and [32000 ; 35000], etc., in the example of FIG. 2, whereas the “new” assemblies have a combustion rate close to 100 MWd/t for example. It should be noted that the number of combustion rate ranges referred to above depends on the fractionation by which the nuclear fuel is renewed.
- the loading of the fuel assemblies can then start. They are physically positioned in the position specified by the loading plan.
- the technology of pressurized water reactors makes it necessary to reload the cores with new fuel assemblies according to a known periodicity. It is the type of fuel (Uranium, Plutonium, etc.), the enrichment in fissile material of the pellets (U, Pu) of the rods of the fuel assemblies, and the splitting of the renewed part, which dictate the natural campaign length maximum attainable.
- the number of assemblies A equals 157 and has the following options, having considered that A-1 assemblies are split:
- a strategy linked to the availability of slices favors long campaigns of 14 to 18 months, or even more, leading to a combination of 1/3 core type fractionation and high uranium enrichment, at more than 4% per example within the limits of the acceptability criteria previously validated by the nuclear safety authorities, including the behavior of the fuel assemblies, the anti-reactivated margins, and various envelope criteria (in particular the radial layer of generated power).
- a second step after evaluating the loading plan thus established, the engineer modifies the location of certain families of assemblies to correct effects that cause the acceptability criteria to come out of the safety zones and allowable operation.
- the new plan is evaluated by neutron calculation in turn and so on until satisfaction of compliance with the criteria mentioned above.
- the plan obtained is then the definitive plan on the basis of which the unloading/loading operations can actually be carried out.
- This approach follows a set of compromises aimed at satisfying safety criteria and economic criteria by taking into account possible operating hazards.
- the new assemblies rather on the periphery of the reactor (fixed position according to management) to minimize the radial power peaks (denoted Fxy) of the fuel assembly rods by flattening the radial power layer, as illustrated by the solid line curve in figure 50.
- the total power of a rod, normalized to 1 being defined, the so-called “hot spot” factor Fxy is the maximum power of such a rod which must not exceed a limit value (e.g. Fxy 1.44, which means 44% more power than the average power of 1, due to normalization).
- the threshold Ps of FIG. 50 can be 1.44 and the inhomogeneous curve in dotted lines is liable to exceed this limit at the point PC.
- the first module of construction of a loading plan is coupled with a second module evaluating the criteria of safety and operation of the plan found.
- This is a process which can therefore be provided in two steps implemented by two modules MODI, MOD2, as shown schematically in Figure 3.
- the first module MOD1 offers a "correct" core plan (initially from base of standard plans but with possible permutations respecting predetermined rules of permutation) and the second module MOD2 proposes an evaluation in particular by numerical calculations in neutronics of the quality of the heart thus constituted, compared to a criterion known as "EPC" below (for “core plan evaluation”).
- the process can be iterated a plurality of times, the candidate core plan that can be retained being the one that best fulfills the aforementioned EPC criterion (i.e. the one that minimizes it as presented in the example below).
- EPC being greater than or, at best, equal to 0, by construction.
- the antireactivity margin limit value Marge Um is set at 1800 pcm
- the hot spot limit values in the presence of control clusters Fxy Um ,g correspond to the power limit radial peaks when clusters g are inserted in the core (per cluster group or combinations of cluster groups): the values are included between 1.44 and 1.8 with reference to the current specifications set by the safety authorities in France; these values may change from one country to another, depending in particular on the type of nuclear reactor core.
- the values of Marge(plan), Fxy(pla) and Fxy,g(pla) are calculated for a given core plan by a neutron calculation code which is more precisely a nuclear reactor physics code which is exposed now the main principles.
- nuclear reactor physics code applies to software capable of calculating the three-dimensional power distribution (in Watts) in a nuclear reactor core from structural data (geometry, chemical composition, composition in heavy nuclei, etc.). To do this, the software must be able, for example in 3D geometry:
- thermohydraulic module calculates the coolant temperature distribution in the reactor core.
- the coolant being the fluid which evacuates the heat produced by nuclear fissions. This calculation is carried out by a module of the code called “thermohydraulic module”;
- thermo module or “thermomechanical module” if mechanical aspects are also treated (example the pellet-sheath interaction);
- neutron module Calculate the distribution of the neutron flux from which the power derives, by a module called "neutron module”.
- the neutronics modify the temperatures of the coolant, the temperature of the coolant modifies the temperatures of the fuel. Moderator and fuel temperatures change the neutronics.
- a fission nuclear physics
- a fission is caused by an interaction of a heavy nucleus with neutrons (managed by the neutron module), said fission producing heat which propagates in matter (managed by the thermal module), that this transmitting its calories to the water, the coolant, which transports them by raising its temperature (managed by the thermal-hydraulic module) and consequently modifies the temperature of the fuel.
- neutronics is the central branch of the physics of nuclear reactors because it governs the generation of the aforementioned phenomena. It allows the characterization of the neutron population distributed spatially and temporally according to an energy spectrum which will depend on the interaction with matter. These interactions are absorption (fissile, fertile and sterile), diffusion, reflection, neutron leakage. To this must be added a kinetic component linked to the effective production of neutrons by fission divided into prompt neutrons and delayed neutrons. The latter, in the minority and emerging several seconds after the prompt neutrons, are essential to allow the piloting of a nuclear reactor. Other phenomena such as poisoning by Xenon, a product of fission, will also modify the neutronics.
- COCCINELLE calculation code official code of the calculation chain in operation of the French park of power-generating reactors to date, falls into the class of “reactor physics codes”. It comprises :
- Neutron scattering is a theoretical model widely used in the world to deal with a simplified form of the Boltzmann equation which governs the behavior of neutrons in matter. You will find descriptions of the theoretical models, far too complex to be detailed here, used in COCCINELLE in the references in French language "The physics of nuclear reactors, 3rd edition” (author Serge Marguet, ISBN 978-2-7430-1 105 -5, Lavoisier edition) and in English “The physics of nuclear reactors” (author Serge Marguet, ISBN 978-3-319-59558-7, Springer edition).
- the aim is to position 157 assemblies in the 157 positions (or "cells") of a nuclear reactor core in such a way that the neutron criteria determined by the calculation chain are below a limit threshold (hot point factors without control cluster Fxy or with clusters g: Fxy, g) or greater than a limit threshold (margin of antireactivity Margin).
- a limit threshold hot point factors without control cluster Fxy or with clusters g: Fxy, g
- a limit threshold margin of antireactivity Margin
- the method comprises three steps:
- Step 1 partition of the assemblies by respective combustion rate to form families (or "categories" in the definition of the process given above);
- Step 2 selection from a database of a standard plan having fuel assembly burnup rates closest to those partitioned in step 1, and evaluating the EPC (by numerical simulation) of a core made up of the assemblies partitioned in step 1 and positioned in assembly positions of the standard plan having the closest burnup rates;
- Step 3 consider groups of symmetrical positions with respect to axes of symmetry of the core and numerically simulate the effect of permutations of assemblies according to predefined rules (permutations within the same group and/or between groups, the face of assembly still remaining facing a given observation point), then evaluate the EPC (by numerical simulation) of a core whose assemblies have thus swapped, this step 3 can be iterated several times to test whether the EPC is reduced compared to previous configurations. If this is the case, a candidate core configuration can thus be determined for the next campaign (the one with the lowest EPC).
- step 1 we rely on an example of core management, called “third core” of a 900 MWe PWR type reactor comprising 157 assemblies.
- the 157 assemblies are composed for example of:
- neighboring combustion rate means burn-ups such that their mutual differences are, in absolute value, less than a predefined threshold (1000 MWd/t for example).
- family 4 In the following and by misuse of language, “family 4”, “family 8”, and “family 1” will designate these families comprising 4 assemblies, 8 assemblies, or 1 assembly, respectively.
- loading refers to all of the 157 fuel assemblies which, once positioned in the reactor vessel, will form what is called the “core” of the nuclear reactor.
- Step 2 is described below, identifying a plan in a database containing many standard loading plans from different nuclear reactors (and not just the one being reloaded).
- the base contains a set of plans, some of which have the same characteristics as the one to be constituted for the present core, for the N+1 campaign which comprises, according to the example introduced in step 1, plans made up of 157 assemblies partitioned into three batches of 52 assemblies and a central assembly.
- the comparison with the plans of the database identifies the one named hereafter the "typical plan", whose combustion rates of assemblies are the closest to the combustion rates of the predefined assemblies at previous stage 1 and elected for the N+1 campaign whose respective positions in the heart must be determined.
- a “burn-up distance” is determined between the assemblies of the standard plane and those of the future core plane.
- the distances between the families of the same species are determined, that is to say between the families 4, on the one hand, and between the families 8, on the other hand.
- An embodiment may consist in comparing the average of the burn-ups of a first family 4 included in the load constituted in step 1 with the average burn-up of all the families 4 of the standard plan, and to choose the correspondence with the family of the standard plan whose mean is the closest.
- all the families of the future plan are each in correspondence with one and only one family of the standard plan.
- the sum of the squares of the differences between the mean burn-ups of these matched families is then calculated.
- the final value is an indicator of the "distance" between these two sets of families.
- the definition of this indicator is not exhaustive, and it can for example be defined as the sum of the absolute values, therefore positive, of the differences between average burn-ups of the families matched.
- the process is repeated on all master plans. At the end of these iterations, each typical plan is associated with a distance to the families of the future core plan.
- the standard plane presenting the minimum distance indicator is then selected. This is then the standard reference plan for building the plan for the future campaign.
- each family of the future plane is placed in the same position of symmetry as that which is occupied by the family of the standard reference plane with which it has been placed in correspondence during the previous processes.
- the core map thus formed is thus an initial core map (which must then undergo the permutations of step 3 described in detail below). It can be noted that the central assembly positioned at H8 in the plane of figure 2, has an imposed position and does not undergo the permutations aforementioned.
- Step 3 is described below.
- these positions of symmetry 4 are the positions placed on the diagonals R1 -A15 and R15-A1 and the medians H1 -H15 and R8-A8.
- the central assembly is excluded.
- Figures 23 to 33 illustrate the 11 positions of symmetry 4 and Figures 34 to 47 illustrate the 14 positions of symmetry 8.
- the fuel assemblies are therefore partitioned into 11 families 4, 14 families 8, and one family 1 containing only one assembly:
- the neutron calculation code is launched and the Marge(plane), Fxy(plane) and Fxy,g(plane) parameters are extracted from the results to evaluate the EPC criterion defined above.
- this EPC criterion has reached a target value between 0 and/or close to 0 during a maximum number of permutations reached, then the plan having this target value becomes the elected plan for the future campaign.
- positions are reassigned respecting, for each family 4 and family 8, symmetry 4 and symmetry 8. Permutations of assembly positions are thus carried out, and following of each or several permutations, a new neutron calculation is carried out to determine the new EPC criterion. This process continues and the core with zero or near-zero EPC can be selected as a candidate.
- configuration of a family refers to an order of placement of the assemblies of the family in the positions of the position of symmetry to which it is assigned.
- Each assembly position of a given symmetry family has a rank according to Figure 4 and Figure 5. Note that Figures 4 and 5 are not an image of the heart as shown in Figure 2, but a symbolic representation of positions in symmetry 4 or symmetry 8 as defined above.
- the assembly located in position 4 is placed in position 1 .
- the assembly located in position 1 is placed in position 2.
- the assembly located in position 2 is placed in position 3.
- the assembly located in position 3 is placed in position 4.
- the assemblies change position in the symmetrical position, relative to the axes of symmetry on which they are located, as illustrated in figure 7.
- a (illustrated in figure 9), the assembly located in position 1 is placed in position 2.
- the assembly located in position 2 is placed in position 1 .
- the assembly located in position 3 is placed in position 4.
- the assembly located in position 4 is placed in position 3.
- the assembly located in position 5 is placed in position 6.
- the assembly located in position 6 is placed in position 5.
- the assembly located in position 7 is placed in position 8.
- the assembly located in position 8 is placed in position 7.
- one or more permutations between two families can also be provided, one taking the place of the other.
- We therefore change the configuration of a family by passing from one of the four configurations of a family 4 to another configuration of the same family 4, or by passing from one of the eight configurations of a family 8 to another configuration from the same family 8.
- a permutation of families 4 is defined by the exchange of two different families 4 located in two different symmetrical positions 4 of the core plane.
- the assemblies placed in position 1 of the two symmetrical positions 4 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 2 of the two symmetrical positions 4 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 3 of the two symmetrical positions 4 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 4 of the two symmetrical positions 4 exchange their position. This is illustrated in figure 16.
- a permutation of families 8 is defined by the exchange of two different families 8 located in two different symmetrical positions 8 of the core plane.
- the assemblies placed in position 1 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 2 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 3 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 4 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 5 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 6 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 7 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position.
- the assemblies placed in position 8 of the two symmetrical positions 8 exchange their position. This is illustrated in Figure 17.
- an equiprobable random drawing makes it possible to choose the parent plane 1 .
- P4 positions of symmetry 4 and Ps positions of symmetry 8 by equiprobable random draw, from among the 1 1 positions of symmetry 4 and the 14 positions of symmetry 8, where P4 is between 1 and 1 1 and Ps is between 1 and 14.
- P4 and Ps are close to one third of the number of symmetry positions 4 and 8 respectively.
- K the initial heart plan obtained in step 2
- block S2 of FIG. 22 which follows a start step S1 during which we can see the burn-ups of the assemblies to be placed for example).
- K1 core planes are created by inter-family permutation (Le. within the same family), each of the planes being created by application of PK1 ,8 (PK1 ,8 chosen from the integers 1 , 2 ... ) permutations of two families 8 and/or PK1 ,4 (PK1 ,4 chosen from the integers 1 , 2...) permutations of two families 4.
- PKI,S and PKI,4 are fixed beforehand, for example by drawing lots from the set of integers from 1 to 10.
- the PKI,S pairs of families 8, and the PKI,4 pairs of families 4 are chosen by equiprobable random drawing from among the 14 families 8 and the 1 1 families 4.
- the PK2,S families 8 and the PK2,4 families 4 are chosen by random draw from among the 14 families 8, and the 1 1 families 4.
- the type of permutation applied to each of these families is chosen by equiprobable random drawing (one among 8 possible configurations for families 8 and one among 4 possible configurations for families 4).
- K core planes constitute the set of core planes referred to here as “generation 0”.
- C3 core planes are created by crossing two core planes among the K planes of step n-1.
- the pair of core planes is chosen randomly by equiprobable random drawing from among the core planes of the set of K planes of stage n-1.
- plan evaluation step S3 is used to determine the evaluation according to the EPC criterion presented previously, for the K core plans of the step previous n-1 and for the K planes created at step n as explained above.
- step S5 among these 2 ⁇ K planes, K planes having the smallest EPC evaluation are selected. These selected K planes constitute the core planes of step n.
- figure 48 illustrates a core of 193 assemblies, presenting a central position and 192 positions which are distributed as follows:
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2113896A FR3131062B1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2021-12-17 | Procédé automatisé de détermination de plans de chargement de cœurs de réacteurs nucléaires |
| PCT/EP2022/084997 WO2023110622A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2022-12-08 | Procédé automatisé de détermination de plans de chargement de cœurs de réacteurs nucléaires |
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| EP4449449A1 true EP4449449A1 (fr) | 2024-10-23 |
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| US (1) | US20240420857A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4449449B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN118355456A (fr) |
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| US6931090B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2005-08-16 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Method of establishing a nuclear reactor core fuel assembly loading pattern |
| US20040191734A1 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2004-09-30 | Russell William Earl | Method and arrangement for determining fresh fuel loading patterns for nuclear reactors |
| US20110246153A1 (en) * | 2010-04-05 | 2011-10-06 | Benjamin James Schultz | Method for pellet cladding interaction (pci) evaluation and mitigation during bundle and core design process and operation |
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- 2021-12-17 FR FR2113896A patent/FR3131062B1/fr active Active
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- 2022-12-08 US US18/716,273 patent/US20240420857A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-08 CN CN202280081374.3A patent/CN118355456A/zh active Pending
- 2022-12-08 EP EP22834569.0A patent/EP4449449B1/fr active Active
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| US20240420857A1 (en) | 2024-12-19 |
| EP4449449B1 (fr) | 2025-04-09 |
| CN118355456A (zh) | 2024-07-16 |
| FR3131062A1 (fr) | 2023-06-23 |
| FR3131062B1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
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