EP4449100A1 - Dispositif de microscopie cars multiplex - Google Patents
Dispositif de microscopie cars multiplexInfo
- Publication number
- EP4449100A1 EP4449100A1 EP22818738.1A EP22818738A EP4449100A1 EP 4449100 A1 EP4449100 A1 EP 4449100A1 EP 22818738 A EP22818738 A EP 22818738A EP 4449100 A1 EP4449100 A1 EP 4449100A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wavelength
- wavelengths
- optical fiber
- output beam
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0218—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using optical fibers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/10—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/3528—Non-linear optics for producing a supercontinuum
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/353—Frequency conversion, i.e. wherein a light beam is generated with frequency components different from those of the incident light beams
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/44—Raman spectrometry; Scattering spectrometry ; Fluorescence spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
- G01N2021/653—Coherent methods [CARS]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/16—Microscopes adapted for ultraviolet illumination ; Fluorescence microscopes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of multiplex CARS microscopy.
- Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Raman scattering microscopy is an analysis technique which is used in particular in the field of imaging and spectroscopy to identify and locate chemical species specific within a sample.
- a great advantage of this technique is that the samples do not need to be labeled with sometimes toxic dyes and that it is then possible to carry out in vivo studies.
- CARS microscopy makes it possible to obtain a more intense signal of interest by several orders of magnitude, to better suppress annoying side effects.
- Conventional confocal Raman spectroscopy requires a confocal hole to achieve good axial resolution.
- CARS is a nonlinear optical process (four-wave mixing process) that does not require a confocal hole and has an axial resolution that is at best on the order of a third of the wavelength d 'use.
- a pulsation pump wave ⁇ ) P incident on a molecule is diffused inelastically into a so-called Stokes wave, of pulsation and a so-called Anti-Stokes wave, of pulsation M AS .
- the frequency shift of the Stokes and Anti-Stokes waves corresponds to a specific vibration frequency of a molecular bond and that from the fundamental level.
- CARS microscopy consists in forcing the excitation of a specific chemical bond by difference of frequency.
- FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the energy levels involved in a CARS process.
- the ground level is denoted GS
- the excited higher electronic energy state is denoted EE
- the excited vibrational level of the resonant Raman mode with a resonant frequency O R is denoted Vib.
- CARS is a multiphoton process (it uses two pump photons at CÜP and one Stokes photon at CÜS ) which is more likely the stronger the optical fields. CARS therefore generally requires the use of pulsed lasers and occurs most favorably at the focus of a microscope objective which serves to focus the pump and Stokes fields in the sample.
- FIG. 1B illustrates an example of a wide spectral band CARS microscopy device known from the prior art.
- wide spectral band CARS (or multiplex CARS), it is meant that the device makes it possible to probe the sample with a Stokes beam which is a supercontinuum, which has a very large number (>20) of wavelengths juxtaposed the next to each other.
- the device comprises a pulsed laser source LS emitting at the frequency ) p .
- a portion of the radiation from the LS source is used to generate a supercontinuum from M P , for example in a single-mode PCF optical fiber, so as to generate a Stokes beam FSo comprising a multitude of frequencies in order to probe different chemical bonds each characterized by a vibrational frequency with a proper 1 R frequency.
- supercontinuum generation we mean here a process consisting in spectrally broadening an initial beam so as to obtain a distributed power of substantially homogeneously over a wavelength range of about 1000 nm or more.
- the supercontinuum is generated by one or more non-linear effects, of order two or of order three, among the following non-exhaustive list: phase self-modulation, cross-phase modulation, stimulated Raman effect, parametric mixing at four or three waves, modulation instability, soliton propagation, soliton self-shifting ....
- a delay line DL takes a portion FPo of the radiation from the source LS in order to form the pump beam at ) p .
- These two beams FPo and FSo are spatially recombined and synchronized using a splitter plate LS and two mirrors MR1, MR2, both being movable and orientable. They are then focused by an MO microscope objective on a region of the Ech sample.
- the anti-Stokes beam generated STK by coherent Raman effect is collimated by another objective CL then detected by a Det photodetector (a CCD camera or a photomultiplier tube) typically combined with a spectrometer in order to spatially separate the wavelengths of the anti beam.
- a Det photodetector a CCD camera or a photomultiplier tube
- spectrometer typically combined with a spectrometer in order to spatially separate the wavelengths of the anti beam.
- -Stokes A AS Note that the wavelengths of the supercontinuum useful to generate the anti-Stokes beam
- the wavelengths of the anti-Stokes beam A AS are by nature lower than ⁇ p .
- the device of the prior art comprises several optional mirrors MR2, M1, M2 for reasons of compactness.
- This device makes it possible to analyze the Raman signature of a sample over a very wide spectral range.
- the invention aims to overcome this drawback with a CARS multiplex microscopy device with a particularly suitable fiber which makes it possible to generate an output beam comprising the pump beam and the probe beam partially synchronized to transport the pump beam up to the sample in synchronization with the probe beam in order to induce the multiplex coherent Raman effect in the sample without using a delay line. This increases the compactness of the device and greatly simplifies its use.
- an object of the invention is a multiplex CARS microscopy device for analyzing a sample comprising:
- a laser source adapted to emit a primary beam having a first wavelength lt in the form of pulses with a so-called primary energy
- optical fiber comprising a core and having at least ten modes, including a fundamental mode, the optical fiber being suitable for:
- an optical system adapted to focus the output beam on said sample, so as to generate an anti-Stokes beam by stimulated Raman effect induced by at least one of the second wavelengths and the first wavelength present in the output beam;
- the fiber is adapted with respect to the primary energy so that a pulse in the output beam at the first wavelength is synchronized in time with pulses in the beam output at second wavelengths.
- the core comprises a transverse index variation profile configured to generate, by Kerr effect, a longitudinal periodic modulation of the index of said core.
- the transverse index variation profile of the core comprises a maximum located at the center of the core.
- the index variation profile of the heart is chosen from a group comprising a parabolic profile, a Gaussian profile, a super Gaussian profile, a triangular profile, a Lorentzian profile, a multi-lobe profile, and a profile of square hyperbolic secant
- the optical fiber is adapted so that the GPI Stokes frequency of order 1 f GPI 1 is between 2700 cm ⁇ 1 and 3500 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the core is doped in a given material, the doping of the optical fiber being non-uniform longitudinally, so that the optical fiber is amplifying at the first wavelength on a downstream portion of the optical fiber.
- the first wavelength is approximately 1064 nm and wherein the first order GPI Stokes wavelength is ⁇ GP/ 1 ⁇ 1550 nm, said optical fiber being doped with erbium ions.
- the device comprises a so-called upstream spectral filter arranged on the optical path of the output beam upstream of the sample and adapted to spectrally filter wavelengths lower than the first wave length.
- the device comprises a processor suitable for analyzing frequency information of the beam anti-Stokes detected by the photodetector, the upstream spectral filter being controllable and suitable for additionally filtering a spectral range of the output beam as a function of said frequency information.
- the device comprises a so-called downstream spectral filter arranged on the optical path of the anti-Stokes beam and adapted to filter the output beam co-propagating with the anti-Stokes beam.
- FIG. 2A a multiplex CARS microscopy device according to the invention
- FIG. 2B a transverse section of the fiber F and a transverse profile of variation of PVC index of the heart FC
- Figure 2C a schematic representation of the periodic spatial oscillations of the FP beam, in the fiber F, at PC hot spots
- Figure 2D a spectro-temporal graphical representation of the output beam
- FIG. 3A the Raman spectrum (1 R constructed from the spectrum of the anti-Stokes beam at M AS detected by the device of the invention for a paraffin sample
- FIG. 3B the power spectral density in the output beam as a function of the length of the fiber F and the power spectral density in the output beam for a fiber length F of 18.5 m.
- FIG. 4B a multiplex CARS microscopy device according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6 a multiplex CARS microscopy device according to one embodiment of the invention.
- a wavelength of X nm is meant in the remainder of the description a wavelength which is equal to X nm at ⁇ 5 nm.
- FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a multiplex CARS microscopy device 1 according to the invention, for analyzing an Ech sample.
- the device 1 comprises a pulsed laser source LS adapted to emit a primary beam FP in the form of laser pulses IL1 with a
- IL1 laser pulses are pulses of duration ranging from nanoseconds (ns) to femtoseconds (fs).
- a nanosecond pulse is a pulse of duration between 1 and 100 ns
- a femtosecond pulse is a pulse of duration between 1 and 100 fs.
- the rate of the laser pulses is for example between 0.1 and 100 MHz.
- the energy of the pulses is between 0.1 nJ and 100 nJ.
- the peak power of the laser pulses, called primary power is for example between 5 kW and 10 MW.
- the first wavelength must be considered as the central wavelength of the IL1 laser pulse. Note the spectral width of the IL1 pulses.
- the laser source LS is an optical fiber laser oscillator doped in a given material.
- the doped optical fiber of the laser source LS is for example an optical fiber consisting of a given luminescent material (glass or vitreous matrix), doped in a material.
- the doping material is an optically active material, i.e., under excitation (for example by pump lasers internal to the LS source), this material emits coherent light at a given wavelength.
- the doping material is an ion, for example a rare earth ion.
- the rare earth is for example neodymium (chemical symbol Nd), ytterbium (chemical symbol Yb), praseodymium (chemical symbol Pr), erbium (chemical symbol Er), thulium (chemical symbol Tm), holmium (chemical symbol Ho), or any other fluorescent element soluble in the vitreous matrix constituting the fiber, such as for example bismuth (chemical symbol Bi).
- the first wavelength depends on the material and the doping of the optical fiber of the laser source.
- the laser source LS is a phase-locked fiber laser oscillator.
- Such locking of the longitudinal modes of the injection laser oscillator makes it possible to obtain nanosecond pulses at femtoseconds.
- Other types of lasers for example a laser of the “gain switch” type, also make it possible to obtain picosecond and nanosecond pulses.
- the device 1 of the invention comprises an optical fiber F into which the IL1 pulses delivered by the source LS are injected, for example using an optical fiber coupler CF.
- This optical fiber F is very multimodal, which means that it has at least ten transverse spatial modes, and preferably at least twenty modes, including one fundamental and between which the primary energy of the primary beam FP is initially distributed.
- FIG. 2B at the top schematically illustrates a transverse section of the fiber F which comprises a core FC of diameter 4> c , and a sheath FG of index n G .
- a transverse profile of variation of PVC index of the heart FC passing through the center of the heart.
- the PVC index profile illustrated in FIG. 2B is parabolic with a maximum at the center of the core FC. This index profile is adapted to generate a spatial cleaning effect of the primary energy in the fundamental mode (see later).
- n cm denotes the maximum index of the PVC profile.
- the optical fiber F of the invention is adapted to generate a supercontinuum SC from the first wavelength
- the output beam FSC presents IL2 pulses formed from IL1 pulses.
- the fiber is suitable -via its core diameter 4> c and for sufficient primary energy- to generate by nonlinear conversion of the first wavelength of the primary beam, a plurality of second wavelengths ⁇ 2 forming the supercontinuum SC.
- the supercontinuum generation process on both sides includes the following phenomena: phase self-modulation, cross-phase modulation, four-wave parametric mixing, the stimulated Raman effect, and soliton self-shift by Raman effect (soliton self-frequency shift).
- phase self-modulation cross-phase modulation
- four-wave parametric mixing the stimulated Raman effect
- soliton self-shift by Raman effect soliton self-shift by Raman effect
- Wavelengths below are obtained mainly by four-wave parametric mixing, by self-phase modulation, by cross-phase modulation, and the wavelengths above Ai are obtained mainly by self-shifting by Raman effect of the solitons or by conversion by stimulated Raman effect .
- the fiber F In order to partially regenerate the first length and thus obtain an output beam having a power sufficient to serve as a pump wave inducing the stimulated Raman effect in the sample, the fiber F carries out a spatial cleaning of the laser beam in the fundamental mode (spatial beam self cleaning in English) during its propagation in the fiber F.
- This phenomenon is known to those skilled in the art and is for example described in the document Krupa, K., Tonello, A., Shalaby, B. et al. Spatial beam self-cleaning in multimode fibers. Nature Photonics 11, 237-241 (2017). A brief explanation of this phenomenon is given here.
- the spatial profile of the IL1 pulse is modified to become multimode under the effect of the group velocity differences between the different spatial modes.
- the fiber F - via its transverse profile of PVC index variation - is adapted so that the linear coupling between these modes induces a periodic image (hot spot) throughout the propagation in the optical fiber F.
- This periodicity depends on the constants of propagation of the modes in interaction and is controlled among other things by the transverse profile of index PVC.
- a necessary condition is that the transverse profile of PVC index comprises a maximum located at the center of the core FC.
- FIG. 2C schematically illustrates the creation of spatial oscillations of the longitudinally periodic beam FP in the fiber F, creating hot spots PC, produced by the transverse profile with index PVC.
- GRIN Gram Index
- this periodic image Given the primary energy, this periodic image generates a periodic modulation of the index of the core of the optical fiber F by Kerr effect, which then provides a phase match between the modes.
- This phase matching allows parametric four-wave mixing which induces a transfer of energy from the different modes to the one with the lowest group velocity, namely the fundamental mode.
- this fundamental mode separates from the other modes under the effect of phase self-modulation, which stops the energy transfer process and definitely traps the energy on this single fundamental mode.
- the propagation of this mode in the fiber then allows the generation of a supercontinuum on this same fundamental mode and the creation of the second wavelengths ⁇ 2 .
- the primary pump is then depleted by the generation of the second wavelengths ⁇ 2 .
- a spatial relocation of a portion of the primary energy at not used to generate the second wavelengths, and localized in the high order modes is observed. This second relocation is based on the same process described previously. This makes it possible to partially regenerate the primary energy depleted by the nonlinear conversion generating the second wavelengths.
- the fiber F is adapted to relocate in the fundamental mode, by Kerr effect, a portion of the primary energy initially distributed in the other modes of the optical fiber, so as to form an FSC output beam having the second wavelengths and the first wavelength
- the heart index variation profile FC is chosen from a group comprising a parabolic profile, a Gaussian profile, a super Gaussian profile, a triangular profile, a Lorentzian profile, a multi-lobe profile, and a square hyperbolic secant profile. These profiles are preferable for inducing cleaning by the Kerr effect.
- the fiber is adapted so that a pulse in the FSC output beam at the first wavelength is time synchronized with pulses in the FSC output beam at second wavelengths ⁇ 2 (see Figure 2D). This condition is necessary to induce a stimulated Raman effect in the Ech sample with the single FSC output beam.
- the first condition depends on the dispersion of the fiber F and its length: the longer the fiber, the greater the pulse IL1 at will be depleted by the nonlinear conversion in the fiber F. Similarly, at a fixed fiber length, the higher the primary power of the IL1 pulses the greater the IL1 pulse at will be depleted by the nonlinear conversion.
- the fiber - via its length and its dispersion - is adapted according to the power of the pulses IL1 so that an energy of the output beam at the first wavelength is not negligible by relative to the primary energy of the pulses. More precisely, the fiber is short enough for the energy of the output beam at the first wavelength to be greater than or equal to 10%, preferably 20% of the primary energy. Spatial cleaning by Kerr effect allows, moreover, to regenerate part of the energy of the depleted pulse due to the nonlinear conversion of the first length
- the second condition depends on the dispersion of the fiber F and its length.
- the inventors observed that the fibers known to those skilled in the art in which the spatial cleaning effect on the fundamental mode is observed allowed, by increasing the energy of the pulses injected into the fiber at the pump wavelength, to generate a supercontinuum while maintaining the spatial cleaning effect and obtaining the temporal synchronization of certain wavelengths of the supercontinuum and ⁇ -p
- the IL1 pulses have a first wavelength at 1030 nm and have a duration of 0.1 ns, with an average power of the FP beam of 325 mW and for a repetition rate of 30 kHz.
- a temporal profile of an IL2 pulse at a given wavelength is obtained.
- This depletion caused by the nonlinear conversion of generating the supercontinuum, causes the IL2 pulse to include two "sub-pulses" SI1 and SI2 resulting from the temporal fission (pulse breakup in English) of the IL1 pulse during its propagation in the fiber F. These two SI1 sub-pulses and SI2 are centered in time at about +40 ps and about -110 ps, respectively.
- the horizontal profile PH1 at +40 ps illustrates that the first sub-pulse SI1 is not synchronized with almost any wavelength ⁇ 2 .
- This sub-pulse SI1 will therefore not be usable as a pump beam to carry out a CARS analysis.
- the second sub-pulse SI2 is synchronized with many wavelengths ⁇ 2 up to more than 1600 nm.
- FIG. 2D can be generalized to the invention as a whole. That is to say, in the invention, the fiber is adapted - via its dispersion and its length - with respect to the primary energy so that an IL2 pulse in the FSC output beam at the first length d wave is time synchronized with IL2 pulses in the FSC output beam at second wavelengths ⁇ 2
- the device 1 comprises an MO optical system adapted to focus the output beam on the sample.
- the MO optical system is preferably a microscope objective with a focal length / M0 , preferably with a high numerical aperture (NA>0.8).
- NA>0.8 numerical aperture
- the output beam focused on the sample generates an anti-Stokes beam STK by coherent Raman effect induced by at least one of the second wavelengths greater than and the first wavelength both present in the FSC output beam.
- ⁇ 2j - 2TT/ ⁇ W 2 J denotes the j [1,/V] second wavelengths of the FSC beam greater than X lt which therefore constitute the probe wavelengths.
- the photons of the FSC beam at the first wavelength are numerous enough to induce the stimulated Raman effect in the Ech sample.
- the output beam FSC constitutes both the beam pump (via the first wavelength and the probe beam (via the second wavelengths higher than devices of the prior art.
- the device comprises a photodetector Det known to those skilled in the art and suitable for detecting the anti-Stokes beam, typically combined with a spectrometer in order to spatially separate the wavelengths of the anti-Stokes beam before their detection.
- the photodetector is typically a photomultiplier tube, a CCD camera or even an avalanche photodiode.
- the device of the invention does not use a delay line to transport pump the beam up to the sample in sync with the probe beam to induce the multiplex coherent Raman effect in the sample. This increases the compactness of the device and greatly simplifies its use
- the anti-Stokes beam is collected “forward” (F-CARS signal) by the photodetector.
- the device 1 comprises a collection objective CL, (with a numerical aperture of approximately 0.5 for example) to collimate the anti-Stokes beam before its detection, thus allowing a large working distance ( see figure 4A for example).
- the anti-Stokes beam is collected towards the rear (E-CARS signal) by the MO lens.
- the device 1 then comprises a dichroic mirror to spatially separate the anti-Stokes beam from the output beam incident on the sample before it can be detected with the photodetector Det.
- the device 1 comprises a sample holder SH adapted to move the sample in three-dimensional space, in order to map the sample in 3D and thus reconstruct three-dimensional images.
- this spectrum is obtained with the same parameters as those of figure 2D, the fiber F being here 18 m long.
- the detected anti-Stokes beam comprises 4 peaks at Raman frequencies of -2890 cm' 1 , -2850 cm' 1 , -1440 cm' 1 and -1300 cm' 1 . These peaks are respectively characteristic of the CH 3 symmetric stretching, CH 2 symmetric stretching, CH 2 curvature and CH 2 torsion modes present in the sample Ech.
- FIG. 3A therefore experimentally demonstrates the feasibility of multiplex CARS imaging with the device of the invention, without using a delay line to synchronize a portion of the primary beam with the output beam on the Ech sample.
- Figure 3B top is a representation of the power spectral density in the output beam as a function of the length of the fiber F.
- FIG. 3B top shows that the supercontinuum SC generated widens spectrally when the length of the fiber F increases up to about 20 m.
- the peak power of the IL2 pulse at gradually decreases with increasing fiber length F as the nonlinear conversion of towards high wavelengths ⁇ 2 due to the quantum defect linked to the interaction between light and matter through the Raman effect. Beyond 20 m of fiber (and for a power of 45 kW), there is no longer any increase in the spectral width due to the absorption of the material.
- wavelengths below are obtained mainly by four-wave parametric mixing, by self-phase modulation, by cross-phase modulation and dispersive waves, and the higher wavelengths are obtained mainly by self-shifting by the Raman effect of the solitons or by a conversion by the stimulated Raman effect.
- the peaks (or sidebands) observed for wavelengths below are geometric parametric modulation instabilities (GPI) due to resonant spatio-temporal couplings in the frequency domain induced by the periodic spatial oscillations in the fiber F themselves caused by the PVC index profile of the core CF. This phenomenon is described in particular in the publication Krupa, Katarzyna, et al. "Observation of geometric parametric instability induced by the periodic spatial self-imaging of multimode waves.” Physical review letters 116.18 (2016): 183901 .
- GPI sidebands of order h are obtained which are shifted in frequency with respect to X r by GPI frequencies of order h, f GPlih such that: a dispersion of the group delay K” at the first wavelength X 1 .
- These GPI sidebands are present on either side of X r .
- continuous spectrum we mean here that this
- the fiber is adapted so that the GPI frequency of order 1 f GPI 1 is between 2700 cm -1 and 3500 cm -1 .
- This additional characteristic makes it possible to obtain second wavelengths ⁇ 2 which have a shift with respect to the first wavelength allowing analysis of the bonds in the samples in the CH zone.
- Figure 4A illustrates a schematic perspective view of an embodiment of the device 1.
- the device of the embodiment of Figure 4A comprises a spectral filter called upstream SF arranged on the optical path of the output beam FSC upstream of the sample Ech and adapted to filter spectrally wavelengths lower than the first wavelength.
- the SF filter is adapted so that the filtered FSC beam comprises only the first wavelength and second wavelengths greater than useful for the generation of the anti-Stokes beam.
- This upstream filter SF makes it easier to identify the wavelengths of the anti-Stokes beam which are induced by the coherent Raman effect, these wavelengths A AS necessarily being lower by the very nature of this phenomenon.
- the device of the embodiment of FIG. 4A comprises an optional so-called downstream spectral filter SF′, arranged on the optical path of the anti-Stokes beam STK and adapted to filter the co-propagating output beam. with the anti-Stokes beam having passed through the sample.
- the filters SF and SF' are elements known to those skilled in the art and are for example color filters, or are each formed by a diffraction grating coupled to a deformable mirror or coupled with a spatial modulator. of controllable light to select the wavelengths to be transmitted or not.
- the anti-Stokes beam filtered by the filter SF' is coupled - through an SCA coupling assembly comprising a focusing lens and a fiber coupler - into an optical fiber of detection carrying the beam to the photodetector Det.
- the device of FIG. 4A also comprises two optional mirrors M1, M2 for reasons of compactness and a collection objective CL (for example: NA ⁇ 0.5), to collimate the anti-Stokes beam thus allowing a large distance work for detection.
- CL collection objective
- FIG. 4B illustrates an embodiment of the device of Figure 4A.
- the upstream spectral filter is adaptive as a function of the detected anti-Stokes signal.
- the device 1 comprises a processor suitable for analyzing frequency information from the anti-Stokes beam detected by the photodetector typically via a spectrometer.
- the upstream spectral filter SF is controllable and suitable for filtering, in addition to certain wavelengths less than X lt , a spectral range of the output beam as a function of the frequency information analyzed by the processor. Control of the SF filter is done through a feedback loop BR.
- the SF filter of the device of FIG. 4B only transmits a relevant spectral range for the analysis of a predetermined Ech sample in addition to the first wavelength. This allows faster analysis of the sample.
- the SF filter of the device of FIG. 4B allows an improvement in the spectral resolution of the device.
- the spectral resolution of the device should be fixed by the spectral width of the IL1 pulse,
- the resolution of the device is likely to be greater than
- the SF filter filters an interval of wavelengths directly above the wavelength to reduce the spectral width of the pump beam which fixes the resolution. It is noted that the use of an SF filter without feedback control and filtering the wavelengths directly higher than the length to reduce the spectral width of the pump beam - in addition to lower wavelengths - Is compatible with the embodiment of Figure 4A.
- FIG. 5 is a representation of the power spectral density of a pulse IL2 of the output beam FSC respectively at the output of the fiber F (curve C1), after filtering by the filter SF of the lower frequencies (curve C2), and after filtering by the SF filter of the frequencies lower than and a range of frequencies greater than (curve C3). More specifically, curve C2 is obtained after filtering second wavelengths below 1000 nm and curve C3 is obtained after filtering second wavelengths below 1000 nm and over an interval of 800 nm greater than By way of non-limiting example, the curves C1-C3 are obtained for the second variant of the device of FIG.
- the curve C1 illustrates that, the generation of the supercontinuum in the fiber F makes it possible to obtain an FSC beam with a power at which is not completely depleted and is strong enough to act as a pump wave to achieve the stimulated Raman effect in the sample.
- Curve C2 illustrates the effect of low-pass filtering which makes it possible to generate a filtered FSC beam which comprises almost no power at wavelengths below 1000 nm, precisely where the CARS signature of the sample - via the anti-Stokes beam - will be present.
- the second wavelengths greater than are needed to probe the chemical bonds of the sample Ech.
- the curve C3 illustrates the effect of the band-pass filtering making it possible to improve the spectral resolution of the device.
- the spectral width imposed by the bandpass filtering is approximately 15 nm.
- FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the device of FIG. 4A.
- the device of Figure 6 comprises an amplifier Amp arranged on the optical path of the output beam upstream of the sample and adapted to selectively amplify the power of the output beam at the first wavelength Ai.
- This embodiment makes it possible to partially compensate for the reduction in power at the length due to the generation of the supercontinuum and thus obtain a more intense anti-Stokes signal. It is recalled that the intensity I AS of the anti-Stokes beam is proportional to I AS oc , with I M1 .
- I M2 the intensity of the FSC beam at respectively and at the second wavelength, with N the number of resonant molecules in the sample at the focus of the FSC beam and with x ⁇ dman ' a third-order Raman susceptibility of the sample molecule.
- the intensity of the FSC beam at is essential for a good signal-to-noise ratio.
- the amplifier Amp comprises an amplifying fiber with a core doped with rare earth ions.
- this amplifying fiber is pumped to produce an inversion of the population of rare earth ions and thus, according to the principle of stimulated emission, allow the amplification of the output beam at the first wavelength .
- This amplifier fiber is attached, or welded or coupled to a downstream end of the optical fiber F.
- the power at the first length is too weak to induce a supercontinuum in the amplifier fiber, so the pump power is only used to "regenerate" or amplify the output beam specifically at the first wavelength.
- the doped amplifying fiber is pumped by second wavelengths of the output beam which are less than the first wavelength
- This first variant is advantageous because it allows efficient use of the second wavelengths less than the first wavelength which are undesirable for the detection of the anti-Stokes beam and which would otherwise be filtered out by the SF filter.
- the implementation of such a device is very simple and consists in welding a piece of amplifier fiber (for example 50 cm) to the output of the non-linear fiber.
- part of the power of the IL1 pulses used to generate the second wavelengths less than is “recycled” and allows amplification of the FSC beam at Ai.
- the second wavelengths at about 980 nm make it possible to pump the amplifying fiber.
- the second lengths between 730-760 nm and/or between 790-820 nm allow the amplifier fiber to be pumped.
- the aforementioned second wavelengths are lower than Ai and are recycled.
- the first wavelength is about 1064 nm.
- the optical fiber F is adapted so that the wavelength GPI of order 1 ⁇ GPI 1 is approximately 1550 nm and the amplifying fiber is doped with erbium ions.
- Such an amplifying fiber is called EDFA for Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier.
- the amplifier fiber Amp makes it possible to selectively amplify both the length and the wavelength ⁇ GPI 1 .
- an EDFA makes it possible to amplify light radiation in two spectral bands, including a length range between 1525 nm and 1565 nm.
- the LS laser source comprises at least one optical fiber with a core doped with rare-earth ions
- the amplifying fiber is pumped by a portion of the pump beam used to generate, by laser effect, the primary wavelength .
- This second variant is less advantageous than the first variant because it reduces the compactness of the device but makes it possible to increase the gain of the amplifier.
- the amplifier is not a doped amplifying optical fiber but a multipass regenerative type amplifier in a solid medium such as doped YAG neodymium, or alexandrite, or titanium-doped sapphire.
- the amplifier is pumped by second wavelengths of the output beam which are less than the first wavelength or by a portion of the primary beam of the source LS or of the pump lasers (not represented in FIG. 6).
- the device 1 comprises the feedback loop BR of the embodiment of FIG. 4B.
- the core of the optical fiber F is doped with rare earth ions.
- the doping concentration of the optical fiber is longitudinally non-uniform, so that the optical fiber is amplifying at the first wavelength on a downstream portion of the optical fiber. That is to say, the optical fiber F generates a supercontinuum on an upstream portion and amplifies the wavelength on the downstream portion.
- the doping profile is exponential longitudinally.
- the doping element of the heart is chosen in such a way as to allow stimulated emission pumped by second wavelengths smaller than the first wavelength generated in the upstream portion of the optical fiber F.
- This embodiment MD makes it possible to have an amplification of the output beam FSC without requiring an external Amp amplifier as in Figure 6.
- the first wavelength Ai is around 1064 nm.
- the optical fiber F is adapted so that the wavelength GPI of order 1 ⁇ GPI 1 is approximately 1550 nm and the fiber amplifier is doped with erbium ions.
- the amplifier fiber Amp makes it possible to selectively amplify both the length and the wavelength A GPI;1 . This makes it possible to obtain a supercontinuum between ⁇ . GPI 1 and
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2113526A FR3130403B1 (fr) | 2021-12-15 | 2021-12-15 | Dispositif de microscopie CARS multiplex |
| PCT/EP2022/082471 WO2023110287A1 (fr) | 2021-12-15 | 2022-11-18 | Dispositif de microscopie cars multiplex |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4449100A1 true EP4449100A1 (fr) | 2024-10-23 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22818738.1A Pending EP4449100A1 (fr) | 2021-12-15 | 2022-11-18 | Dispositif de microscopie cars multiplex |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4449100A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3130403B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023110287A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5100461B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-14 | 2012-12-19 | 英明 加納 | 非線形分光計測システム用の光源装置、非線形分光計測システム及び方法 |
| FR3050289B1 (fr) * | 2016-04-13 | 2018-04-06 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique - Cnrs - | Dispositif de generation d'un faisceau de photons de longueurs d'onde definissant un supercontinuum sensiblement continu |
| FR3108412B1 (fr) * | 2020-03-23 | 2022-02-18 | Compagnie Ind Des Lasers Cilas | Guide d’onde multimode configuré pour générer une radiation monomode à partir d’une radiation monomode. |
-
2021
- 2021-12-15 FR FR2113526A patent/FR3130403B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-11-18 EP EP22818738.1A patent/EP4449100A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-11-18 WO PCT/EP2022/082471 patent/WO2023110287A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3130403B1 (fr) | 2024-04-05 |
| FR3130403A1 (fr) | 2023-06-16 |
| WO2023110287A1 (fr) | 2023-06-22 |
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