EP4430715A1 - Booster de courant de court-circuit dc - Google Patents
Booster de courant de court-circuit dcInfo
- Publication number
- EP4430715A1 EP4430715A1 EP22813289.0A EP22813289A EP4430715A1 EP 4430715 A1 EP4430715 A1 EP 4430715A1 EP 22813289 A EP22813289 A EP 22813289A EP 4430715 A1 EP4430715 A1 EP 4430715A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- storage element
- fuse
- voltage
- diodes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/268—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for DC systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
- H02H3/087—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current for DC applications
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to the field of low voltage public distribution networks, in particular the direct current part (LVDC) and LVDC uses.
- the present disclosure relates in particular to a device capable of reinforcing the electrical protection of such networks and to a system comprising such a device.
- Figure 1 schematically represents a circuit of an AC/DC converter (1) connected on the one hand to an AC network (2) and on the other hand to a DC outlet (3) which it supplies.
- the DC output comprises, at least, direct current link capacitors (4) integrated in the AC/DC converter, DC fuses (5) for protection purposes in the event of an electrical fault, a cable (6) which can be modeled by an impedance function of the length of the cable, and a device to be electrically powered (7), which can also be modeled by a resistive load.
- Fuses are a mature and proven technology that is inexpensive and relatively simple. Compared to an AC network whose conventional electrotechnical equipment (transformer, inductors, etc.) can withstand a high current for a duration compatible with the reaction time of fuse or circuit breaker type protection (10 ms), DC networks suffer from several weak points.
- a first weak point is that the fault current does not pass through zero, making it difficult to cut by a circuit breaker.
- a second weak point is the very rapid dynamics of the increase in the fault current (di/dit), which is more severe than in AC faults.
- a third weak point is that the overload capacity and thermal withstand of semiconductor switches is lower than that of electrotechnical equipment (1.2 pu).
- Figure 2 shows a comparison between, on the one hand, the time of melting of fuses protecting a 40 kW feeder at 750 V DC (i.e. with a nominal current equal to 53 A) and, on the other hand, the destruction time of the semiconductor switches, depending on the distance between the position of the electrical fault and a reference point assimilated to the position of the AC/DC converter.
- One of the known means of protection is the electronic circuit breaker.
- Such a device is formed by associating in series a sufficiently large number of semiconductor switches sized to block the fault current on a time scale of the order of switching (10 ps).
- Figure 4 shows an example of such an electronic circuit breaker, comprising two insulated gate bipolar transistors or IGBTs (30, 31), a gate control element (32) and a surge limiter (33).
- IGBTs insulated gate bipolar transistors
- 32 gate control element
- surge limiter 33
- the other standard strategy is to oversize the power converters to give them an overload capacity and a sufficiently high thermal withstand time for the protections conventionally used in AC networks to react, that is to say after a time interval of the order of 10 ms.
- Work has been carried out to compare the response times of the fastest DC fuses and the destruction time of semiconductor switches subjected to a DC fault, with a 100% oversizing of semiconductor switches compared to the power that the converter is supposed to deliver at rated speed. The results of this work are represented in summary form in Figure 7.
- a device capable of being inserted into a DC circuit having a nominal voltage comprising:
- an electrical energy storage element defined by a DC operating voltage lower than the nominal voltage
- a charger configured to charge the storage element when the storage element is discharged and the device is subjected to the nominal DC voltage
- the set of diodes being configured to be on and thus discharge the storage element when said storage element is charged and the device is subjected to a DC voltage lower than the difference between the DC operating voltage associated with the storage element and the threshold voltage value associated with the diode assembly.
- a transient state is automatically established within the device: the set of diodes is blocked and the charger recharges the storage element. Once the storage element has been charged, the device resumes its operation in steady nominal state.
- a voltage drop can also find its source in an electrical overload not resulting from a circuit current but rather from a high demand. Such a drop in voltage can also trigger the flip-flop of the set of diodes in on-state, the discharge of the storage element and, consequently, the melting of a fuse on the portion of the circuit to be protected.
- the storage element can be a capacitor or a supercapacitor, with the advantage of a particularly short response time, compatible with the requirements linked to the prevention of the destruction of semiconductor switches within a converter supplying the device.
- supercapacitors have the advantage of reduced calendar aging compared to other types of storage elements, hence an increased lifetime. This is particularly true because, within the device, the storage element is more subject to calendar aging rather than aging by cycling.
- the storage element can alternatively be a battery.
- the charger may be of the step-down chopper type, or may, alternatively, comprise a resistive element and a semiconductor switch controlling the charging of the capacitor through the resistive element.
- the set of diodes can be formed from a plurality of diodes connected in series.
- the device may comprise a plurality of disconnectors arranged so as to electrically isolate the storage element when the disconnectors are placed in the open position.
- the device may comprise a plurality of disconnectors arranged so as to electrically isolate the device when the disconnectors are placed in the open position.
- These disconnectors allow, by electrically isolating the potential sources of current passing through one or more branches within the device, an operator to protect himself upstream of maintenance operations on the device or on a circuit in which the device is installed.
- the assembly being formed of the above device and at least one fuse defined by a fuse rating
- the device being arranged so as to, in the event of a short-circuit in the second circuit, discharge the storage element and thus supply the fuse with a first additional short-circuit current
- the converter comprising at least one capacitor configured to, in the event of a short-circuit in the second circuit, supply the fuse with a second additional short-circuit current
- the caliber of the fuse being chosen to cause, in the event of a short-circuit in the second circuit, a rupture of the fuse under the combined effect of a short-circuit current induced by the short-circuit, of the first supplement and of the second supplement before the converter is damaged.
- first circuit and second circuit refer to the networks interfaced by the converter.
- the "first circuit” thus designates the network upstream of the converter, which is either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
- Figure 1 represents for example, for this purpose, an AC network upstream of such a converter.
- the “second circuit” designates the network downstream of the converter which, in the context of the invention, is in direct current (DC).
- the system may optionally comprise a plurality of device-fuse sets, said sets differing in at least one parameter chosen from the following list:
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an AC/DC converter supplying a DC feeder protected by DC fuses.
- FIG. 2 compares, in the context of an electrical fault occurring within a DC circuit as represented in FIG. 1, the melting times of 63 A fuses with those of semiconductor switches present in AC/DC converters. DC, depending on the distance between the position of the electrical fault and that of the converter.
- FIG. 3 represents a Ragone diagram of different types of electrical energy storage elements.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of a basic electronic circuit breaker, showing the current path in the event of an electrical fault.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram of a more evolved electronic circuit breaker, on which the path of the current in the nominal regime is represented.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram of a more evolved electronic circuit breaker, on which the path of the current in the nominal regime is represented.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram of the electronic circuit breaker illustrated in FIG. 5, on which is also represented the path of the current in the event of an electrical fault.
- FIG. 7 compares, in the context of an electrical fault occurring within a DC circuit as shown in Figure 1, the melting times of different types of fuses with those of semiconductor switches present in AC converters /DC oversized by 100%, depending on the distance between the position of the electrical fault and that of the converter.
- FIG. 8 represents a device according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, which can be connected to a direct current network in parallel.
- FIG. 9 represents a device according to an alternative embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10 represents the behavior of the device in figure 8 when it is subjected to nominal operating conditions, i.e. when there is no electrical fault in a downstream portion, to be protected, of a DC circuit.
- FIG. 11 represents the behavior of the device of figure 8 when it is subjected to a fault state, i.e. in the presence of an electrical fault in a downstream portion, to be protected, of a DC circuit.
- FIG. 12 represents the behavior of the device of FIG. 8 having previously been subjected to a fault condition, after disappearance of the fault.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram of a circuit of an AC/DC converter supplying a DC output protected by DC fuses, the circuit being equipped with a plurality of devices according to an exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 14 compares, in the context of an electrical fault occurring within a DC circuit as shown in Figure 8, the melting times of different types of fuses with those of semiconductor switches present in AC converters /DC oversized by 100%, depending on the distance between the position of the electrical fault and that of the converter.
- FIG. 15 represents a variant of the device of FIG. 8, adapted to facilitate maintenance operations.
- FIG. 16 represents a variant of the device of FIG. 9, adapted to facilitate maintenance operations.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of a device (50) according to the invention.
- a device 50
- DC direct current
- Figure 8 highlights, by way of illustration, an example of such a direct current network in parallel. Are represented :
- a cable (6) represented as a resistive load
- a device (7) or group of devices to be electrically powered represented in the form of a resistive load
- the first device-fuse assembly comprises the first example of a device (50) associated with at least one fuse (5), such a first assembly being responsible for protecting the downstream portion of the DC circuit denoted N, that is that is to say of the portion located more at the end of the line than is the device-fuse assembly (50) in question.
- the second device-fuse assembly comprises the second example of a device (60) associated with at least one fuse (5), such a second assembly being responsible for protecting the downstream portion of the DC circuit denoted N+1, that is that is to say of the portion located more at the end of the line than is the device-fuse assembly (50) in question.
- the device of FIG. 8 comprises an electrical energy storage element (52), for example a capacitor, a supercapacitor or a battery, operating at a DC voltage, denoted O VDC, lower than the nominal voltage of the network DC, denoted VDC.
- O VDC DC voltage
- VDC nominal voltage of the network DC
- the coefficient a has a positive fixed value and strictly less than 1.
- the voltage of the DC network is not strictly fixed but is on the contrary likely to vary over time, for example by 5% or 10% around the nominal value.
- the coefficient a can be set, for example, to a value less than 0.9, or less than 0.85.
- 0n can also define a coefficient denoted y corresponding to the state of charge of the energy storage element.
- the coefficient y is equal to 1 (or 100%) when the storage element is fully charged, and equal to 0 (or 0%) when the storage element is fully discharged.
- V storage is equal to y a-Voc.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram comparing, for the different types of storage elements of electrical energy which are the supercapacitors (20), the LiC capacitors (21) and the lithium-ion batteries (22), the ratio between their maximum power density and their energy density. Capacitor-based technologies and supercapacitors are here preferred according to FIG. 3 because they present the fastest response.
- the device of FIG. 8 also comprises a loader of the type of a buck chopper (51), also called step-down, arranged so as to be able to load the storage element (52).
- This converter only operates when the storage element has previously been discharged following an electrical fault: the converter then recharges the storage element.
- the buck chopper (51) can be replaced by a resistive charger (56) controlled by a semiconductor switch (55) (thyristor or transistor), as shown in Figure 9.
- the device of Figure 8 also comprises one or more diodes (54), forming a "set of diodes" (53).
- a diode can be defined by its threshold voltage below which it is blocked and beyond which it becomes conductive.
- the set of diodes therefore has a threshold voltage value which can be determined from the threshold voltages of the diodes which form it.
- the set of diodes (53) is formed of KN identical diodes arranged in series. Such a set of diodes (53) has a threshold voltage value equal to the sum of the threshold voltages of the diodes which form it, that is to say KN times the threshold voltage Vs of a single diode.
- the set of diodes (53) allows the discharge of the storage element (52) if the potential difference between the bus and the storage element exceeds the threshold voltage value.
- the charged storage element is at a voltage V standby storage equal to its operating voltage O VDC, therefore lower than the voltage VDC of the DC network.
- the charger does not conduct any current, ie the current ⁇ charger at the output of the charger is equal to zero.
- the diodes of the diode assembly are located in reverse bias, the diode voltage across the terminals of the set of diodes being less than zero, therefore necessarily less than the (strictly positive) threshold voltage value.
- FIG. 13 represents a system comprising several examples of devices according to the invention.
- An AC/DC or DC/DC converter supplies a DC output to which a DC load is connected.
- a DC load is connected between the power supply and the load.
- fuse-device assemblies are arranged between the power supply and the load.
- Each device-fuse assembly comprises an example of a device according to the invention, associated with a fuse.
- FIG. 13 shows, by way of illustration, two fuse-device assemblies:
- a first device noted (N) associated with a first fuse is responsible for protecting a portion N of the DC circuit
- a second device denoted (N+1) associated with a second fuse is responsible for protecting a sub-portion N+1 of the portion N.
- These two device-fuse assemblies may be structurally different so that, when an electrical fault occurs in the sub-portion N+1, the device-fuse assembly responsible for protecting the sub-portion N+1 automatically triggers before the one responsible for protecting sub-portion N.
- the device-fuse assemblies may differ:
- the device-fuse assemblies only differ from each other at the level of a single one of the aforementioned parameters.
- the same generic base such as the device without diodes can be optionally supplemented by different versions of the diode assembly, each consisting of a different number of diodes in series. This makes it possible to be able to offer different versions of the device, respectively adapted to different needs, from a single and same generic base.
- a fault as shown in FIG. 13 results in a more abrupt voltage drop at the level of the device protecting the sub-portion N+1 than at the level of the device protecting the portion N due to the impedance of the cable or of the the line connecting them. If one wishes to delay the reaction of the device protecting the portion N with respect to that of the device protecting the sub-portion N+1, one can choose the operating voltage of the storage element of the device protecting the portion N so that it is lower than the operating voltage of the storage element of the device protecting the sub-portion N+1.
- the sets of diodes are each formed of diodes in series
- the threshold voltage of a diode is of the order of 1.4 V and that the voltage difference following a fault in two points of the DC network is low (a few V)
- the equivalent threshold voltage of the diodes is lower at the end of line. Therefore, end-of-line devices bootstrap first.
- Figure 14 shows the results of some simulations.
- the curves show the respective melting times of the semiconductor switches of the converter (70), of a 63 A DC fuse (71) and of an 80 A DC fuse (72) in the event of a DC fault according to its location on a feeder equipped with an example of a proposed device.
- the most critical location of the fault is located 10 m from the converter and the storage element has been sized to guarantee a minimum safety margin of 2 ms between the melting times of the fuses and that of the converter.
- all the examples of devices previously described can be equipped with disconnectors (57, 58, 59). The latter aim to allow electrical isolation of the device with respect to a DC circuit in which it is installed, and also aim, within the device itself, to electrically isolate the electrical energy storage element (52 ) to prevent accidental discharging.
- Two disconnectors (57, 58) are arranged to electrically isolate the device (50) from the DC circuit where it is installed when these two disconnectors are placed in the open position.
- the various examples of devices according to the invention are intended mainly for public low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution networks and for uses supplied with LVDC, in particular industrial networks, LVDC, on-board LVDC networks, micro -networks, or autonomous direct current networks.
- LVDC public low-voltage direct current
Landscapes
- Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2112017A FR3129253B1 (fr) | 2021-11-12 | 2021-11-12 | Booster de courant de court-circuit DC |
| PCT/EP2022/081014 WO2023083761A1 (fr) | 2021-11-12 | 2022-11-07 | Booster de courant de court-circuit dc |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4430715A1 true EP4430715A1 (fr) | 2024-09-18 |
Family
ID=80225622
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22813289.0A Withdrawn EP4430715A1 (fr) | 2021-11-12 | 2022-11-07 | Booster de courant de court-circuit dc |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4430715A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3129253B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023083761A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025078264A1 (fr) | 2023-10-10 | 2025-04-17 | Safran Electrical & Power | Dispositif et procédé de protection d'un réseau lvdc connecté à un équipement alimenté par un réseau hvdc |
| FR3153943A1 (fr) * | 2023-10-10 | 2025-04-11 | Safran Electrical & Power | Dispositif et procédé de protection d’un réseau LVDC connecté à un équipement alimenté par un réseau HVDC |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008053074A1 (de) * | 2008-07-09 | 2010-01-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schnellschalteinrichtung für eine Hochleistungs-Batterie in einem Gleichstrominselnetz |
| CN106953304B (zh) * | 2017-04-14 | 2019-01-29 | 上海海事大学 | 自升式平台钻井变频驱动直流配电过流保护系统和方法 |
| EP3675301A1 (fr) * | 2018-12-27 | 2020-07-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Couplage électrique d'au moins deux équipements électriques connectés à un réseau d alimentation en énergie avec au moins une source d'énergie électrique connectée au réseau d'alimentation en énergie |
-
2021
- 2021-11-12 FR FR2112017A patent/FR3129253B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-11-07 WO PCT/EP2022/081014 patent/WO2023083761A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-11-07 EP EP22813289.0A patent/EP4430715A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3129253B1 (fr) | 2024-06-14 |
| FR3129253A1 (fr) | 2023-05-19 |
| WO2023083761A1 (fr) | 2023-05-19 |
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