EP4419854A1 - Caloduc de type à pompage capillaire avec rainures réentrantes à conductivité thermique augmentée - Google Patents
Caloduc de type à pompage capillaire avec rainures réentrantes à conductivité thermique augmentéeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4419854A1 EP4419854A1 EP22801140.9A EP22801140A EP4419854A1 EP 4419854 A1 EP4419854 A1 EP 4419854A1 EP 22801140 A EP22801140 A EP 22801140A EP 4419854 A1 EP4419854 A1 EP 4419854A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heat pipe
- evaporator
- condenser
- liquid
- channel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/04—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure
- F28D15/046—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure characterised by the material or the construction of the capillary structure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/0233—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes the conduits having a particular shape, e.g. non-circular cross-section, annular
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a capillary pumped heat pipe with reentrant grooves.
- the present invention aims to improve the thermal conductivity of such a heat pipe.
- a heat pipe comprises a hermetically sealed enclosure, a working fluid and a capillary network. During manufacture, all the air present in the heat pipe is evacuated and a quantity of pure liquid is introduced to saturate the capillary network. An equilibrium is then established between the liquid phase and the vapor phase.
- the liquid Under the effect of a hot source applied in a zone at one of the longitudinal ends, called the evaporator, the liquid vaporizes by inducing a slight overpressure which causes the movement of the vapor towards a zone at the other longitudinal end, called condenser.
- the condenser At the condenser, the vapor condenses and returns to the liquid phase.
- the condensed fluid circulates in the capillary network and returns to the evaporator under the effect of capillary forces, when the heat pipe is not subjected to gravity.
- the return of the liquid fluid from the condenser to the evaporator is obtained by capillary pumping.
- Slotted heat pipes work on the principle of capillary pumping. They have a tube, in which the inner surface has axial/longitudinal [1] or slightly spiral-shaped grooves. Slotted heat pipes have a vapor core and a capillary network through which the liquid circulates. Due to a variation in curvature of the liquid-vapor interface between the condenser zone and the evaporator zone, a pressure gradient appears in the liquid, which leads to a variation in capillary pressure. The smaller the width of the grooves, the greater the capillary pumping effect.
- the maximum power that grooved heat pipes can carry is generally fixed by the capillary limit, the driving term of which is the capillary pressure, and the limiting term essentially the loss of liquid pressure in the grooves and, to a lesser extent, the pressure drops of the steam flow.
- Reentrant groove heat pipes are special examples of grooved heat pipes, in which the grooves have a narrow connecting channel with respect to the rest of the groove, which makes it possible to increase the capillary pumping effect while limiting the losses of charge.
- These heat pipes are mainly used in the space field, for example for thermal regulation in satellites and/or spacecraft.
- Another technique uses mechanical machining, with this technique also the depth to width ratio is not substantially greater than 1. In addition, this technique has a relatively high cost price and is not suitable for manufacturing on average and large series.
- Another technique uses chemical etching. But it also does not make it possible to have a significant depth-to-width ratio.
- the general object of the invention is then to meet this need at least in part.
- the invention firstly relates to a heat pipe with reentrant grooves, extending along a first longitudinal direction (X), comprising a sealed enclosure extending between a first longitudinal end, intended to be heated by a hot source to form, within the enclosure, an evaporator and a second longitudinal end intended to be cooled by a cold source to form, within the enclosure, a condenser, the sealed enclosure delimiting a adiabatic zone between the evaporator and the condenser, the enclosure comprising a stack of plates in a second direction (Z) orthogonal to the first direction (X), the stack comprising two closure plates, at least a number of n modules on top of each other with n being an integer >1, each module comprising at least one intermediate plate between the closure plates, the intermediate plate(s) comprising at least a first intermediate plate comprising at least one window whose edges partly delimit a vapor channel extending along the first direction (X) between the evaporator and the condenser, in which the vapor
- the structures and spacer plates of the n modules define a single vapor channel and on at least one lateral side of the vapor channel, n liquid channels, the walls between liquid channels are of progressively increased thickness in the evaporator, from the adiabatic zone.
- the walls between liquid channels are gradually increased in thickness in the condenser, from the adiabatic zone.
- the length, in the third direction Y, of the liquid-vapor connection channels being progressively increased in the evaporator, from the adiabatic zone.
- the length, in the third direction Y, of the liquid-vapor connection channels being progressively increased in the condenser, from the adiabatic zone.
- the structures are only on one side of the window delimiting the vapor channel.
- the structures can be on each of the two lateral sides of the window, facing each other.
- the transverse section in a plane YZ of the steam channel is constant over the entire length X of the heat pipe.
- the invention also relates to a system comprising:
- the heat pipe being arranged so that the heat flow from the hot source (SC) to the evaporator, and the heat extraction at the condenser towards the cold source (SF ) being on at least one side face of the enclosure facing the liquid channels, or on a side face perpendicular thereto.
- the invention essentially consists in proposing a heat pipe with reentrant grooves, which unlike the heat pipes according to the state of the art with identical internal cross-section over the entire length of the heat pipe, has walls between liquid channels which are thickened in the evaporator, and advantageously in the condenser. Even if this thickening degrades the capillary limit a little, it has the advantage of pushing back the boiling limit and improving the conductance of the heat pipe at the evaporator, and therefore the total conductance, by improving the thermal path between hot and fluid source.
- the inventors of the present invention started from thermal modeling.
- the overall thermal resistance of a heat pipe can be evaluated by making an analogy of a network of independent thermal resistances.
- Such a network is schematized in figure 1 in which a heat flux Q emitted by a hot source SC must be evacuated by a heat pipe to a cold source.
- the heat pipe can be considered as a set of a number of eleven thermal resistances RI to Rl l in series and/or in parallel as shown in this figure 1.
- the axial resistances of the outer wall RIO and of the capillary network Rl l along the length of the heat pipe are immense. Consequently, the preferred heat flow path is that passing through the steam circulation section. This path consists of five different resistors, as follows:
- the limiting thermal resistance is that of the liquid channels (capillary network), respectively at the evaporator and at the condenser (R3, R7).
- the author of the publication [6] proposed a thermal resistance model with a path through the liquid in the groove in parallel with a conductive path in the tooth and then in the evaporation film.
- the inventors of the present invention have analyzed that with the production of heat pipes with reentrant grooves according to patent application EP3553445, which consists of stacking then assembling between them punched or machined metal plates to define the different heat pipe channels, they could advantageously thicken the walls between channels at the evaporator and at the condenser to increase the thermal conductivity of a heat pipe.
- the invention brings many advantages among which we can cite those compared to patent application EP3553445, as follows: increase in the thermal conductance of the heat pipe, increase in the boiling limit of the heat pipe.
- the three zones of a heat pipe according to the invention do not have the same internal cross section, different heat pipes will have to be made for two applications whose lengths of the three zones differ, this which is not favorable from a production cost point of view.
- this disadvantage is compensated by better performance.
- the invention applies to a large number of fields in which a system, in particular an electronic system, must be thermally managed, but in particular for on-board systems in the space field to be thermalized.
- Figure 1 is a symbolic representation of a network of thermal resistances that are established for a heat pipe.
- Figure 2 is a schematic side view of an example of a heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to the invention.
- Figures 2 A and 2B are perspective and cross-sectional views along A-A and B-B, respectively, of the evaporator of a reentrant groove heat pipe according to Figure 2.
- Figure 2C is a perspective and cross-sectional view along C-C of the adiabatic zone of a heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to Figure 2.
- Figure 2D is a perspective and cross-sectional view along D-D of the condenser of a heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to Figure 2.
- Figure 2E is a perspective and cross-sectional view along E-E of the condenser of a heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to Figure 2.
- FIGs 3A and 3B are perspective and cross-sectional views of the evaporator of a heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to the invention, these figures showing the reduction in the width of the walls separating the liquid channels from the end of the heat pipe to the adiabatic zone, and also the reduction in the length of the connecting channel as well as the increase in the length along the Y axis of the liquid channels.
- FIG. 4 illustrates in the form of curves the capillary limits obtained for a heat pipe with reentrant grooves respectively according to the invention and according to the state of the art.
- Figure 5 illustrates, in perspective view and in cross section, another embodiment of heat pipe with reentrant grooves according to the invention, each of the two lateral sides comprising six liquid channels in the condenser and evaporator.
- FIGS. 2 to 2E one can see an example of heat pipe 1 with capillary pumping with reentrant grooves according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 the example of heat pipe 1 with capillary pumping extending along a longitudinal axis X is seen from the outside.
- the heat pipe 1 comprises a sealed enclosure 2 extending along the longitudinal axis X between a first longitudinal end 3 and a second longitudinal end 4.
- the first end 3 is for example intended to be heated by a hot source SC to form within the enclosure an evaporator ZE.
- the second longitudinal end 4 is intended to be cooled by a cold source SF to form a condenser Zc within the enclosure.
- the sealed enclosure 2 internally delimits an adiabatic zone ZA between the evaporator and the condenser.
- the hot source is for example an electrical or electronic component, a heat storage, an exothermic chemical reactor.
- the cold source is for example a radiative surface, fins in forced convection, cold plates in single or two-phase flow, cold storage, an endothermal chemical reaction, etc.
- the sealed enclosure 2 is produced by stacking and assembling end plates and modules of intermediate plates 10 arranged between the end plates, according to a method described in patent application EP3553445.
- a module comprises at least two spacer plates, the plates of the various intermediate plate modules 10 comprising windows or other structuring, being stacked so as to delimit channels 20, 21, 22 as detailed below.
- a module can also comprise a single plate machined on its two main faces.
- the plates 10 are preferably made of aluminum alloy and assembled by vacuum brazing.
- a preferred embodiment consists in machining cladded plates 10 on their two main faces, then carrying out the assembly of these plates by vacuum eutectic brazing. As a variant, it is possible to perform machining on a single main face of the cladded plates.
- brazing in a salt bath brazing under inert gas, ultrasonic welding, friction-stir welding (“Friction Stir Welding” in English), gluing, etc.
- the external dimensions of the heat pipes are between a few centimeters and a few meters.
- the maximum size of heat pipes is generally limited by the tooling available. Indeed, the assembly of sheets by vacuum brazing requires large vacuum furnaces, a few meters in length.
- windows are made by punching, cutting, for example by laser or water jet.
- the stack defining the sealed enclosure 2 is then of rectangular parallelepipedal shape with four longitudinal faces 11, 12, 13, 14, parallel to the plane XY or to the plane XZ, each having a large surface promoting heat exchange with the hot source SC and the cold source SF.
- the stack of plates 10 with their windows or their structures internally delimits a channel called the vapor channel 20, and as detailed below liquid channels 21.1 to 21.6 and connecting channels 22.
- the vapor channel 20 of constant rectangular cross-section extends along the longitudinal axis X.
- the vapor channel 20 serves to circulate the vapor phase from the evaporator ZE to the condenser Zc passing through the adiabatic zone. ZA.
- a liquid channel 21, 21.1 to 21.6 is connected to the vapor channel 20 by a connecting channel 22 with a section in the XZ plane smaller than that of the liquid channel.
- Each liquid channel is intended for the circulation of the liquid from the condenser Zc to the evaporator ZE.
- a connecting channel 22 is therefore an exchange zone between the vapor and the liquid.
- the liquid channels 21, 21.1 to 21.6 have internal cross-sections that are differentiated according to the different zones of the heat pipe (evaporator ZE, adiabatic zone ZA, condenser Zc).
- FIGS. 2A to 2E show a heat pipe according to the invention comprising liquid channels only on one longitudinal side of the sealed enclosure 2.
- Figures 2A and 2B show the evaporator of the heat pipe: it comprises a number of six liquid channels 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.6 of identical cross section between them at a given coast along the X axis, but which evolves gradually from the first longitudinal end 3 to the adiabatic zone ZA.
- each of the six liquid channels 21.1 to 21.6 has a cross section in the YZ plane which increases from the first longitudinal end 3 (FIG. 2A) to its limit with the adiabatic zone (FIG. 2B).
- the thickness of the walls separating the six liquid channels 21.1 to 21.6 decreases from the first longitudinal end 3 (FIG. 2A) to its limit with the adiabatic zone (FIG. 2B).
- FIG. 2C shows the adiabatic zone of the heat pipe: the liquid channels 21.1 to 21.6 have a cross section in the YZ plane and a thickness between channels, which is constant over the entire length X of the adiabatic zone.
- Figures 2D and 2E show the condenser of the heat pipe: it comprises a number of six liquid channels 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5 21.6 of identical cross section between them at a given dimension along the X axis, but which can evolve gradually from the adiabatic zone ZA to the second longitudinal end 4.
- FIGS. 3 A and 3B The thickening of the walls between liquid channels 21.1 to 21.6 in the evaporator ZE is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 3 A and 3B.
- Figures 3A and 3B further illustrate the variation in the length of the liquid-vapor connection channel, which allows on the one hand a better management of the liquid (longer length allowing to accommodate the recoil of the meniscus at the evaporator , and larger volume to accommodate variations in liquid volume as a function of operating temperature), and secondly to push back the boiling limit, and to a lesser extent to improve thermal resistance.
- the thickening also has the consequence of reducing the section of the liquid flow in the evaporator (from L2 to L1 in the example shown), and therefore increasing its speed, which increases the pressure drops (negative effect on the capillary limit), but has the advantage of delaying the appearance of bubbles (positive effect on the boiling limit).
- This thickening can be identical over the entire length, or be gradual.
- the progressive thickening has the advantage of adjusting the section of the liquid flow to the liquid flow, the latter increasing from the first longitudinal end 3 of the heat pipe to the end of the evaporator ZE.
- the capillary limit drop is 1% to 3% over the temperature range of the heat pipe, this which is negligible. It is specified that the calculation was made starting from the reduction of section of the liquid channel. The assumption is that the section of the liquid channel at the end of the evaporator, and at the end of the condenser, is 50% of that in the adiabatic zone, and that this reduction in section is progressive. This Reduction may be a combination of wall thickening and bonding zone lengthening.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary variant of a heat pipe according to the invention, according to which the liquid channels 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.6 are arranged on two opposite longitudinal faces 11, 13 of the heat pipe, i.e. say in front of each other.
- FIGS. 6, 6A and 6B show an arrangement of liquid channels on two opposite longitudinal faces 11, 13 with the heat source flows coming directly into contact with them at the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source also in contact with them at the condenser;
- FIGS 7, 7 A and 7B show an arrangement of liquid channels on two opposite longitudinal faces 12, 14 with the heat source flows arriving on the faces 11, 13 orthogonal thereto to the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source also by the faces 11, 13 orthogonal thereto to the condenser;
- FIGS 8, 8A and 8B show an arrangement of liquid channels on a single longitudinal face 14 with the heat source flow arriving on a single face 11 orthogonal thereto to the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source also by a single face 12 opposite it to the condenser;
- FIGS 9, 9A and 9B show an arrangement of liquid channels on a single longitudinal face 11 with the heat source flow arriving directly on this face 11 at the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source also by a single face 12 orthogonal thereto to the condenser;
- FIG. 10A and 10B show an arrangement of liquid channels on two opposite longitudinal faces 11, 13 with the heat source flow coming directly into contact with only one of these faces 11 at the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source also by a single face 12 orthogonal to the condenser;
- FIGs 11, 11A and 11B show an arrangement of liquid channels on two opposite longitudinal faces 12, 14 with the heat source flow arriving on a single face 11 orthogonal thereto to the evaporator and the extraction by the cold source by one of the two faces 11, 13 orthogonal thereto to the condenser.
- a heat pipe according to the invention may comprise a greater or lesser number of liquid channels than six per longitudinal face.
- a heat pipe is filled with a two-phase fluid, it may be a fluid well known to those skilled in the art. This is chosen, for example, according to the operating and storage temperature range of the device, according to the constraints due to the pressure, the flammability, the toxicity of the fluid and the chemical compatibility between the fluid and the material. forming the heat pipe.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2111010A FR3128280B1 (fr) | 2021-10-18 | 2021-10-18 | Caloduc de type à pompage capillaire avec rainures réentrantes à conductivité thermique augmentée. |
| PCT/EP2022/078386 WO2023066755A1 (fr) | 2021-10-18 | 2022-10-12 | Caloduc de type à pompage capillaire avec rainures réentrantes à conductivité thermique augmentée |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4419854A1 true EP4419854A1 (fr) | 2024-08-28 |
| EP4419854C0 EP4419854C0 (fr) | 2025-06-11 |
| EP4419854B1 EP4419854B1 (fr) | 2025-06-11 |
Family
ID=80786292
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22801140.9A Active EP4419854B1 (fr) | 2021-10-18 | 2022-10-12 | Caloduc de type à pompage capillaire avec rainures réentrantes à conductivité thermique augmentée |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4419854B1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3128280B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023066755A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3080172B1 (fr) * | 2018-04-11 | 2020-05-08 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Caloduc a pompage capillaire a rainures reentrantes offrant un fonctionnement ameliore |
| JP7236825B2 (ja) * | 2018-07-11 | 2023-03-10 | 新光電気工業株式会社 | ループ型ヒートパイプ及びその製造方法 |
| JP7305512B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-17 | 2023-07-10 | 新光電気工業株式会社 | ループ型ヒートパイプ及びその製造方法 |
-
2021
- 2021-10-18 FR FR2111010A patent/FR3128280B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-10-12 EP EP22801140.9A patent/EP4419854B1/fr active Active
- 2022-10-12 WO PCT/EP2022/078386 patent/WO2023066755A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3128280A1 (fr) | 2023-04-21 |
| EP4419854C0 (fr) | 2025-06-11 |
| EP4419854B1 (fr) | 2025-06-11 |
| FR3128280B1 (fr) | 2023-10-06 |
| WO2023066755A1 (fr) | 2023-04-27 |
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