EP4377098A1 - Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokument - Google Patents
Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokumentInfo
- Publication number
- EP4377098A1 EP4377098A1 EP22747581.1A EP22747581A EP4377098A1 EP 4377098 A1 EP4377098 A1 EP 4377098A1 EP 22747581 A EP22747581 A EP 22747581A EP 4377098 A1 EP4377098 A1 EP 4377098A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- phosphor
- security
- security feature
- zinc sulfide
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/378—Special inks
- B42D25/387—Special inks absorbing or reflecting ultraviolet light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
- B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/373—Metallic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
- C09K11/08—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/56—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials containing sulfur
- C09K11/562—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/565—Chalcogenides with zinc cadmium
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/15—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using heating means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D2207/00—Paper-money testing devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
- G07D7/1205—Testing spectral properties
Definitions
- the present invention initially relates to a security feature for a security document or document of value.
- the security feature comprises a zinc sulphide luminophore which, on the one hand, emits as an electroluminophore in the deep red spectral range and, on the other hand, exhibits additional luminescence behavior.
- the invention also relates to a security document and document of value, which can be, for example, a banknote or a passport, an ID card, a driver's license or a postage stamp.
- the invention also relates to a method for detecting and/or verifying the security feature according to the invention.
- Zinc sulphide phosphors are among the longest-known and best-studied luminescent materials in the world. Depending on the specific material composition and the details of the phosphor synthesis, they can have completely different luminescence properties, resulting in a wide range of applications in different technical areas.
- ZnS phosphors have been used both as efficient photoluminophores (PL), as cathodoluminophores (CRT) for black-and-white and color picture tubes, as afterglow pigments (afterglow) and as electroluminophores for thin-film (TFEL) and thick-film (AC Powder Electroluminescence, ACPEL) -Foils or displays used.
- the powdered ZnS phosphors capable of electroluminescence are usually doped with copper (Cu) and/or manganese (Mn) and also usually contain other monovalent or trivalent ions acting as coactivators, for example those of the elements CI, Br, I and/or Al, which can also be built into the ZnS matrix.
- Cu copper
- Mn manganese
- other monovalent or trivalent ions acting as coactivators for example those of the elements CI, Br, I and/or Al, which can also be built into the ZnS matrix.
- Steps 3, 4 and 5 are primarily used to generate Cu x S precipitates on lattice defects and dislocations in the zinc sulfide matrix, which according to the standard literature view are required for efficient ACPEL electroluminescence of powdered ZnS phosphors.
- the conventional technical application of zinc sulfide electroluminophores is mostly in the form of so-called electroluminescent films in which the phosphor particles are arranged between two electrodes and insulating layers in the sense of a capacitor arrangement.
- the electroluminescence of such EL foils is usually excited with the aid of alternating electrical fields which have voltages of around 110 V and frequencies of around 400 Hz.
- the zinc sulphide phosphor particles used for the production of such electroluminescent films are usually coated with thin water vapor barrier layers, for example made of S1O2, T1O2, Al 2 O 3 or else, to increase the service life of the films other suitable materials may exist provided.
- This coating also referred to as microencapsulation, can take place, for example, with the aid of processes such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- Application examples for such electroluminescent films or lamps are display backlights, lighting and marking elements, such as are used in aircraft and motor vehicles, in buildings or for the production of advertising installations.
- Electroluminescent materials of this type were mainly used in older scientific publications (cf. KR ⁇ GER, FA; DIKHOFF, J.A.M.: The Function of Oxygen in Zinc Sulfide Phosphors. In: J. Electrochem. Soc. Vol. 99, 1952. p. Repts, Vol and R. GRASSER, A. SCHARMANN, G. WETZEL: Thermoluminescence of cubic and hexagonal ZnS/Cu.In: Z. Naturforsch., Vol.
- a decisive prerequisite for the technical feasibility of printable and reliably verifiable electroluminescent security features is the availability of correspondingly fine-grained phosphors with high signal strength, high aging resistance and preferably exclusive luminescence behavior.
- Such suitable pulverulent electroluminophores are disclosed, for example, in EP 1 151 057 B1.
- processes for the production of blue and green-emitting EL pigments with an exclusively cubic crystallite structure and average grain sizes between 2 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m are presented, the suitability of which for the creation of printed security features could be demonstrated.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a security feature suitable for a security document or document of value with a zinc sulfide electrolumiphore which, because of its special luminescent properties, differs in an exclusive manner from the EL pigments used in different technical areas.
- the object of the invention is also to provide a method for detection and/or to provide verification of such a security feature. In addition, a corresponding security or valuable document must be provided.
- luminescence The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a physical system during the transition from an excited state to the ground state is referred to as luminescence.
- luminescence relates to the conversion of higher-energy into lower-energy radiation (down-conversion), with the difference between the wavelength of the absorbed radiation and the wavelength of the emitted radiation being referred to as the Stokes shift.
- different types of luminescence e.g. photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, X-ray luminescence, electroluminescence, etc.
- Anti-Stokes luminescence is a special case of luminescence in which, after prior, possibly multi-stage infrared (IR)-induced stimulation or excitation, emission occurs in a higher-energy spectral range, for example in the visible light range .
- IR infrared
- Electroluminescence is a special form of luminescence in which inorganic or organic solids are excited by applying electrical DC or AC voltage fields to emit electromagnetic radiation, for example in the visible spectral range.
- electroluminescence is used exclusively for the luminescence of powdered inorganic phosphors that can be excited with the aid of alternating electric fields (AC Powder Electroluminescence, ACPEL).
- Phosphors are organic or inorganic chemical compounds which show luminescence phenomena when excited by electromagnetic or particle radiation or when excited by an electric field.
- activator ions acting as radiation centers and optionally additional coactivator ions are built into the basic phosphor lattice formed by the chemical compounds (phosphor matrices).
- electroluminescent phosphors are often in the form of solids, particularly in the form of pigments.
- electroluminescent phosphors described in connection with the present invention are also variously referred to as electroluminophores or electroluminescence (EL) pigments.
- EL electroluminescence
- the chemical compound zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the most commonly used phosphor matrix for the manufacture of ACPEL pigments.
- ZnS luminophores can also be synthesized that have different cubic-hexagonal phase components. The exact determination of these phase fractions can be carried out with the aid of suitable X-ray diffractometers (X-Ray Diffractionmeter, XRD).
- Optical radiation is the wavelength range of electromagnetic radiation that is between that of X-rays and that of microwaves. It therefore includes the range of UV radiation, that of visible light and that of infrared radiation, and thus the wavelength range between 100 nm and 106 nm (1 mm).
- UV radiation relates to the wavelength range from 100 nm to 380 nm.
- UV-A radiation 380 nm to 315 nm
- UV-B radiation 315 nm to 280 nm
- UV-C radiation 280 nm to 100 nm
- Visible light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye. For the normal observer, this range includes the wavelengths between 380 nm and 780 nm.
- NIR near infrared
- medium 3,000 nm to 50 pm
- far IR 50 pm to 1 mm
- the NIR range often still being in the IR-A - (780 nm to 1,400 nm) and the IR-B range (1,400 nm to 3,000 nm) is divided.
- An emission spectrum describes the spectral intensity distribution of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the phosphors at a fixed excitation wavelength.
- Such an emission spectrum can consist of emission lines and/or emission bands.
- An excitation spectrum illustrates the dependence of the intensity of the radiation emitted by a phosphor at a fixed wavelength on the wavelength of the excitation radiation.
- the measured intensity is influenced both by the efficiency for the absorption of the excitation radiation and by the efficiency of the radiation conversion.
- Thermoluminescence thermalally stimulated luminescence, TSL
- TSL thermally stimulated luminescence
- Thermoluminescence refers to the occurrence of luminescence phenomena (emission of visible light) that can occur when a solid is heated.
- the supply of thermal energy causes the release of electrons previously trapped in so-called lattice traps after excitation with electromagnetic or ionizing radiation and stored over a longer period of time and their radiant return to the ground state.
- the graphical representation of the dependency of the luminescence intensity on the increasing temperature during the heating process is referred to as the glow curve.
- the electrons trapped by certain solid bodies in trapping sites can also be released by exciting the materials with energetically adequate optical radiation.
- the emission of visible light that occurs as a result of such activation is referred to in the technical literature as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL).
- thermoluminescence behavior of zinc sulfide phosphors were published in the specialist literature (cf. for example the reviews by HOOGENSTRAATEN, W.: Electron Traps in Zinc-Sulfide Phosphors. In: Philips Res. Repts, 13, 1958, pp. 515-693 - ISSN 0031-7918 and GRASSER, R., SCHARMANN, A., WETZEL, G.: Thermoluminescence of cubic and hexagonal ZnS/Cu. In: Z. Naturforsch., 28a, 1973, No. 12, pp. 1378-1379 - ISSN 0932-0784).
- the academic interest of the authors was primarily focused on the glow peaks that occur at comparatively low temperatures (Tmax ⁇ 273 K).
- the security feature according to the invention is designed to be used as an authenticity criterion in a security document or in a document of value.
- the authenticity of the security document or the document of value can be checked by detecting or verifying the security feature.
- the security feature comprises a powdered, zinc sulfide phosphor in which the structure of the individual phosphor particles is characterized by preparatively adjusted cubic and hexagonal phase components and which, in addition to electroluminescence that can be excited by alternating electrical fields, has other special luminescence properties. In addition to its electroluminescence, this phosphor also exhibits a reliably detectable, exclusive thermoluminescence characteristic to a particular degree, which will be explained in more detail below.
- the basic idea of the invention is to provide a zinc sulfide electroluminescence for use in security features which, in addition to its efficient electroluminescence, which occurs predominantly in the deep red spectral range, is characterized by other special, verifiable luminescence properties and, in addition to electroluminescence, in particular a stably detectable one and distinguishable thermoluminescence (TSL).
- TSL thermoluminescence
- an essential prerequisite for the occurrence of a first luminescence namely an efficient electroluminescence in the spectral range between 580 nm and 780 nm, and the simultaneous presence of a different from the first luminescence second luminescence, namely a si cher verifiable thermally or but optically stimulable luminescence, consists in selecting and optimizing the synthesis conditions for the preparation of the zinc sulfide electroluminophore in the form of electroluminescent pigments in such a way that these pigments each have both cubic and hexagonal phase components.
- the exclusivity of the security feature according to the invention is increased in comparison to the prior art and its possible uses are expanded.
- the exclusive security feature according to the invention which is additional and independent of its Level 3 characteristic has security-related properties that can also be used to check authenticity. The signals required for reliable verification of these properties can be determined both forensically and read out by machine.
- the zinc sulfide phosphor used in the security feature according to the invention has the general formula:
- ZnS Cu x , M y , X z on.
- Cu designates the chemical element copper
- M stands for one or more elements selected from a group comprising the chemical elements cobalt (Co), indium (In) and nickel (Ni).
- X represents one or more elements selected from a group comprising the halides fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I). The following relationships apply to the listed indices:
- the zinc sulfide phosphor used has the composition:
- ZnS Cu x , Co y with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.002 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.00015.
- the zinc sulfide phosphor described is distinguished by a high efficiency of the electroluminescence yields that can be achieved and by likewise high thermoluminescence and/or OSL signal strengths. At the same time, it has a high level of stability and aging resistance to environmental influences. Both aspects are of great importance for the reliable verifiability of the security feature according to the invention based on the described zinc sulfide phosphor over the entire life cycle of the corresponding security or value documents.
- the particles of the zinc sulfide phosphor in the form of phosphor powder preferably have an average particle size of between 2 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between 2 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m.
- the relevant value and security documents can be banknotes, identity cards, passports and driving licenses, but also, for example, service cards such as bank or credit cards, etc.
- the emission spectra of the variants of the described zinc sulfide phosphor that luminesce with high intensity when excited with alternating electric fields preferably each consist of only one emission band, the spectral extent of which covers the wavelength range from 480 nm to 880 nm and preferably from 580 to 780 nm.
- the intensity maxima of these comparatively extremely broadband emissions are preferably in the range from 640 nm to 660 nm.
- the half-value widths of the emission bands are preferably between 180 nm and 240 nm.
- the authenticity check of the security feature according to the invention can be carried out using known methods for verifying electroluminescent features with Level 3 characteristics.
- the exclusive emission of the zinc sulphide luminescent material occurring in the deep red spectral range between 580 and 780 nm is also to be regarded as advantageous because of its good agreement with the spectral sensitivity of the silicon (Si) sensors usually used for detection.
- the signal strength of the electroluminescence can be further increased in the case of the security feature according to the invention by combining the EL pigments with the so-called field displacement elements.
- thermoluminescence TSL
- glow curves The temperature dependency of the intensity of the light emitted as a result of the supply of thermal energy can be recorded in the form of so-called glow curves.
- the TSL glow curves of the various variants of the zinc sulfide phosphor described have maximum temperatures of more than 100.degree. C., particularly preferably in the range from 120.degree. C. to 150.degree. They differ significantly from the determined glow curves of conventional ACPEL luminophores, which are used, for example, in thick-film electroluminescent displays and for which temperature maxima were measured in the range from 30 °C to 70 °C.
- the zinc sulfide phosphor described is able to safely store parts of the excitation radiation over a longer period of time, so that the stored information can be read out under defined conditions by adding thermal energy in the form of a reproducible, exclusive glow curve as an additional authenticity criterion for the presence of the security feature according to the invention can be applied.
- the adhesion sites responsible for the exclusive thermoluminescence characteristics of the zinc sulfide phosphor described are preferably filled by excitation with ultraviolet radiation.
- the optimal wavelength for UV irradiation can be determined experimentally by measuring the TSL excitation spectra. It has been found that the wavelength of the exciting UV radiation for the zinc sulfide phosphor described is preferably in the range of less than or equal to 340 nm in order to be able to achieve the highest possible signal strengths when reading out the thermal luminescence.
- a further finding relates to the emission spectrum of the second luminescence radiation, namely the thermally or optically stimulated luminescence of the phosphor in the security feature according to the invention.
- this emission spectrum has emission bands positioned in the green spectral range with maxima in the range from 520 nm to 550 nm.
- a particularly important result of the various investigations carried out is the fact that it was possible within the scope of the invention to prove experimentally that the verification of the exclusive thermoluminescence signals of the security feature according to the invention can also be carried out on the valuables equipped with the appropriately configured security features. and security documents such as banknotes, identity cards, passports and driver's licenses, or bank or credit cards.
- the emptying of the special adhesion sites of the described zinc sulfide luminophore associated with the luminescence effects described can also take place by targeted optical stimulation (OSL) without the addition of thermal energy.
- the optical stimulation should be carried out with the help of suitable lasers in order to achieve detectable signal strengths.
- the stimulation wavelengths required for the efficient optical stimulation of the captured charge carriers can be determined experimentally.
- characteristic decay curves are usually measured for optically stimulated luminescence and recorded as an authentication feature.
- a particularly favorable signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved with optical stimulation of the energies stored by the zinc sulfide phosphor after 340 nm excitation has taken place, for example, if the stimulation wavelength of the laser is around 750 nm amounts to.
- the additional incorporation of cobalt ions in the ZnS:Cu matrix leads to an increase in the efficiency of the different characteristic luminescence processes of the phosphor, to the stabilization of the electroluminescence occurring in the deep red spectral range and to a safe positioning of the temperature maxima of the thermoluminescence glow curves in the desired range between 120°C and 150°C.
- the exclusive TSL or OSL characteristics of the zinc sulfide phosphor based on the storage of the excitation energies can be used as additional authenticity criteria for the authentication of value and security documents. This means that they can also be used, for example, instead of the high-security feature "electroluminescence" for authenticity verification, in particular when technical circumstances, environmental regulations or security regulations do not allow the stimulation of the excitation required to prove the exclusive electroluminescence of the security feature according to the invention To realize electroluminescent pigments with high-frequency electrical high-voltage alternating fields. It is also possible to use the additional exclusive TSL or OSL features in the event of failure or blockage of the energy transmission mechanisms required for detecting the electroluminescence or in the case of suspected forgeries to assess the authenticity of the corresponding value and security documents.
- the presence of the features can be checked both forensically using appropriate technical aids in the laboratory or also by machine, for example with the help of appropriately configured banknote checking devices.
- phase fractions of the zinc sulfide phosphor obtained under special preparation conditions are apparently structurally connected to one another in terms of the occurrence of possible growth or intergrowth processes, which can be concluded from this that the correspondingly configured phosphor particles, unlike in the case of mechanical mixing of, for example pure-phase cubic and pure-phase hexagonal copper-activated ZnS particles are characterized by uniform luminescence characteristics.
- the relative hexagonal phase proportions in the individual particles of the zinc sulfide phosphor are preferably on average greater than 10%, more preferably on average greater than 20% and particularly preferably on average in the range between 20% and 40% to ensure that these particles exhibit electroluminescence occurring in the deep red spectral range and at the same time distinguishable exclusive thermoluminescence glow curves with temperature maxima in the range from 120 °C to 150 °C.
- the multi-stage synthesis processes known from the prior art are first used.
- the preparation conditions In order to be able to preparatively set the cubic-hexagonal phase structure of the ZnS phosphor particles, which is to be regarded as a prerequisite for the realization of the desired exclusive luminescence properties, the preparation conditions must be configured in a special way. It has been shown that the thermal processes of the manufacturing process are of importance for the development of this special crystal structure. These primarily relate to the high-temperature annealing process and the design of the subsequent cooling regime, as well as the tempering steps that are usually additionally carried out in the course of processing the annealed material obtained.
- annealing temperatures in the range between 1100° C. and 1300° C., preferably above 1200° C., are required to realize the exclusive luminescence properties of the zinc sulfide phosphor usable for the security feature according to the invention.
- the optimal constellation between the annealing temperature and the cooling regime depends on numerous factors. gate off. These factors include, for example, the type of starting materials used for the synthesis of the zinc sulfide phosphors, the type of preparation, but also other technological aspects such as the furnace geometry, the furnace atmosphere, the type of crucible, the crucible size, etc. However, the person skilled in the Able to adjust the cooling regime in such a way that the synthesized phosphor particles finally have the desired hexagonal phase proportions, taking into account the technical conditions and on the basis of the optimization tests carried out.
- tempering steps that are usually carried out must also be included in the special configuration of the thermal processes used to produce the phosphor.
- the repeated tempering of the processed annealed products usually takes place in two separate steps at temperatures that are well below the temperature characteristic of the cubic-hexagonal phase transformation of zinc sulfide. They are carried out in order to partially heal the lattice defects that generally occur in an uncontrolled manner during the post-treatment of the annealed products obtained as a result of the mechanical (grinding and sieving process) and chemical (etching processes using mineral acids such as HCl and HNO3) stress on the synthesized phosphor, in order to To be able to improve the efficiency of the resulting luminescence processes.
- the security and/or value document according to the invention can be, for example, a banknote or a passport, an ID card, a driver's license, a postage stamp, a tax stamp or even service cards such as bank or credit cards.
- the security and/or value document has the security feature according to the invention.
- the security and/or value document preferably has one or more embodiments of the security feature according to the invention.
- the security feature is applied into and/or onto the security document or document of value with the aid of a printing technology, for example a gravure printing, offset printing or screen printing process, optionally also with the aid of coating and lamination methods.
- a printing technology for example a gravure printing, offset printing or screen printing process
- the security and/or value document preferably also has features that are described in connection with the security feature according to the invention.
- the security feature according to the invention also includes additional field displacement elements.
- the field displacement elements are electrically conductive and electrically insulated within the security document or document of value. They have a high dielectric constant.
- the field displacement elements preferably consist of metallic particles such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and/or silver (Ag) or also transparent, optically variable multilayer effect pigments.
- the field displacement elements serve to increase the local field strength of the electric field effective on the zinc sulfide phosphor.
- the field displacement elements together with the zinc sulfide phosphor, are comprised of a mixture which is applied to the security and/or valuable document by means of a printing technology, for example a gravure printing, offset printing or screen printing process.
- a printing technology for example a gravure printing, offset printing or screen printing process.
- the mixture can first be applied to a carrier by means of a printing technology, which is then applied to the security and/or valuable document, for example with the aid of coating and lamination methods.
- the mixture can also contain a viscosity-determining element.
- the viscosity-determining element can be a binder.
- the mixture can be a printing medium, for example a printing color or printing ink, which is applied to the security and/or valuable document by means of a printing technology.
- the printing medium can be adapted to the printing technology used, in particular with regard to the processing properties of the printing medium to the printing technology.
- the viscosity-determining element and/or any other components of the mixture can remain in the security element after the mixture has been applied and can be arranged in particular between the field displacement elements and the zinc sulfide phosphor particles.
- a distance between the field displacement elements and the zinc sulfide phosphor particles can be adjusted in this way, in particular with regard to an advantageous increase in the local field strength of the electric field effective on the zinc sulfide phosphor.
- a viscosity of the mixture can be adapted to the printing technology used.
- the viscosity of the mixture can be determined according to DIN 53211 using a viscosity flow cup or immersion flow cup, in particular with a 4 mm bore (DIN 4 mm flow cup).
- the mixture has a viscosity which, when measured according to DIN 53211, means that after a dip flow cup has been immersed in the mixture and the dip flow cup has been pulled out, a liquid thread emerges from the dip flow cup after a while breaks off between 62 seconds and 72 seconds.
- the proportion of field displacement elements in the mixture is higher than the proportion of zinc sulfide phosphor particles.
- a proportion by mass and/or volume of field displacement elements in the mixture can be higher than a corresponding proportion of zinc sulfide phosphor particles.
- the security feature preferably has high processing stability and high aging resistance to environmental influences. Stability and resistance to aging are necessary in order to ensure reliable verifiability of the security feature over the entire life cycle of the security document.
- a further subject matter of the invention is a method for detecting and/or verifying the security feature according to the invention in a security or valuable document.
- the method is preferably designed to detect and/or verify one of the described embodiments of the security feature according to the invention.
- a first section of the method relates to the detection of the characteristic electroluminescence of the zinc sulfide electroluminophore used to form the security feature according to the invention.
- the security feature placed on/or in a security document or document of value is excited by an alternating electrical field, preferably by a high-frequency high-voltage alternating field, which has an alternating voltage of 30 kV and a frequency of 30 kHz, for example.
- alternating electrical field preferably by a high-frequency high-voltage alternating field, which has an alternating voltage of 30 kV and a frequency of 30 kHz, for example.
- it is checked in a second method step whether the security feature is electroluminescent and whether this electroluminescence is characterized by a first luminescent radiation in the deep red spectral range between 580 and 780 nm.
- This test can be carried out by directly measuring the emission spectrum of the phosphor or by verifying authenticity parameters that can be calculated on the basis of this spectrum.
- the use of an alternating electric field equipped with a high frequency as an excitation source for the electroluminescence simultaneously creates the possibility of advantageously detecting the luminescence signals required for the authenticity assessment at high readout speeds.
- a second section of the method according to the invention relates to the verification of the characteristic thermoluminescence (TSL) or the characteristic optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of the security feature.
- TSL characteristic thermoluminescence
- OSL characteristic optically stimulated luminescence
- the adhesion sites responsible for the thermoluminescence or optically stimulated luminescence are filled by excitation with UV radiation of a selected wavelength, preferably in the range ⁇ 340 nm.
- the energies stored in the traps are read out by thermal or optical stimulation. In one embodiment of the method that uses thermal stimulation, this is done by heating the security feature in a targeted manner, preferably up to a maximum temperature of 250°C.
- a third step it is checked whether a second luminescence radiation is emitted as a result of the thermal stimulation.
- the characteristic TSL glow curve of the phosphor with temperature maxima of greater than 100°C and particularly preferably in the range from 120°C to 150°C can be recorded for the purpose of authenticity verification.
- This glow curve characterizes the dependency of the integral intensities of the thermoluminescence signals read out on the heating temperature.
- thermoluminescence is also included in the authenticity assessment of the security feature in parallel or in addition to the measurement of the glow curve.
- This emission spectrum ie that of the second luminescence radiation, preferably has an emission band positioned in the green spectral range between 520 nm and 550 nm.
- the optically stimulated luminescence is measured and evaluated as an alternative to thermoluminescence.
- the lattice adhesion points of the phosphor are first filled, preferably by excitation with the aid of UV-B radiation of less than or equal to 340 nm, and the adhesion points are then emptied, which forms the second step but then, in contrast to thermoluminescence, not through thermal but through targeted optical stimulation of the phosphor.
- Investigations have shown that a particularly favorable signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved when verifying authenticity in this respect, in particular if the stimulation wavelength of the laser used for the purpose of optical stimulation is around 750 nm.
- the optically stimulated luminescence according to the third step of this method section provides a characteristic decay curve as an authentication feature.
- the spectral distribution of the radiation emitted after optical stimulation corresponds to that which is also characteristic of the emission spectrum of thermoluminescence.
- the security feature which includes the zinc sulfide phosphor, before the start of the excitation and testing steps to around 250 °C in order to randomly remove energy stored in the adhesion points, for example by means of appropriate daylight excitation.
- the different sections of the detection method described can be carried out one after the other or alternatively to one another, i.e. the occurrence of the first luminescence radiation can be checked first and then the occurrence of the second luminescence radiation.
- the specified process sections can be carried out separately from one another in terms of time and space.
- the method section for verifying the electroluminescence (first luminescence radiation) has the advantage that it can also be implemented as a method for the high-speed detection of security features and can therefore, for example, also be used in corresponding banknote sorting systems.
- the method sections to be carried out alternatively for detecting the TSL or OSL characteristics are used in particular when technical circumstances, environmental regulations or safety regulations do not allow the electroluminescence of the security features to be checked with high-frequency electrical high-voltage alternating fields.
- the additional examination of an occurring second luminescence radiation which is based on the storage functionality of the phosphor used in the security feature according to the invention, leads to a further increase in the forgery security of the corresponding value and security documents. This makes it possible to prove the authenticity of these documents even in the case of questionable or ambiguous results in the detection of electroluminescence or in the case of suspected forgeries.
- the TSL signals can be verified either forensically in the laboratory or, despite the time required to bake out the features, by machine, for example with the aid of appropriately configured bank note validators.
- optically stimulated luminescence is machine-readable because the processes required to measure the OSL signals run at significantly higher speeds.
- Fig. 2 Electroluminescence emission spectra of selected zinc sulfide phosphors activated exclusively with copper;
- FIG. 6 a relationship between the temperature maxima of the TSL glow curves shown in FIG. 5 and the hexagonal phase components of the different variants of the zinc sulfide phosphor;
- FIGS. 4 to 9. 1 shows an X-ray diffraction diagram of a zinc sulfide phosphor (reference phosphor) of a security feature.
- the reference phosphor used is a zinc sulfide phosphor activated exclusively with copper. The synthesis of this phosphor with the desired composition ZnS:Cuo .ooo5 is explained below by way of example.
- a high-purity zinc sulfide powder are intensively mixed with 0.25 g of previously ground CuSCU and sieved through a 100 ⁇ m sieve to further improve the homogeneity of the mixture.
- the batch mixture is then transferred to a corundum crucible and heated to 1,200 °C in a chamber furnace at a rate of 15 K/min. After three hours of high-temperature annealing in a forming gas atmosphere with a hydrogen content I of 5%, the furnace is cooled to 600° C. within 90 minutes. The annealed material is removed and air-cooled to room temperature.
- the X-ray diffraction diagram of the reference phosphor measured with the aid of a diffractometer is shown in FIG. It consists of numerous line-like interferences, which can be assigned to the two different, cubic and hexagonal structure types of zinc sulfide.
- the peaks marked with the letter h and the respective Miller indices in brackets represent the hexagonal phase of the powdered phosphor sample, while the reflections marked with the letter k and the relevant Miller indices in this case depict the proportionate cubic crystal structure of the sample. Overlays of hexagonal and cubic interferences were denoted by the letter combination h + k.
- the expression of the relative structural phase fractions in the phosphor is influenced to a large extent by the preparation conditions used in the production of the phosphor, in addition to other factors. However, this also means that the corresponding structural status of the phosphor samples can be modified by changing certain synthesis parameters. This is exemplified by the following table, in which important data for the characterization of the synthesis conditions and the structure and luminescence properties of selected copper-doped zinc sulfide phosphors are compiled:
- the information on the electroluminescence and thermoluminescence properties relates to the wavelength maximum A max of the corresponding EL emission spectrum and the temperature maximum T max of the thermoluminescence glow curve recorded for the respective phosphor under comparable conditions .
- the data given for the percentage intensities refer to the corresponding measured values determined for the reference phosphor, each set to 100. It should be emphasized that all the phosphors listed in the table - apart from the differences specifically explained here - have the same phosphor composition and that they are all based on the process described above under largely the same manufacturing conditions, ie the same form of batch preparation, the same crucible - and furnace geometry, identical annealing time and annealing atmosphere as well as comparability of all mechanical and thermal post-treatment steps. In contrast, to obtain the different phase compositions, both the temperatures of the main annealing process and the cooling rates were varied.
- the three-hour high-temperature annealing of the batch mixtures was carried out at temperatures of 1,100 °C and 1,200 °C.
- the characteristic values given in the table for the different set cooling rates t down relate to the time intervals between the end of the main annealing process and the respective attainment of a cooling temperature of 600 °C.
- the electroluminescence emission spectra show that those phosphor samples that were produced at comparatively low annealing temperatures and low cooling speeds and which, for this reason, have comparatively low proportions of hexagonal structure, as in the case of phosphor sample 1 (emission spectrum 1), by an exclusively blue Electroluminescence or, as in the case of the phosphor sample 2 (emission curve 2), are characterized by an at least partially still existing blue electroluminescence.
- the extremely broadband emissions preferred for the formation of the security features according to the invention dominate from a relative hexagonal phase fraction of around 10% and in particular from a relative hexagonal phase fraction of around 20% deep red spectral range with intensity maxima in the range around 650 nm.
- FIG. 3 shows electroluminescence emission spectra 6 to 8 of zinc sulfide phosphors according to the invention, these phosphors having an additional cobalt co-doping in addition to the copper activation.
- the emission curve 4 of the reference phosphor doped exclusively with copper was also included in FIG. 3 shows that the additional incorporation of cobalt ions into the copper-doped ZnS basic lattice of the zinc sulfide phosphor enables an increase in the efficiency of the electroluminescence and further stabilization of the special emission characteristics.
- the co-doped phosphor samples according to the invention were produced under the same conditions as those used for the synthesis of the reference phosphor activated exclusively with copper (emission curve 4). As in the case of the reference phosphor, uniform values of 500 ppm were also set for the molar proportions of the copper activator ions, while values of 5 ppm (emission curve 6), 10 ppm (emission curve 7) and 20 ppm (emission curve 8) were specified.
- thermoluminescence glow curve of the reference phosphor in powder form is shown with a solid line
- thermoluminescence glow curve of the security feature is shown with a dashed line.
- the samples to be tested were first heated up to 250 °C in order to be able to remove stored energies in this way, if necessary by appropriate daylight excitation.
- This primary heating procedure aimed at ensuring high reproducibility of the subsequent standard TSL measurements or OSL measurements, was used in all relevant investigations.
- the samples prepared in this way were excited under defined conditions with the aid of a 340 nm laser in order to fill the adhesion sites responsible for the thermoluminescence of the samples as completely as possible.
- a pause of 20 seconds was then observed in order to then start reading out the stored light sums by heating the samples in a targeted manner at a heating rate of 5 K/s up to a final temperature of 250 °C.
- the two curves have practically the same temperature maxima at around 130 °C and that they differ only slightly from one another with regard to the shape of the curve. This means that the exclusive thermoluminescent characteristics of the luminophore are retained even when the luminophore is processed into the security feature, in particular when it is placed on and/or in corresponding valuables and security documents, such as banknotes, identity cards, passports and driver's licenses. or also bank or credit cards, is applied.
- thermoluminescence glow curves shown are normalized glow curves on the intensity side. However, the differences in the measured intensities are comparatively small. With otherwise the same measurement conditions, the intensities of the thermoluminescence signals measured for one and the same phosphor depend in particular on the thickness of the respective phosphor layer.
- the security feature comprises a mixture of electrically conductive field displacement elements that are electrically insulated within the security or value document and an inventive zinc sulfide phosphor 6, 7, 8 in the form of particles applied to a security and/or value document by means of printing technology.
- the mixture comprising the field displacement elements and the zinc sulfide phosphors 6, 7, 8 according to the invention can be applied to the security and/or valuable document, for example, using a gravure printing, offset printing or screen printing process.
- the mixture can also contain an element that determines the viscosity of the mixture, e.g. B. a binder.
- the mixture can be a printing medium, for example a printing ink, which is applied to the security and/or valuable document by means of a printing technology.
- the pressure medium in particular the viscosity of the pressure medium, can be adapted to the printing technology used, in particular with regard to the processing properties of the pressure medium to the printing technology.
- FIG. 6 shows a relationship between the temperature maxima T max of the TSL glow curves shown in FIG. 5 and the hexagonal phase components of the phosphors examined. This shows that for the temperature maxima of the glow curves, values in the range between 120° C. and 150° C., which is preferred for the purposes of the invention, are only reached from a hexagonal phase fraction of about 10%.
- Figure 7 shows a thermoluminescence emission spectrum comprising the reference phosphor described above (phosphor 4 in the table). Surprisingly, in contrast to that for the stationary electroluminescence of the phosphor, this thermoluminescence emission spectrum is characterized by a comparatively narrow-band emission with an emission maximum at around 540 nm.
- the reference phosphor exhibits electroluminescence in the deep red region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- the electroluminescent phosphors B and D show electroluminescence in the blue spectral range of visible light, while the phosphors A and C emit animals in the green range after excitation with the help of alternating electrical fields.
- the previously known electroluminescence phosphors A-D are EL pigments from different manufacturers. All normalized TSL glow curves shown were measured under the same conditions.
- thermoluminescence glow curve of the zinc sulfide reference phosphor In contrast to the characteristic thermoluminescence glow curve of the zinc sulfide reference phosphor, the glow curves of all electroluminescent phosphors A, B, C, D included in the comparison have temperature maxima that are only slightly above a temperature of 50°C. Unlike in the case of the zinc sulfide phosphor of the security feature according to the invention, the relatively flat adhesion points responsible for the occurrence of thermoluminescence effects in this low-temperature range can already be removed by adding relatively low energies without additional stimulation, for example by corresponding fluctuations in room temperature ture in the form of low-intensity afterglow processes.
- the use of the zinc sulfide phosphor with specifically influenced phase relationships in the security feature according to the invention opens up the possibility of using the exclusive thermoluminescence characteristic as a sole or additional criterion for verifying the authenticity of the value and security documents equipped with the security feature according to the invention.
- the zinc sulfide phosphor of the security feature according to the invention can adhere to the characteristic lattice stored electrons after appropriate excitation, but also freed from the traps by targeted optical stimulation and returned to the electronic ground state by emitting a corresponding luminescent radiation.
- thermoluminescence In contrast to the glow curves characteristic of thermoluminescence, specific decay curves are measured for optically stimulated luminescence, which according to the invention can also be used as a criterion for authenticity.
- FIG. 9 shows a characteristic decay curve for an optically stimulated luminescence of a security feature which comprises the zinc sulfide reference phosphor described above, whose thermoluminescence glow curve is shown in FIG.
- the security feature is positioned on a banknote substrate.
- the spectral distribution of the light emitted by the zinc sulfide phosphor of the security feature according to the invention after optical stimulation corresponds to that which was determined in the corresponding TSL measurements. Considering the wavelength maximum of this emission found at about 536 nm and the excitation wavelength of 750 nm, the radiation conversion resulting from the optical stimulation of the security feature according to the invention can be classified as anti-Stokes luminescence.
- the exact shape of the decay curves resulting from the optical stimulation of phosphors is influenced by various factors, including the laser power.
- the decay curves measured under defined conditions represent exclusive phosphor characteristics that can be verified with a high degree of certainty at a high reading speed and without any thermal stress on the security feature according to the invention.
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of an optical arrangement for measuring the spectra and curves shown in FIGS. 4 to 9 .
- the zinc sulfide phosphor or the security feature forms a sample 10.
- the arrangement includes a heating device 11, with which the sample 10 can be heated for the purpose of thermal stimulation.
- the heating device 11 can be controlled with a heating controller 12 .
- a thermocouple 13 is arranged on the heating device 11 in order to be able to measure the temperature generated by the heating device 11 .
- the arrangement also includes a laser 14 with which the sample 10 can be excited optically.
- the laser 14 can be tuned and controlled with a laser controller 16 .
- the laser 12 can also be used to fill, by excitation, the special grid adhesion points responsible for the occurrence of the exclusive TSL or OSL effects of the security feature according to the invention.
- the shutter 18 in front of the light detection device 17 remains closed during this excitation.
- the optical filters 19 are selected in such a way that the wavelengths emitted by the sample 10 during the respective thermal or optical excitation can be measured with high efficiency, while all other wavelengths are blocked.
- the arrangement also includes a light detection device 17, which can be formed, for example, by a photomultiplier tube.
- An optical shutter 18 and one or more optical filters 19 are arranged between the light detection device 17 and the sample 10 .
- the shutter 18 is controlled with a shutter control 21 .
- a high voltage unit 22 serves to supply the light detection device 17 with a high voltage.
- An output signal from the light detecting device 17 is amplified by an amplifier 23 and supplied to a computer 24 .
- the computer 24 also serves to control the heating controller 12, the shutter controller 21 and the high-voltage unit 22.
- An output signal from the thermocouple 13 is also fed to the computer 24.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021119436.9A DE102021119436A1 (de) | 2021-07-27 | 2021-07-27 | Sicherheitsmerkmal und Verfahren zu dessen Detektion sowie Sicherheits- oder Wertdokument |
| PCT/DE2022/100509 WO2023006142A1 (de) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-15 | Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokument |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4377098A1 true EP4377098A1 (de) | 2024-06-05 |
Family
ID=82703032
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22747581.1A Pending EP4377098A1 (de) | 2021-07-27 | 2022-07-15 | Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokument |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240367454A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4377098A1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA3225532A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102021119436A1 (de) |
| MX (1) | MX2024001103A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023006142A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19708543C2 (de) | 1997-03-04 | 2000-12-07 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Wert- und Sicherheitserzeugnis mit lumineszierenden Sicherheitselementen und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben |
| EP1059619B1 (de) | 1997-03-04 | 2003-02-05 | BUNDESDRUCKEREI GmbH | Anordnung zur visuellen und maschinellen Echtheitsüberprüfung von Wert- und Sicherheitsdokumenten |
| DE19903988B4 (de) | 1999-02-02 | 2008-05-08 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Validierung von Echtheitsmerkmalen auf Wert- und Sicherheitsdokumenten |
| DE19953924A1 (de) | 1999-11-10 | 2001-06-07 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Zinksulfidische Elektroluminophore sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE10326644A1 (de) * | 2003-06-11 | 2005-01-13 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Wertdokument mit einem Sicherheitselement und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Wertdokuments |
| DE102004025373A1 (de) * | 2004-05-24 | 2005-12-15 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Maschinenlesbares Sicherheitselement für Sicherheitserzeugnisse |
| DE102008047636B4 (de) | 2008-09-17 | 2015-09-03 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur maschinellen Echtheitsüberprüfung von Wert- und Sicherheitsdokumenten |
| DE102013114496A1 (de) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-25 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Zinksulfidischer Leuchtstoff mit Photo- und Elektrolumineszenzverhalten, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie Sicherheitsdokument, Sicherheitsmerkmal und Verfahren zu dessen Detektion |
| DE102020111461B3 (de) * | 2020-04-27 | 2021-09-02 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Sicherheitsmerkmal und Verfahren zu dessen Detektion sowie Sicherheits- oder Wertdokument |
-
2021
- 2021-07-27 DE DE102021119436.9A patent/DE102021119436A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-07-15 EP EP22747581.1A patent/EP4377098A1/de active Pending
- 2022-07-15 US US18/292,201 patent/US20240367454A1/en active Pending
- 2022-07-15 CA CA3225532A patent/CA3225532A1/en active Pending
- 2022-07-15 MX MX2024001103A patent/MX2024001103A/es unknown
- 2022-07-15 WO PCT/DE2022/100509 patent/WO2023006142A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA3225532A1 (en) | 2023-02-02 |
| US20240367454A1 (en) | 2024-11-07 |
| DE102021119436A1 (de) | 2023-02-02 |
| WO2023006142A1 (de) | 2023-02-02 |
| MX2024001103A (es) | 2024-02-23 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP4350649B1 (de) | Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokument | |
| EP3083882B1 (de) | Zinksulfidischer leuchtstoff mit photo- und elektrolumineszenzverhalten, verfahren zu dessen herstellung sowie sicherheitsdokument, sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion | |
| Planelles-Arago et al. | Synthesis, characterization and optical studies on lanthanide-doped CdS quantum dots: new insights on CdS→ lanthanide energy transfer mechanisms | |
| Ayvacıklı et al. | Synthesis and optical properties of Er3+ and Eu3+ doped SrAl2O4 phosphor ceramic | |
| Zhai et al. | Blue–green afterglow of BaAl2O4: Dy3+ phosphors | |
| Sharma et al. | Effects of annealing on luminescence of CaWO4: Eu3+ nanoparticles and its thermoluminescence study | |
| Huang et al. | Long afterglow of trivalent dysprosium doped strontium aluminate | |
| Zhai et al. | Tuning the photoluminescence of Eu2+ and Eu3+ co-doped SrSO4 through post annealing technique | |
| Liu et al. | Luminescence properties of a Tb3+ activated long-afterglow phosphor | |
| Li et al. | Piezoelectric-induced mechanoluminescence in centrosymmetric Lu3Al5O12: Properties of self-recoverable and tunable near-infrared luminescence | |
| Patra et al. | Synthesis and luminescence study of Eu3+ in Zn2SiO4 nanocrystals | |
| Jain et al. | Estimating trap distribution and intertrap charge transfer in SrZnO2 nanoparticles | |
| EP3999355A1 (de) | Sicherheitsmerkmal für ein sicherheits- oder wertdokument, mit mindestens einem leuchtstoff, der im ultravioletten spektralbereich anregbar ist und der im infraroten spektralbereich emittiert | |
| Manaka et al. | Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of manganese doped BaAl2O4 phosphor | |
| Wang et al. | Preparation and luminescence characteristics of Eu-doped calcium chloride silicate Ca7Si2O8Cl6 | |
| EP4377098A1 (de) | Sicherheitsmerkmal und verfahren zu dessen detektion sowie sicherheits- oder wertdokument | |
| Roman-Lopez et al. | Photoluminescence, thermo-and optically stimulated luminescence properties of Eu3+ doped Sr2P2O7 synthesized by the solvent evaporation method | |
| Nascimento et al. | Effects of Li addition on the luminescent properties of LiSrPO4: Eu3+ excited with X-ray and ultraviolet radiation | |
| Leto et al. | Single crystal and nanocrystalline Pr3+ doped LuPO4: Synthesis, structural characterization, photo-and cathodoluminescence | |
| Wang et al. | Green and Deep-red Dual-Band Persistent Luminescence in Mn2+/Mn4+ Codoped Mg1+ yGa2-2yGeyO4 Phosphor | |
| US20160264861A1 (en) | Europium-doped phosphor materials | |
| Asal et al. | Orange Emitting SrS: Eu2+, Dy3+ Afterglow Phosphor: Structural and Luminescence Properties | |
| DE102020104115A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Überprüfen eines smartphone-verifizierbaren Sicherheitsmerkmals, Smartphone-verifizierbares Sicherheitsmerkmal und Wert- oder Sicherheitsdokument |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20240129 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| RAP3 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: BUNDESDRUCKEREI GMBH |