EP4363523A1 - Anlage und verfahren zur chemischen wiederverwertung mit verbesserter integration - Google Patents
Anlage und verfahren zur chemischen wiederverwertung mit verbesserter integrationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4363523A1 EP4363523A1 EP22833956.0A EP22833956A EP4363523A1 EP 4363523 A1 EP4363523 A1 EP 4363523A1 EP 22833956 A EP22833956 A EP 22833956A EP 4363523 A1 EP4363523 A1 EP 4363523A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- facility
- pyrolysis
- cracker
- pyoil
- pygas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 title description 8
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012847 fine chemical Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract description 43
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 14
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- -1 C20 hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 3
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005576 amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007233 catalytic pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002144 chemical decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012824 chemical production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000140 heteropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
- C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
Definitions
- Waste plastic pyrolysis plays a part in a variety of chemical recycling technologies.
- the pyrolysis of waste plastic produces heavy components (e.g., waxes, tar, and char) as well as recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil) and recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas).
- r-pyoil recycled content pyrolysis oil
- r-pygas recycled content pyrolysis gas
- a single downstream processing facility may not be configured to accept both r-pyoil and r-pygas or may not be configured to accept the entire volume of r-pyoil and/or r-pygas produced by the pyrolysis facility.
- it may be economically efficient to burn the r-pyoil as fuel or otherwise dispose of it, but this runs counter to one of the main goals of chemical recycling, which is to transform as much as of the waste plastic as possible into new products.
- a processing scheme that provides better utilization of r-pyoil and r-pygas formed by pyrolysis of waste plastic is needed.
- the present technology concerns a chemical recycling process, the process comprising: (a) pyrolyzing waste plastic to thereby provide a recycled content pyrolysis effluent (r-pyrolysis effluent); (b) separating at least a portion of said r-pyrolysis effluent to provide a recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) and recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil); (c) introducing at least a portion of said r-pygas into a cracker facility; and (d) introducing at least a portion of said r-pyoil into another downstream location, wherein said downstream location is not within the cracker facility.
- r-pyrolysis effluent a recycled content pyrolysis effluent
- r-pygas recycled content pyrolysis gas
- r-pyoil recycled content pyrolysis oil
- the present technology concerns a chemical recycling process, the process comprising: (a) pyrolyzing waste plastic to thereby provide a recycled content pyrolysis effluent (r-pyrolysis effluent); (b) separating at least a portion of said r-pyrolysis effluent to provide a recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) and recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil); and (c) introducing at least a portion of said r-pyoil into one or more of the following locations (i) through (ix) - (i) a storage vessel; (ii) a transportation apparatus; (iii) a fluidized catalytic cracker; (iv) a carbon reformer; (v) a distillation column or zone; (vi) a fine chemical facility; (vii) a burner; (viii) an MTO facility; and (ix) an oil refinery.
- r-pyrolysis effluent a recycled content pyrolysis effl
- FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram illustrating the main steps of a process and facility for utilizing recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) and recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil) formed by pyrolyzing waste plastic in one or more downstream process facilities.
- r-pygas recycled content pyrolysis gas
- r-pyoil recycled content pyrolysis oil
- FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a process and system for use in chemical recycling of waste plastic.
- the process/facility shown in FIG. 1 includes a pyrolysis step/facility 20 and a cracking step/facility 40.
- the pyrolysis facility 20 and cracker facility 40 may be co-located or may be located remotely from one another.
- co-located refers to the characteristic of at least two objects being situated on a common physical site, and/or within 0.5 or 1 mile of each other.
- the term “located remotely” refers to a distance of greater than 1 , greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 50, greater than 100, greater than 500, greater than 1000, or greater than 10,000 miles between two facilities, sites, or reactors.
- the facilities may be integrated in one or more ways.
- integration include, but are not limited to, heat integration, utility integration, waste-water integration, mass flow integration via conduits, office space, cafeterias, integration of plant management, IT department, maintenance department, and sharing of common equipment and parts, such as seals, gaskets, and the like.
- the pyrolysis facility/process 20 is a commercial scale facility/process receiving the waste plastic feedstock 110 at an average annual feed rate of at least 100, or at least 500, or at least 1 ,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 50,000, or at least 100,000 pounds per hour, averaged over one year. Further, the pyrolysis facility can produce the r-pyoil 114 and r-pygas 116 in combination at an average annual rate of at least 100, or at least 1 ,000, or at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 50,000, or at least 75,000 pounds per hour, averaged over one year.
- the cracker facility/process 40 can be a commercial scale facility/process receiving hydrocarbon feed 120 at an average annual feed rate of at least at least 100, or at least 500, or at least 1 ,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 50,000, or at least 75,000 pounds per hour, averaged over one year. Further, the cracker facility can produce at least one recycled content product stream (r-product) at an average annual rate of at least 100, or at least 1 ,000, or at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 50,000, or at least 75,000 pounds per hour, averaged over one year. When more than one r-product stream is produced, these rates can apply to the combined rate of all r-products.
- r-product recycled content product stream
- the process starts with a pyrolysis step where waste plastic 110 is pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis reactor 22.
- the pyrolysis reaction involves chemical and thermal decomposition of the sorted waste plastic introduced into the reactor 22.
- all pyrolysis processes may be generally characterized by a reaction environment that is substantially free of oxygen, pyrolysis processes may be further defined, for example, by the pyrolysis reaction temperature within the reactor, the residence time in the pyrolysis reactor, the reactor type, the pressure within the pyrolysis reactor, and the presence or absence of pyrolysis catalysts.
- the pyrolysis reactor 22 represented in FIG. 1 can be, for example, a film reactor, a screw extruder, a tubular reactor, a tank, a stirred tank reactor, a riser reactor, a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary kiln, a vacuum reactor, a microwave reactor, or an autoclave.
- the pyrolysis reaction can involve heating and converting the waste plastic feedstock in an atmosphere that is substantially free of oxygen or in an atmosphere that contains less oxygen relative to ambient air.
- the atmosphere within the pyrolysis reactor 22 may comprise not more than 5, not more than 4, not more than 3, not more than 2, not more than 1 , or not more than 0.5 weight percent of oxygen.
- the temperature in the pyrolysis reactor 22 can be adjusted to facilitate the production of certain end products.
- the peak pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor can be at least 325°C, or at least 350°C, or at least 375°C, or at least 400°C. Additionally or alternatively, the peak pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor can be not more than 800°C, not more than 700°C, or not more than 650°C, or not more than 600°C, or not more than 550°C, or not more than 525°C, or not more than 500°C, or not more than 475°C, or not more than 450°C, or not more than 425°C, or not more than 400°C.
- the peak pyrolysis temperature in the pyrolysis reactor can range from 325 to 800°C, or 350 to 600°C, or 375 to 500°C, or 390 to 450°C, or 400 to 500°C.
- the residence time of the feedstock within the pyrolysis reactor 22 can be at least 1 , or at least 5, or at least 10, or at least 20, or at least 30, or at least 60, or at least 180 seconds. Additionally, or alternatively, the residence time of the feedstock within the pyrolysis reactor 22 can be less than 2, or less than 1 , or less than 0.5, or less than 0.25, or less than 0.1 hours. More particularly, the residence time of the feedstock within the pyrolysis reactor 22 can range from 1 second to 1 hour, or 10 seconds to 30 minutes, or 30 seconds to 10 minutes.
- the pyrolysis reactor 22 can be maintained at a pressure of at least 0.1 , or at least 0.2, or at least 0.3 barg and/or not more than 60, or not more than 50, or not more than 40, or not more than 30, or not more than 20, or not more than 10, or not more than 8, or not more than 5, or not more than 2, or not more than 1.5, or not more than 1.1 barg.
- the pressure within the pyrolysis reactor 22 can be maintained at atmospheric pressure or within the range of 0.1 to 60, or 0.2 to 10, or 0.3 to 1.5 barg.
- the pyrolysis reaction in the reactor can be thermal pyrolysis, which is carried out in the absence of a catalyst, or catalytic pyrolysis, which is carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
- the catalyst can be homogenous or heterogeneous and may include, for example, certain types of zeolites and other mesostructured catalysts.
- a pyrolysis effluent 112 is removed from the reactor 22 and can be separated in a separator 24 to produce a recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil) 114, a recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) 116, and a recycled content pyrolysis residue (r-pyrolysis residue) 118.
- r-pygas refers to a composition obtained from waste plastic pyrolysis that is gaseous at 25°C at 1 atm.
- the terms “r-pyoil” refers to a composition obtained from waste plastic pyrolysis that is liquid at 25°C and 1 atm.
- r-pyrolysis residue refers to a composition obtained from waste plastic pyrolysis that is not r-pygas or r- pyoil and that comprises predominantly pyrolysis char and pyrolysis heavy waxes.
- pyrolysis char refers to a carbon- containing composition obtained from pyrolysis that is solid at 200°C and 1 atm.
- pyrolysis heavy waxes refers to C20+ hydrocarbons obtained from pyrolysis that are not pyrolysis char, pyrolysis gas, or pyrolysis oil.
- the r-pygas includes C2 and/or C3 components each in an amount of 5 to 60, 10 to 50, or 15 to 45 weight percent, C4 components in an amount of 1 to 60, 5 to 50, or 10 to 45 weight percent, and C5 components in an amount of 1 to 25, 3 to 20, or 5 to 15 weight percent.
- the r-pyoil comprises at least 50, at least 75, at least 90, or at least 95 weight percent of C4 to C30, C5 to C25, C5 to C22, or C5 to C20 hydrocarbon components.
- the r-pyoil can have a 90% boiling point in the range of from 150 to 350°C, 200 to 295°C, 225 to 290°C, or 230 to 275°C.
- boiling point refers to the boiling point of a composition as determined by ASTM D2887-13.
- an “90% boiling point,” refers to a boiling point at which 90 percent by weight of the composition boils per ASTM D-2887-13.
- the r-pyoil can comprise heteroatom- containing compounds in an amount of less than 20, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1 , or less than 0.5 weight percent.
- heteroatom-containing compound includes any compound or polymer containing nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Any other atom is not regarded as a “heteroatom” for purposes of determining the quantity of heteroatoms, heterocompounds, or heteropolymers present in the r-pyoil.
- Heteroatom- containing compounds include oxygenated compounds.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- At least a portion of the r-pygas 116 can be introduced into a cracker facility 40.
- at least 50, at least 75, at least 90, or at least 95 percent of the r-pygas 116 from the pyrolysis facility 20 can be introduced into the cracker facility.
- All or a portion of the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into at least one location upstream of the furnace 42. Additionally, or alternatively, all or a portion of the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into at least one location downstream of the furnace 42.
- the r-pygas 116 When introduced into a location downstream of the cracker furnace 42, the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into one or more of the following locations: (i) the quench zone 44, which cools and partially condenses the furnace effluent; (ii) the compression zone 46, which compresses the vapor portion of the furnace effluent in two or more compression stages; and (iii) the separation zone 48, which separates the compressed stream into two or more recycled content products (r-products).
- the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into only one of these locations, while, in other cases, the r- pygas 116 may be divided into additional fractions and each fraction introduced into a different location. In such cases, the fractions of the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into at least two, three, or all of the locations shown in FIG. 1.
- the r-pygas 116 can be introduced into a separation or quench vessel, or into the inlet or effluent of the quench zone 44. In some cases, this may include heating and/or compressing the r-pygas 116 so that it has a temperature within about 150, about 125, or about 100°C and/or a pressure within about 75, about 50, or about 25 psi of the stream or vessel into which the r-pygas 116 is being introduced.
- the r-pygas 116 When introduced into the compression section 46, the r-pygas 116 may be introduced upstream of the first compression stage, upstream or downstream of the last compression stage, or upstream of one or more intermediate compression stages.
- the r-pygas 116 When introduced into the separation zone 48, the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into the inlet of one or more of the separation columns (including the first or last column), or may be combined with a stream, such as an overhead or bottoms stream, withdrawn from one or more of the separation columns.
- the r-pygas 116 may be combined with the hydrocarbon feed 120 introduced into the inlet of cracker furnace 42.
- the hydrocarbon feed 120 may comprise predominantly C3 to C5 hydrocarbon components, C5 to C22 hydrocarbon components, or C3 to C22 hydrocarbon components, or even predominantly C2 components.
- the hydrocarbon feed 120 may include recycled content from one or more sources, or it may include non-recycled content. Additionally, in some cases, the hydrocarbon feed 120 may not include any recycled content.
- the combined stream including r-pygas and hydrocarbon feed may be introduced into the cracker furnace 42, wherein it can be thermally cracked to form a lighter hydrocarbon effluent.
- the effluent stream can then be cooled in the quench zone 44 and compressed in the compression zone 46.
- the compressed stream from the compression zone 46 can be further separated in the separation zone 48 to produce at least one recycled content product (r-product) 122.
- recycled content products include, but are not limited to, recycled content ethane (r-ethane), recycled content ethylene (r-ethylene), recycled content propane (r-propane), recycled content propylene (r-propylene), recycled content butane (r-butane), recycled content butenes (r-butenes), recycled content butadiene (r- butadiene), and recycled content pentanes and heavier (r-C5+).
- at least a portion of the recycled content stream (e.g., r-ethane or r-propane) may be returned to the inlet of the cracker furnace as a reaction recycle stream.
- the r-pygas 116 may be introduced into the cracker facility 40 at multiple locations both upstream and downstream of the cracker furnace 42. In such cases, furnace effluent formed by cracking at least a portion of one of the r-pygas fractions may be combined with another the r-pygas fraction introduced downstream of the cracker furnace 42. [0030] As shown in FIG. 1 , at least a portion or all of the r-pyoil can be introduced into a downstream location 50. The downstream location 50 may not be within the cracker facility 40, as shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, at least 75, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, or at least 98 weight percent of the r-pyoil 114 may not be sent to the cracker facility 40.
- the downstream location 50 may include one or more downstream processing, storage, and/or transportation facilities suitable for reacting, separating, storing, and/or moving at least a portion of the r-pyoil 114.
- the downstream location 50 can comprise at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or all of a storage vessel, a transportation apparatus, a fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC), a carbon reformer, a distillation column or zone, a fine chemical facility, a burner, a methanol-to-olefins (MTO) facility, and an oil refinery.
- the downstream location 50 can be a different cracker facility other than the cracker facility 40 to which the r- pygas is introduced.
- the downstream location 50 can include a storage and/or a transportation apparatus.
- the storage/transportation apparatus can be an insulated, cooled, and/or pressurized tank, conduit, and/or pipeline.
- the tank can be a stationary tank or a tank located on a rail car, truck, trailer, or ship.
- the term “pipeline” as applied to a transportation apparatus refers to a pipeline used to transport materials more than 2, more than 5, more than 10, more than 100, more than 1000, or more than 2500 miles. Such pipelines move material from one site to another are not the same as intra-facility piping that moves material between co-located reactors, vessels, and facilities.
- the downstream location 50 can include an oil refinery.
- Oil refineries are multi-process facilities that convert crude oil or similarly heavy hydrocarbons to lighter hydrocarbon products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, as well as C4 and lighter hydrocarbons and heavier streams such as gas oils.
- r-fuel a recycled content fuel
- the r-pyoil introduced into a refinery can be subjected to a cracking step to reduce the molecular weight of the hydrocarbon molecules through catalytic and/or thermal cracking.
- catalytic crackers include fluidized or fixed bed catalytic crackers.
- a coker is one example of a thermal cracker.
- the r-pyoil can be introduced into a reformer, such as a naphtha reformer, and/or an isomerization unit, wherein the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons can be rearranged, often in the presence of a catalyst.
- a reformer such as a naphtha reformer, and/or an isomerization unit
- the paraffin/alkane components of the r- pyoil may be converted to olefin/alkene components in a reformer.
- the resulting recycle content product streams from these units can be used as an r-fuel or as a blending component to form one or more of the r-fuels mentioned previously.
- the r-pyoil can be introduced into at least one separation vessel, such as for example, a distillation column.
- the column can be configured to separate various components from the r-pyoil and one or more of these components can be used in or as the r-fuel.
- distillation columns in an oil refinery can include, but are not limited to, a crude oil tower, an FCC main fractionator, a coker main fractionator, a naphtha splitter, and combinations of these.
- Examples of r-fuel products from the oil refinery can include, but are not limited to, recycled content gasoline-range fuel (r-gasoline) having a 50% boiling point from 100 to 250°C, recycled content diesel-range fuel (r-diesel) having a 50% boiling point from 250 to 300°C, a recycled content gas oil- range fuel (r-gas oil) having a 50% boiling point from 300 to 400°C, a residual oil-range fuel (r-residual oil) having a 50% boiling point from 400 to 500°C, and a recycled content solid product such as asphalt or coke (r-asphalt or r- coke).
- the term “50% boiling point” refers to the temperature at which 50% of the fuel mixture has boiled off as determined by ASTM D-86.
- the downstream location 50 can include a fine chemical facility used to produce starting materials for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, insecticides, pigments, and other end products.
- the fine chemical facility may utilize one or more of amination, condensation, esterification, Friedel-Crafts, Gringnard, halogenation, and/or hydrogenation to provide one or more recycled content fine chemicals (r-chemical), including one or more of the types listed previously.
- the downstream location 50 can include a distillation column.
- the distillation column may be a single distillation column for separating one or more components from the r-pyoil stream, or it may include two or more columns in series configured to form multiple recycled content hydrocarbon streams.
- the distillation column may be present in another type of facility (e.g., an oil refinery or fine chemical facility) or may be present in a separation facility configured only to form recycled content hydrocarbon products.
- the downstream location 50 can include a burner such as, for example, a burner of a furnace or other energy generation facility.
- the furnace may be used to generate energy for the pyrolysis facility 20 shown in FIG. 1 or for another type of facility including, for example, an oil refinery or fine chemical facility.
- the burner may be used to generate energy in a motor or engine when, for example, the r-pyoil is used directly as a fuel source (e.g., a ship or train).
- the downstream location 50 can include a carbon reformer so that the r-pyoil 114 can be subjected to carbon reforming to produce a recycled content syngas (r-syngas) and a recycled content hydrogen (r-H2).
- the carbon reforming is partial oxidation gasification fed with a non-recycled content liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon and the r-pyoil.
- the carbon reforming can include catalytic reforming, while in other embodiments, the carbon reforming can include steam reforming.
- partial oxidation refers to high temperature conversion of a carbon-containing feed into syngas (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide), where the conversion is carried out with an amount of oxygen that is less than the stoichiometric amount of oxygen needed for complete oxidation of carbon to C02.
- syngas carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide
- the feed to POX gasification can include solids, liquids, and/or gases.
- the carbon reforming may include a gasifier that can comprise a gas-fed gasifier, a liquid-fed gasifier, a solid-fed gasifier, or a combination thereof. More particularly, the carbon reforming can include liquid-fed partial oxidation gasification.
- liquid-fed partial oxidation gasification refers to a partial oxidation gasification process where the feed to the process comprises predominately components that are liquid at 25°C and 1 atm.
- the carbon reforming may comprise gas-fed partial oxidation gasification.
- gas-fed partial oxidation gasification refers to a partial oxidation gasification process where the feed to the process comprises predominately components that are gaseous at 25°C and 1 atm.
- the carbon reforming includes partial oxidation gasification.
- the gasifier is operated in an oxygen-lean environment, relative to the amount needed to completely oxidize 100 percent of the carbon and hydrogen bonds.
- the total oxygen requirements for the gasifier may be at least 5, 10, 15, or 20 percent in excess of the amount theoretically required to convert the carbon content of the gasification feedstock to carbon monoxide.
- satisfactory operation may be obtained with a total oxygen supply of 10 to 80 percent in excess of the theoretical requirements.
- suitable amounts of oxygen per pound of carbon may be in the range of 0.4 to 3.0, 0.6 to 2.5, 0.9 to 2.0, or 1.2 to 2.0 pounds free oxygen per pound of carbon.
- the type of gasification technology employed can be a partial oxidation entrained flow gasifier that generates syngas.
- This technology is distinct from fixed bed (alternatively called moving bed) gasifiers and from fluidized bed gasifiers.
- fixed bed or moving bed gasifiers
- the feedstock stream moves in a countercurrent flow with the oxidant gas, and the oxidant gas typically employed is air.
- the feedstock stream falls into the gasification chamber, accumulates, and forms a bed of feedstock.
- Air or alternatively oxygen
- the combustion temperatures are typically below the fusion temperature of the ash and are non-slagging.
- the gasifier when the carbon reforming includes gasification, can include at least the following properties: (i) single stage; (ii) slagging; (iii) downflow; (iv) entrained flow; (v) high pressure; (vi) high temperature; (vii) slurry fed; (viii) coal or PET fed; and/or (ix) quenching gasifier.
- the downstream location 50 can include a methanol-to-olefins (MTO) facility.
- MTO methanol-to-olefins
- the r-pyoil would first be converted into methanol and the methanol then reacted to form olefins such as ethylene and propylene.
- the r-pyoil could optionally undergo initial reactions such as gasification and separation before being used to form methanol.
- r-pyoil fed to a carbon reformer could then be introduced into an MTO facility for conversion into methanol and olefins.
- the r-pyoil 114 can be combined with at least one non-recycled content hydrocarbon stream and the combined stream may be subjected to further processing in the downstream location. When combined with another stream, the r-pyoil 114 can make up 5 to 95 percent,
- the r-pyoil 114 may be divided into two or more fractions and each fraction may be introduced into a different downstream location 50. In some cases, the r-pyoil 114 may be divided such that one fraction includes 5 to 95, 10 to 80, 15 to 75, or 25 to 60 weight percent of the total amount of r-pyoil removed from the pyrolysis facility 20. In other embodiments, at least 90, at least 95, at least 97, or at least 99 percent of the r-pyoil 114 from the pyrolysis facility 20 may be introduced into a single downstream location 50.
- the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
- the phrase “at least a portion” includes at least a portion and up to and including the entire amount or time period.
- the term “chemical recycling” refers to a waste plastic recycling process that includes a step of chemically converting waste plastic polymers into lower molecular weight polymers, oligomers, monomers, and/or non-polymeric molecules (e.g., hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) that are useful by themselves and/or are useful as feedstocks to another chemical production process(es).
- the term “co-located” refers to the characteristic of at least two objects being situated on a common physical site, and/or within one mile of each other.
- commercial scale facility refers to a facility having an average annual feed rate of at least 500 pounds per hour, averaged over one year.
- the terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” are open-ended transition terms used to transition from a subject recited before the term to one or more elements recited after the term, where the element or elements listed after the transition term are not necessarily the only elements that make up the subject.
- the term “located remotely” refers to a distance of greater than 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, or 10,000 miles between two facilities, sites, or reactors.
- the term “predominantly” means more than 50 percent by weight.
- a predominantly propane stream, composition, feedstock, or product is a stream, composition, feedstock, or product that contains more than 50 weight percent propane.
- pyrolysis refers to thermal decomposition of one or more organic materials at elevated temperatures in an inert (i.e., substantially oxygen free) atmosphere.
- pyrolysis gas and “pygas” refer to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is gaseous at 25°C.
- pyrolysis oil or “pyoil” refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is liquid at 25°C and 1 atm.
- pyrolysis residue refers to a composition obtained from pyrolysis that is not pyrolysis gas or pyrolysis oil and that comprises predominantly pyrolysis char and pyrolysis heavy waxes.
- recycled content refers to being or comprising a composition that is directly and/or indirectly derived from recycled material.
- waste material refers to used, scrap, and/or discarded material.
- waste plastic and “plastic waste” refer to used, scrap, and/or discarded plastic materials.
- a chemical recycling process comprising: (a) pyrolyzing waste plastic in a pyrolysis facility to thereby provide a recycled content pyrolysis effluent (r-pyrolysis effluent); (b) separating at least a portion of said r- pyrolysis effluent to provide a recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) and recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil); (c) introducing at least a portion of said r-pygas into a cracker facility; and (d) introducing at least a portion of said r- pyoil into a downstream location, wherein the downstream location is not within the cracker facility.
- the first embodiment described in the preceding paragraph can also include one or more of the additional aspects/features listed in the following bullet pointed paragraphs.
- Each of the below additional features of the first embodiment can be standalone features or can be combined with one or more of the other additional features to the extent consistent.
- the following bullet pointed paragraphs can be viewed as dependent claim features having levels of dependency indicated by the degree of indention in the bulleted list (i.e., a feature indented further than the feature(s) listed above it is considered dependent on the feature(s) listed above it).
- r-pygas is introduced into the cracker facility at a location downstream of a cracker furnace. o wherein the r-pygas is introduced into a quench section of the cracker facility. o wherein the r-pygas is introduced into a compression section of the cracker facility.
- r-pygas is introduced into the cracker facility upstream of a cracker furnace and further comprising, cracking at least a portion of the r-pygas to form a recycled content furnace effluent (r-furnace effluent). o further comprising combining another portion of the r-pygas with the r-furnace effluent and introducing the combined stream into at least one of a quench section, a compression section, and a separation section of the cracker facility.
- r-pyoil comprises at least 50, 75, 90, 95 weight percent of C4 to C30 (C5 to C25, C5 to C22, or C5 to C20) hydrocarbon compounds.
- r-pyoil has a 90% boiling point in the range of from 150 to 350°C, 200 to 295°C, 225 to 290°C, or 230 to 275°C.
- r-pyoil comprises heteroatom-containing compounds in an amount of not more than 20, 10, 2, 0.5, or 0.1 weight percent.
- the r-pygas comprises C2 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 5 to 60, 10 to 50, or 15 to 45 weight percent, C3 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 5 to 60, 10 to 50, or 15 to 45 weight percent, C4 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 1 to 60, 5 to 50, or 10 to 45 weight percent, and C5 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 1 to 25, 3 to 20, or 5 to 15 percent.
- the downstream location is a carbon reformer. o wherein the carbon reformer is a partial oxidation gasifier o wherein the carbon reformer is a steam reformer o wherein the carbon reformer is plasma gasifier o wherein the carbon reformer is a catalytic reformer.
- downstream location is an oil refinery and further comprising processing at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby produce a recycled content fuel (r-fuel).
- r-fuel is a gasoline range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a diesel range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a gas oil range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a residual oil range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is asphalt or coke.
- o further comprising cracking at least a portion of the r-pyoil in the refinery to thereby provide the r-fuel.
- the cracking comprises catalytic cracking.
- cracking comprises coking.
- o further comprising reforming at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby provide the r-fuel.
- the reforming comprises catalytic reforming. o further comprising isomerizing at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby provide the r-fuel. o further comprising fractionating at least a portion of the r-pyoil to form the r-fuel.
- downstream location is a storage or transportation apparatus.
- downstream location is another cracker facility. o further comprising introducing at least a portion of the r-pyoil into a cracker furnace of another cracker facility.
- downstream location is a fine chemicals production facility. o further comprising processing at least a portion of said r-pyoil in one or more processing sections of the fine chemicals facility to thereby produce a recycled content chemical (r-chemical).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content ethane (r- ethane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content ethylene (r- ethylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content propane (r- propane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content propylene (r- propylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content butylene (r- butylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content butane (r- butane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content C5 and heavier (r-C5+).
- a chemical recycling process comprising: (a) pyrolyzing waste plastic to thereby provide a recycled content pyrolysis effluent (r- pyrolysis effluent); (b) separating at least a portion of said r-pyrolysis effluent to provide a recycled content pyrolysis gas (r-pygas) and recycled content pyrolysis oil (r-pyoil); (c) introducing at least a portion of said r-pygas into a cracker facility; and (d) introducing at least a portion of said r-pyoil into one or more of the following locations (i) through (x): (i) a storage apparatus; (ii) a transportation apparatus; (iii) a fluidized catalytic cracker; (iv) a carbon reformer; (v) a distillation column or zone; (vi) a fine chemical facility; (vii) a burner; (vii) an
- r-pygas is introduced into the cracker facility at a location downstream of a cracker furnace. o wherein the r-pygas is introduced into a quench section of the cracker facility. o wherein the r-pygas is introduced into a compression section of the cracker facility.
- r-pygas is introduced upstream of the last compression stage. o wherein the r-pygas is introduced into a separation section of the cracker facility. ⁇ wherein the r-pygas is introduced upstream of the first column of the separation section.
- r-pygas is introduced into the cracker facility upstream of a cracker furnace and further comprising, cracking at least a portion of the r-pygas to form a recycled content furnace effluent (r-furnace effluent). o further comprising combining another portion of the r-pygas with the r-furnace effluent and introducing the combined stream into at least one of a quench section, a compression section, and a separation section of the cracker facility.
- r-pyoil comprises at least 50, 75, 90, 95 weight percent of C4 to C30 (C5 to C25, C5 to C22, or C5 to C20) hydrocarbon compounds.
- r-pyoil has a 90% boiling point in the range of from 150 to 350°C, 200 to 295°C, 225 to 290°C, or 230 to 275°C.
- r-pyoil comprises heteroatom-containing compounds in an amount of not more than 20, 10, 2, 0.5, or 0.1 weight percent.
- the r-pygas comprises C2 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 5 to 60, 10 to 50, or 15 to 45 weight percent, C3 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 5 to 60, 10 to 50, or 15 to 45 weight percent, C4 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 1 to 60, 5 to 50, or 10 to 45 weight percent, and C5 hydrocarbon components in an amount of 1 to 25, 3 to 20, or 5 to 15 percent.
- the downstream location is a carbon reformer. o wherein the carbon reformer is a partial oxidation gasifier o wherein the carbon reformer is a steam reformer o wherein the carbon reformer is plasma gasifier o wherein the carbon reformer is a catalytic reformer.
- downstream location is an oil refinery and further comprising processing at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby produce a recycled content fuel (r-fuel).
- r-fuel is a gasoline range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a diesel range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a gas oil range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is a residual oil range fuel o wherein the r-fuel is asphalt or coke.
- o further comprising cracking at least a portion of the r-pyoil in the refinery to thereby provide the r-fuel.
- the cracking comprises catalytic cracking.
- cracking comprises coking o further comprising reforming at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby provide the r-fuel.
- the reforming comprises catalytic reforming. o further comprising isomerizing at least a portion of the r-pyoil to thereby provide the r-fuel. o further comprising fractionating at least a portion of the r-pyoil to form the r-fuel.
- downstream location is a storage or transportation apparatus.
- downstream location is another cracker facility. o further comprising introducing at least a portion of the r-pyoil into a cracker furnace of another cracker facility.
- downstream location is a fine chemicals production facility. o further comprising processing at least a portion of said r-pyoil in one or more processing sections of the fine chemicals facility to thereby produce a recycled content chemical (r-chemical).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content ethane (r- ethane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content ethylene (r- ethylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content propane (r- propane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content propylene (r- propylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content butylene (r- butylene).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content butane (r- butane).
- the r-product comprises a recycled content C5 and heavier (r-C5+).
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