EP4360009A1 - Procede et dispositif d'analyse predictive du comportement d'un operateur en interaction avec un systeme complexe - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif d'analyse predictive du comportement d'un operateur en interaction avec un systeme complexeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4360009A1 EP4360009A1 EP22738383.3A EP22738383A EP4360009A1 EP 4360009 A1 EP4360009 A1 EP 4360009A1 EP 22738383 A EP22738383 A EP 22738383A EP 4360009 A1 EP4360009 A1 EP 4360009A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- operator
- behavior
- data
- models
- cognitive
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N5/00—Computing arrangements using knowledge-based models
- G06N5/02—Knowledge representation; Symbolic representation
- G06N5/022—Knowledge engineering; Knowledge acquisition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N20/00—Machine learning
Definitions
- the invention relates to the general field of aid systems for monitoring the states of individuals, and in particular proposes a method and a device making it possible to predict the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system, from observation of its behavior in real time and behavior analysis models built on previous data, collected for a plurality of operators in situation on complex systems.
- the invention thus covers several fields such as the analysis of the human behavior of people interacting with a complex machine (for example a pilot of an aircraft or land, sea or rail vehicle, or even an air traffic controller or a power or nuclear plant operator or a production line controller) and the modeling of autonomous agent behavior (constructive actor in a simulation or non-player character in a video game).
- a complex machine for example a pilot of an aircraft or land, sea or rail vehicle, or even an air traffic controller or a power or nuclear plant operator or a production line controller
- autonomous agent behavior constructive actor in a simulation or non-player character in a video game
- Human behavior analysis also often referred to as “human factors analysis”, analyzes a person’s actions using cognitive models to be able to explain their actions.
- Behavioral modeling makes it possible to animate actors in a constructive simulation or non-player characters in a video game, by providing them with programmable behaviors.
- the purpose of the invention is to use this capacity for modeling human behavior to improve the analysis of the behavior of an operator until it is possible to predict his future behavior according to the current situation. as perceived by this operator, and according to the evaluation which is made of his cognitive state.
- the field of application of the invention is thus that of “predicting the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system.
- the technical problem addressed by the present invention is that of how to develop a device (and an associated method) which makes it possible to anticipate, to predict the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system (for example a pilot in its plane) from the observation of its behavior in real time and from analysis models developed from the analysis of previous data which were collected for a set of operators on a system of the same nature.
- a complex system for example a pilot in its plane
- analysis models developed from the analysis of previous data which were collected for a set of operators on a system of the same nature for example, the invention makes it possible to predict the behavior of a pilot using models created from data collected during real or simulated flights.
- US patent application 2019/158484 A1 by Grunewald et al. proposes a solution to predict the behavior of an operator in terms of actions to perform but within the very limited framework of a game whose situations are essentially limited by their designer. It is therefore not a complex system (like a real vehicle or a nuclear power plant) where the number of situations is not limited and could be represented by a discrete state graph. Furthermore, this system, which seeks to build a network of affinities between players, does not take into account the evolution of the cognitive state in the learning of player models, but only prefixed biometric characteristics for each player. [0016] US patent application 2021/107501 A1 by Monteil et al.
- An object of the invention is to meet the aforementioned needs and to overcome the drawbacks of existing solutions and techniques.
- the general principle of the invention consists in implementing in a device for predicting the behavior of an operator, an analysis engine called “predictive engine of the behavior of the operator” which instantiates for the observed operator , a model of human behavior of this operator.
- the proposed solution is based on the use of additional data compared to those used in the solutions of the prior art.
- the learned procedural models record the correlations between these interaction data between the operator and his machine with expert data corresponding to the rules, the sequences of actions or the procedures for using the complex system (for example of flight procedures). Data corresponding to vehicle dynamics is only used in context to determine when procedural models should be used to compare to operator behavior.
- cognitive state models rely on medical expertise to categorize complex states such as stress, ability to handle a workload, or situational awareness. These models are learned from physiological data recorded on the operator but also by using interaction data between the operator and the machine and context data.
- This influence of the cognitive state on the behavior of the operator can be of three types: it can be exerted on the choice of the procedure to be applied by the operator, it can modify the effectiveness of the actions of manipulation, observation or communication that the latter carries out, and it can generate behavior outside of any procedure that is directly produced by the mental state of the operator (a movement of panic for example).
- the proposed device and the human behavior model are based on a Knowledge Base of Operator Behavior (BCCO), which was constituted upstream of an execution of the method, and which contains a set of data recorded during operator interactions with systems complex, for existing procedural regulations (depending on the area of application).
- BCCO Knowledge Base of Operator Behavior
- the prediction engine of the device of the invention is based on a predictive model which combines both the procedural aspects of the operator's work and the cognitive aspects of the operator, such as his fatigue, his stress or his mental burden.
- the device of the invention deals on the one hand with the analysis of the state and the behavior of the operator and, on the other hand, it allows the short-term anticipation of this state and behavior at using the predictive model which will generate data which will make it possible to anticipate the behavior of the operator, including for situations with which he has not been confronted.
- This model of human behavior is instantiated in the predictive behavior engine to anticipate in real time the future actions of the operator, with an occurrence probability coefficient on the possible action or actions.
- the major advantage of this device compared to the existing one is that the prediction model takes into account the two categories of factors that influence human decision-making, namely the procedural aspects (i.e. following a plan, respecting the rules, etc.) and cognitive aspects (i.e. stress, ability to manage multiple tasks, etc.).
- the present invention will find many fields of application where there is a need to anticipate the actions and behaviors of an operator of a complex system.
- the fields of operation of the invention are the fields of activity in which a complex system is controlled and implemented by one or more operators.
- These business areas include, for example, industry and transport aeronautics, rail, or road, security fields, process control fields, etc.
- the device of the invention in the context of aeronautics, participates in several fields of innovation which are: the development of the cockpit of the future, the monitoring of the pilots (in flight and off flight), the monitoring physiological and psychophysical factors, flight safety, mission performance and pilot training.
- the proposed device addresses both for the aeronautical field and more generally for other fields, the problem of how to ensure the performance of an operator from a cognitive and operational point of view.
- This problem is multiple and raises several technical questions, because it is indeed necessary to be able to measure several physiological parameters in the least invasive way possible, to interpret these signals, to compile them with contextual data relating to a mission, to produce a relevant prediction information of the behavior of the operator, in order to decide if the performance of the operator requires making adaptations to the progress of the mission, either on the complex system, on the environment of evolution, or even vis -towards the operator.
- a method for the predictive analysis of the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system during a real or simulated mission, the method being implemented by computer and comprising steps consisting of:
- the step of generating prediction data consists, via said predictive behavior engine, in implementing with the collected data a model of human behavior configured to model the behavior of said operator on the cognitive and procedural levels, said instantiated human behavior model for said operator having been learned in a learning phase by the application of artificial intelligence techniques on cognitive models and on procedural models, using on numerous simulations, a plurality of data from learning of the same nature as said collected data, but for different operators, the learning data being capitalized in a knowledge base of the behavior of operators of complex systems.
- the step of implementing the human behavior model for said operator comprises steps consisting of:
- the human behavior model being represented as a hierarchical graph comprising cognitive behavior modules and task modules relative to a mission, the cognitive behavior modules and the modules of tasks being broken down into behavior modules, the behavior modules being broken down into action modules, the actions being elementary actions observable at operator level, the graph comprising an output level corresponding to a selection of elementary actions .
- the parameters of human factors influencing the determination of behaviors and actions of the operator are used at several levels of the hierarchical graph.
- the influencing human factors parameters are used at a first level of the graph to determine cognitive behaviors, at a second level of the graph to determine behaviors and actions, and at a third level of the graph to determine a selection of actions.
- the step of analyzing the prediction data to determine whether technical adaptations are to be made to the interaction between the operator and the complex system consists in identifying possible risks for the mission. , related to predicted actions and behaviors of the operator.
- the method further comprises a step consisting in determining adaptation proposals as to the interaction between said observed operator and the complex system.
- the method further comprises steps of:
- the method further comprises a step consisting in supplying the data collected as input to the human behavior model as training data.
- the method comprises initial steps consisting of automatic learning of models of human behavior.
- the step of automatically learning human behavior models comprises steps consisting of:
- BCCO data to build a database of models specific to each operator or each category of operator by learning
- BCCO data data from the cognitive models database, data from the specific models database, to build by learning:
- the invention also covers a computer program product comprising code instructions making it possible to perform the steps of the claimed method, when the program is executed on a computer.
- the invention also covers a device for predictive analysis of the behavior of an operator interacting with a complex system during a real or simulated mission, the device comprising:
- a plurality of sensors configured to collect data corresponding to the observation, manipulation and communication actions of the observed operator, physiological data relating to this operator and various contextual data relating to the state and dynamics of the complex system , relating to the environment, and to the context of the mission);
- a data processing module coupled to the various sensors, and comprising code instructions making it possible to perform steps consisting of:
- the predictive behavior engine implements, with the collected data, a model of human behavior configured to model the behavior of said operator observed on the cognitive and procedural levels, said model of human behavior instantiated for said operator observed having been learned, in a learning phase, by the application of artificial intelligence techniques on cognitive models and on procedural models, using on numerous simulations, a plurality of learning data of the same nature as said data collected, but for different operators, the learning data being capitalized in a knowledge base of the behavior of operators of complex systems.
- the device of the invention further comprises other means for implementing the steps of the method of the invention.
- One use of the claimed device is that of the predictive analysis of the behavior of a pilot in interaction with an aircraft platform during a real or simulated mission.
- the invention also covers a method for constructing models of human behavior.
- the human behavior model makes it possible to model the behavior of an operator both cognitively and procedurally.
- the process for obtaining the human behavior model is based on an “Operator Behavioral Knowledge Base” (BCCO) and on two distinct models, a cognitive model and a procedural model.
- BCCO Perator Behavioral Knowledge Base
- the BCCO makes it possible to record and capitalize on a set of data collected during operator interaction sessions with complex systems (data characterizing the observation, manipulation and communication actions of the operator, data physiological data relating to this operator and contextual data describing the state and dynamics of the complex system, the environment and the context of the mission, to which are added subjective data on the behavior of the operator).
- a method makes it possible to construct different categories of cognitive models, from the data recorded in the BCCO, using artificial intelligence techniques for automatic learning, such as, for example, a mental load model.
- artificial intelligence techniques for automatic learning such as, for example, a mental load model.
- Those skilled in the art will apply the same principles to construct any other cognitive model corresponding to other aspects of the cognitive state of operators in interaction with a given complex system.
- the data from the BCCO, the data from the cognitive model database, the data from the procedural model database, are then used to construct by learning:
- FIG.1 schematically illustrates for the example of a pilot, the cognitive model modeling phase and the model execution phase to assess the cognitive state of a pilot;
- FIG.2 schematically illustrates how the procedural model modeling phase and the model execution phase to generate the behavior of a virtual pilot in a constructive simulation
- FIG.3 illustrates the stages of construction of a model of human behavior according to the invention, on the example of a pilot
- FIG.4 schematically illustrates an environment for implementing the prediction method of the invention
- FIG.5 illustrates a sequence of steps of the method of the invention for the predictive analysis of the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system during a real or simulated mission
- FIG.6 illustrates an example of implementation of the underlying structure of the model of human behavior of the invention.
- FIG.7 illustrates an example of prediction of the actions of an aircraft pilot, based on the hierarchical structure of Figure 6.
- - Operator individual, subject, person, human interacting with (ie controlling, controlling, activating, operating, acting on) a complex system.
- the operator is a pilot, and either term can be used without distinction.
- Complex system system comprising many devices with which an operator must interact, and which can mobilize on his part a more or less significant involvement in his handling time as well as in his mental workload.
- the complex system is an aircraft cockpit for the described embodiment.
- the analysis of human factors, and in particular the analysis of the behavior of an operator of a complex system, is based on the creation and use of cognitive models whose purpose is to evaluate, for each of these models, an aspect of the cognitive state of the observed person.
- cognitive models One of these cognitive models is the one that makes it possible to assess the mental workload of a pilot during an exercise or a mission, for example.
- Behavioral models are used by constructive simulations and by video games to animate the behavior of actors not played by the trainee, the player or, more generally, the operator of this type of application. These models make it possible to generate the behavior of artificial actors who will carry out tasks or missions within the framework of a predefined scenario.
- the behavior models are procedural, that is to say that the behavior generated corresponds to a sequence of pre-recorded actions, generally organized in the form of a graph or by a set of “Conditions-> Actions” rules, activated according to the perceptions of the actor in his environment.
- Procedural behavior models are generally developed by hand by an expert in the field (a “game-designer” for games) in a procedural form (graph, tree structure, etc.) to model the various possible sequences of the progress of a mission.
- MCH modeling human behavior
- human behavior is characterized by the involvement of the cognitive state in decision-making. In doing so, the behavior of a human being is not only much richer than that of any automaton, but it is also much less predictable since an outside observer generally does not have access to the cognitive state of the observed person, unless it is not possible to deduce a part of this hidden state by the expression of his face, by his posture or by any other indicator of his physiological state.
- HBR Human Behavior Recognition
- FH1 a first level where human factors can trigger a new behavior, for example to satisfy a motivation or to respond to a certain emotion
- the present invention includes a modeling method which makes it possible to build a database of models of human behavior of operators and it relates to a behavior prediction device which relies on this database to predict the behavior of an operator.
- the human behavior models of the operators are constructed according to a method which combines cognitive models and procedural models of behavior.
- Each model of human behavior corresponds to a given operator and/or to a class of operators, for a given complex system.
- the method for constructing this new model of human behavior implements:
- the behavior prediction engine allows to predict the next / future actions of an operator (in the short term), using the model of human behavior that best corresponds to this operator, according to the analysis of the state and of the procedural behavior of the operator which is made from all the data collected, for the complex system with which he interacts and according to the task he has to perform (compared to the mission in progress).
- the input data of the prediction engine correspond to a set of data recorded at the time of the prediction request: data on the observation, manipulation and communication actions of the operator, physiological data recorded on this operator and contextual data relating to the state and dynamics of the complex system, the environment or the operator's mission, for example.
- the data output from the prediction engine correspond to predicted actions, associated with the behavioral elements that have been identified and selected for the prediction analysis.
- the advantages of the device of the invention and of the associated method are to combine in the model which is used to carry out the prediction, both objective data corresponding to the procedures implemented by the operator and data corresponding to an evaluation of the state of this operator. In doing so, it is possible to identify in the use case data recorded in the BCCO, the context in which each decision of the operator is taken and to reuse this information to be able to anticipate during a new experience the behavior of an identical or considered similar operator in its behavior.
- the BCCO can be carried out, initially, from data resulting from experiments on instrumented simulators of the complex system, which facilitates both their collection and their subsequent saving.
- cognitive models of pilots have been built from data collected on civil aircraft simulators.
- the Operator Behavior Knowledge Base is enriched and supplemented over time in order to be able to refine the models and, in particular, those which are used for prediction.
- the BCCO is composed of data of different natures recorded, by appropriate sensors, synchronously such as:
- inter/intra personal and inter/intra operational variability processing can be applied to the data in order to group them, and allow the construction of more generic models (i.e. not linked to a single operator). For example, in the case of pilots:
- Figure 1 schematically illustrates for the example of a pilot, how the cognitive models (102) are developed (Modeling Phase) and how these models are used (Execution Phase) to evaluate (120) the cognitive state of a pilot, using data from a "Pilot Behavioral Knowledge Base” (BCCP) (104) grouping together over numerous flight sessions, operational or simulated, data (106) recorded on the behavior of the pilot: actions of the pilot (actions of observation from outside the cockpit and instruments, manipulation actions on the controls and instruments of the aircraft, communication actions); physiological parameters recorded by biometric sensors; contextual information on the state and dynamics of the complex system (the aircraft), on the environment (weather, other actors/tactics/traffic, ...), on the pilot's mission (plan and flight phases for example ) or on more subjective information on its behavior (observation, declaration, annotation, qualification, ).
- BCCP Packet Behavioral Knowledge Base
- the cognitive models are developed by artificial intelligence techniques for learning, from data (108) collected during several exercises where the complex system and the operator are instrumented (110), for example in a aircraft simulator instrumented for this purpose. Exercises corresponding to realistic and productive scenarios with operational and cognitive variations are carried out.
- the data collected which combines objective data (sensor measurements; simulator probe; scenario) and subjective data (self-assessment; external expertise) is synchronized and provided to the Pilot Behavior Knowledge Base, or more generally to Operators (104).
- the data collected are inputs from an execution engine (114) which instantiates the appropriate cognitive model (102) in order to deliver information (120) representative the cognitive state of the pilot/operator.
- Constant behavior models or “procedural models” are used by constructive simulations to generate the behavior of each actor not played by the trainee or by the instructor, and to allow this actor to carry out his mission according to the situation he perceives.
- Procedural models are generally developed by hand by an expert in a procedural form (with a representation in graph, tree structure, etc.), to model the various possible sequences of the progress of a mission. These procedural models can be built live by the trainee or instructor during the exercise, or they can be built by a modeler and saved to a database for reuse during the course of the exercise.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates how the procedural models (202) are developed (Modeling Phase) and how these models are used (Execution Phase) to generate (220) the behavior of the virtual pilot in a simulation constructive.
- the modeling phase makes it possible to construct procedural models using, as a reference for learning a more general behavior than that proposed by operational experts (212), the data recorded in a “Pilot Behavior Knowledge Base” (BCCP ) (204) grouping over numerous flight sessions, operational or simulated, data (206) recorded on the behavior of the pilot: actions of the pilot (actions of observation from outside the cockpit and instruments, manipulation actions on aircraft controls and instruments, communication actions); physiological parameters recorded by biometric sensors; contextual information on the state and dynamics of the complex system (the aircraft), on the environment (weather, other actors/tactics/traffic, etc.), on the pilot's mission (flight plan and phases for example) or on more subjective information on its behavior (observation, declaration, annotation, qualification, ).
- actions of the pilot actions of observation from outside the cockpit and instruments, manipulation actions on aircraft controls and instruments, communication actions
- physiological parameters recorded by biometric sensors contextual information on the state and dynamics of the complex system (the aircraft), on the environment (weather, other actors/tactics/traffic, etc.), on the
- the procedural models (202) are instantiated in the behavior engine of a constructive simulation (214) with the data of a simulation (208, 210) to generate (220) representative information the behavior of the artificial pilot.
- the models of the two categories of known models are combined in a single and unique modeling structure.
- the learning of new models of human behavior is based on each of these two categories by integrating both procedural components and cognitive components of decision-making.
- HF human factors
- FIG. 3 schematically and synthetically illustrates the process of constructing a model of human behavior (300) according to the invention, on the example of a pilot.
- the first step consists in building a knowledge base of the behavior of the BCCP pilots (302) (or more generally, a knowledge base of the behavior of the BCCO operators of an application concerned).
- the database is built with data collected (304) during the execution of numerous exercises involving different pilots (or operators of the application concerned), in interaction with a complex system (306) (here, pilots in their aircraft).
- the data collected characterizes the operator's observation, manipulation and communication actions, physiological data relating to the operator and contextual data grouping together data on the state and dynamics of the complex system, environment, and data relating to the context of the mission, and possibly, subjective data on the behavior of the operator. This collected data can then be used by the predictive engine.
- pilot Behavior Knowledge Base (302) is used to build a database of cognitive models (308) with the help of medical experts and using learning algorithms 6.
- modellers helped by operational experts (here, experienced pilots) define and build the structure of the procedural models (312) which are then adapted by techniques learning by using the data from the BCCP (302), to constitute databases of procedural models which are specific to each operator or each category of operators.
- the collected exercise data which is synchronized (304) and recorded in the Pilot Behavior Knowledge Base will make it possible to carry out, in combination with the cognitive models and the procedural models, a learning (314) to build:
- the data recorded in the BCCO are therefore used to characterize the behavioral choices of the operators by constructing different models of human behavior for each individual operator (or for categories of operators that are similar in their behavior).
- the model of human behavior which is learned and instantiated for an operator, is used, in operating mode, to initialize a predictive behavior engine which, from the input data characterizing the current situation of the operator, is able to output the probability of each of the actions that the operator could perform in the near future.
- FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an environment making it possible to implement the prediction method of the invention.
- the example is illustrated for an aeronautical environment with a view to applying the prediction method to a pilot.
- those skilled in the art can apply the principles described to any other environment as mentioned above, such as industry and rail or road transport, the fields of security, the fields of process control, etc. and for any operator.
- a pilot evolves in an environment during simulation training or during a real mission, illustrated by a platform (402).
- the platform (cockpit of an aircraft) is a complex system equipped with many different systems with which the pilot can interact.
- the cockpits aircraft are equipped with complex display systems, making it possible to represent several display zones simultaneously on screens. These systems are capable of displaying the information needed to manage the aircraft and offer various functions for monitoring the mission in progress, such as the functions of the FMS (Flight Management System), the FWS (Flight Warning System ”), troubleshooting assistance functions with display of resolution procedures and their processing.
- the interaction of the pilot with the complex system is then defined as any action on these systems or any interaction with human-machine interfaces (HMI) of his environment.
- HMI human-machine interfaces
- the pilot is equipped with sensors and the platform already equipped with standard data collection means (such as manipulandum) can also be instrumented, in order to collect data characterizing the interaction of the pilot with the complex system for a situation in course (simulation or real mission).
- the data is synchronized and aggregated into a situational data module (404) which records data relating to the pilot's actions, physiological data relating to the pilot, contextual data relating to the state and dynamics of the complex system, relating to the environment and related to the context of the mission.
- the data relating to the actions of the pilot and the physiological data are acquired by means of sensors capable of collecting, for example, and without limitation; i) heart rate using a heart rate wristband or chest strap; ii) breathing rate using the same chest strap or using a sensor pad located in or on the seat; iii) eye-tracking data collected by means of a camera located either at a distance from the pilot on the dashboard or on glasses worn by the pilot; iv) skin resistance using the heart rate watch or a dedicated bracelet; v) data on the speed and acceleration of the pedals, the stick and the joysticks by motion sensors worn by the operator at the level of the head, trunk, upper and lower limbs or placed at the level of his manipulandum ; (vi) data relating to the operator's verbal communications.
- sensors can be implemented on:
- the wristband can be equipped with heart rate, humidity (sweat), temperature, accelerometer and inertial (IMU) sensors;
- the garment can support, integrated into the fabric, body temperature sensors; electrocardiogram ECG and heart rate, and acceleration (IMU);
- the seat can be fitted with pressure, temperature, cardiac and respiratory sensors;
- the headset can, in addition to the microphone which is a voice sensor, support EEG (or even EOG) sensors, accelerometer and IMU, and a face camera.
- the complex system is instrumented with remote sensors close to the pilot.
- Remote sensors include various cameras (stage cameras, face cameras, 3D cameras, eye tracking cameras), fixed in the cockpit (i.e. integrated in the dashboard and/or pillars). These cameras are able to capture a scene (the attitude of the pilot, the actions carried out, etc.), to deduce from it postures, facial expressions, and all useful information to compose data which will feed the predictive engine of the driver behavior.
- the data relating to the environment may include information, obtained from various sources, on the meteorological conditions, on the state of air traffic, data relating to the context of the mission in progress (real or simulated).
- the data on the context of the mission can include information on the state of the complex system (ie information on states inherent to normal operation, such as for example a percentage of engine power, if the fins are folded or unfolded, the state of the fuel tanks, etc., and information on states inherent in an operation abnormal, such as the information that the left motor is faulty, the right pedal of the co-pilot seat is faulty, or any sort of potential fault).
- the context data may include flight data such as: route, altitude, speed, acceleration, attitude and envelope.
- aircraft parameters can be taken into account, such as: date of last maintenance, in-flight events, etc.
- the device of the invention comprises calculation resources or data processing module (406) configured to implement a predictive engine of the behavior of the pilot with the situation data collected.
- the human behavior models (300) of the modeling module which have been obtained by learning (as described with reference to FIG. 3), are instantiated in the predictive behavior engine (406) using the situation data that are unique to the observed pilot, and thereby produce prediction data (408) as to possible short-term actions and behaviors that the pilot might do or adopt.
- the predictive behavior engine of the invention produces a set of predictive data of possible actions and behaviors of the pilot at several levels of granularity: from "highest” behaviors linked to the mission and to the procedures, down to basic operator actions.
- the computing resources can be configured to analyze and evaluate the prediction data obtained with a view to determining whether technical adaptations, technical adjustments to environmental equipment should be made, whether recommendations should be made to the pilot or to third parties based on the results of the predictive analysis, so as to adapt the operator's current interaction with the system.
- the recommendations for a pilot can be made by way of graphic display on one or more screens or by projection of information in the cockpit.
- the device of the invention may further comprise means which may be part of the data processing module (406), for analyzing the probabilistic behavior prediction data in order to anticipate the possible evolutions (always in probability ) of the cognitive state of the operator.
- the device of the invention is configured to react back on the modeling module (arrow 303 in FIG. 3 between the execution module and the behavior knowledge base BCCO or BCCP).
- the situation data recorded and associated with the behavior of the pilot is provided to the BCCO to be used as learning data and to improve the modeling module to refine the models of human behavior of this pilot in particular, but also to refine the models of the different categories of pilots to which he may belong.
- the feedback loop (303) to the knowledge database of the operator data collected during the execution of a mission makes it possible to enrich the BCCO and subsequently improve the prediction of the behavior of each operator during his interaction with the complex system.
- the execution-modeling feedback also makes it possible to constitute and enrich knowledge bases of the behavior of several categories of operators, these bases being then able to be used for the training of various models to predict the behavior of other operators but also to serve standard to evaluate a behavior for example.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a sequence of steps of the method of the invention for the predictive analysis of the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system during a real or simulated mission.
- the method is implemented by computer and comprises steps consisting of:
- - (504) using the collected data as input to a behavior predictive engine to generate prediction data representing actions and behaviors that said operator could perform in the short term; and - (506) analyzing the prediction data to determine (508) whether technical adaptations are to be made to the interaction of the operator with the complex system.
- the method of the invention is characterized in that the step for generating predictive data is carried out by a predictive behavior engine which uses the data collected to implement a model of human behavior which is configured to model the behavior of the observed operator, both cognitively and procedurally, this model of human behavior being instantiated for this operator and having been learned in a learning phase as previously described, by the application of techniques of intelligence on cognitive models and on procedural models, with data capitalized in a knowledge base of the behavior of operators of complex systems.
- the method of the invention can be completed by a step (510) for using the results of the analysis in order to determine, according to possible risks for the mission, linked to the actions and behaviors predicted by the operator, adaptation options.
- Adaptations may be, without limitation:
- alerts written; visual; sound
- the step of implementing the human behavior model may include steps consisting of:
- the human behavior model being represented as a hierarchical graph comprising cognitive behavior modules and task modules relating to a mission, the cognitive behavior modules and the task modules being decomposed into behavior modules, the behavior modules being decomposed into action modules, the actions being elementary actions observable at operator level, the graph comprising an output level corresponding to a selection of elementary actions.
- the parameters of human factors influencing the determination of behaviors and actions of the operator are used at several levels of the hierarchical graph.
- the influencing human factors parameters are used at a first level of the graph to determine cognitive behaviors, at a second level of the graph to determine behaviors and actions, and at a third level of the graph to determine the selection of the actions actually predicted.
- the data collected is provided as input to the human behavior model as learning data, allowing the model to evolve.
- the human behavior models (300) of the invention are the result of the interconnection and mutual influence of cognitive models (308) and procedural models ( 312) of behavior. These models of human behavior will, in particular, make it possible to predict and anticipate the behavior of an operator in interaction with a complex system.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of implementation of the underlying structure of the human behavior model of the invention which makes it possible to instantiate, via the prediction engine, the behavior model of an operator who is observed , this behavior model for this operator having been obtained from human behavior models constructed by learning using a knowledge base of operator behavior (BCCO).
- BCCO knowledge base of operator behavior
- the left part of the tree structure represents the structure associated with the cognitive models
- the right part of the tree structure represents the associated structure.
- the human behavior model (300) makes it possible to carry out an evaluation of the cognitive state of an operator, by integrating this state into the evaluation of the situation perceived by the operator for the mission in progress.
- the cognitive state of an operator is evaluated from different components Ei which represent as many psychophysiological models making it possible to evaluate from the physiological data coming from the sensors, in which cognitive state the observed operator is.
- the components E1, E2 and E3 in FIG. 6 can represent, for a pilot, an evaluation of his stress (E1) from a cognitive model of stress evaluation, an evaluation of his vigilance (E2 ) from a cognitive vigilance evaluation model, an evaluation of its mental load (E3) from a cognitive model of mental load evaluation.
- a cognitive behavior CCi of the operator can be triggered by a certain configuration of his cognitive state. This behavior corresponds to a first-level influence of human factors (represented by the arrow FH1 ), ie a level where human factors can trigger a new behavior.
- FH1 human factors
- the evaluation of the cognitive state of a pilot showing a very low level of his vigilance can generate a cognitive behavior which is the falling asleep of the pilot.
- a cognitive behavior is not necessarily elementary, and it can be broken down into a plurality of simpler behaviors Ci (for example the behavior modules C1 to C4).
- the behaviors Ci can themselves each be broken down into a plurality of observable elementary actions Ai of the operator (for example the action modules A1 to A5).
- the whole of this hierarchical structure (Ci; Ai) of the cognitive behavior model can be the result of automatic learning, combined with expertise on cognitive models.
- the operator has one or more missions which are assumed to be known. Each of these missions can be broken down hierarchically into a plurality of procedural tasks Tj (for example the task modules T1, T2, T3), which, themselves, can each be broken down into behaviors (for example the behavior modules C3 to C7).
- Tj for example the task modules T1, T2, T3
- behaviors for example the behavior modules C3 to C7.
- the behaviors Cj can themselves each be broken down into a plurality of observable elementary actions Aj of the operator (for example the action modules A1 to A5) that he can perform to carry out his mission.
- the hierarchical structure (Tj; Cj; Aj) of procedural behaviors can be the result of automatic learning, combined with doctrinal knowledge from an operational expert.
- the human behavior model of the invention establishes links between the cognitive models and the procedural behavior models, according to the hierarchical structure of the behavioral tree and of the mission tree. These links (illustrated in figure 6 by all the interconnections between the different hierarchical levels of two categories of models), make it possible to arrive at a representation of the behavior of an operator in all its components (cognitive and procedural).
- a first level of interconnection is the possibility of having behavior modules (Ci, Cj) which are common in the tree structure, these behavior modules being able to be activated either by a cognitive behavior, or by a task of a mission, or by both simultaneously.
- FIG. 6 illustrates that the behavior module C3 is a common behavior module.
- the behavior module C3 comes from a cognitive behavior CCi and it also comes from the breakdown of the task referenced in the task module T 1.
- behavior modules which are common to both models can be activated either by a cognitive behavior, or by a task of a mission, or by both simultaneously (and then propose a compromise behavior).
- a second level of interconnection corresponds to the second level of influence of human factors (FH2), i.e. the level where human factors can influence the choice between several ways of carrying out a given behavior.
- the principle consists in using the cognitive state of the operator to influence the decomposition of tasks Tj or the decomposition of behaviors (Ci, Cj) of the mission tree. For example, a very low state of vigilance revealed by the evaluation of the cognitive state of the operator, can increase the weight in the behavior tree of a more cautious behavior.
- a third level of interconnection is located at the level of the triggering of actions. Indeed, the two behavioral hierarchies (cognitive; procedural) are necessarily in competition at this level.
- Each action module (Ai, Aj) can be activated by a module of the cognitive tree, by a module of the mission tree or by both at the same time.
- FIG. 6 illustrates for example that the action module A1 is common to the behavior module C1 originating from the decomposition of a cognitive behavior and to the behavior module C4 originating from the decomposition of the task module (T1 and/ or T2).
- the last level of the tree structure is that of the selection of the predicted actions (illustrated at the bottom of FIG. 6).
- This level operates according to the known principle of actuators.
- Each predicted action is represented by a combination of one or more actuators (Actul , Actu2 and Actu3). This determines the possibility of excluding simultaneous actions but also of carrying out several actions simultaneously.
- the example for a military pilot is that he cannot look at his instruments and outside his cockpit at the same time. On the other hand, he can very well perform one of these two actions and press the trigger of his cannon at the same time.
- the human behavior model of the invention involves, on this last level of the tree structure, the last level (FH3) of influence of human factors on behavior (illustrated by the arrow FH3 in figure 6), i.e. the level where human factors can have an influence on the efficiency with which actions will be carried out.
- the cognitive state of the operator can alter the efficiency of the actuators, thus limiting the performance of the selected actions.
- the cognitive state is then taken into account for the selection of actions. For example, a tremor of the hands due to stress or the phenomenon of tunneling which limits the field of vision, can be modeled and taken into account in the selection of the actions made by the model.
- Figure 7 illustrates an example of prediction of the actions of an aircraft pilot, based on the hierarchical structure of Figure 6.
- the construction of the human behavior model makes it possible to model and then to predict the behavior of the pilot in this situation.
- the pilot's cognitive state of stress has an influence on his cognitive behavior (human factor of influence FH1).
- FH1 human factor of influence
- a backup behavior with an increased level of stress can have the behavioral consequence of abandoning the takeoff.
- the vigilance of the pilot can influence his procedural behavior for the mission in progress (human factor of influence FH2).
- FH2 human factor of influence
- this predicted behavior breaks down into several elementary actions, which may possibly be simultaneous. These elementary actions can also be altered by a high level of the pilot's mental load (human factor of influence FH2).
- the elementary actions of the pilot can for example be a braking action, an external monitoring action, an instrument monitoring action.
- the effective performance of the actions selected by the pilot involves the use of actuators (hands, feet, eyes) whose effectiveness can also be reduced by an abnormal level of the pilot's state (human factor influence FH3).
- the model of human behavior learned must allow the predictive engine not only to predict the actions that will actually be carried out by the pilot, but also to provide a level of quality of this prediction in the form of a probability value.
- the device and the method of the invention are advantageous for all systems involving interaction between an operator and a complex system, in the sense that they allow better prediction of the behavior of the operator in the execution of its tasks (through the analysis of human factors).
- the main elements of the present invention relate to: - a process for creating a database of models of human behavior of operators interacting with a complex system, integrating both cognitive elements (state of the operator), procedural elements (missions and procedures of the 'operator) and the different interactions between these two categories of elements.
- This database is made up thanks to automatic learning from data recorded in a knowledge base of the behavior of operators during interaction sessions of a cohort of operators with the complex system studied;
- the device is based on the database of human behavior models of operators that has been constituted, to produce behavior models that benefit from both the cognitive aspects and the procedural aspects that can be observed on a real person. .
- the present invention constitutes a new way of understanding the modeling of the behavior of an operator or of a class of operators by automatic learning which is capable of exploiting both expert data characterizing in a procedural way the behavior of this operator or this class of operators, and real data coming from the recording in situation of interaction of the behavior of this operator or this class of operators with the complex system studied .
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2106748A FR3124616B1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 | 2021-06-24 | Procede et dispositif d'analyse predictive du comportement d'un operateur en interaction avec un systeme complexe |
| PCT/EP2022/066975 WO2022268865A1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 | 2022-06-22 | Procede et dispositif d'analyse predictive du comportement d'un operateur en interaction avec un systeme complexe |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4360009A1 true EP4360009A1 (fr) | 2024-05-01 |
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| EP22738383.3A Pending EP4360009A1 (fr) | 2021-06-24 | 2022-06-22 | Procede et dispositif d'analyse predictive du comportement d'un operateur en interaction avec un systeme complexe |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240289648A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4360009A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3124616B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022268865A1 (fr) |
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| US12475018B2 (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2025-11-18 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Utilization of a resource to perform a task based on a predicted capacity of the resource |
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| US20190158484A1 (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2019-05-23 | Facebook, Inc. | Gaming Moments and Groups on Online Gaming Platforms |
| US11267482B2 (en) * | 2019-10-11 | 2022-03-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Mitigating risk behaviors |
-
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- 2021-06-24 FR FR2106748A patent/FR3124616B1/fr active Active
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2022
- 2022-06-22 US US18/572,722 patent/US20240289648A1/en active Pending
- 2022-06-22 EP EP22738383.3A patent/EP4360009A1/fr active Pending
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20240289648A1 (en) | 2024-08-29 |
| WO2022268865A1 (fr) | 2022-12-29 |
| FR3124616A1 (fr) | 2022-12-30 |
| FR3124616B1 (fr) | 2023-11-03 |
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