EP4356117A1 - Procédé de détermination de la présence d'au moins un défaut sur une image en tomographie d'une pièce tridimensionnelle par décomposition en composantes principales - Google Patents
Procédé de détermination de la présence d'au moins un défaut sur une image en tomographie d'une pièce tridimensionnelle par décomposition en composantes principalesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4356117A1 EP4356117A1 EP22735221.8A EP22735221A EP4356117A1 EP 4356117 A1 EP4356117 A1 EP 4356117A1 EP 22735221 A EP22735221 A EP 22735221A EP 4356117 A1 EP4356117 A1 EP 4356117A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- image
- sub
- domain
- dimensional
- reference base
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
- G06T7/0004—Industrial image inspection
- G06T7/001—Industrial image inspection using an image reference approach
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/10—Segmentation; Edge detection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/30—Determination of transform parameters for the alignment of images, i.e. image registration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/401—Imaging image processing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
- G01N2223/63—Specific applications or type of materials turbine blades
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
- G01N2223/646—Specific applications or type of materials flaws, defects
- G01N2223/6466—Specific applications or type of materials flaws, defects flaws comparing to predetermined standards
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
- G06T2207/10072—Tomographic images
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
- G06T2207/30108—Industrial image inspection
Definitions
- TITLE Process for determining the presence of a moldy defect on a tomography image of a three-dimensional part by decomposition into principal components
- the technical field of the invention is the analysis of three-dimensional images by machine learning, in particular such an analysis in the field of metallurgical defects.
- High-pressure turbine blades are placed just after the combustion chamber where they experience high pressures, loads related to high-speed rotation and temperatures above the melting temperature of the material.
- a set of elements are implemented.
- One of these elements is the installation of cavities which will allow the circulation of air, extracted in the compressor of the engine, in the blade of turbine to cool this one.
- Another element is the optimization of their mechanical resistance. For this, they are manufactured with a single crystalline orientation and with a minimum of metallurgical anomalies (porosity, shrinkage, cracks, etc.).
- X-ray inspection systems are central to quality control because they allow detection of internal defects. They alone are capable of excluding the presence of inclusions or shrink marks, for example. Several thousand parts pass through these systems each year.
- tomography imaging This method makes it possible to reconstruct the dawn in three dimensions in a tensor whose value of the points depends on the density and the absorption factor of the material.
- the difficulty of such a method lies in the exploitation of the measurements carried out and the location of any anomalies in the mass of data. Indeed for each X-ray image, an image of about 2000 x 2000 pixels is generated. In tomography, an image acquired with the same field of view parameters represents a volume of 2000x2000x2000 voxels. In other words, a tomography image represents almost 2000 times more information to analyze compared to an X-ray image. It is therefore necessary to be able to help operators detect defects.
- Segmentation techniques i.e. grouping by regions of pixels according to at least one criterion, can be carried out in many ways: detection of simple geometric shapes, detection based on a library of indications, method by thresholding, edge detection method, segmentation by "watersheds", segmentation by region increment. These do not work for application to tomography images due to local part variations.
- Detection by thresholding consists of defining a range of gray levels for a particular compound, for example a range for air and a range for the superalloy. Thus all voxels having a value in a given range are defined as belonging to a given element. This method does not work because there are local variations in gray level related to image reconstruction in tomography. So even if it is possible to determine their surface well, they are linked to the bottom. In addition, depending on the size and position of the defect, it is filtered in a particular way. Thus a defect of a certain size will not have the same level of gray as another defect of a different size or location.
- Another method is to detect the edges of objects. For this, the analysis is done for example on the gradient of the image to differentiate between two elements. This can limit the impact of local variations in gray levels. However, it remains impossible to sort out the metallurgical anomaly walls and the walls between the part and the air. Already because the defects being open and forming part of the wall, they are not easily separable. Then the value of this boundary is often drowned in the rest of the information because the defect is small, which makes it difficult to identify with respect to the rest of the information via the filtering function.
- Library detection consists in having a set of images of defects and calculating the degree of resemblance of these with the whole of the image. In addition to a substantial computation time linked to the number of defects, this method is not compatible with the detection of metallurgical defects. First, because an unknown defect in the library is not detected, which is unacceptable given the technological context and the level of risks associated with the manufacture of turbine blades. Then the element shape of the part real is often close to an anomaly, which risks generating a large number of false positives.
- the simplest solution is to subtract a tensor representing the nominal coin, or a golden part (i.e. a representative coin of an average of coins produced) from the tensor of the coin to analyze.
- the difficulty in carrying out this operation is that the internal and external variability of the part is significant, and that this may even be greater than the size of the anomalies sought. It is therefore necessary to apply other techniques.
- Variability means that the parts have different thicknesses due to production deviations. The distribution of these thicknesses constitutes the production variability.
- the internal variability applies only to the walls inside the part while the external variability only concerns the blade skin.
- the difficulty of this method is that the edges of the part are in theory "step" functions (Heaviside) composed of a wide frequency spectrum. Even if in reality the edges are not perfectly clear, the spectrum of the walls and the defects are not discriminable. Not only is the spectrum indistinguishable in value but the signature of the spectrum can be similar between a defect and a local geometric variation of the part.
- Another method for analyzing the image and separating its different components is a decomposition of the image into series. This method consists of rewriting the image as a sum of elementary functions. This is, for example, possible with the Haar scaling functions “Haar sealing function” which consist of breaking down the image into images of several resolutions. Another example is the use of wavelets, in particular wavelets in the form of a Mexican hat “Mexican hat Wavelet”. The case of the Fourier frequency representation is also a special case of signal decomposition,
- the difficulty with these different functions is that they are not suitable for discriminating the signatures of a defect and those of the part.
- the signals of a defect and those of a wall will be described over the entire field of resolutions.
- the signature of the defect-free part is above all spatial, which these operators do not represent well.
- the subject of the invention is a method for determining a reference base of three-dimensional parts from a production line without defects comprising the following steps: * For each part among a predefined number of healthy parts, representative of the production, the following steps are carried out: o Step I: the acquisition of an image of a part is carried out, o Step 2: the volume of the acquired image is segmented, o Step 3: the segmented image of the healthy part compared to a three-dimensional image of the three-dimensional part resulting from the computer-aided construction, o Step 4: we cut the segmented image registered in a set of at least two sub-domains, o for each of the sub-domains, we carry out the following steps: * Step 4a: we register each sub-domain on the zone corresponding to the three-dimensional image obtained by CAD,
- Step 4b and we save each readjusted sub-domain
- Step 5 we carry out the concatenation of the sub-domain of all the images of the parts having been the subject of a division into sub-domains
- Stage 6 the principal modes are determined via a decomposition into principal components (PCA), and the principal modes obtained are recorded, for the subdomain, in the reference base.
- PCA principal components
- the fact of readjusting each sub-domain makes it possible to obtain a lower variability in each sub-domain.
- An image of a part is acquired by tomography, temporal imaging, radiography or optical imaging.
- the invention also relates to a method for determining the presence of at least one defect in a three-dimensional part from a production line based on a reference base from a determination method as described above. above, in which the following steps are carried out:
- step 1 1 acquisition of an image of the part
- step 12 segmentation of the acquired image
- step 13 registration of the segmented image in relation to a three-dimensional representation of the part resulting from the CAD
- * step 14 determination of sub-domains associated with the registered image in a manner similar to step 4 of the method for determining a reference base corresponding to the division into sub-domains carried out on the images having been used to establish the base reference
- * step 15 for each sub-domain carrying out the following sub-steps: o step 15a: each sub-domain is readjusted with respect to a reference sub-domain obtained on the corresponding zone of the three-dimensional image obtained by assisted construction by computer, o step 15b: the recalibrated image (15a) of the sub-domain is projected onto the modal base associated with this sub-domain, the modal base comprising the main modes of the reference base for the sub-domain, o step 15e: a synthetic image of the subdomain is generated from the projection (15b), o step 15d: a residual image is obtained, by subtracting the synthetic image of the studied subdomain (15c) and the image initial of
- FIG. 1 illustrates the main steps for determining a reference base
- FIG. 2 illustrates the main steps of a method for determining the presence of defects in images in tomography of three-dimensional parts.
- the method according to the invention is based on the decomposition of an image by tomography in a statistical modal base.
- the image is not described as a series of predetermined functions, but as functions having the most important weighting.
- This analysis provides a representation of the healthy part of the part.
- a baseline In order to perform the principal component decomposition steps, a baseline must be available. This is made from images by tomography of parts representative of the production free of defects.
- the pieces representative of the production are defined as being pieces corresponding to the average of all the pieces acquired by tomography of the production. These are parts with variations, unlike a three-dimensional part from CAD.
- Figure 1 illustrates the steps for determining a baseline. For each of the parts belonging to a set of n sound parts, representative of production, the following steps 1 to 4 are carried out. Sound means a piece of production that does not show any defects.
- a first step! an image of a part is acquired by tomography. The tomography image can be obtained at the end of a reconstruction step from a plurality of acquisitions.
- Line image by tomography is represented by a volume discretized in voxels (three-dimensional analogy of pixels on an image, parallelepiped or cubic structure) each element of which is associated with a value in gray level. Each of these gray levels represents a value related to the absorptivity of X-radiation in the measurement volume.
- the volume of the image is segmented so as to reduce the quantity of data to be processed.
- : ! ijk the gray level value of the voxel node (i,j,k) of the image of I.
- the segmented image is registered with respect to a three-dimensional image of the same part from computer-aided construction (CAD).
- CAD computer-aided construction
- the registered segmented image and the three-dimensional image resulting from the CAD are then located in the same known reference frame.
- the registered segmented image is cut into a set of t sub-domains making it possible to cut the volume into a set of sub-spaces.
- each sub-domain t is readjusted with respect to a reference sub-domain r obtained on a read-aligned image of a part representative of the production.
- each registered sub-domain t is recorded.
- the method continues with a fifth step 5 during which the concatenation of the sub-domain of G is carried out together with the images of the parts having been the subject of a cutting in subdomains.
- Each sub-domain is grouped into a tensor noted X sd x ⁇ The indices sdx representing the number of the sub-domain.
- the tensors of the images are mapped linearly to a vector space of dimension equal to the number of voxels. This operation is comparable to a flattening of the tensor reducing all the dimensions to a single one.
- a PCA type method proposes an orthogonal decomposition of the tensor of interest with highlighting of the covariance modes from the largest to the smallest. This property allows an interpretation then an algorithmic weighting of the modes obtained. Such an approach then lends itself to an application by statistical learning sometimes called machine learning or “machine learning” in English.
- the sub-domains associated with a tomography image of a part to be inspected are calculated in a manner similar to the division into sub-domains carried out on the tomographies used to establish the reference base.
- Each sub-domain of the tomography image of the part to be inspected is then broken down into the main modes of each corresponding sub-domain of the reference base.
- a synthetic image is then generated from the main modes of each sub-domain of the part to be checked.
- This synthetic image makes it possible to represent the image by tomography of the part to be inspected without defect.
- a subtraction (or another similar operation such as division) is then carried out between this synthetic image and the real image acquired in order to remove the elements constituting the healthy part of the part from the real image (image acquired by tomography during the 'Step 1 ).
- the residual image obtained then only comprises a defect possibly present in the part to be inspected. In effect, only the sound parts of a piece are included in the main modes derived from the main modes of the baseline. Faults and anomalies are not found in the main modes of the reference base. By removing the low frequency components and the parts of the image corresponding to sound metal, the signature of the defects is largely highlighted.
- a method for determining the presence of at least one defect on a tomography image according to the invention comprises the following steps.
- an image is acquired by tomography of a part to be inspected.
- a segmentation of the image of the part is carried out by application of the equation [Eq 1 ].
- a realage of the segmented image is carried out by compared to the three-dimensional images of the computer-aided design so as to lay out all the parts at the same coordinates.
- the recalibrated segmented image is divided into sub-domains similar to the sub-domains of the reference base.
- a step 15 is carried out comprising the following substeps 15a to 15e.
- the sub-domain is realigned with respect to the corresponding sub-domain of the reference base so that they are arranged at the same coordinates.
- the recalibrated image of the sub-domain is projected onto the modal base associated with this sub-domain via the following equation: ai — ⁇ Xsd X> Ui-> ( ⁇ q 4)
- these main modes are projected so as to obtain a synthetic image of the sub-domain and a synthetic image of the sub-domain is recomposed.
- a residual image of the sub-domain is determined by subtracting (without however being limited to this operation) the synthetic image of the sub-domain from the registered image of the sub-domain.
- the indications are detected. For example, we can compare the value of each pixel of the residual image of the sub-domain with respect to a predetermined threshold. It is determined whether at least one pixel of the subdomain has a value greater than the predetermined threshold. If this is the case, it is determined that the part has a defect in this sub-area. If this is not the case, it is determined that the part does not present a defect in this sub-area.
- the method repeats steps 14 to 15 for each of the subdomains. Other methods such as Canny filters, or region incremental segmentation for example are also possible.
- the determination method ends during a sixth step 16, when it has been determined that a sub-domain includes a fault or that none of the sub-domains includes a fault.
- the determination method described above can be applied to three-dimensional images obtained by methods other than tomography. Mention may in particular be made of temporal imaging for which a stationary part is the subject of periodic acquisitions over a predefined period of time. The images obtained by each periodic acquisition are stacked to form a data cube similar to the tomography image. Each voxel of the data cube is then associated with the intensity of absorption, emission or transmission of the radiation employed.
- Such an imaging technique can be applied to the infrared domain as well as to other frequency domains of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- the determination method is applied to the processing of raster images resulting from an optical or radiographic acquisition of parts representative of the production.
- the steps of the determination method are then similar to those of the determination method based on images by tomography. It differs from it by taking into account two-dimensional images for each pixel of which an intensity is associated with gray level or color.
- grayscale images are systematically considered for images resulting from radiographic acquisition.
- Each pixel is associated with a gray level intensity.
- Color or grayscale images are considered for images from optical acquisition.
- each pixel is assigned an intensity for a color component of the image, for example for each red, green and blue component.
- Other colorimetric systems of color decomposition can be used such as the YUV luminance-chrominance system. The determination method is then applied to each color component matrix.
- Step 2 is adapted to take account of the nature of the image obtained (two dimensions).
- the volume of the image is segmented so as to reduce the amount of data to be processed.
- the voxel structure makes it possible to decompose each I L - te! that :
- steps 3 and following of the determination method are similar to those of the determination method on images resulting from tomography.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
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- Immunology (AREA)
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- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2106516A FR3124266B1 (fr) | 2021-06-18 | 2021-06-18 | Procédé de détermination de la présence d’au moins un défaut sur une image en tomographie d’une pièce tridimensionnelle par décomposition en composantes principales |
| PCT/FR2022/051127 WO2022263760A1 (fr) | 2021-06-18 | 2022-06-13 | Procédé de détermination de la présence d'au moins un défaut sur une image en tomographie d'une pièce tridimensionnelle par décomposition en composantes principales |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4356117A1 true EP4356117A1 (fr) | 2024-04-24 |
Family
ID=78049295
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22735221.8A Pending EP4356117A1 (fr) | 2021-06-18 | 2022-06-13 | Procédé de détermination de la présence d'au moins un défaut sur une image en tomographie d'une pièce tridimensionnelle par décomposition en composantes principales |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240289943A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4356117A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN117859054A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3124266B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022263760A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6041132A (en) * | 1997-07-29 | 2000-03-21 | General Electric Company | Computed tomography inspection of composite ply structure |
| US9134258B2 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2015-09-15 | Morpho Detection, Llc | Systems and methods for imaging and detecting sheet-like material |
| FR3015680B1 (fr) * | 2013-12-19 | 2016-01-15 | Snecma | Procede de caracterisation d'une piece |
| CN110044935A (zh) * | 2019-05-05 | 2019-07-23 | 浙江大学 | 医用辐射防护产品检测系统 |
| US12299782B2 (en) * | 2022-04-22 | 2025-05-13 | Rtx Corporation | Method and apparatus for analyzing computed tomography data |
-
2021
- 2021-06-18 FR FR2106516A patent/FR3124266B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-06-13 WO PCT/FR2022/051127 patent/WO2022263760A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-06-13 EP EP22735221.8A patent/EP4356117A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-06-13 CN CN202280050346.5A patent/CN117859054A/zh active Pending
- 2022-06-13 US US18/570,575 patent/US20240289943A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN117859054A (zh) | 2024-04-09 |
| US20240289943A1 (en) | 2024-08-29 |
| FR3124266B1 (fr) | 2023-05-12 |
| FR3124266A1 (fr) | 2022-12-23 |
| WO2022263760A1 (fr) | 2022-12-22 |
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