EP4298323A1 - Distributeur de turboréacteur d'aéronef - Google Patents
Distributeur de turboréacteur d'aéronefInfo
- Publication number
- EP4298323A1 EP4298323A1 EP22710661.4A EP22710661A EP4298323A1 EP 4298323 A1 EP4298323 A1 EP 4298323A1 EP 22710661 A EP22710661 A EP 22710661A EP 4298323 A1 EP4298323 A1 EP 4298323A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- foot
- clamp
- pads
- distributor
- pad
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/246—Fastening of diaphragms or stator-rings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/005—Selecting particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/28—Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D9/00—Stators
- F01D9/02—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D9/00—Stators
- F01D9/02—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles
- F01D9/04—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector
- F01D9/041—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector using blades
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
- F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
- F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
- F05D2220/321—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage
- F05D2220/3212—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage the first stage of a turbine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
- F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
- F05D2220/323—Application in turbines in gas turbines for aircraft propulsion, e.g. jet engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/60—Assembly methods
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/70—Disassembly methods
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/72—Maintenance
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/17—Alloys
- F05D2300/175—Superalloys
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/224—Carbon, e.g. graphite
Definitions
- the invention relates to turbomachines such as aircraft turbojets.
- Turbojet engines for turbofan aircraft comprising a fan, a low pressure compressor, a high pressure compressor, a combustion chamber, a high pressure turbine and a low pressure turbine are known.
- the low pressure turbine recovers part of the energy from gas combustion for the operation of the fan, compressor and accessories.
- the constituent parts of the low pressure turbine include the moving blades and the low pressure distributors.
- the gases expand in the low pressure distributor. This accelerates the flow and diverts it. This flow turns the turbine rotor which forms a moving wheel.
- This invention is part of the resolution of a recurring problem observed on the distributor located on the first stage of the low pressure turbine.
- the distributor is formed by elements arranged in succession in the circumferential direction around the axis. Indeed, the particularity of each element is that it is maintained from above and from below.
- the problem concerns its lower part (that is to say the underside of the lower platform), and more precisely, the foot or the leg of the distributor element. This foot is used to maintain the piece while being pinched.
- this contact generates wear by friction (or fretting in English), on the other hand, the zone is exposed in operation to a risk of type 2 corrosion by sulphur.
- the two combine to generate contact corrosion which can seriously degrade the part.
- An object of the invention is therefore to facilitate the maintenance of turbomachines and to reduce the costs thereof, in the face of this phenomenon of contact corrosion.
- turbomachine sub-assembly the sub-assembly comprising,
- the distributor comprising a foot in one piece with a body of the distributor
- a clamp configured to fix the foot to a casing of the turbomachine
- the pad no longer the foot, which is in contact with the clamp.
- the pad therefore protects the foot from friction and contact corrosion. If the pad becomes damaged or worn, it suffices to replace it with a new pad, which is less expensive than replacing the distributor element itself.
- the invention therefore avoids the combined effect of wear and corrosion. If the foot is covered with an anti-corrosion coating, it protects the latter in the contact area.
- the invention does not make it possible to avoid wear, but to ensure that it is quickly controlled while avoiding the aggravating combination with corrosion, and to quickly replace the worn part. It reduces the cost of maintenance since there are fewer parts to change and less turbine removal. It also improves the performance of the machine because, during an inspection, the installation of a new pad ensures less leakage. It therefore makes it possible to control a phenomenon which was hitherto suffered on the blades.
- each shoe can be formed of a material different from a material of the foot, for example a stellite, or else of a material, such as carbon or graphite, less hard than a material of the foot.
- each pad can be formed of a material identical to a material of the foot.
- the gripper has no jaws and has main faces in contact with the pads;
- the pads constitute jaws of the gripper
- At least one relief for example at least two reliefs, on one of the foot and the clamp configured to penetrate into a cavity of the other of the foot and the clamp;
- each relief has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped
- the pads are four in number, the foot having two faces, each face being in direct contact with two of the pads, the two pads in direct contact with each face being for example spaced from each other;
- each pad has a wear indicator
- the gripper comprises jaws in contact with the pads
- Each pad extends exclusively opposite the foot
- the foot has an anti-corrosion coating.
- turbomachine such as an aircraft turbojet
- a sub-assembly according to the invention.
- a method of manufacturing a turbomachine in which:
- the clamp is fixed to the foot so that the pads are interposed between the foot and the clamp, and
- the clamp is fixed to a casing of the turbomachine.
- a second skate is assembled in place of the first by complementarity of form with one of the foot and the toe, and
- the clamp is fixed to the foot so that the second pad is interposed between the foot and the clamp.
- FIG. 1 is an axial half-sectional view of an aircraft turbojet forming a machine according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a view on a larger scale of part of the turbojet of Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a dispenser of the machine of Figure 1;
- FIG. 4 to 6 are views showing the fixing of the distributor of Figure 3 to the housing of the machine;
- FIG. 7 and 8 are side and perspective views showing the fixing of the foot of the distributor to the housing in a first embodiment of the invention;
- Figures 13 to 16 are views similar to Figures 7 and 8 illustrating two other embodiments.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an aircraft turbojet engine 1 according to the invention. It is a turbojet forming here a turbomachine with double flow and double body.
- the turbomachine has a main axis X-X.
- the compressors 4, 6, the combustion chamber 8 and the turbines 10, 12 define a main stream of air flow.
- a nacelle 16 surrounds the fan 2 so as to form a fan compartment and to define a secondary airflow vein.
- an air flow which enters the turbomachine at an air inlet is compressed, then is mixed with fuel and burned in the combustion chamber 8, the combustion gases making it possible to entrain in rotation one or more turbine rotors around the axis.
- the high pressure turbine 10 drives the high pressure compressor 6, and the low pressure turbine 12 drives the low pressure compressor 4 and the fan 2.
- the terms upstream and downstream refer to the general direction of air circulation in the turbomachine. from entry to exit.
- the fixed part of the turbomachine comprises in particular a casing, for example an inter-turbine casing 22, which is an intermediate casing interposed between the high pressure and low pressure turbines housed in their respective casings.
- Each of the high and low pressure turbines comprises a plurality of stages each with a distributor fixed relative to the casing, receiving a flow of gas and straightening it to apply it to a mobile wheel rotating in a given direction.
- the low pressure distributor 24 arranged at the inlet of the low pressure turbine 12, that is to say the upstream distributor of this turbine. It is arranged downstream of a fluid rectifier of the high pressure turbine 10 (or TCF casing for the English Turbine center frame), for example directly downstream of the rectifier, or downstream of a wheel itself arranged in downstream of the rectifier.
- the distributor 24 therefore corresponds to the first stage of fixed blades of the low pressure turbine.
- the distributor 24 can be arranged downstream of the low pressure turbine, or at the level of another turbine.
- the distributor 24 has an annular shape centered on the X-X axis. It is formed of sectors or elements 25 of the distributor. Referring to Figure 3, each element 25 comprises a body having an inner (or lower) platform 32 or inner shroud, an upper (or outer) platform 34 or outer shroud and several blades 36 extending along the radial direction between the platforms 32, 34 and connected thereto.
- the upper platform 34 is farther from the axis than the lower platform 32.
- the distributor element 25 is connected to the casing by conventional means which will not be detailed.
- the distributor element 25 is extended by a foot 38 projecting from the platform in the radial direction.
- the foot has a flat shape situated in a plane perpendicular to the axis, as shown in particular in FIG. 4.
- the foot is integral with the body of the dispenser element 25 .
- the foot carries an anti-corrosion coating known per se.
- the machine also comprises for each distributor element 25 a clamp 40 configured to fix the foot 38 to the casing 22. As illustrated in particular in FIG. 6, this clamp comprises two branches 42 having two main faces 44 facing one of the other. It is suitable for clamping the foot between the two branches in the direction of the axis XX.
- the clamp 40 is connected to the inter-turbine casing by means of an annular flange 46.
- the flange is therefore configured to be connected integrally to the fixed part of the turbomachine and to the foot 38 of the distributor element.
- integral connection between two members it is meant here that the connection is such that a movement of one of the members according to a degree of freedom implies the same movement of the other according to the same degree of freedom.
- the fixed connection is for example a fixing. This connection ensures the maintenance of the foot 38 of the element 25 of the distributor. This connection can also make it possible to separate the upstream and the downstream of a zone under the foot 38.
- the flange 46 is thus configured to separate the upstream and downstream of a zone under the foot 38 so as to prevent any fluid circulation under the foot. It extends so as to separate an upstream chamber and a downstream chamber arranged respectively upstream and downstream of the foot 38.
- the upstream chamber is provided between the inter-turbine casing and the flange.
- the sealed flange makes it possible, for example, to prevent the circulation of hot air over certain members arranged downstream, typically turbine discs.
- the flange is adapted to limit heat transfer by convection, conduction and/or radiation from the upstream chamber, in particular from the stream fluid to the flange.
- the clamp 40 forms a housing allowing relative radial movement of the clamp and the foot during operation without risking the dislodging of the foot from the clamp 8.
- the clamp limits their relative movement in translation along the axis X-
- the foot here carries four pads 150. In FIG. 7, two of the pads are hidden by the pads in the foreground. In Figure 8, two of the pads are hidden by the foot.
- the pads here each have a band or rail shape.
- the strips have their longitudinal directions which are parallel to each other and close to the radial direction.
- the foot having two opposite faces 52. Each of them is in direct contact with two of the pads 150. On each face, the two pads in direct contact with the face are spaced from each other in the circumferential direction at the X-X axis, as shown in Figure 8.
- Each skate 150 is assembled by shape complementarity with the foot 38.
- each skate comprises three reliefs extending projecting from one face of the skate in contact with the foot, as illustrated in FIG. 11 in support of the second mode.
- the reliefs are configured to penetrate into respective cavities of the foot provided for this purpose. It is also possible to provide, conversely, that the reliefs are on the toe and the cavities in the foot.
- Each shoe 150 is interposed between the foot and the gripper, as illustrated.
- Each branch of the pliers is therefore supported on the foot by a jaw of the branch while being in contact exclusively with the two feet.
- the pads therefore form additional material on either side of the foot to accommodate the toe. Friction therefore occurs on these bands which can wear out and can be repaired afterwards.
- Each pad 150 may be formed of the same material as the distributor element 25, for example a metal alloy. It can also be formed from a material different from a material of the foot, for example a stellite.
- a stellite is a metal alloy whose main component is cobalt and the main alloying element is chromium. It may also contain a small amount of tungsten or molybdenum and a small but significant amount of carbon. A stellite offers good resistance to contact friction.
- the pads 150 are assembled by form complementarity with the gripper. Then the latter is fixed to the foot so that the pads are interposed between the foot and the clamp and the clamp is fixed to the casing 22 by means of the flange. The tight assembly with the effort of the clamp on the pads ensures their maintenance on the foot.
- the pads 150 are worn, they are dismantled by separating them from the foot. Then new pads are assembled in their place by form complementarity with the foot, and the clip is fixed to the foot so that the new pads are interposed between the foot and the clip.
- the replacement can also concern only one of the pads, or several of them without it being all of them.
- each shoe can have a wear indicator, for example in the form of a marking 53 on the side or the field of the shoe. When this marking is started or disappears, it is a sign that the pad must be replaced. Such a wear indicator shows quickly and effectively whether the wear is acceptable or not. In the event that the pad is too worn, simply replace it by untangling it and nesting a new pad, as explained.
- a wear indicator for example in the form of a marking 53 on the side or the field of the shoe.
- the foot of the dispenser element keeps its anti-corrosion coating intact, and friction is controlled.
- each pad 250 is this time assembled by shape complementarity with the clamp 40, more precisely in the jaws of the arms of the clamp.
- Figure 11 shows the reliefs 60 of one of the pads 250 facing the cavities 62 intended to receive them in the gripper.
- each pad 250 is made of a material less hard than a foot material, such as carbon or graphite, a stellite or the like. This material can thus wear or crumble during friction occurring during operation, thus reducing the contact friction force.
- This mode has the advantage of being easier to implement because the quantity of material to be provided on the gripper is less.
- no modification of the foot of the distributor element 25 is required, and there is no risk of a problem with the application of the anti-corrosion coating on the distributor.
- the geometry of the foot is simplified since it is not necessary to provide one or more cavities therein.
- the relief 60 is unique and has, independently of this, an elongated rectangular parallelepiped shape.
- the cavity 62 has a female shape complementary to this male shape.
- the pads 350 are two in number and are located on the foot.
- Each face 52 of the foot carries a single pad in the form here of a band extending in the direction circumferential to the axis.
- the strip has a shape and a position which correspond to the support zone of the gripper on each face 52.
- the clamp is devoid of jaws.
- the main faces 44 of its branches 42 are directly in contact with the pads. It is indeed understood that in such an arrangement the dead ends of the clamp become useless.
- This solution has the advantage that the geometry of the gripper is simplified. It also increases the contact surface of the clamp on each side and makes it more difficult to slide between the distributor and the flange. It therefore reduces friction, shifting the time needed to change pads.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 This embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 16. This time, the pads 450, two in number, are fixed to the gripper and constitute its jaws by projecting from the branches in the direction of the foot.
- the solution is interesting for all contact interfaces between two parts. Because this then leads to wear of at least one of the two parts and potentially the appearance of corrosion. For example, this type of solution could be considered instead of stellites in the heels of the moving wheels.
- the invention has the particular advantage of allowing the pads to be easily replaced over time.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2101915A FR3120250B1 (fr) | 2021-02-26 | 2021-02-26 | Distributeur de turboréacteur d'aéronef |
| PCT/FR2022/050299 WO2022180329A1 (fr) | 2021-02-26 | 2022-02-18 | Distributeur de turboréacteur d'aéronef |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4298323A1 true EP4298323A1 (fr) | 2024-01-03 |
| EP4298323B1 EP4298323B1 (fr) | 2025-08-20 |
Family
ID=76034723
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22710661.4A Active EP4298323B1 (fr) | 2021-02-26 | 2022-02-18 | Distributeur de turboréacteur d'aéronef |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12492650B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4298323B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN117043449A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3120250B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022180329A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7160078B2 (en) * | 2004-09-23 | 2007-01-09 | General Electric Company | Mechanical solution for rail retention of turbine nozzles |
| US7510371B2 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2009-03-31 | General Electric Company | Forward tilted turbine nozzle |
| FR3011271B1 (fr) * | 2013-10-01 | 2018-01-19 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Dispositif de connexion d'une partie fixe de turbomachine et d'un pied de distributeur d'une turbine de turbomachine |
| FR3011270B1 (fr) * | 2013-10-01 | 2015-09-11 | Snecma | Dispositif de connexion d'une partie fixe de turbomachine et d'un pied de distributeur d'une turbine de turbomachine |
| FR3015550B1 (fr) * | 2013-12-19 | 2018-12-14 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Dispositif de connexion d'une partie fixe de turbomachine et d'un pied de distributeur d'une turbine de turbomachine |
| US20180016904A1 (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2018-01-18 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Optimized aerodynamic profile for a turbine vane, in particular for a nozzle of the first stage of a turbine |
-
2021
- 2021-02-26 FR FR2101915A patent/FR3120250B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-02-18 CN CN202280022979.5A patent/CN117043449A/zh active Pending
- 2022-02-18 EP EP22710661.4A patent/EP4298323B1/fr active Active
- 2022-02-18 WO PCT/FR2022/050299 patent/WO2022180329A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-02-18 US US18/278,991 patent/US12492650B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20240133302A1 (en) | 2024-04-25 |
| FR3120250B1 (fr) | 2023-12-22 |
| WO2022180329A1 (fr) | 2022-09-01 |
| US20240229657A9 (en) | 2024-07-11 |
| US12492650B2 (en) | 2025-12-09 |
| FR3120250A1 (fr) | 2022-09-02 |
| CN117043449A (zh) | 2023-11-10 |
| EP4298323B1 (fr) | 2025-08-20 |
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Legal Events
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