EP4291957A1 - Vorhersagemodell zum vorhersagen von produktqualitätsparameterwerten - Google Patents
Vorhersagemodell zum vorhersagen von produktqualitätsparameterwertenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4291957A1 EP4291957A1 EP22709254.1A EP22709254A EP4291957A1 EP 4291957 A1 EP4291957 A1 EP 4291957A1 EP 22709254 A EP22709254 A EP 22709254A EP 4291957 A1 EP4291957 A1 EP 4291957A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- parameter values
- training
- product quality
- product
- process parameter
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N5/00—Computing arrangements using knowledge-based models
- G06N5/02—Knowledge representation; Symbolic representation
- G06N5/022—Knowledge engineering; Knowledge acquisition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
- G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
- G05B13/0265—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric the criterion being a learning criterion
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for training a machine learning module of a computer-implemented prediction model for predicting product quality parameter values for one or more quality parameters of a chemical product manufactured by a chemical production plant. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for predicting corresponding product quality parameter values using the computer-implemented prediction model with the trained machine learning module. Finally, the invention relates to computer systems for carrying out the training and the prediction method.
- machine learning methods make it possible to provide prediction models for the outcome of complex, non-linear process sequences.
- training data is generally only available to a limited extent, since for a variety of reasons it is not possible or unrealistic to collect lengthy and extensive test runs of data that adequately reflect all possible operating conditions of the systems. Especially since such test runs would have to be repeated every time the system was changed and even if system components were replaced. Due to these limitations, available prediction models based on machine learning methods are either too imprecise in their predictions or too specific in that they are only able to make precise predictions for certain operating conditions.
- the object of the invention is to create an improved method for training machine learning modules for predicting product quality parameter values for chemical products produced by chemical production plants.
- Embodiments include a method for training a machine learning module of a computer-implemented prediction model for predicting product quality parameter values for one or more quality parameters of a chemical product manufactured by a chemical production facility, wherein the production facility comprises a plurality of sensors, each of which is configured to do so operation of the production facility process parameter values for one or more process parameters of a chemical process carried out by the production facility to produce the chemical product, the method comprising:
- the training data for a plurality of product units manufactured by the production plant includes product quality parameter values determined for one or more quality parameters of the respective product unit as training product quality parameter values, with the training product quality parameter values being assigned a production time of the product unit for which they are were agreed, wherein the training data further from each of the sensors each comprise a plurality of process parameter values as training process parameter values, which were recorded during the manufacture of the product units for which the training product quality parameter values were determined, the training process parameter values each having a recording time and an identifier of the recording sensor assigned,
- Embodiments may have the advantage that time shifts between the acquisition times at which the individual sensors acquire the training process parameter values and the manufacturing time, such as the time at which the manufacturing of the product unit is completed, i.e. the end of the manufacturing process, can be effectively accounted for.
- Corresponding time delays can be based on the timing of the process flow, i.e. the order and duration of individual process steps, but can also be due to the structure of the production plant.
- corresponding time delays can depend on transport routes and transport capacities within the production plant. For example, processing and/or reaction speeds, heating and/or cooling speeds, as well as pipeline lengths, pipe cross-sections and/or flow or throughput speeds can influence the time shift.
- a machine learning module such as an artificial neural network
- embodiments are able to achieve high accuracy and generalization capabilities in real-world applications, even when only a limited amount and variability of historical data is available.
- the machine learning module trained in this way enables precise predictions about the quality of intermediate and end products, which are manufactured in production plants, such as polymer production plants, to be made in real time from measured process data of the corresponding production plants.
- Real-time predictions mean that the corresponding predictions are made, for example, during the production process, ie before the production of the corresponding intermediate and end products, the quality of which is predicted, is completed. This allows, if necessary, for example during the production of the corresponding Intermediate and end products in the production process and to influence the quality of the intermediate and end products. Even if corresponding forecasts are only available at the end of production, for example, they can have the advantage of providing direct information about the quality of the intermediate and end products without the need for time-consuming additional laboratory tests.
- the product quality of a product is defined by a group of product quality parameters, which are described in terms of quantitative values of material properties of the corresponding product, such as viscosity, purity, turbidity, color scale, etc.
- parameters such as product composition, proportions, pH value, phase distribution/proportions, hardness, (grain) size distribution and/or density can also play a role.
- Embodiments may have the advantage of overcoming the fundamental problem of a lack of extensive training data sets with process and product quality data collected under real conditions.
- Embodiments integrate engineering expertise about the underlying process, such as a physicochemical process, and the plant design specifically as prior knowledge in modeling and training processes to provide a trained prediction model based on artificial intelligence (AI). After successful training, the resulting prediction model is able to precisely depict complex and dynamic relationships between plant operation and the resulting product quality.
- AI artificial intelligence
- Industrial manufacturing processes such as polymer manufacturing processes, have a highly complex, non-linear dependency between the operating parameters or process control parameters of the process and properties of the resulting product.
- the quality of a polymer end product is determined by its material properties, such as viscosity, color and/or purity, which in turn determine the grade of the product. Different grades of the same product lead, for example, to different possible uses and/or prices. Therefore, monitoring, controlling, and optimizing product quality is critical to the overall performance and profitability of a manufacturing facility, such as a polymer manufacturing facility.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that dynamic effects of the system control and process setting can also be taken into account.
- tube lengths and diameters are known fixed variables of the production plant.
- a resulting transport time of process components can also, for example, from measured process parameter values, such as such as a flow rate of the process components transported through the corresponding pipes.
- the method further includes cleaning the provided training process parameter values, wherein the cleaning includes one or more of the following data processing steps:
- Non-physical values designate training process parameter values which contradict the physical laws underlying the processes under consideration.
- physical value ranges can be defined based on the design of the system and the physical and chemical processes taking place in the system, i.e. value ranges that are in accordance with the underlying physical laws. Training process parameter values that are outside of these expected value ranges are considered unphysical, for example. In the case of such non-physical values, it can be assumed that they are based, for example, on errors in the acquisition of the training process parameter values.
- the system design can, for example, define value ranges for parameter values or training process parameter values for which the system is designed and which can be achieved in the system. If training process parameter values lie outside of these expected value ranges for which the system is designed, the corresponding training process parameter values can be rejected as unphysical.
- an assessment as to whether a training process parameter value is non-physical is made locally, ie taking into account the local design of the plant and the physical and chemical processes running locally in the plant. For example, a judgment is made as to whether a training process parameter value detected by one sensor is unphysical, taking into account training process parameter values detected by neighboring sensors. For example, cross-sensor plausibility checks can be carried out, implausible values as unphysically identified and removed. For example, training process parameter values recorded by neighboring sensors should not differ from one another, or only to a limited extent, if no process steps, ie physical and/or chemical processes, occur between or in the area of the corresponding sensors, which can lead to a significant change in the corresponding training process parameter values .
- a significant change means, for example, a change that lies outside of a predefined range of fluctuation, as can be caused, for example, by tolerances in the design of the production system and/or tolerances in the measuring accuracy of the sensors used for measuring.
- certain developments can be assumed for the training process parameter values. For example, in the absence of exothermic reactions, ie, in the case of no or purely endothermic reactions, without power input to the system, a temperature should decrease due to heat dissipation generally occurring. If successive temperature sensors provide increasing training process parameter values for temperature, although a decrease in temperature is to be expected for these sensors, a plausibility test can lead to a rejection of the increasing training process parameter values as unphysical values.
- the method also includes for one or more sensors an aggregation of the training process parameter values detected by the respective sensor, with the corresponding training process parameter values being assigned to an aggregation time window using the respectively assigned detection times, with process parameter values assigned to a common aggregation time window being aggregated in each case.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that the training data is easier to handle and evaluate in an aggregated form.
- providing input data further includes extracting statistical feature values and/or frequency feature values from the training process parameter values for training the machine learning module.
- Embodiments may have the advantage that by using statistical feature values such as mean, median, minimum, maximum, variance, etc. and/or frequency feature values such as dominant frequency, low or low frequency content, spectral difference, etc. the amount of data to be processed by the machine learning module is reduced and the learning can therefore be carried out more efficiently and less error-prone.
- providing input data further includes scaling the extracted feature values to train the machine learning module.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that suitably scaled, for example standardized, data can be processed more efficiently by the machine learning module.
- providing output data includes scaling the training product quality parameter values.
- providing input data further includes reducing the dimensionality of extracted feature values using a transformation of the extracted feature values.
- a principal component analysis for example, can be used as a transformation technique.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that the amount of data to be processed by the machine learning module is reduced and the learning can therefore be carried out more efficiently.
- the method further comprises assigning weighting factors of the machine learning module, which are used for weighting of extracted features, which are based on training process parameters that were acquired for identical process parameters from sensors that are arranged within the same subsystem of the production plant are, to a common weighting group, weighting factors of the same weighting group being equated and trained together.
- weighting factors of the machine learning module which are used for weighting of extracted features, which are based on training process parameters that were acquired for identical process parameters from sensors that are arranged within the same subsystem of the production plant are, to a common weighting group, weighting factors of the same weighting group being equated and trained together.
- one or more application-specific loss functions are provided for use by the machine learning module to selectively weight specific prediction errors more than other prediction errors during training.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that prediction errors can be individually weighted. If the predictions of the prediction model are to be used for quality control of the manufactured products, it can be important that the predicted quality for selected or all product quality parameters is not rated too positively. It can thus be ensured that, using the corresponding predictions, product units of insufficient quality can be sorted out with a high level of reliability and the risk can be minimized that insufficient product units are inadvertently let through due to tolerances in the predictions. For example, a prediction error that predicts product purity too high is scored negatively as a prediction error that predicts product purity too low.
- test data are provided as a second statistically independent sample, which include test process parameter values and test product quality parameter values, the test data being used to test the prediction precision of the prediction model with the machine learning module trained with the training data, the testing being a Predict product quality parameter values using the Test process parameter values and comparing the resulting predicted product quality parameter values with the expected test product quality parameter values, wherein in the case of widely varying operating conditions of the production plant under which the training data and test data are created, the training data and test data are compiled in such a way that the different operating conditions in the training data and Test data are each proportionally represented equally.
- Embodiments may have the advantage of enabling effective and reliable testing of the prediction precision of the prediction model.
- the machine learning module includes an artificial neural network, for example a multilayer perceptron (“Multilayer Perceptron”/IVILP), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN) or a long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM network)
- an artificial neural network for example a multilayer perceptron (“Multilayer Perceptron”/IVILP), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN) or a long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM network)
- LSTM network long Short-Term Memory Network
- the chemical production facility is a large-scale chemical production facility.
- a large-scale chemical production plant can be a production plant which is designed to produce chemical products on a large-scale, in particular an industrial scale.
- Such a plant i.e. a chemical production plant and/or large-scale chemical production plant, can be made up of a large number of subsystems (e.g. 5-10 or more).
- a subsystem is characterized in particular by the fact that it can be an independently functional assembly whose function preferably has a direct influence on production or the production flow.
- the production facility is a physicochemical production facility, for example a polymer production facility for producing a polymer product.
- the polymer can be, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polylactide (PLA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), soft polyethylene (LDPE) or ethylene vinyl acetate -copolymers (EVA).
- the chemical production facility can be a polymer production facility for producing a polymer, a cement production facility for producing cement, or an aromatics extraction facility for producing or providing aromatics using an extraction process.
- the product quality parameter values of the product units are product quality parameter values that are determined using samples from the corresponding product units, for example using a product quality analysis method carried out in a laboratory.
- Embodiments further include a method for predicting product quality parameter values for one or more quality parameters of a chemical product manufactured by a chemical manufacturing facility using a computer-implemented prediction model having a machine learning module trained according to any of the preceding embodiments, the manufacturing facility having a plurality of sensors which are each configured to record process parameter values for one or more process parameters of a chemical process carried out by the production plant for the production of the chemical product during operation of the production plant, the method comprising:
- Embodiments can have the advantage that a method for data-based online product quality prediction for industrial chemical production plants is provided. Consequently does not have to wait for an analysis, such as a laboratory analysis, of the product quality. Rather, a precise indication of the quality of the corresponding manufactured product can already be given directly upon completion.
- This enables effective quality monitoring, in the course of which, for example, product units with insufficient quality can be sorted out. Inadequate quality is present, for example, when one or more of the predicted product quality parameters lie outside a predefined permissible tolerance range.
- predictive-based quality monitoring enables quality monitoring that takes into account the quality of each individual product unit and not just individual statistical samples analyzed in the laboratory.
- Embodiments use readily available process data to predict product quality.
- Embodiments can have the advantage of providing a data analysis tool that enables a detailed analysis of historical data and is able to analyze correspondingly large amounts of data efficiently in order to gain relevant insights.
- embodiments are able to precisely predict the product quality.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that properties of the end product can be determined completely using process parameters during operation of the production plant, i.e. during the manufacturing process.
- the production plant collects process data, i.e. process parameter values, for a plurality of process parameters at each manufacturing step in the production operation, i.e. regular operation.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that, in contrast to known simulation and modeling methods, they are able to precisely derive product quality properties from real-time process data despite nonlinear complexity and multivariance, such as those that occur in polymer manufacturing processes.
- embodiments can have the advantage, in contrast to known models for quality prediction, of being able to take full account of dynamic fluctuations and external influences, as they always occur in real industrial processes.
- embodiments can apply all data processing methods of the training process parameter values previously described for the training.
- the method includes additional training of the trained machine learning module, wherein the additional training includes:
- the prediction model is configured to account for changing operating conditions.
- the predictive model captures process data for continuous learning and is thus able to automatically adapt to changing conditions. If the recorded process data includes previously unseen, changed process data resulting from the changed operating conditions, these are used in the course of continued, continuous training of the prediction model and used as training data. Thus, for example, additional training, ie retraining or retraining, of the prediction model is also possible. Taking into account current and possibly previously unseen, changed process and/or product quality data makes it possible to expand the degree of generalization of the predictive ability of the prediction model, which puts it in a position to dynamically adapt to a wide range of future changes in production conditions.
- the method further includes detecting anomalies in the predicted product quality parameter values, wherein detecting the anomalies includes:
- the predefined criterion includes exceeding a predefined first threshold value.
- meeting the predefined criterion includes a confidence level of the deviation falling below a predefined second threshold value.
- a prerequisite for initiating additional training of the trained machine learning module includes identifying one or more of the predicted product quality parameter values as an anomaly.
- Embodiments may have the advantage that the machine learning module can be improved if the anomaly is caused by inadequacies in the previous training of the machine learning module.
- the method further includes: • selecting, from the process parameters for which the sensors of the production plant record process parameter values, a group of controllable process parameters which are controllable by a central control system of the production plant,
- Embodiments can have the advantage that those process parameters which are decisive for the product quality can be identified from a large number of process parameters.
- the method further includes:
- Embodiments can have the advantage that recommendations for improved or optimized control of the production plant can be provided.
- a method for interactive process optimization in production plants such as industrial or large-scale chemical production plants, can be provided.
- Embodiments can also have the advantage that they are able to provide sophisticated, data-driven recommendations for setting process parameters to improve, in particular to optimize, plant operation.
- An improvement, in particular optimization, of plant operation means, for example, an improvement, in particular optimization, of the resulting product quality.
- An improvement, in particular an optimization can also affect other parameters, such as process parameters, for example in the form of an increase, in particular maximization, throughput, an increase, in particular maximization, an overall profitability of the system and/or a reduction, in particular minimizing the energy consumption of the entire system or individual system areas.
- the user is provided with an interactive user interface on a display of a user interface.
- the interactive user interface provides the user with an input and/or selection option for entering and/or selecting desired target values, for example desired product quality values. Using the corresponding input and/or selection values, the interactive user interface provides the user with recommendations for setting process parameters, with the use of which the desired product quality values can be achieved.
- Embodiments can have the advantage that suboptimal operating conditions of the production plant, such as have frequently occurred in polymer plants up to now, can be avoided. For example, it is possible for embodiments to determine the settings for process control parameters, which ensure a stable and optimal quality of a certain product, even given a plurality of adjustable process control parameters, each of which has a strong interaction with one another and a strong influence on the product quality properties .
- Embodiments can thus provide a method for controlling and optimizing product quality in addition to online monitoring of various product properties.
- Embodiments further include a computer system for training a machine learning module of a computer-implemented predictive model to predict product quality parameter values for one or more quality parameters of a chemical product manufactured by a chemical manufacturing facility, the manufacturing facility having a plurality of Includes sensors, each of which is configured to record process parameter values for one or more process parameters of a chemical process carried out by the production plant for producing the chemical product during operation of the production plant, the computer system comprising a processor and a memory, the memory the prediction model is stored with the machine learning module, the memory further storing program instructions, execution of the program instructions by the processor causing the processor to perform a method comprising:
- the computer system is configured to execute each of the previously described embodiments of the method for training the machine learning module.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary prediction model
- Figure 2 shows a schematic flow chart of an exemplary training method for training a prediction model using a priori additional information
- Figure 3 shows a schematic flowchart of an exemplary method for detecting and analyzing anomalies
- Figure 4 shows a schematic flowchart of an exemplary method for re-training or retraining the prediction model
- Figures 5 shows schematic flowcharts of an exemplary improvement method for improving process parameter settings
- Figures 6 exemplary Time series data of process and product quality parameter values for a PET production plant
- Figure 7 exemplary diagrams of a comparison of predicted and retrospectively measured product quality parameter values
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagram of an example production plant
- FIG. 11 shows a schematic flow diagram of an example training method
- FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of an example infrastructure for training a prediction model.
- C designates a vector of process parameter values which can be directly influenced by a user, ie the operator, of a production facility.
- C Q denotes a vector of process parameter values which can be influenced directly by the operator of the production plant and which can themselves influence the product quality.
- C Q ⁇ X C applies.
- P designates a vector of process parameter values which cannot be directly influenced by the operator of the production plant.
- X denotes a vector of all process parameter values, i.e.,
- Figure 1 illustrates a structure of an exemplary predictive model 120 and data preparation performed by the predictive model in the course of its use.
- the cleaned data is aggregated and shifted to an appropriate frequency using aggregation techniques such as data rolling or resampling (up- or down-sampling).
- aggregation techniques such as data rolling or resampling (up- or down-sampling).
- one or more characteristic feature values such as mean, median, minimum, maximum, variance, etc. are extracted from the aggregated groups for the respective group.
- the extracted feature data is normalized in block 124 using transformation methods such as shifting by means, dividing by standard variation.
- a principal component analysis (“Principal Components Analysis”/PCA) can optionally be carried out in order to reduce the dimensionality of the normalized feature data, where values of important features are combined and values of unimportant features are removed
- an artificial neural network model is provided which has been specifically trained to approximate a particular complex non-linear production process, such as a polymer production process, and which is derived from the pre-processed process data Raw output data, i.e. raw product quality parameters values, calculated.
- the raw artificial neural network output data is transformed and normalized to obtain predictions for product quality parameter values.
- the training data of the training data sets ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ 245 can be recorded, for example, during a regular operating phase of the production plant or during a commissioning phase of the production plant. In particular, they can be recorded live and made directly available to the prediction model for training purposes.
- the untrained prediction model 210 shown in FIG. 2 includes a sequence of modules 211-217.
- Modules 211 to 215 are, for example, data preparation modules, module 216 is an artificial neural network module and module 217 is a data post-processing module.
- the data preparation modules include, for example, a data cleansing module 211, a data aggregation module 212, a data transformation module 213, a data normalization module 214 and/or a main component analysis module 215.
- the module 216 is, for example, a neural network module that contains an artificial provides a neural network, for example a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), a long short-term memory network (LSTM network ) etc.
- MLP multi-layer perceptron
- CNN convolutional neural network
- RNN recurrent neural network
- LSTM network long short-term memory network
- the training datasets should be as extensive as possible, ie they should cover a sufficiently long period of time in which the production plant has been operated under all possible operating conditions and a wide range of product qualities has been produced.
- a predictive model can be effectively trained, whereby it learns a set of model parameters in order to optimally map the relationships between input, ie between process data, and output, ie product quality, from the training data.
- the performance of the predictive model could then be optimized by testing and varying the exact algorithms and hyperparameters used in the model blocks 211-217.
- Corresponding additional information can provide a priori knowledge or background knowledge based on the process-driven technical construction approach, which is the basis for the plant design of the production plant.
- This additional information includes, for example, information about the plant design of the production plant and the physicochemical processes running in the production plant.
- the data-driven machine learning approach can be supplemented with knowledge about the process-driven technical design of the production plant. This additional knowledge enables machine learning to be designed more efficiently and precisely.
- Process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, triggering and alarm plans, hazard and operability studies, etc. can provide information about the structure and functionality of the production plant, for example, as well as where which physical and chemical processes take place in what form within the plant.
- time sequence information about a time sequence of the executed process within the production plant can be created from this. For example, processing and/or reaction speeds, heating and/or cooling speeds, as well as pipeline lengths, pipe cross-sections and/or flow or Throughput speeds, which influence the timing of processes within the production plant, are taken.
- This information can also be used as a priori knowledge or background knowledge, for example to limit or specify data-driven machine learning.
- the sensors used to acquire process parameter values can be assigned to specific positions and/or physical-chemical processes in the production facility. Consequently, the process parameter values detected by the corresponding sensors can also be assigned to specific physical-chemical processes or sub-processes.
- This a priori knowledge or background knowledge of the process parameter values can be used to classify the process parameter values, which form the basis of the data-driven machine learning approach, in a procedural, constructive context.
- This context can be used, for example, for data cleansing and/or for defining dependencies and7or for defining chronological sequences of the data or process parameter values used by the machine learning module for machine learning.
- corresponding qualitative knowledge for example from experienced engineers or plant operators, can provide information about the structure and functioning of the production plant and about where which physical-chemical processes take place in what form within the plant.
- additional information 251 of the knowledge domain for data cleansing is provided a priori for the data cleansing block 211 .
- sensor and device specifications are made available. These specifications indicate, for example, the type, sensitivity and unit, etc. of the corresponding sensors or devices.
- the data cleaning block 211 can remove outlier values that do not conform to the specifications from the input data, ie the process data values X T 200 of the training data sets ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ 245, using the sensor and device specifications.
- the removed outlier values are, for example, process data values which lie outside and/or within an edge area of a predefined measurement or operating area for which sensors or devices are designed.
- non-physical values based on the plant design can be identified and removed from the process data values X T 200 .
- the system design can specify value ranges for parameter values for which the system is designed and which can be achieved in the system. If values occur outside of these value ranges for which the system is designed, the corresponding values can be rejected as unphysical.
- cross-sensor plausibility checks can be carried out, implausible values can be identified and removed from the process data values X T 200. For example, sensor values from neighboring sensors should not differ from one another or only to a limited extent if no process steps, ie physical and/or chemical processes, occur between or in the area of the corresponding sensors that could lead to a significant change in the corresponding sensor values.
- a significant change in this case means a change which lies outside of a predefined range of fluctuation, as can be caused, for example, by tolerances in the design of the production plant and/or tolerances in the measuring accuracy of the sensors used for measuring. Furthermore, certain developments can be assumed for the measured sensor values. Thus, a temperature should decrease in the absence of exothermic reactions, ie in the case of no or purely endothermic reactions, for example without energy being supplied to the system due to the heat dissipation that generally occurs. If successive temperature sensors measure a temperature increase, although a temperature decrease is to be expected for these sensors, a plausibility test can result in the rejection of a sensor value which, contrary to expectations, indicates a temperature increase.
- the a priori additional information 251 defines a set of process parameters that affect the product quality parameter values of the resulting end product. For example, process parameters are defined for one or more process steps, on which the final product quality parameter values depend. A completeness check is carried out for the process parameter set defined by the a priori additional information 251 . If one of the training data records ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ lacks 245 process data values X T for one of the defined process parameters, process data values for this process parameter are added to the input data.
- the supplemented process parameters are derived, for example, from existing process data values, for example by means of interpolation and/or extrapolation.
- process data values from other training data sets ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ 245 can also be used to derive missing process data values.
- average values from other training data sets ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ 245 can be used and/or extrapolations from the other training data sets ⁇ X T , Q j ⁇ 245 to the condition of the current training data set.
- Measured values from other production plants, measured values from test plants and/or test setups, values from numerical computer simulations or values from analytical approximation formulas for describing the relevant process step can also be used as further training data sets for estimating and/or extrapolating missing process data values.
- Suitable statistical methods can include, for example: Using a last or next valid value of the corresponding sensor, an average value over a past time window, such as the last hour and/or hours, or an interpolation and/or extrapolation from data values from neighboring sensors.
- additional information 252 of the knowledge domain data aggregation is provided a priori for the data aggregation block 212 .
- definitions of relevant time scales of the process are provided and used as a basis for an aggregation of the process data values.
- the relevant time scales define time windows within which measured data are aggregated.
- the corresponding time windows define a frequency for aggregating the data.
- additional information 253 of the knowledge domain for feature extraction is provided a priori for the feature extraction block 213 .
- feature values are calculated for aggregated numeric data during feature extraction.
- aggregated categorical data is encoded during feature extraction.
- Calculated feature values can be time-domain features, such as statistical values such as mean, median, minimum, maximum, variance, etc., or frequency-domain features, such as a dominant frequency, low or flat frequency content, spectral difference, etc.
- Characteristic values are calculated from the aggregated values of one or more process parameters.
- existing knowledge about the process behavior is encoded in numerical characteristics. Additional features are extracted, for example, from existing parametric models, process simulations or process-specific formulas.
- additional information 254 of the knowledge domain for data normalization is provided a priori for the data normalization block 214 .
- the feature values provided by the previous feature extraction are scaled to improve the training of the subsequent neural network.
- the feature values for the neural network can be handled more efficiently.
- an individual scaling method is selected for the feature parameters based on the sensor type, the underlying physical process and/or knowledge about the distribution of the process parameter values.
- additional information 255 of the knowledge domain for data transformation for the purpose of dimensionality reduction is provided a priori for the data transformation block 215 .
- the transformation in block 215 serves to reduce the dimensionality of the feature values to simplify the learning task for the neural network.
- PCA principal component analysis
- LDA linear discriminant analysis
- shared weights are used to collectively train specific weights in the network based on knowledge of where a specific process step occurs. For example, characteristics of certain types of sensors are assigned the same weight in the same process unit. By training weights together, the efficiency of the training process can be increased.
- additional information 257 of the knowledge domain for output data normalization is provided a priori for the data normalization block 217 .
- Product quality parameters are scaled to match the scaling of the neural network output data.
- the choice of the scaling method is based, for example, on an expected distribution of the corresponding product quality parameter values for each of the product quality parameters.
- the classification and interpretation of a match as "sufficiently good” and a deviation as “too large” can be realized with different approaches:
- One approach to a decision rule as to whether agreement between Q'(t) and Q(t) is sufficient or whether it is an anomaly is to use a predefined threshold.
- Measured product quality parameters Q'(t) are classified as an anomaly event if a deviation between Q'(t) and Q(t) exceeds the predefined threshold.
- the deviation can be quantified, for example, using the LI or L2 loss function, ie the smallest absolute deviation (Least Absolute Deviation"/LAD)
- L 1 X[L 1
- a root cause analysis can be performed, for example, which identifies a most likely cause of the anomaly, e.g., a unit of the production plant or a sensor.
- Continuous learning for an already trained prediction model f M 120 can be implemented by means of retraining. Even with a prediction model f M 120, which was trained with additional a priori information as described above, the performance of the prediction model when applied to novel real process parameter values depends on the training data sets used for training and the process conditions under which these training data sets were obtained . While the prediction accuracy for operating conditions that are similar to the training conditions is usually very good, the prediction accuracy of the prediction model will decrease significantly if the operating conditions under which the novel real process parameter values were recorded differ significantly from the operating conditions, under which the process parameter values of the training data sets were recorded.
- the measured process parameter values X(t) or the measured product quality parameter values Q'(t) differ significantly from those of existing training data X T and Q j .
- the measure of the "difference" can be, for example, a probability value of a clustering model or an index value of a local outlier model (LOF model).
- LEF model local outlier model
- the clustering model Clustering or the LOF model was previously trained using the corresponding existing training data X T and Q j .
- the existing prediction model f M 120 has low confidence for the new observation, ie low statistical certainty.
- one way to quantify the statistical certainty of the prediction model f M 120 is to use a second neural network that has been trained to predict the accuracy of the first prediction model f M 120 .
- the existing prediction model f M 120 has a high statistical certainty, but a prediction accuracy of the prediction model f M 120 is low for the new observation, ie there is a large deviation between measured product quality parameter values Q'(t) and from the prediction model f M 120 predicted product quality parameter values Q(t) exceeding a predefined threshold.
- the mini-batch training method does not use each new observation directly to train the prediction model f M 120, but first collects a predefined minimum number of n new observations and only trains the existing model when this predefined minimum number, i.e the batch size, is reached.
- a model retrained in this way can have the advantage of using the entire training data able to approximate better globally.
- a mini-batch training technique can be used in one or more of the following cases:
- the measured process parameter values X(t) of the production plant and the measured product quality parameter values Q′(t) are comparable with training data X T and Q y that are already available and previously used for training.
- the existing prediction model f M 120 for the new observations has a high statistical certainty and a high prediction accuracy.
- the result of the retraining is an updated prediction model f M 420, ie a prediction model with precise algorithms and model parameters in each of the blocks 421-426. In this way, a prediction model can continuously learn from new observations and can thus automatically adapt to future operating conditions of the production plant.
- Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary improvement method for improving process parameter settings to achieve desired product quality values.
- 120 creates a method for providing recommendations for adjusting process parameters to improve operation of the manufacturing facility.
- This method provides the operator of the production plant with suggestions for improved target values for the process parameters, for example, so that target specifications such as product quality, product yield, energy efficiency, etc. can be improved, in particular maximized.
- the improvement method includes, for example, providing a definition of which process parameter values are to be changed and improved by the operator of the production plant.
- the entire set of available process parameters X 500 can be divided into process parameters C 502 that can be directly controlled by the operator and process parameters P that cannot be directly controlled by the operator.
- the set of controllable process parameters C 502 can be divided into two groups: the control parameters C Q 504, which have a direct influence on the product quality, and the remaining control parameters C ⁇ C Q , which either do not affect the product quality or only via its correlation with parameters already defined in C Q.
- a combination of knowledge about the production plant on the one hand and machine learning on the other hand can be used to determine which process parameters from X 500 belong to the subsets 502 and 504 .
- the subset C 502 of all controllable process parameters can be un- ter using a rule-based selection algorithm 501 involving information 551 about the production plant in the form of technical documentation of the production plant, such as process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, tripping and alarm plans, hazard and operability studies, etc. are compiled. For example, the know-how of technicians and plant operators can also be incorporated.
- the subset C Q 504 of all controllable process parameters relevant to the product quality prediction is identified, for example, by means of a search method using a recursive feature elimination algorithm 503 .
- the search process uses the trained prediction model f M 120 and compares different combinations of subsets of C 502 and evaluates each of their relevance to the model accuracy, ie the accuracy of the prediction of the prediction model 120.
- Embodiments may have the advantage that in C Q 504 only the controllable process parameters that contribute most to the model accuracy are taken into account.
- the target specification ie the desired quality of the end product
- a vector Q * 580 The target specification, ie the desired quality of the end product, is described by a vector Q * 580.
- a scalar function f R 560 which represents a measure of the difference between the predicted quality and the target quality, can be specified in various ways. For example, f R can be given as the sum of the squared distance of a currently predicted product quality vector Q to the desired product quality vector Q * according to the target:
- the effects of the individual quality parameters can be controlled using a weight vector w ge .
- the function f R can be described as:
- a non-linear optimization algorithm f 0 590 is used to minimize f R ,
- C Q 504 is iteratively modified (591) to find a set of parameter values C Q such that
- a Nelder-Mead method or downhill simplex method, a simplex method or an L-BFGS method is used as the optimization algorithm f 0 590 .
- the parameter space for C Q 504, in which the optimization algorithm f 0 searches for an optimized solution is restricted such that the optimization algorithm can only obtain process parameter values that are physically meaningful and can be set in the production plant.
- constraints and other hyperparameters of the optimization model are provided by definitions 593 based on information about general physical constraints, manufacturing plant constraints, and/or parameter ranges in historical data.
- the resulting set of process parameter values C Q 592 represents a recommendation for achieving desired product quality parameter values Q * 580 .
- a user can enter the desired product quality parameter values Q * 580 via an input function 594 of this interactive user interface 598 and, after the improvement process has been carried out, receives the calculated process parameter values C Q 592 as an output via an output function 596 of the interactive user interface 598 .
- FIG. 6A shows an excerpt of process parameter values 600 from an exemplary training data set, which is based on historical operating data of an exemplary PET system.
- the training data set includes, for example, 495 process parameters, of which 13 process parameters are shown in FIG. 6A for reasons of clarity.
- Figure 6B shows product quality parameters 640 from the same example training data set.
- the training data record includes 13 product quality parameters for which product quality parameter values are shown in FIG. 6B, which quantitatively describe the quality of the end product.
- the training data set is cleaned using statistical metrics and process specifications.
- the process data parameter values are shifted by a time delay of 4 to 24 hours, applying individual delays for each process unit using information about the process flow.
- the time-shifted process data parameter values are each aggregated into groups of 2 hours. Characteristic values are extracted for each of these groups. Feature values extracted include, for example, mean, standard deviation, and in some cases group-to-group difference. All characteristic values are normalized.
- z-normalization is used for normally distributed feature values, ie expectation value 0 and its variance/standard deviation 1, while for binary distributed features, for example, min-max normalization is used.
- the dimensionality of the 495*3 feature parameters is reduced to about 50 dimensions by a main component analysis and neglecting insignificant component contributions.
- the data is divided into three statistically independent samples, ie a training data set, a test data set and a validation data set.
- the resulting training data set contains 70% of the data points, the test data set 25% and the validation data set the remaining 5% of the data points.
- a multilayer neural perceptron-neuron network is used as an artificial neural network, for example, which consists of two hidden layers (“hidden layer”) with a maximum of 200 nodes and a rectified activation function for the input and the hidden layers delle, specifically lasso regression and ridge regression are applied.
- the prediction model is trained iteratively using the Adam optimizer by minimizing a mean square error of the neural network output compared to the truth values of the training data set For example, iterative minimization is performed for a maximum number of 1000 epochs, however, an early stop criterion is enforced to ensure that the loss function of the validation sample evaluated at the same time is minimal and learning of statistical variations in the training sample is avoided.
- FIG. 7 shows a comparison of predicted and retrospectively measured product quality values. The high degree of precision of the predictions achieved by the prediction model can be seen from the high degree of agreement.
- the trained prediction model f ⁇ was evaluated on the independent test data set, where it was determined that the prediction model f ⁇ precisely describes the relationships between process parameter values and product quality parameters of the test data set.
- Figure 7 shows the measured product quality parameter values 700 of the test data set, the product quality parameter values 730 predicted by the trained prediction model f ⁇ using the process parameter values of the test data set, and the respective confidence intervals 735 for the predictions with the trained prediction model f
- a subset of, for example, 45 controllable process parameters C Q is determined using information about the process configuration and a feature elimination algorithm based on the prediction model f M .
- a numerical objective function f R is defined as the squared sum of the deviations of all predicted product quality parameter values Q from the desired product quality parameter values Q * , respectively weighted by an individual factor w.
- the objective function is minimized using the nonlinear Nelder-Mead minimization algorithm.
- the initial parameters for the minimizations are determined from the historical data set.
- the mean values of the process parameter values that result in the best product quality parameter values in a comparison of the desired product quality parameter values, ie come closest to the desired product quality parameter values, are selected as the recommendation. For example, the algorithm typically converges within a few thousand iterations.
- Figure 8 illustrates an example user interface 598 for entering desired product quality values Q * 594 and providing recommendations for improved process parameter settings to achieve the desired product quality parameter values.
- the user interface 598 allows the plant operator to interact directly with the optimization model.
- the user interface 598 provides an input module 820, via which the operator can select a desired product quality Q * 594 by entering or selecting a product quality parameter value 821 and the tolerance range 822 for the product quality parameter value 821.
- the method for providing improvement recommendations is carried out until an optimized set of controllable process parameters C Q is found.
- This set of controllable process parameters C Q includes, for example, optimized settings for each of the, for example 45, process parameters displayed in segment 596 of the user interface.
- the output of the optimized settings includes an output module 840 for each of the controllable process parameters C Q which includes a recommended process parameter value 842 .
- the output module 840 may optionally include a graphical comparison, for example using histograms, of the recommended process parameter value 842 to the historically used process parameter values 843 for purposes of illustration.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic structure of an exemplary artificial neural network that can be used as a machine learning module 216 .
- the artificial neural network shown is the multi-layer neural perceptron-neuron network already described in the context of FIG. 6, with an input layer X, an output layer Y, and two hidden layers (“hidden layers”) Hi and H2.
- the training process parameter values C ⁇ c
- the recorded process parameter values PW1 to PWn can be assigned to the product units whose production process they describe or have influenced using the sensor-specific time shifts. These time shifts can be independent of the detected process parameter values PW1 to PWn or depend on one or more of these process parameter values. If the process parameter values include, for example, a value for a flow rate of a material component for manufacturing the product 920 through a pipe, the time shift of the detection times of sensors arranged upstream compared to the completion time Tq of the product 920 can depend on the time that the material component or a part of the material component necessary for the process to flow through the pipe.
- Figure 11 illustrates a method for training a machine learning module, e.g. an artificial neural network, a computer-implemented prediction model for predicting product quality parameter values for one or more quality parameters of a chemical product produced by a chemical production plant, as for example shown schematically in Figure 10 is illustrated.
- the production plant comprises a plurality of sensors t, which are each configured to record process parameter values for one or more process parameters of a chemical process carried out by the production plant for producing the chemical product during operation of the production plant.
- a priori information about the production facility and the process performed by the production facility is summarized.
- This a priori information includes temporal ones Sequence information about a chronological sequence of the executed process within the production plant.
- the computer system 930 can use the trained predictive model to predict product quality parameter values of product units currently being manufactured by the manufacturing facility 900 . Furthermore, the trained prediction model can be used to detect anomalies and to determine recommendations for adjusting process parameter values to achieve desired target product quality parameter values. Finally, the computer system 930 can be configured to additionally train the trained prediction model using additional training data. In particular, continuous training of the prediction model can be implemented in this way.
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| KR20220149062A (ko) * | 2021-04-30 | 2022-11-08 | 에스케이인천석유화학 주식회사 | 개질설비의 반응기 제어 방법 및 장치 |
| EP4131089A1 (de) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-02-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Automatische bestimmung eines ursachenindikators eines technischen systems betreffend einen ausgang eines maschinenlernmodells |
| US12475420B2 (en) * | 2022-02-17 | 2025-11-18 | Toyota Research Institute, Inc. | Actively learning and adapting a workflow |
| DE102022201649A1 (de) | 2022-02-17 | 2023-08-17 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren zur Wartezeit-Vorhersage in einer Halbleiterfabrik |
| DE102022208654A1 (de) * | 2022-08-22 | 2024-02-22 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Ermitteln, ob in einem technischen Gerät eine Anomalie vorliegt, mittels Wissensgraphen und maschinellem Lernen |
| CN115237054B (zh) * | 2022-09-21 | 2022-12-16 | 中科航迈数控软件(深圳)有限公司 | 一种主轴驱动电机控制方法、装置、终端及存储介质 |
| CN115618285B (zh) * | 2022-09-28 | 2025-11-14 | 中国兵器装备集团自动化研究所有限公司 | 一种不良数据识别方法、装置、设备及存储介质 |
| CN116362599B (zh) * | 2022-12-12 | 2023-11-10 | 武汉同捷信息技术有限公司 | 一种基于mes系统的质量数据采集方法与装置 |
| KR20240100108A (ko) * | 2022-12-22 | 2024-07-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 관리 공정 및 관리 인자를 선별하는 방법 및 장치 |
| DE102023103652A1 (de) | 2023-02-15 | 2024-08-22 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Computerimplementiertes Verfahren zur Berechnung einer Berechnungsausgangsgröße aus einer Berechnungseingangsgröße |
| CN116486956B (zh) * | 2023-04-24 | 2026-01-02 | 合肥工业大学 | 一种考虑多时间序列的水泥熟料f-CaO预测方法 |
| EP4710335A1 (de) | 2023-05-08 | 2026-03-18 | Sixone Labs Ltd. | Verfahren und systeme zur behandlung einer heterogenen mischung aus materialien |
| CN116595883B (zh) * | 2023-05-24 | 2024-03-01 | 上海交通大学 | 数值反应堆实时在线系统状态修正方法 |
| CN117009416A (zh) * | 2023-08-08 | 2023-11-07 | 中国银行股份有限公司 | 一种参数维护方法、装置、设备及介质 |
| CN118192447B (zh) * | 2024-02-07 | 2025-02-11 | 香港理工大学 | 一种面向智能制造加工过程中的控制优化方法和系统 |
| CN118313486B (zh) * | 2024-06-11 | 2024-09-06 | 科大讯飞股份有限公司 | 模型构建方法、装置、系统、电子设备及程序产品 |
| CN118737322B (zh) * | 2024-06-21 | 2025-02-28 | 安徽云家新材料科技有限公司 | 一种基于深度学习的均四甲苯参数自动优化方法及系统 |
| CN118896863A (zh) * | 2024-07-18 | 2024-11-05 | 湖州盟泰智能科技有限公司 | 一种辊筒硬度检测方法及系统 |
| CN119238918A (zh) * | 2024-10-14 | 2025-01-03 | 广东华新电缆实业有限公司 | 电缆挤出设备的控制方法、系统、装置及挤出设备 |
| CN119514808B (zh) * | 2025-01-15 | 2025-05-02 | 陕西美力源乳业集团有限公司 | 一种羊奶粉生产质量检测分析方法及系统 |
| CN119690028B (zh) * | 2025-02-25 | 2025-07-01 | 广东振远智能科技有限公司 | 一种用于瓦楞包装整线生产的全流程智能控制系统 |
| CN120198022A (zh) * | 2025-04-02 | 2025-06-24 | 合肥国超新材料股份有限公司 | 基于界面剂性能测试数据的智能生产管理系统 |
| CN120247337B (zh) * | 2025-05-14 | 2025-12-16 | 广东道汇环保科技股份有限公司 | 一种工业废水吸附材料的除氟系统 |
| CN120509601B (zh) * | 2025-05-23 | 2025-11-14 | 上海禾健营养食品有限公司 | 一种基于神经网络的化合物生产质量溯源方法及系统 |
| CN120848216B (zh) * | 2025-09-22 | 2025-11-25 | 成都秦川物联网科技股份有限公司 | 基于工业物联网的能耗优化方法、系统、设备及介质 |
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| US9110452B2 (en) * | 2011-09-19 | 2015-08-18 | Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. | Inferential process modeling, quality prediction and fault detection using multi-stage data segregation |
| US12045022B2 (en) * | 2018-01-30 | 2024-07-23 | Imubit Israel Ltd. | Predictive control systems and methods with offline gains learning and online control |
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