EP4278412A1 - Radôme et systeme d'antenne avec fonction de compensation d'elevation - Google Patents
Radôme et systeme d'antenne avec fonction de compensation d'elevationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4278412A1 EP4278412A1 EP22702160.7A EP22702160A EP4278412A1 EP 4278412 A1 EP4278412 A1 EP 4278412A1 EP 22702160 A EP22702160 A EP 22702160A EP 4278412 A1 EP4278412 A1 EP 4278412A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radome
- antenna
- diffracting structure
- support surface
- elevation angle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/28—Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
- H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a radome having a function of compensation for the elevation of incident electromagnetic waves; it also relates to an antenna system comprising such a radome. It falls within the field of antennas for telecommunications, in particular space, and more particularly antennas for space telecommunications intended to be deployed on mobile platforms, terrestrial, such as trains or buses, or airborne (in English, "satcom on the move >>, i.e. “satellite telecommunications in motion”).
- the antennas used are generally of the planar type for reasons of size and aerodynamics.
- Steerable parabolic antennas are sometimes placed at the level of the empennage of business jets, but these solutions are unsatisfactory for large-scale commercial operation given the increase in consumption caused by the protrusion formed by the antenna and its radome.
- their installation often requires a specific and costly certification step.
- adjustable planar antennas - mechanically or electronically - have a gain which decreases with elevation (defined as being the angle between a direction and the horizon). This leads to a reduction in the information rate, or even a break in the link, from or to a satellite low on the horizon (typically 30° or less).
- WO 2010144170 discloses the use of negative refractive index metamaterials. However, this technology is not mature enough for industrial use.
- Yet another approach consists in combining a metasurface radome with the use of an active antenna where the emission law includes angular precompensation for the formation of the radiation pattern complementary to the function of the radome (Alice Benini et al , "Phase-Gradient Meta-Dome for Increasing Grating-Lobe-Free Scan Range in Phased Arrays", IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 66, No. 8, August 2018, 3973; WO 2019/165684).
- This solution is very complex and expensive.
- this object is achieved thanks to a radome equipped, in its inner peripheral part, with a diffractive structure which can be locally assimilated to a diffraction grating intended to operate in the Bragg regime in transmission.
- This diffractive structure introduces a deflection of electromagnetic waves at grazing incidence, which increases their angle of elevation, without significantly affecting the propagation of waves whose direction of propagation is closer to the normal to the antenna.
- the diffractive structure is carried by a structure which can be either integrated into the peripheral part of the shell of the radome, or located close to but physically separated from the latter. In both cases, it can advantageously be made of polymer or composite materials by three-dimensional (3D) printing, in particular by deposition of molten yarn.
- An object of the invention is therefore a radome comprising a shell of dielectric material having an outer face and an inner face, the inner face defining, with a support surface, a volume intended to contain an antenna, characterized in that that it has, on or close to at least one peripheral region of its internal face, a diffracting structure which can be locally assimilated to a transmission diffraction grating operating in a spectral range in the microwave domain, the diffracting structure being configured so that an incident electromagnetic wave (OEI), at at least one wavelength X o of said spectral range in the microwave range propagating at an elevation angle 0 O of between 5° and 30° relative to the surface of support, satisfies the Bragg condition, and that a wave diffracted (OED) by the structure propagates with an elevation angle (0') greater than that of said incident electromagnetic wave; and so that the diffraction efficiency is less than 50% for electromagnetic waves propagating at an elevation angle greater than or equal to 40°.
- OEI incident electromagnetic wave
- the diffracting structure may include alternating layers of at least two dielectric materials with different dielectric permittivities, inclined with respect to said support surface.
- the diffracting structure can be assimilated locally to a thick transmission grating in said spectral range of the microwave domain.
- the diffracting structure can be configured so that an incident electromagnetic wave, at at least one wavelength X o of said spectral range in the microwave range, propagates at an elevation angle 0o of between 10° and 20°, with respect to the support surface, satisfies the Bragg condition, and that a wave diffracted by the structure propagates with an elevation angle ⁇ ′ greater than that of said incident electromagnetic wave.
- the diffracting structure can be configured so that the diffraction efficiency is less than 20%, for electromagnetic waves propagating at an elevation angle greater than or equal to 40°, and preferably greater than or equal to 30° .
- the inclination of the diffracting structure can be dimensioned so that an incident electromagnetic wave at the wavelength X o and having an elevation angle 0 O is deflected by an angle between 20 ° and 40°. This dimensioning can in particular consist in choosing the thicknesses and the inclination of the layers, or more generally the modulus and the direction of the wave vector of the grating (in turn a function of the spatial variation of the refractive index).
- the diffracting structure can be physically separated from the shell made of dielectric material.
- the diffracting structure can be made in one piece with the shell made of dielectric material.
- the radome can then be manufactured by additive manufacturing.
- Another object of the invention is an antenna system comprising such a radome and a depointable antenna located inside the volume delimited by the support surface and the internal face of the shell of the radome, the antenna being adapted to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves in a spectral range in the microwave domain, the diffraction grating in transmission being adapted to deflect a said electromagnetic wave whose elevation angle with respect to the support surface is less than one predetermined threshold by increasing its elevation angle. This deflection compensates in whole or in part for the decrease in antenna gain with elevation angle.
- a structure “near" the internal face of the shell is meant a structure whose maximum distance from said internal face is much less - typically by at least a factor of 10 - than the diameter of said shell, or more generally at its greatest lateral dimension (ie in a plane parallel to the support surface).
- diffractive structure locally comparable to a diffraction grating is meant a structure having a spatial variation of its dielectric permittivity which can either be periodic along at least one dimension over all or part of its extent, or deviate of a perfect periodicity by an amplitude or period modulation.
- the period modulations in particular, must be relatively slow and/or weak, with for example fluctuations between periods successive not exceeding 10%.
- a “quasi-periodic” variation By way of example, it may be a “chirped” network.
- FIG.1 a sectional view of an antenna system comprising a radome according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 a sectional view of an antenna system comprising a radome according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 a detail view of the diffractive structure equipping the radome of [Fig. 1] illustrating its operation;
- FIG. 4 a sectional view of an antenna system comprising a radome according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- the RDM radome of Figure 1 comprises a CD shell of dielectric material - typically a polymer.
- the shell typically has a rounded periphery, for example in the shape of a circular crown, and a flat top with a smooth transition between the two regions.
- the thickness of the shell is represented constant for the sake of simplicity. However, in reality, it is usually variable, calculated in such a way as to optimize the radiation. It will then be necessary to take this into account when designing the diffractive structure.
- the shell is delimited by an outer face FE and an inner face Fl, and rests on a support surface PS, generally planar, which carries a planar antenna A which can operate in transmission and/or in reception (in the following, we will consider the case of an antenna operating in reception, but the generalization does not pose any difficulty, by virtue of the law of inverse return).
- a support surface PS generally planar, which carries a planar antenna A which can operate in transmission and/or in reception (in the following, we will consider the case of an antenna operating in reception, but the generalization does not pose any difficulty, by virtue of the law of inverse return).
- the part of the hull located vertically to the antenna is at least approximately flat, so as not to distort the radiation pattern.
- the internal face Fl of the shell and the support surface PS delimit a totally or partially closed volume V.
- the antenna A is for example of the planar type - such as a "patch”, “leaky wave” or “slot array” antenna - and advantageously depointable, that is to say having a diagram of steerable antenna, especially in elevation.
- the misalignment can be obtained by various means other than a mechanical orientation of the antenna, for example a phase control in the case of an array antenna or a system of Risley prisms.
- the antenna A is designed to operate in the microwave range (between 1 GHz and 300 GHz, that is to say wavelengths between about 30 cm and about 1 mm).
- the radome of FIG. 1 differs from a radome of the prior art by the presence, inside the volume V, of a diffracting structure SD, locally comparable to a diffraction grating, located in a peripheral part, that is to say external, in a radial direction measured parallel to the support surface, of this volume and close to the internal face F1 of the shell.
- the structure SD is frustoconical and, seen in section, it is in the form of two planar elements, inclined with respect to the support surface PS and to the antenna A. It is physically separated from the CD shell although it is close to, or may even touch, its inner face.
- the SD structure can be produced by additive manufacturing techniques (“3D printing”), in particular by deposition of fused wire (FDM, that is to say “Fused Deposition Modeling”), by a material such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), cyclic olefin copolymers (CGC), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), the latter two being high performance polymers with particularly high thermal stability .
- FDM fused wire
- CGC cyclic olefin copolymers
- PEEK Polyetheretherketone
- PEKK polyetherketoneketone
- the SD structure could be manufactured by assembling dielectric materials having different permissivities. For example, it is possible to produce a stack of layers of such materials, then cut it in a direction inclined with respect to the planes of the layers. However, this approach is much more complex to implement.
- the SD structure is integrated into the CD shell and forms part of its inner face.
- the SD structure can be "printed" on the internal face of a pre-existing shell, or the shell-diffracting structure assembly can be entirely produced by additive manufacturing.
- Such a “monolithic” embodiment avoids the need for an assembly step, but requires compatibility between the materials used for the shell and for the diffractive structure.
- An embodiment in two parts, as in FIG. 1, also has advantages, especially for aeronautical applications: the diffracting structure is isolated from the mechanical deformations of the shell; moreover, the latter does not have to undergo a new certification process.
- the SD structure exhibits a periodic or quasi-periodic variation in its dielectric permittivity. It is therefore similar, in a first approximation, to a thick “holographic” diffraction grating.
- it comprises an alternation of bands formed by layers CM1, CM2 of at least two materials having different dielectric permittivities and, preferably, substantially real (not introducing significant losses).
- CM1, CM2 of at least two materials having different dielectric permittivities and, preferably, substantially real (not introducing significant losses).
- the case of a periodic grating will be considered here, in which the layers of the same type all have the same thickness, which is constant over the entire extent of each layer.
- Thick means here that the thickness "e" of the network satisfies the condition and preferably Q>10 where X o is the wavelength in vacuum of the electromagnetic radiation to be diffracted A is the spatial period, or not, of the grating and n the average refractive index of the material constituting it.
- X o is the wavelength in vacuum of the electromagnetic radiation to be diffracted
- A is the spatial period, or not, of the grating
- n the average refractive index of the material constituting it.
- - A is the spatial period, or pitch, of the grating, that is to say the sum of the thicknesses of the layers CM1 and CM2 (in the case of a grating with variable pitch, the pitch A is defined locally);
- - K is the wave vector of the grating, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the layers and the modulus is 2/A;
- an incident electromagnetic wave OEI coming from outside the radome, forms an angle 0 (elevation angle) with the plane of the support surface PS (or a plane tangent to this surface) and an angle a with the direction normal n.
- the normal n therefore forms an angle cc+0 with the surface PS.
- the diffracted electromagnetic wave OED resulting from the interaction of OEI with the grating, forms an angle 0' with the plane of the support surface PS (or a plane tangent to this surface).
- the incident electromagnetic wave OEI is optimally diffracted when its wavelength X o and its elevation angle satisfy, exactly or approximately, the Bragg condition:
- n mean is the average refractive index of the structure (remember that, for non-magnetic materials, the refractive index is the square root of the
- the diffraction efficiency defined as the ratio between the intensity of a diffracted electromagnetic wave and that of the corresponding incident electromagnetic wave, depends on the difference An between the refractive indices of the layers CM1, CM2; the thickness "e" of the network,
- An is the difference between the refractive indices of the layers CM1, CM2 and "e" the grating thickness.
- the formalism of Kogelnik also makes it possible to determine an angular range of acceptance A0 - defined as the angular range, centered around the angle 0 O - in which the diffraction efficiency at the wavelength X o is greater than or equal to half of its maximum value.
- This equation makes it possible to calculate 0' as a function of 0, , A and X.
- the diffracting structure is dimensioned such that the incident electromagnetic waves having an elevation angle 0 lower than a critical value 0 C are diffracted towards higher angles of incidence 0′, while the waves having higher elevation angle are not effectively diffracted.
- the angle 0 C corresponds to an elevation below which the gain of the antenna is considered insufficient - for example less than 20% of the maximum gain corresponding to normal incidence.
- the dimensioning consists in choosing the materials of the layers CM1, CM2 (and therefore the parameters n mean and An), their possibly variable thicknesses (and therefore the parameter A in the case of a periodic structure) as well as the corner (
- the thickness e is chosen, for a fixed value An, to maximize the diffraction efficiency.
- the waves at grazing incidence for which the antenna gain would be very low, are diffracted so as to reach the antenna with higher elevations; the waves whose elevation is already satisfactory are only very slightly affected by the structure.
- the optimum thickness e is about 3.5 mm if only the first order of diffraction is considered. If the network is optimized for operation at order 2, we find a thickness of 10.5 mm, which may be easier to manufacture. More generally, the designer may have to choose operation at an order greater than 1 for technological reasons or sensitivity to polarization.
- the diffracting structure is sized so that the Bragg condition is satisfied for an angle ⁇ o of less than 30° and generally between 5° and 30° and preferably between 10° and 20°.
- the deflection induced by the diffracting structure should preferably be between 20° and 40°.
- the diffraction efficiency is generally desirable for the diffraction efficiency to be less than 50%, and preferably less than 20%, for electromagnetic waves propagating at an elevation angle greater than or equal to 40°, and preferably greater than or equal to at 30°.
- the diffracting structure can be dimensioned using the Kogelnik formalism, by means of numerical optimization algorithms, genetic algorithms, etc.
- the diffractive structure can be produced by using a single structured material at a sub-wavelength scale to induce a variation in its refractive index.
- the structuring can consist, for example, of holes or pillars.
- the [Fig. 5A] shows a detail of a diffracting structure having two layers CS1, CS2 of the same material (for example a polymer), one of which - CS1 - is massive and has a dielectric permittivity ECSI and a refractive index n CSi while the other has a network of cavities with a square section of side less than X 0 /2 and therefore has a refractive index intermediate between n CSi and the refractive index of air.
- CS1, CS2 of the same material
- ECSI dielectric permittivity
- n CSi refractive index n CSi
- the other has a network of cavities with a square section of side less than X 0 /2 and therefore has a refractive index intermediate between n
- a more gradual variation in the refractive index is obtained by inserting between CS1 and CS2 a third layer CS3 having smaller cavities than those of CS2, and therefore an effective refractive index closer to n C if-
- the [ Fig. 5C] and [Fig. 5D] illustrate structures based on the same principle but in which the structuring of the layers CS2' and CS3' consists of pillars with a square base.
- the shape of the cavities or pillars can be arbitrary, for example circular, hexagonal etc.
- This embodiment lends itself particularly well to additive manufacturing and makes it possible to avoid the complexity associated with the use of several materials (multiple deposition heads, compatibility between the materials, etc.). However, other manufacturing techniques such as machining and casting are also possible.
- the SD structure does not have to be frustoconical; it can for example match the rounded shape of the internal face of the shell.
- the diffraction grating may have a variable pitch, in particular at its ends, and more particularly when approaching its upper end (furthest from the surface PS) to limit the secondary diffraction lobes.
- the diffracting structure SD covers the entire internal face of the shell and has a variable pitch, so that its diffraction efficiency at the wavelength Xo decreases progressively, down to s cancel at normal angle of attack. The advantage is to avoid discontinuities having undesirable effects on the radiation pattern of the antenna-radome assembly.
- the network can comprise more than two types of distinct layers. This is even generally preferable in order to offer the designer more degrees of freedom to optimize the performance of the assembly.
- the variation of the refractive index can also be progressive, for example sinusoidal. This is generally desirable, again to avoid discontinuities, and can be achieved in additive manufacturing by melting at the interface between two layers.
- the invention applies to any type of antenna, not necessarily planar, and to radomes which may have different shapes and may or may not contain elements, in particular conductors, for example frequency-selective surfaces, liable to affect the propagation electromagnetic waves.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2100325A FR3118835B1 (fr) | 2021-01-14 | 2021-01-14 | Radôme et systeme d'antenne avec fonction de compensation d'elevation |
| PCT/EP2022/050666 WO2022152805A1 (fr) | 2021-01-14 | 2022-01-13 | Radôme et systeme d'antenne avec fonction de compensation d'elevation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4278412A1 true EP4278412A1 (fr) | 2023-11-22 |
Family
ID=76730590
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22702160.7A Pending EP4278412A1 (fr) | 2021-01-14 | 2022-01-13 | Radôme et systeme d'antenne avec fonction de compensation d'elevation |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4278412A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3118835B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022152805A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020179048A1 (fr) * | 2019-03-07 | 2020-09-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Dispositif d'antenne |
| FR3154872A1 (fr) * | 2023-10-26 | 2025-05-02 | Thales | Dispositif d'émission / réception à domaine de dépointage étendu |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2638588A (en) * | 1950-10-20 | 1953-05-12 | Raytheon Mfg Co | Electromagnetic-radiating system |
| DE102004037907A1 (de) * | 2004-08-05 | 2006-03-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Radarsensor für Kraftfahrzeuge |
| US8487832B2 (en) | 2008-03-12 | 2013-07-16 | The Boeing Company | Steering radio frequency beams using negative index metamaterial lenses |
| AU2018311770A1 (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2020-03-05 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Sensor unit and air conditioner |
| WO2019067474A1 (fr) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-04-04 | Trak Microwave Corporation | Antenne directrice de faisceau à profil bas dotée d'une lentille divergente intégrée |
| CN108183327B (zh) * | 2018-03-02 | 2021-11-19 | 常熟市浙大紫金光电技术研究中心 | 一种扩展相位阵列天线偏转角度的天线罩 |
-
2021
- 2021-01-14 FR FR2100325A patent/FR3118835B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-01-13 WO PCT/EP2022/050666 patent/WO2022152805A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-01-13 EP EP22702160.7A patent/EP4278412A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3118835B1 (fr) | 2023-07-14 |
| FR3118835A1 (fr) | 2022-07-15 |
| WO2022152805A1 (fr) | 2022-07-21 |
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