EP4268032A1 - VERSCHLEIßTEIL, HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR ÜBERWACHUNG EINES VERSCHLEIßZUSTANDS - Google Patents
VERSCHLEIßTEIL, HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR ÜBERWACHUNG EINES VERSCHLEIßZUSTANDSInfo
- Publication number
- EP4268032A1 EP4268032A1 EP21839057.3A EP21839057A EP4268032A1 EP 4268032 A1 EP4268032 A1 EP 4268032A1 EP 21839057 A EP21839057 A EP 21839057A EP 4268032 A1 EP4268032 A1 EP 4268032A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wear
- indicator
- wear indicator
- layer
- monitoring device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Program-control systems
- G05B19/02—Program-control systems electric
- G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
- G05B19/4183—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by data acquisition, e.g. workpiece identification
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
- B65G2207/00—Indexing codes relating to constructional details, configuration and additional features of a handling device, e.g. Conveyors
- B65G2207/48—Wear protection or indication features
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Program-control systems
- G05B19/02—Program-control systems electric
- G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
- G05B19/4184—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by fault tolerance, reliability of production system
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
- G05B2219/30—Nc systems
- G05B2219/37—Measurements
- G05B2219/37256—Wear, tool wear
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
Definitions
- the invention relates to a wearing part, a device for monitoring a state of wear, a method for producing a wearing part and a computer program product.
- 3D printing also known under the terms additive manufacturing (“additive manufacturing”), generative manufacturing or rapid technologies.
- additive manufacturing additive manufacturing
- materials can be applied layer by layer and thus three-dimensional objects be generated.
- the parts are only printed by the 3D printer using a homogeneous material based on the specified geometry.
- the object of the invention is to provide improvements in relation to 3D-printed wearing parts.
- One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a wear part (e.g. partially or fully produced by means of additive manufacturing, preferably 3D printed), preferably for a container treatment system (e.g. for manufacturing, cleaning, testing, filling, sealing, labelling, printing and/or packaging of containers for liquid media, preferably beverages or liquid foods).
- the wearing part has (e.g. in an unworn state) a component interior (e.g. produced by means of additive manufacturing, preferably 3D-printed) and a wearing layer.
- the wear layer is produced by additive manufacturing, preferably 3D printing, and covers the interior of the component (e.g. partially or completely).
- the wear layer has a wear indicator, which is produced by means of additive manufacturing, preferably by means of 3D printing, and is designed to indicate a wear condition of the wear part (e.g. visually, electrically and/or haptically) (or a wear condition of the wear part specify), preferably when the wear indicator is exposed and/or worn away due to wear.
- a wear condition of the wear part e.g. visually, electrically and/or haptically
- a wear condition of the wear part specify preferably when the wear indicator is exposed and/or worn away due to wear.
- the wear part can advantageously enable simple wear monitoring by monitoring the wear indicator.
- the wear indicator can be individually adapted to wear parts.
- the wear indicator can make it possible for the wear part not to be replaced too early, but only when the wear layer is, for example, completely closed.
- a failure of the wearing part can be detected at an early stage, which means that unforeseen downtimes/maintenance work can be reduced.
- the wear indicator can also enable an immediate assessment in the event of damage or during the warranty period.
- data on the wear of the consumable can be collected, which may make it possible to optimize the consumable and/or the machine in which the consumable is included.
- the wear layer has a cover layer that covers the wear indicator when the wear part is not worn. Consequently, the wear indicator can advantageously be arranged deeper in the wear layer and, for example, only indicate the state of wear when it is exposed (and/or later removed).
- the wear indicator forms a component surface of the wear part when the wear part is not worn or is included in a component surface of the wear part.
- the wear indicator can thus advantageously indicate the state of wear if it is, for example, worn away at certain points or in sections. Except- the wear indicator can reduce the risk of confusion when exchanging the wear part, since the wear indicator can be permanently assigned to the wear part, for example. The safety of the system can be increased in this way.
- the wear indicator is at least partially formed by an electrical conductor, preferably a conductor track or a conductive layer. Electrical monitoring of the wear indicator can preferably take place in this way. Electrical monitoring can be used in many ways, including early detection of wear-related component failure and reporting to a local and/or remote user interface. Using the electrical conductor, it is also possible to determine loads on the wearing part and load cycles of the wearing part.
- the wear indicator is at least partially formed by coloring, structuring, texturing, changing hardness (e.g. hardening or hardness reduction), material change and/or nanoparticle incorporation of the wear layer at least in sections or layers.
- the wear indicator is at least partially formed by a visual code, preferably a color code, a bar code (e.g. barcode) or an area code (e.g. QR code).
- the wear layer has a further wear indicator, which differs from the wear indicator, is arranged closer to the interior of the component than the wear indicator, is additively manufactured, preferably 3D printed, and is designed to indicate a further wear condition of the wear part (e.g Visually, electrically and/or haptically) (or to indicate a further state of wear of the wearing part), preferably if the further wear indicator is exposed and/or worn away due to wear.
- the wear layer can have another wear indicator, which differs from the wear indicator and the other wear indicator, is arranged closer to the interior of the component than the other wear indicator, is additively manufactured, preferably 3D printed, and is designed to indicate another wear condition of the wear part (e.g.
- the further wear indicator and optionally the further other wear indicator is at least partially formed by an electrical conductor, preferably a conductor track or a conductive layer, and/or coloring, structuring, texturing, a change in hardness (e.g. hardening) at least in sections or in layers or hardness reduction), material change and/or nanoparticle incorporation of the wear layer, and/or a visual code, preferably a color code, a barcode (e.g. barcode) or an area code (e.g. QR code).
- an electrical conductor preferably a conductor track or a conductive layer
- coloring, structuring, texturing, a change in hardness (e.g. hardening) at least in sections or in layers or hardness reduction), material change and/or nanoparticle incorporation of the wear layer and/or a visual code, preferably a color code, a barcode (e.g. barcode) or an area code (e.g. QR code).
- the wear indicator and the further wear indicator and optionally the further other wear indicator are each formed by coloring the wear layer in layers, preferably according to a traffic light system (e.g. green-yellow-red or yellow-red or green-red) and/or or with a color gradient.
- a traffic light system e.g. green-yellow-red or yellow-red or green-red
- one of several states of wear can be visually recognized particularly easily with an individually configurable color spectrum and categorized without remeasurement.
- the wearing part is a container clamp for holding a container, a container guide for guiding containers, a closure channel for guiding container closures, a locking star for interrupting a container flow, a bushing, a toothed wheel, a roller or a guide.
- the device has a wear part as disclosed herein and a monitoring device.
- the monitoring device is designed to monitor the wear part in relation to the wear indicator (e.g. during operation and/or a pause in operation of a machine in which the wearing part is included) and preferably to output a notification signal when the wear indicator indicates the state of wear.
- the device can thus advantageously enable automatic monitoring of the wear of the wearing part. This can, for example, also allow spare parts to be reordered or reprinted at an early stage. As a result, an "on-demand" or, ideally, even “just-in-time” procurement can be possible, which ensures minimal system downtime.
- the device also has an optical sensor (e.g. camera or spectroscope) which is arranged to detect the wearing part.
- the monitoring device is designed to recognize the wear indicator in a signal from the optical sensor and preferably to output the information signal when the wear indicator is recognized. In particular, monitoring for one or more visual wear indicators can thus preferably take place.
- the device also has an electrical circuit which is connected to the wear indicator when the wear part is not worn.
- the monitoring device is designed to monitor at least one electrical parameter (e.g. resistance, current, voltage) of the electrical circuit.
- monitoring for one or more electrical wear indicators can thus preferably take place.
- the monitoring device is also designed to, if the electrical circuit is interrupted (e.g. by removing the wear indicator) and/or if there is a, preferably permanent, change in the at least one electrical parameter (e.g. by removing the wear indicator) to issue the warning signal. In this way, for example, it can be automatically recognized when the wearing part has become so worn that it has to be replaced.
- the monitoring device is also designed to determine a load condition of the wearing part as a function of an amount of the change when there is a preferably temporary change in the at least one electrical parameter, and to generate a signal that indicates the load condition determined and/or a Output signal when the determined load condition is greater than a predetermined maximum load condition.
- knowledge about the operation of the machine and the loads on the wearing part can preferably be obtained, whereby both the machine and have the wear part improved. It is also possible for excessive stresses on the consumable to be automatically detected, necessitating replacement of the consumable and/or adjustment to the configuration or operation of the machine in which the consumable is included.
- the monitoring device is also designed to determine (e.g. count) a number of load cycles as a function of a number of, preferably temporary, changes in the at least one electrical parameter and a signal that indicates the number of load cycles , and/or to output a signal when the determined number of load cycles is greater than a predetermined maximum number of load cycles.
- determine e.g. count
- a number of load cycles as a function of a number of, preferably temporary, changes in the at least one electrical parameter and a signal that indicates the number of load cycles
- a signal that indicates the number of load cycles
- the wearing part can be used as a component in what is known as predictive maintenance.
- the intelligent e.g This can be done, for example, via RFID or similar.
- a wear part that can be clearly identified via the associated IP can deliver an electrical signal about its condition continuously or at intervals.Changes due to wear of the resistance in the wearing part, this information can be transmitted to the machine control, in particular the central machine control and/or the line control (e.g. via a cloud solution) and compared with different programs.
- the monitoring device is designed to monitor the wearing part in relation to the additional wear indicator and preferably to output an additional notification signal that differs from the notification signal when the additional wear indicator indicates the additional wear condition.
- the monitoring device can also be designed to monitor the wearing part with respect to the further other wear indicator and preferably to output another other notification signal, which differs from the notification signal and the further notification signal, if the further other wear indicator points to the further other state of wear.
- the wear part can thus preferably be automatically monitored for a number of wear states, as a result of which progressive wear of the wear part can be identified.
- the monitoring device is designed to transmit the notification signal (and possibly any other signal of the monitoring device disclosed herein) visually and/or acoustically and/or haptically and/or to a control unit and/or to a local user interface and/or to output a remote user interface.
- the notification signal (and possibly any other signal of the monitoring device disclosed herein) visually and/or acoustically and/or haptically and/or to a control unit and/or to a local user interface and/or to output a remote user interface.
- the user can be informed about the state of wear and/or for a control unit of the machine in which the wearing part is included to be adapted to the state of wear of the wearing part.
- the user can be informed locally and/or remotely about the state of wear, which, for example, also enables the manufacturer to remotely monitor the machine or the wear part.
- the monitoring device is part of a local (e.g. machine or system) control unit and/or a server-based, preferably web-server-based, remote machine monitoring system.
- the integration with the control unit can allow a responsive and easy adjustment of the operation of the machine depending on the wear of the wear part.
- the remote machine monitoring system can enable the manufacturer to remotely monitor the machine or wear part. This can enable variable manufacturer-side services, since the actual condition of the components/parts of the system reflects the real operating conditions. For example, a query can appear in the remote machine monitoring system for the service employee who can ask about further steps, e.g. B. replacement or manual inspection by the technician on site decides. The latter can also receive the information optionally (e.g. via an app if the manufacturer has previously granted activation). As an alternative or in addition, automated triggering and scheduling of the exchange is even conceivable without human intervention.
- the device further comprises a machine (e.g. a conveyor or a container treatment machine in a container treatment plant), the machine comprising the wearing part.
- a machine e.g. a conveyor or a container treatment machine in a container treatment plant
- the monitoring device is designed to adjust operation of the machine when the wear indicator indicates the state of wear. For example, if the wearing part is heavily worn, the machine can be stopped or the performance or throughput of the machine can be reduced.
- the present disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a wear part, preferably as disclosed herein, e.g. B. by means of a 3D printer, fused layer modelling/manufacturing (FLM), fused filament fabrication (FFF), fused deposition modeling (FDM), SLS multi-material printing, polyjet or stereolithography.
- FLM fused layer modelling/manufacturing
- FFF fused filament fabrication
- FDM fused deposition modeling
- the method includes additively manufacturing, preferably 3D printing, a wear layer of the wear part, which has a wear indicator that is additively manufactured, preferably 3D printed, and designed to indicate a wear condition of the wear part (e.g. visually, electrically and/or haptically) (or to indicate a state of wear of the wearing part), preferably when the wear indicator is exposed and/or worn away due to wear.
- a wear condition of the wear part e.g. visually, electrically and/or haptically
- the method can preferably also include 3D printing of a component interior of the wearing part.
- the wear part, the wear layer, the wear indicator(s) and/or the interior of the component is essentially made of a polymer material additively, preferably 3D printed, preferably with the addition of an ink or a technical additive for coloring and/or to increase electrical conductivity (if desired).
- control unit can refer to electronics (e.g. with microprocessor(s) and data memory) and/or a mechanical, pneumatic and/or hydraulic controller, which, depending on the training, can perform control tasks and/or control tasks and/or Even if the term “control” is used here, “regulations” or “control with feedback” and/or “processing” can also be included or meant.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a computer program product comprising (e.g. at least one computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon) instructions that cause an additive manufacturing device (e.g. 3D printer) to perform a method as disclosed herein or a consumable part such as disclosed herein to be manufactured in a plurality of layers in an additive manufacturing process.
- an additive manufacturing device e.g. 3D printer
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view through an unworn wearing part according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view through an unworn wearing part according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional view through an unworn wearing part according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic sectional view through an unworn wearing part according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 5A shows a schematic sectional view through an unworn wearing part according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
- Figure 5B is a schematic sectional view through the exemplary wear part of Figure 5A in a worn condition
- FIG. 5C shows a schematic sectional view through the exemplary unworn wear part of FIG. 5A under bending stress
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a device for monitoring wear.
- FIGS 1 to 5C show purely schematically a wearing part 10A-10E in different exemplary embodiments.
- the wearing part 10A-10E is preferably used in a container treatment plant for the manufacture, cleaning, testing, filling, sealing, labelling, printing and/or packaging of containers for liquid media, preferably beverages or liquid foodstuffs, includes.
- the wearing part 10A-10E can, for example, be constantly in contact with e.g. B. wear out containers or container closures.
- the wearing part 10A-10E can be a container clamp (e.g. neck handling clamp) for holding a container (e.g. on the container neck or on the container shell), a container guide for guiding containers, a closure channel for guiding container closures, a locking star for interrupting of a container flow, any bushing, any gear, any roller or in general any guide.
- a container clamp e.g. neck handling clamp
- the techniques disclosed herein regarding the consumable 10A-10E are not unique to a container processing facility.
- the consumable 10A-10E can be used in any environment where consumables are used, e.g. B. in any machine, any system, any vehicle, etc.
- the wear part 10A-10E has a wear layer 12A-12E and a component interior 14 .
- the wearing layer 12A-12E partially or completely covers the component interior 14 .
- the wear layer 12A-12E preferably covers at least one side of the interior 14 of the component.
- the wear layer 12A-12E progressively wears away in a direction toward the component interior 14.
- the wear is a progressive loss of material from a surface of the wear layer 12A-12E, typically caused by mechanical causes, e.g. B. by contact and relative movement to a solid, liquid or gaseous counterpart.
- there is a progressive loss of mass (surface abrasion) of the wearing layer 12A-12E e.g. B. by grinding, rolling, hitting, scratching, chemical and thermal stress.
- the wearing part 10A is a 3D printed part in which at least the wear layer 12A-12E is produced by means of 3D printing.
- the interior of the component 14 is preferably also produced by means of additive manufacturing, preferably by means of 3D printing.
- the wear layer 12A-12E (and possibly the component interior 14) is additively manufactured layer by layer, preferably 3D-printed.
- Fused Layer Modeling/Manufacturing FLM or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
- FDM Fused Deposition Modeling
- SLS multi-material printing Polyjet or stereolithography
- Plastic materials e.g. polymers such as polyamide or thermoplastics
- the 3D printer can add so-called functional agents (so-called technical additives) when printing, e.g. B. in the form of inks, etc.
- a special feature of the present disclosure is that the wear layer 12A-12E has at least one wear indicator 18A-32B.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B can be covered by a cover layer 16 of the wearing layer 12A-12E when the wear part 12A-12E is not worn.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B can therefore not be visible from the outside.
- the wear indicator 18A-18E can then, for example, form a component surface of the wear part 10A-10E in the unworn state of the wear part 10A-10E or be included in a component surface of the wear part 10A-10E.
- wear indicators 18A-32B are exposed and worn away. If there is no cover layer 16, the wear indicators 18A-18E are already initially exposed when the wear part 10A-10E is not worn. If several wear indicators 18A-32B are included in the wearing layer 12A-12E, the wear indicators 18A-32B are preferably gradually exposed and removed. Wear layer 12A-12E may be partially or fully formed by wear indicators 18A-32B.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B when they are exposed and/or removed due to wear, they can indicate a respective associated wear condition of the wear part 10A-10E, preferably visually, electrically and/or haptically. If several wear indicators 18A-32B are included, these are preferably exposed and removed one after the other as wear layer 12A-12E wears, so that they can indicate increasing or increased wear states of wear part 10A-10E one after the other.
- the wear indicator of the wear indicators 18A-32B that is arranged closest/closest to the component surface of the wear layer 12A-12E in the unworn state of the wear part 10A-10E can indicate a (first) state of wear.
- the wear indicator of the wear indicators 18A-32B which is arranged the second closest to the component surface of the wearing layer 12A-12E in the unworn state of the wear part 10A-10E, indicates a further or second state of wear.
- the second wear condition indicates wear of the wear layer 12A-12E and wear part 10A-10E that is more advanced than the first wear condition.
- the wear indicator of the wear indicators 18A-32B which is the third closest to the component surface of the wear layer 12A-12E when the wear part 10A-10E is not worn, indicates another other or third wear condition, etc.
- the monitoring of the wearing part 10A-10B in relation to the wear indicators 18A-32B can be carried out manually by a user/technician, for example.
- the user may inspect the consumable 10A-10E at random or predetermined intervals, e.g. B. visually and / or haptically.
- the monitoring of the wear indicators 18A-32B may function with system support and possibly fully automatically, as is described later herein by way of example with reference to FIG.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B can indicate the associated wear condition in different ways.
- the indication can preferably be visual, haptic and/or electrical.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B can preferably be provided at least partially by an electrical conductor, at least sectionally or in layers (single) coloring, structuring, texturing, change in hardness, material change and/or nanoparticle incorporation (in) the wear layer 12A-12E and/or a visual code be educated.
- the foregoing examples may be embodied in a single wear indicator 18A-32B individually or in any combination.
- at least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be colored as well as structured and/or textured.
- the wear indicators 18A-32B are distinct from the topsheet 16 (if present) and the component interior 14, respectively, to distinguish them from one another.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be at least partially formed by an electrical conductor.
- the electrical conductor can preferably be designed as a conductor track or a conductor layer.
- the electrical conductor can be added as an electrically conductive additive (e.g. so-called "agent") during 3D printing to a non-conductive base material (e.g. a polymer) to form the electrical conductor.
- agent electrically conductive additive
- the 3D printer can directly print an electrically conductive material that is integrated or embedded in the remaining wear layer 12A-12E made of a polymer material.
- the polymer material can be dispensed, for example, from a print head or an extrusion nozzle of the 3D printer.
- the electrically conductive material or the electrically conductive additive can be dispensed, for example, from a further print head or a further extrusion nozzle of the 3D printer.
- the wearing layer 12A-12E is preferably an electrical non-conductor (e.g B. with an electrical conductivity of less than 10E-8 S-cm-1).
- the component interior 14 is an electrical N light conductor (e.g. B. with an electrical conductivity of less than 10E-8 S-cm-1).
- the electrical conductor can indicate the associated state of wear, preferably electrically. However, it is also possible for the electrical conductor to visually indicate the associated state of wear, since it is different from its own Environment can settle visually, and / or indicates haptic, since he can noticeably or tactilely separate from its surroundings.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least partially by coloring the wearing layer 12A-12E at least in sections or in layers.
- the color or coloring of the wear layer 12A-12E can be provided in a variety of ways when 3D printing the wear layer 12A-12E.
- differently colored materials preferably plastic materials, can be printed by the 3D printer, e.g. B. from different print heads or extrusion nozzles of the 3D printer.
- a base material preferably a polymer base material, can be colored as desired when printed with different colorants (e.g. in the form of inks, powders or particles) in order to provide the coloring.
- the wear layer 12A-12E is uncolored or otherwise colored apart from the tint(s).
- the interior of the component 14 is preferably also uncolored or colored differently.
- the wear layer 12A-12E is colored in multiple layers or sections for multiple wear indicators, the colors of the multiple colored layers or sections are preferably different.
- a traffic light system eg yellow to red or green to red or green to yellow to red
- a color gradient can be created from a component surface to the component interior 14 through the colored layers or sections.
- the coloring can indicate the associated state of wear, preferably visually.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least partially by structuring and/or texturing the wear layer 12A-12E at least in sections or in layers.
- the structuring and/or texturing can be created directly as a two- or three-dimensional geometry (e.g. lattice structure) during 3D printing.
- the wear layer 12A-12E is preferably structured and/or textured differently apart from the structuring and/or texturing.
- the component interior 14 is preferably also structured and/or textured differently. If the wearing layer 12A-12E is structured and/or textured in several layers or sections for several wear indicators, the structuring and/or texturing of the several structured and/or textured layers or sections are preferably different.
- the structuring and/or texturing can visually and/or haptically indicate the assigned state of wear.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least partially by a change in hardness of the wear layer 12A-12E, at least in sections or in layers.
- hardening or hardness reduction (softening) of the wear layer 12A can be effected by 3D printing of different hard materials.
- the 3D printer can optionally print a first material (e.g., a polymer) or a second material (e.g., a different polymer) that are different in hardness, such that areas or Layers of wear layer 12A-12E can be created with different hardness.
- the different hard (soft) materials can be delivered, for example, from different print heads or extrusion nozzles of the 3D printer.
- the wearing layer 12A-12E preferably has a different, preferably homogeneous, hardness apart from the hardness-changed area or the hardness-changed layer.
- the component interior 14 preferably has a different hardness than the hardness-changed area or the hardness-changed layer. If the wear layer 12A-12E has several layers or sections with a different hardness, these are preferably hardened differently. For example, a hardness gradient from hard to soft or from soft to hard can be created from a component surface to the component interior 14 through the hardened layers or sections. The change in hardness can haptically indicate the associated state of wear.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least partially by a change in the material of the wear layer 12A-12E, at least in sections or in layers.
- a change in the material of wear layer 12A can be brought about by 3D printing of different materials.
- the 3D printer may optionally print a first material (e.g., a polymer) or a second material (e.g., a different polymer) such that portions or layers of wear layer 12A-12E can be made with different materials.
- the different materials can, for example, be dispensed from different print heads or extrusion nozzles of the 3D printer.
- a base material preferably a polymer base material
- the wear layer 12A-12E preferably comprises a different material apart from the material-changed area or the material-changed layer.
- the component interior 14 preferably has a different material than the material-changed areas or layers. If the wear layer 12A-12E has a plurality of material-changed layers or sections, these preferably have different materials.
- the material change can indicate the associated state of wear, for example visually, haptically and/or electrically.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least partially by an incorporation of nanoparticles, at least in sections or in layers, in the wear layer 12A-12E.
- the 3D printer may or may not include nanoparticles in the form of an add-on additive.
- the nanoparticle deposits can change the material properties.
- the wearing layer 12A-12E preferably has no nanoparticle deposits apart from the areas or layers of the wear indicator mentioned.
- the component interior 14 preferably has no nanoparticle deposits.
- the nanoparticle deposits can indicate the associated state of wear, for example visually, haptically and/or electrically.
- At least one of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be formed at least in part by a visual code.
- the visual code can be created directly as two or three dimensional geometry in 3D printing.
- the visual code may include a color code, a bar code (e.g., barcode), or an area code (e.g., QR code).
- the wear layer 12A-12E has no visual code other than the visual code.
- the component interior 14 preferably has no visual code.
- the visual code can visually and/or haptically indicate the assigned state of wear.
- a height of the wear indicators 18A-32B in a direction perpendicular to the overlying component surface of the wear layer 12A-12E can be selected depending on the application.
- the level of the wear indicators 18A-32B can be set individually for each wear part 10A-10E, since there are components for which more wear is permitted and others that hardly allow any wear.
- wear indicators 18A-32B may have a very low height, e.g. B. in the two-digit pm range (e.g. from 80 pm and/or with 10E-8 S-cm-1) or in the three-digit pm range.
- FIGS. 1 to 5C are described in succession below.
- the number of respective wear indicators 18A-32B can be varied, depending on requirements.
- the design of the respective wear indicators 18A-32B can also be varied, depending on requirements.
- FIG. 1 shows the wear part 10A with the wear layer 12A, which is formed from the optional top layer 16 and the wear indicators 18A, 20A and 22A.
- Wear indicators 18A, 20A, 22A are each layers or portions of layers of wear layer 12A. In a direction from the outside to the component interior 14, the wear indicator 18A follows the top layer 16.
- the wear indicator 20A follows the wear indicator 18A.
- the wear indicator 22A follows the wear indicator 20A.
- the component interior 14 follows the wear indicator 22A. As wear progresses, wear indicator 18A is first exposed and removed. Then the wear indicator 20A is exposed and worn away. Finally, the wear indicator 22A is exposed and worn away.
- the wear indicators 18A, 20A, 22A are preferably designed as different colorings of the wearing layer 12A.
- the wear indicators 18A, 20A, 22A can thus visually indicate the respective state of wear.
- the wear indicators 18A, 20A, 22A can preferably have the colors of a traffic light system.
- the wear indicator 18A can be green.
- the wear indicator 20A can be yellow, for example.
- the wear indicator 20A when the wear indicator 20A is exposed due to wear, it can indicate that the wear part 10A is already noticeably worn or has a medium degree of wear, but is still functional.
- the wear indicator 22A may be red.
- the cover layer 16 and the component interior 14 can preferably not be colored or can be colored with a different color.
- FIG. 2 shows the wear part 10B with the wear layer 12B, which is formed from the optional top layer 16 and the wear indicators 18B, 20B, 22B, 24B, 26B, 28B, 30B, 32B.
- Wear indicators 18B, 20B, 22B, 24B, 26B, 28B, 30B, 32B are each plies or portions of plies of wear layer 12B.
- the wear indicator 18B follows the top layer 16.
- the wear indicator 20B follows the wear indicator 18B, etc. As wear progresses, the wear indicator 18B is first exposed and worn away, etc.
- the wear indicators 18B, 20B, 22B, 24B, 26B, 28B, 30B, 32B are preferably designed as different colorings of the wearing layer 12B.
- the wear indicators 18B, 20B, 22B, 24B, 26B, 28B, 30B, 32B can thus indicate the respective state of wear visually.
- the wear indicators 18B, 20B, 22B, 24B, 26B, 28B, 30B, 32B can preferably depict a color spectrum, e.g. B. from blue for the wear indicator 18B to red for the wear indicator 32B.
- the wear indicator 18B can be dark blue, the wear indicator 20B light blue, wear indicator 22B dark green, wear indicator 24B light green, wear indicator 26B yellow, wear indicator 28B orange, wear indicator 30B light red and/or wear indicator 32B dark red.
- the cover layer 16 and the component interior 14 can preferably not be colored or can be colored with a different color.
- FIG. 3 shows the wear part IOC with the wear layer 12C, which is formed from the optional top layer 16 and the wear indicators 18C and 20C.
- Wear indicators 18C and 20C are each layers or portions of layers of wear layer 12C. In a direction from the outside to the component interior 14, the wear indicator 18C follows the cover layer 16. The wear indicator 20C follows the wear indicator 18C, etc. As wear progresses, the wear indicator 18C is first exposed and removed, etc.
- the wear indicators 18C, 20C are preferably designed as different colorings of the wearing layer 12B.
- the wear indicators 18C, 20C can thus visually indicate the respective state of wear.
- the wear indicator 18C can preferably have a manufacturer-specific, e.g. B. trademarked, have color, z. B. a dark blue.
- the wear indicator 18C when exposed, can thus indicate a wear condition that is acceptable and does not require replacement of the wear part IOC.
- the wear indicator 20C can preferably have a warning color, e.g. B. yellow, orange or red.
- the wear indicator 20C can thus indicate a state of wear when it is uncovered, in which a replacement of the wearing part IOC is required.
- the cover layer 16 and the component interior 14 can preferably not be colored or can be colored with a different color.
- the respective wear indicators 18A-20C can be formed in addition or as an alternative to the coloring, for example by an electrical conductor, structuring, texturing, a material change, nanoparticle incorporation and/or a visual code.
- FIG. 4 shows the wear part 10D with the wear layer 12D, which is formed from the optional top layer 16 and the wear indicators 18D, 20D and 22D.
- the wear indicators 18D, 20D, 22D are each visual codes having individually colored, discrete and spaced apart areas per ply. In a direction from the outside to the component interior 14, the wear indicator 18D follows the cover layer 16. The wear indicator 20D follows the wear indicator 18D, etc. As wear progresses, the wear indicator 18D is first exposed and removed, etc. For example, wear indicator 18D may include multiple spaced green areas in a layer. The wear indicator 20D may have multiple spaced yellow areas in a layer. The wear indicator 22D may have multiple spaced red areas in one layer. Optionally, the wear indicators 18D, 20D, 22D can each have alternative or additional colors. The cover layer 16 and the component interior 14 can preferably not be colored or can be colored with a different color.
- the wear indicators 18D-22D can be formed in addition to or as an alternative to the visual codes, for example by an electrical conductor, structuring, texturing, a material change and/or nanoparticle incorporation.
- FIG. 5A shows the wear part 10E with the wear layer 12E, which is formed from the optional top layer 16 and the wear indicator 18E.
- the wear indicator 18E is embodied as a ply or sheet-like portion of a ply of the wear layer 12C.
- the wear indicator 18E can, for example, be printed into the wear layer 12E by means of the additives mentioned and overprinted with the top layer 16 .
- the wear indicator 18E follows the cover layer 16.
- the component interior 14 follows the wear indicator 18E. As wear progresses, the wear indicator 18E is exposed and worn away. Then the component interior 14 is exposed and removed.
- the wear indicator 18E is designed as an electrical conductor, e.g. B. a conductor layer or a conductor track executed.
- the wear indicator 18E can be integrated in an electric circuit. If the wear indicator 18E, as shown in FIG. 5B, has been worn away (e.g. at a point or over an area), the corresponding electric circuit is changed or interrupted. This can then lead, for example, to the generation of a warning signal that indicates the wear of the wearing part 10E.
- the cover layer 16 and the component interior 14 can preferably be electrical non-conductors. In this context, the changing conductivity of the wear indicator 18E can also be monitored as it wears away, so that a statement can also be made about the progressive course of the wear.
- the wearing part 10E is exposed to different loads (e.g. bending, twisting, stretching, upsetting, etc.) during operation.
- loads e.g. bending, twisting, stretching, upsetting, etc.
- These stresses or strains can cause the wear indicator 18E to deform (e.g., bend, twist, stretch, compress, etc.) temporarily or permanently, which can result in a change in the electrical properties of the wear indicator 18E.
- the wear indicator 18E deforms its electrical resistance can change.
- This change can be measured and evaluated, so that a load condition of the wearing part 10E can be inferred, e.g. B. comparable to a strain gauge). For example, it can thus be detected when a maximum permissible deformation of the wear part 10E has been exceeded, so that maintenance of the machine or replacement of the wear part 10E may be necessary.
- load cycles can be monitored. For example, through a change in resistance during deformation, the load cycles can also be counted, for example. This allows a statement to be made about the number of changes in shape and thus about the expected service life.
- FIG. 6 shows a device 34 for monitoring the wear of the wearing part 10 in a machine 36.
- the wearing part 10 can be designed, for example, like one of the wearing parts 10A-10E explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5C.
- the device 34 has a monitoring device 38 .
- the monitoring device 38 is designed to monitor the wear part 10 in relation to its wear indicator(s).
- the monitoring device 38 can preferably emit an information signal when a wear indicator indicates the respective state of wear.
- monitoring device 38 can be connected to various other systems.
- the device 34 can have an optical sensor 40 if the at least one wear indicator of the wear part 10 is designed as an electrical conductor.
- the optical sensor 40 can be embodied as a camera, for example.
- the optical sensor 40 can be arranged in the machine 36 for detecting the wearing part 10, preferably the wear layer of the wearing part 10, in its position of use.
- the optical sensor 40 can detect the wearing part 10 during operation and/or during breaks in the operation of the machine 36 . Detection signals from the optical sensor 40 can be transmitted to the monitoring device 38 and evaluated by the monitoring device 38 .
- the wear indicator becomes exposed due to wear of the consumable 10, the signal from the optical sensor 40 may indicate the wear indicator.
- the monitoring device 38 can use the wear indicator to be detected in a signal from the optical sensor 40, e.g. B. by means of an image recognition algorithm (e.g. color recognition algorithm, color code recognition algorithm, structure recognition algorithm, texture recognition algorithm, etc.).
- an image recognition algorithm e.g. color recognition algorithm, color code recognition algorithm, structure recognition
- the device 34 can have an electrical circuit 42 if the at least one wear indicator of the wear part 10 is designed to output an electrical message.
- the electrical circuit 42 is connected to the wear indicator (or indicators) in an unworn condition of the consumable 10 .
- the monitoring device 38 monitors at least one electrical parameter (e.g. resistance, current, voltage) of the electrical circuit 42 during operation and/or during breaks in operation of the machine 36 in which the wearing part 10 is included.
- the monitoring device 38 can output a warning signal. It is also possible that the monitoring device 38 with a, preferably permanent, change in an electrical parameter of the electrical circuit 42, z. B. caused by partial removal of the wear indicator or by complete removal of one of the wear indicators to output a (z. B. another) warning signal.
- the monitoring device 38 can determine a load condition of the wearing part 10 as a function of an amount of the temporary change in the event of a preferably temporary change in the electrical parameter of the electrical circuit.
- the monitoring device 38 can output a signal that indicates the load condition determined.
- the monitoring device 38 can output a signal if the load condition determined is greater than a predefined maximum load condition.
- the specified maximum load condition can be specified for each wearing part, e.g. B. as a value stored in the monitor 38.
- the monitoring device 38 can determine (e.g. count) a number of load cycles as a function of a number of, preferably temporary, changes in the electrical parameter.
- the monitoring device 38 can output a signal that indicates the number of load cycles and/or a signal if the determined number of load cycles is greater than a predefined maximum number of load cycles.
- the specified number of load cycles can be specified for each wearing part, e.g. B. as a value stored in the monitor 38.
- the monitoring device 38 can output the notification signal or the notification signals and possibly further signals to be output depending on the requirement and configuration of the device 10 .
- device 34 may include a local user interface 44, a remote user interface 46, and/or a controller 48.
- the monitoring device 38 can output the notification signal and, if necessary, other signals to be output visually, acoustically and/or haptically by means of the local user interface 44 .
- the local user interface 44 may preferably be a machine user interface of the machine 36 or a plant user interface of a plant in which the machine 36 is included.
- the monitoring device 38 can output the notification signal and, if necessary, other signals to be output to the remote user interface 46 .
- the remote user interface 46 may be located at a manufacturer of the machine 36 or consumable 10, for example.
- the remote user interface 44 can be reached, for example, by means of a web server-based connection, e.g. B. using TCP/IP or another Internet-enabled protocol.
- the monitoring device 38 can output the information signal and possibly other signals to be output to a control unit 48 of the machine 36 .
- the controller 48 may adjust operation of the machine 36 when the alert signal is received. For example, the controller 48 may stop the machine 36 or reduce power when the notification signal indicates that the wear layer of the consumable 10 has been completely removed and/or that the consumable 10 is to be replaced.
- the monitoring device 38 may be part of the local control unit 48 or a server-based, preferably web-server-based, remote machine monitoring system.
- the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described above. Rather, a large number of variants and modifications are possible, which also make use of the idea of the invention and therefore fall within the scope of protection.
- the invention also claims protection for the subject matter and the features of the subclaims independently of the claims referred to.
- the individual features of independent claim 1 are each disclosed independently of one another.
- the features of the subclaims are also independent of all features of independent claim 1 and, for example, independent of the features relating to the presence and/or the configuration of the component interior, wear layer and/or wear indicator of independent claim 1. All ranges herein are to be understood as disclosed such that all values falling within each range are disclosed individually, e.g. B. also as the respective preferred narrower outer limits of the respective area.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020134672.7A DE102020134672A1 (de) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Verschleißteil, Herstellungsverfahren und Vorrichtung zur Überwachung eines Verschleißzustands |
| PCT/EP2021/085024 WO2022135960A1 (de) | 2020-12-22 | 2021-12-09 | VERSCHLEIßTEIL, HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR ÜBERWACHUNG EINES VERSCHLEIßZUSTANDS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4268032A1 true EP4268032A1 (de) | 2023-11-01 |
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| EP21839057.3A Pending EP4268032A1 (de) | 2020-12-22 | 2021-12-09 | VERSCHLEIßTEIL, HERSTELLUNGSVERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR ÜBERWACHUNG EINES VERSCHLEIßZUSTANDS |
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| US (1) | US20240053226A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4268032A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN116745098A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102020134672A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2022135960A1 (de) |
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| CA3189541A1 (en) * | 2020-07-23 | 2022-01-27 | Prok Conveyor Components Pty Ltd | Conveyor roller tube |
| WO2025016754A1 (de) * | 2023-07-20 | 2025-01-23 | Aufbereitungstechnologie Noll Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von sichterrädern, rotoren und statoren sowie maschinen- und lagergehäuse, auch mit kühl- oder heizkanälen für windsichter und zerkleinerungseinrichtungen, insbesondere sichtermühlen und prallstrommühlen, zum fraktionieren, mikronisieren, vermahlen und homogenisieren unterschiedlicher, auch ansatzfreudiger und klebriger güter |
| DE102024111457A1 (de) | 2024-04-24 | 2025-10-30 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Zahnrad, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen Verwendung |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE452911B (sv) | 1984-07-06 | 1987-12-21 | Birger Alvelid | Forfarande for framstellning av tillstandsgivare for mekaniska komponenter, jemte dylika mekaniska komponenter |
| US5601180A (en) * | 1995-06-08 | 1997-02-11 | Steeber; Dorian F. | Conveyor apparatus having a belt and object guide with a nodular contact surface |
| US7405818B2 (en) * | 1998-06-03 | 2008-07-29 | Ralph Heinzen | Self monitoring static seal with optical sensor |
| US20160200520A1 (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2016-07-14 | Rexnord Flattop Europe B.V. | Conveyor module, conveyor mat or chain, method for monitoring wear of a conveyor element, and conveyor system |
| US9476689B2 (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2016-10-25 | Dash Llc | Wear indication devices, and related assemblies and methods |
| AU2015100473A4 (en) * | 2014-08-04 | 2015-05-14 | Ezifix Mining Solutions Pty Ltd | Conveyor roller monitoring apparatus |
| US20160336149A1 (en) * | 2015-05-15 | 2016-11-17 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Chamber component with wear indicator |
| DE102015115821A1 (de) * | 2015-09-18 | 2017-03-23 | Dyemansion Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen und zur Oberflächenbehandlung eines Formteils |
| JP6524345B2 (ja) * | 2016-01-28 | 2019-06-05 | ヒューレット−パッカード デベロップメント カンパニー エル.ピー.Hewlett‐Packard Development Company, L.P. | 摩耗インジケータを表すデータ |
| US10060099B2 (en) * | 2016-06-10 | 2018-08-28 | Caterpillar, Inc. | Wear indicator for a wear member of a tool |
| US20180061696A1 (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-03-01 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Edge ring or process kit for semiconductor process module |
| DE102017216579B4 (de) * | 2017-09-19 | 2019-06-19 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Fertigungsvorrichtung |
| DE102017219542A1 (de) * | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-09 | Krones Ag | Auflageteller zum Positionieren von Behältern |
| WO2019161902A1 (de) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-08-29 | Telsonic Holding Ag | Vorrichtung zum bearbeiten von werkstücken mittels vibrationen |
| DE102018107998B4 (de) * | 2018-04-05 | 2020-06-04 | Bystronic Laser Ag | Biegewerkzeug, Maschinentisch und Anschlagelement für eine Biegemaschine, Biegemaschine und Verfahren zur Verschleißerkennung |
| FR3090601B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-21 | 2021-12-17 | Gebo Cermex Canada | Dispositif de convoyage de produits avec indicateur d'usure |
| US11254112B2 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2022-02-22 | Stryker Corporation | Cover with wear detection properties |
-
2020
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2021
- 2021-12-09 CN CN202180086631.8A patent/CN116745098A/zh active Pending
- 2021-12-09 EP EP21839057.3A patent/EP4268032A1/de active Pending
- 2021-12-09 US US18/268,274 patent/US20240053226A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-09 WO PCT/EP2021/085024 patent/WO2022135960A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2022135960A1 (de) | 2022-06-30 |
| CN116745098A (zh) | 2023-09-12 |
| DE102020134672A1 (de) | 2022-06-23 |
| US20240053226A1 (en) | 2024-02-15 |
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