EP4267993A1 - Dispositif de détection comportant différentes couches de scintillation - Google Patents
Dispositif de détection comportant différentes couches de scintillationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4267993A1 EP4267993A1 EP21840061.2A EP21840061A EP4267993A1 EP 4267993 A1 EP4267993 A1 EP 4267993A1 EP 21840061 A EP21840061 A EP 21840061A EP 4267993 A1 EP4267993 A1 EP 4267993A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- detector
- neutrons
- rank
- proximal face
- scintillation
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T3/00—Measuring neutron radiation
- G01T3/06—Measuring neutron radiation with scintillation detectors
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is the characterization of a radioactive object capable of emitting neutrons.
- waste from the nuclear industry requires means of control, sometimes sophisticated, in order to meet regulatory requirements as well as direct the controlled waste to appropriate storage or disposal channels.
- Dismantling operations of nuclear facilities dedicated to enrichment, fuel fabrication, or reprocessing generate waste comprising isotopes that emit a or emit neutrons by spontaneous fission. It may for example be 242 Cm or 244 Cm, which have a high probability of spontaneous fission, or a-emitting isotopes such as 238 Pu, 240 Pu or 242 Pu.
- neutrons are also emitted by reaction (a, n), in particular when an a emitter is emitted near a light element (atomic number ⁇ 17), for example fluorine or oxygen.
- neutron measurement devices make it possible to discriminate between a neutron resulting from a spontaneous fission and a neutron resulting from an (a,n) reaction by means of devices of the temporal coincidence analysis type.
- Neutrons detected in temporal coincidence are considered to result from spontaneous fission.
- Neutrons detected in isolation are considered to come from an (a,n) reaction: these are generally considered as non-informative.
- the object to be characterized is irradiated by neutrons or by high energy photons.
- the object contains a fissile (for example 235 U) or fertile (for example 238 U) isotope
- the irradiation neutron or photonic generates an emission of neutrons, the quantity of neutrons emitted depending on the quantity of fissile or fertile isotope irradiated.
- a large number of neutron measurement devices implement neutron counters, of the 3 He proportional counter type, the latter being confined in envelopes made of a moderating material.
- the moderator material makes it possible to thermalize the neutrons before their detection. Indeed, the efficiency of this type of detector is very good for thermal neutrons, whose energy is less than 0.5 eV.
- Detectors of the organic scintillator type can also be implemented. These detectors are essentially sensitive to fast neutrons. Their principle is based on the transfer of all or part of the energy of a detected neutron to the scintillator material, in the form of a recoil nucleus. In organic scintillators, neutron energy is transferred to a hydrogen nucleus (recoil proton). The latter excites the molecules of the scintillator material, which results in an emission of scintillation photons, generally in the visible range.
- organic scintillators have the disadvantage that they are also very sensitive to gamma photons.
- the isotopes capable of emitting neutrons also emit gamma photons, or are generally mixed with gamma-emitting isotopes.
- the addition, in the organic scintillators, of isotopes favorable to neutron capture, for example of the (n,a) type, generating an emission of a charged particle, makes it possible to confer a certain sensitivity with regard to thermal neutrons.
- the inventors have designed a detection device, based on the use of such organic scintillators, suitable for checking objects likely to comprise neutron-emitting isotopes.
- a first object of the invention is a device for characterizing a radioactive object, the radioactive object being capable of emitting neutrons, the device comprising N detectors, N being an integer strictly greater than 1, each detector comprising:
- a scintillation layer formed of an organic scintillator and allowing formation of scintillation photons under the effect of an interaction with a fast neutron;
- a photodetector configured to detect the scintillation photons generated in the scintillation layer; the device comprising a proximal face, intended to be placed facing the object to be characterized; the device being characterized in that:
- the detectors are arranged respectively at different distances from the proximal face
- each detector is assigned a rank n, between 1 and N, the rank being an integer representing a distance between the detector and the proximal face, the rank being all the higher as the distance between the detector and the proximal face is elevated;
- the scintillation layer of at least one detector, of rank n ⁇ N is interposed between the proximal face and the scintillation layer of another detector, of rank greater than n such that neutrons, propagating, from the object, towards the scintillation layer of the detector of rank higher than n, are thermalized by crossing the scintillation layer of rank n.
- the detector closest to the proximal face is a rank 1 detector; each detector of rank n, n being greater than 1, is separated from the proximal face by n-1 detectors; such that neutrons, emitted by the object and reaching the detector of rank n, propagate through the respective n-1 scintillation layers of said n-1 detectors.
- the photodetector of each detector is configured to form pulses, each pulse resulting from an interaction of a neutron in the scintillation layer; the photodetector of each detector is connected to an electronic spectrometry circuit, the electronic spectrometry circuit being configured to form a spectrum, the spectrum corresponding to a histogram of the amplitudes of the pulses resulting from the photodetector.
- At least one scintillation layer is formed of an organic scintillator, allowing detection of fast neutrons, the organic scintillator having been the subject of an addition of an isotope suitable for detection of thermal neutrons.
- the isotope added in the scintillation layer is capable of capturing a thermal neutron, the capture leading to the emission of a charged particle, in particular an alpha particle.
- the isotope can be s Li and/or 10 B.
- each detector is connected to an electronic discrimination circuit, configured to distinguish the pulses generated, in the scintillation layer, by the fast neutrons and the thermal neutrons.
- Each scintillation layer can be a plate, the different scintillation layers of the different detectors extending, parallel to the proximal face, being superimposed on each other.
- each scintillation layer in a direction perpendicular to the proximal face, can be between 1 cm and 10 cm.
- a second object of the invention is a method for characterizing an object, using a device according to the first object of the invention, in which each detector is connected to an electronic circuit configured to process detected pulses by the photodetector of said detector, the method comprising: a) placing the object facing the proximal face; b) acquisition of measurements, resulting from each electronic circuit; c) characterization of the object using the measurements.
- the object can be placed on a support, facing the proximal face.
- the object can be a wall, the proximal face being arranged facing the wall.
- each scintillation layer is formed of an organic scintillator, allowing detection of fast neutrons, the organic scintillator having been the subject of an addition of an isotope suitable for detection of thermal neutrons;
- each detection circuit comprises a discriminator circuit, so as to separate pulses, detected by each photodetector, corresponding respectively to fast neutrons or to thermal neutrons;
- the characterization of the object is carried out from counting rates, resulting from each detection circuit, of pulses corresponding respectively to fast neutrons or to thermal neutrons.
- each detection circuit is configured to form a pulse amplitude spectrum corresponding to fast neutrons
- the characterization of the object is carried out from the amplitude spectrum resulting from each detection circuit.
- Step a) can be preceded by irradiation of the object by neutrons or photons, so that the measurements resulting from step b) result from neutrons emitted by fission, in the object (3) , under the effect of irradiation.
- Figures IA and IB show an example of a device according to the invention.
- FIG. 2A shows a pulse resulting from a detection of a photon (solid line) and a pulse resulting from a detection of a neutron (dotted lines).
- FIG. 2B represents a cloud of points, each point corresponding to a detected pulse.
- Each pulse is parameterized by a total load (axis of abscissas), and a comparison (axis of ordinates) between a load of a tail of the pulse and the total load.
- FIG. 2C schematizes the main steps of a method for characterizing an object using a device according to the invention.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B represent probabilities of detection of neutrons emitted in coincidence (axis of ordinates) as a function of a time interval separating two detected pulses (axis of abscissas).
- Figures 3A and 3B address detected fast and thermal neutrons respectively.
- FIG. 4A schematizes an embodiment in which a neutron or photon source irradiates an object to be characterized, the irradiation inducing neutron emission.
- FIG. 4B diagrams an embodiment in which the device is used as a wall control.
- FIGS 5A and 5B show other examples of device according to the invention.
- Figures IA and IB represent a measuring device 1 allowing characterization of an object 3.
- the object to be characterized is formed by waste, for example waste from operation or dismantling operations of a nuclear facility.
- the object 3 is likely to contain a-emitting radionuclides.
- ⁇ emitters can potentially emit neutrons by spontaneous fission. Depending on the presence of light elements in their vicinity, the a emitters can lead to the emission of a neutron by reaction (a,n).
- characterization it is meant an identification of the neutron-emitting radionuclides in the object, and possibly a quantification of their activity.
- the characterization generally supposes a determination of a quantity of neutrons emitted by the object as a function of the energy, that is to say an energy distribution of the neutrons emitted by the object.
- the quantity of neutrons is usually reduced to a unit of time: it is generally a number of neutrons emitted per second, which corresponds to an emission rate.
- Energy can be discretized into energy channels.
- the quantity of neutrons emitted as a function of the energy corresponds to an emission spectrum.
- An emission spectrum is a concept known to those skilled in the art. This is a histogram representing a quantity of neutrons emitted in different energy channels, each energy channel corresponding to an energy band, usually designated by the English term “energy bin”.
- Knowledge of the emission spectrum makes it possible to identify the type of radionuclide contained in the object. Indeed, an emission spectrum constitutes a signature specific to each radionuclide, allowing identification.
- the emission spectrum can also make it possible to quantify the activity of the radionuclide, identified by its emission spectrum, in the object.
- the object 3 is placed on a support 2.
- the measuring device 1 comprises N detectors 10 n , N being an integer strictly greater than 1.
- N is generally between 2 and 10.
- the measuring device comprises a proximal face 10 p , intended to be placed next to object 3 to characterize.
- Each detector 10 n extends at a distance d n from the proximal face.
- the N detectors extend respectively at different distances d n from the proximal face 10 p , each distance d n being determined parallel to an axis Z perpendicular to the proximal face 10 p .
- the rank n of each detector 10 n is assigned such that the greater the distance d n between a detector 10 n , the higher the rank.
- Each detector 10 n comprises a scintillator material, forming a flax scintillation layer, connected to a photodetector 12 n .
- each 12 n photodetector is a photomultiplier tube.
- the coupling of scintillating materials to photodetectors is well known in the field of nuclear measurement. In the field of neutron measurement, recourse to organic scintillator materials, for example plastic scintillators, is frequent.
- a light pulse is emitted in the scintillation layer ll n , the intensity of which depends on an energy released by the neutron or the gamma photon during the interaction.
- the 12 n photodetector detects the light pulse and generates an electric pulse whose amplitude depends on the intensity of the light pulse, the latter depending on the energy released by the neutron or the gamma photon during the interaction.
- Each scintillation layer ll n can be formed, without limitation, of an organic polystyrene (CsH 8 ) scintillator, or a scintillator of the stilbene (C14H12) or anthracene (C14H10) type.
- Each scintillation layer ll n can be in solid form, the scintillator being a plastic scintillator.
- the scintillation layer can also comprise an organic scintillator in liquid form, in which case the latter is kept in a confinement envelope.
- the thickness of each scintillation layer can be between 1 cm and 10 cm.
- Organic scintillators are known to exhibit high detection sensitivity to fast neutrons. Their principle is based on the transfer of all or part of the neutron energy to the scintillator material, in the form of a recoil nucleus. In organic scintillators, energy is transferred to a hydrogen nucleus (recoil proton). The latter excites the molecules of the scintillator material, which results in an emission of photons, generally in the visible range.
- organic scintillators have the disadvantage that they are also very sensitive to gamma photons. It is however possible to carry out, by digital or analog processing, a discrimination between pulses, detected by the photodetector, and corresponding respectively to neutrons or to photons.
- each detector 10 n is coupled to an electronic circuit 13 n , configured to process the pulses generated by the photodetector 12 n connected to the scintillation layer 11 n .
- the electronic circuits 13i, 13 n , 13 N respectively associated with the detectors 10i, 10 n , 10 N have been represented.
- FIG. 2A schematizes a pulse detected respectively following an interaction of a photon in the scintillator material (solid line curve) or following an interaction of a neutron in the scintillator material (dotted curve).
- the pulse is affected by a “tail”, or “trail”, usually designated by the Anglo-Saxon term “tail”.
- a ratio can be determined where :
- Q tot corresponds to the total charge detected, that is to say to the integral of the pulse;
- Qtaii corresponds to the proportion of Q tot corresponding to the “trail” of the pulse: cf. hatched portion of Figure 2A.
- FIG. 2B represents a cloud of points representing, for various interactions detected, the ratio (axis of the ordinates) as a function of the total charge detected Q tot (axis
- the detected interactions are due either to a y photon or to a fast neutron. Each interaction corresponds to a point in the point cloud.
- Qtot causes the pulses resulting from interactions of y photons in an organic scintillator to be relatively symmetric, and strongly distributed in amplitude.
- the electronic circuit 13 n connected to each detector 10 n comprises: an amplifier 14 n , allowing shaping of the pulse generated by the detector 10 n ; a discriminator 15 n , allowing a determination of the total charge Q tot detected by each pulse as well as the part Q ta u of the total charge corresponding to a tail of the pulse. Based on Q tot and the pulse is assigned either to a Qtot photon y, or to a fast neutron. In the context of this application, only the pulses corresponding to fast neutrons are kept.
- FIG. 1B shows the amplifiers 14i, 14 n , 14 N and the discriminators 15i, 15 n and 15 N of the respective electronic circuits 13i, 13 n , 13 N .
- each detector 10 n “insensitive”, or not very sensitive, to photons y, whether they are gamma photons emitted by the object 3 or by ambient gamma photons.
- the measuring device 1 can thus be used to characterize objects comprising gamma-emitting radionuclides.
- each detection layer ll n is formed from a material of the organic scintillator type, having previously undergone the addition of an isotope suitable for neutron capture causing emission of a charged particle, and in particular a capture of the type ( n / A).
- the isotope can for example be s Li. More generally, the added isotope allows emission of a charged particle, in the organic scintillator, under the effect of exposure to thermalized neutron radiation.
- s Li for example in the form of lithium carboxylate, in an organic polystyrene scintillator, has been described in the publication Frangville C.
- the lithium carboxylate can in particular be lithium aValerate.
- the mass fraction of s Li incorporated in the polystyrene matrix can be between 0.05% and 3%, for example 1.7%. It is also referred to as an s Li-doped plastic scintillator.
- the added isotope can also be 10 B. Isotopes such as s Li or 10 B are known to emit a particles when subjected to a thermal neutron flux, by reaction (n,a). Coupling with a scintillator material allows detection of the a particle.
- the scintillator may be an organic scintillator in the liquid state, which can be doped with s Li and/or 10 B.
- the fast neutrons form an energy-distributed zone (variable Q tot ), with a relatively high ratio, close to 0.2. This translates the fact that the Qtot pulses resulting from fast neutron interactions in an organic scintillator doped with s Li are asymmetrical, and distributed in amplitude.
- the zone corresponding to the fast neutrons is identified by the label “nf” in FIG. 2B.
- the slow neutrons form a zone with little energy distribution (Q tot relatively constant), with a ratio relatively high, between 0.2 and 0.3.
- the Qtot zone corresponding to thermal neutrons is identified by the “n-th” label in FIG. 2B.
- the measuring device makes it possible to measure, for each 10 n detector, a quantity of interaction detected, generally expressed in the form of a counting rate (number of interactions detected per second), for fast neutrons and thermal neutrons . Subsequently, for each detector, the thermal or rapid counting rates resulting from the same 10 n detector are respectively denoted CRT n and CRF n .
- An important aspect of the measuring device 1 is that, for each detector 10 n of rank n > 1, a scintillation layer 11 n ⁇ of a detector 10 n ⁇ , with n′ ⁇ n, extends between the proximal face 10p and the scintillation layer ll n of the 10 n detector.
- the scintillation layer 11 n of at least one detector 10 n , of rank n ⁇ N is interposed between the proximal face 10 p and the scintillation layer of another detector, of rank greater than n.
- a scintillation layer 11 n of rank n acts on the one hand as a detector medium for the detector 10 n , but also as a thermalizing medium for neutrons detected by a detector of higher rank.
- thermalizing medium is meant a medium making it possible to lower the energy of the neutrons, in particular by elastic scattering.
- each scintillation layer 11 n is interposed between the proximal face and the scintillation layers of each detector of rank greater than n.
- the incident neutrons in a scintillation layer of given rank n are slowed down by the n-1 scintillation layers ll n of rank less than n. Therefore, more the higher the rank of a detector 10 n , the more the incident neutrons at the scintillation layer ll n of this detector are thermalized, due to their propagation through the n-1 scintillation layers extending between the proximal face 10 p and the scintillation layer ll n .
- the detectors are joined to each other, so that when l ⁇ n ⁇ N a detector of rank n is interposed between a detector of rank n-1 and a detector of rank n+1.
- the detectors can be spaced apart, either by air or by a thermalizing material.
- the fact of interposing a thermalizing material between two scintillation layers 11 n , 11 n +i of two detectors of successive ranks 10 n , 10 n +i makes it possible to reinforce the effect of thermalization of the neutrons between the two detectors.
- the thermalizing material can be chosen from the materials usually used for this purpose, for example polyethylene or graphite.
- the inventors have estimated counting rates CRF n and CRT n respectively measured by three 10 n detectors whose scintillation layer ll n is parallelepipedic in size 20 cmx20 cmx5 cm, the thickness 5 cm designating the dimension in the direction perpendicular to the proximal face 10 p .
- the controlled object was supposed to contain either 240 Pu or 244 Cm, at a distance of 1 cm from the proximal face, and centered with respect to the latter.
- Each modeled scintillation layer had polystyrene doped with a mass fraction of 0.05% sLi .
- the modeling was carried out using the computer code MCNP 6.2, known to those skilled in the art, by considering a single neutron emission direction, perpendicular to the proximal face 10 p .
- the quantities modeled were respectively the reaction rates (n,T) and (n,p).
- the (n,T) reaction corresponds to the (n,a) reaction in s Li generating a tritium ( 3 H) atom, denoted T, and an a ( 4 He) particle.
- the reaction rate (n,T) is proportional to the CRT count rate n .
- the (n,p) reaction corresponds to the (n,p) reaction in the scintillation layer.
- the reaction rate (n,p) is proportional to the CRF count rate n .
- Tables 1 and 2 show the average reaction rates (n,T), (n,p) as well as a ratio for each neutron emitted, respectively considering an isotope of 240 Pu and 244 Cm.
- the reaction rate can be considered as proportional to the counting rate.
- the relative uncertainties for the respective estimates of the counting rates CRT n and CRF n are respectively less than 0.12% and 0.11%.
- the uncertainty (at 1 a) of the determination of each ratio is estimated at 0.06.
- each detector 10 n of counting rate CRT n , CRF n can make it possible to identify a radioelement, neutron emitter, present in the waste. Knowing the efficiency of each detector 10 n , each counting rate CRT n , CRF n can be estimated from the modeled reaction rates.
- the electronic circuit 13 n is connected to a processing unit 20.
- the processing unit is programmed to allow an estimation of an emission spectrum of the object according to the pulses detected by each detector 10 n , coupled to an electronic circuit 13 n .
- the measuring device allows characterization of an object 3 by implementing the following steps, shown schematically in FIG. 2C.
- Step 100 arrangement of an object 3 facing the proximal face 10 p of the measuring device
- Step 110 measurement of counting rate CRT n (thermal), CRF n (fast), measured by each detector 10 n , by each electronic circuit 13 n connected to the detector.
- the pulses corresponding to fast neutrons are representative of the energies of the recoil protons created during the interactions of the fast neutrons in the plastic scintillator.
- the pulses linked to thermal neutrons correspond to the pulses formed, in the plastic scintillator, by the a particles emitted following capture reactions on the s Li.
- the discrimination is carried out on the basis of a determination, for each pulse, of 'a total load value Q tot and a load value corresponding to the tail of the pulse Qtaii- More precisely, the discrimination is carried out by considering, for each pulse, a couple Discrimination makes it possible to obtain the counting rates CRT n and CRF
- Step 120 from the counting rates resulting from step 110, identification of one or more isotopes, for example by using the processing unit 20.
- Step 120 may consist in estimating a neutron emission spectrum of the characterized object 3.
- neutron emission spectrum is meant a neutron emission rate (number of neutrons emitted per second) for different bands of energies.
- the neutron emission spectrum can be compared to emission spectra of known radionuclides. Indeed, the emission spectra of the main radionuclides are known, and specific to each of them.
- deconvolution algorithms make it possible to identify a contribution of each radionuclide in the emission spectrum of the object 3.
- the neutron emission spectrum can be estimated on the basis of the counting rates detected by each detector 10 n .
- a projection matrix H is taken into account, the latter allowing a passage between the emission spectrum A of the object 3, which is unknown, and the different counting rates detected by the detectors 10 n .
- the emission spectrum A of the object 3 is discretized in energy according to K channels. We can form an equation
- M H x A (1) where x is the matrix product.
- M is a measurement vector, comprising the different counting rates CRT n , CRF n .
- the vector M is obtained by a concatenation of the set of counting rates CRT n , CRF n resulting from each electronic circuit 13 n .
- the dimension of M is (2/V, 1).
- N corresponds to the number of 10 n detectors used:
- A is a vector corresponding to the emission spectrum of the object 3, of dimension (K, 1), which must be estimated.
- H is a projection matrix, of dimension (2/V, K).
- H(i, k) of the matrix H is a probability that a neutron, of energy Ek, emitted by the object, is detected by a 10 n detector as being a fast or thermal neutron.
- the matrix H can be obtained by modeling, by implementing a computer code simulating the transport of neutrons. It may for example be a calculation code based on a Monte Carlo type method such as for example the MCNP, Tripoli-4 or Geant4 code. In order to establish the matrix H, it is necessary to model the measurement configuration, as described in connection with tables 1 and 2, and to have the efficiencies of each detector 10 n .
- Such a method allows an estimation of an emission spectrum A of the object 3.
- the resolution of the reconstructed emission spectrum A is dependent on the contrast achieved between the different spectra of the projection matrix H, with the configuration used. It is possible to improve the contrast by increasing the number of detectors, hence a larger measurement vector M.
- Estimation of A can be done by implementing an inversion algorithm, usually an iterative algorithm.
- the pulses resulting from the discriminators 15 n are processed according to their amplitude, so as to form an energy spectrum S n .
- the electronic circuit 13 n comprises a multi-channel analyzer 16 n , making it possible to establish an amplitude spectrum of the pulses detected during a measurement period.
- the multichannel analyzers 16i, 16n, 16N of the respective electronic circuits 13i, 13n , 13N have been represented.
- each 10 n detector is exposed to different neutrons (or gamma photons).
- the 16 n multi-channel analyzer forms the amplitude spectrum of each pulse detected by the detector, corresponding to a fast neutron.
- the amplitude spectrum is usually referred to as the “energy spectrum” S n .
- the amplitude of each pulse is correlated with the energy released, in the scintillation layer 11 n , by an interaction having generated said pulse.
- the energy spectrum S n is usually represented in the form of a histogram, representing a quantity of detected fast neutrons S n (Ej) according to discretized energy channels Ej. Subsequently, each energy spectrum S n respectively detected by a detector 10 n is designated detected spectrum.
- the detected spectrum S n can be supplemented by a count (or a counting rate CRT n ) of the pulses attributed to thermal neutrons during step 120.
- a count or a counting rate CRT n
- an energy value can be arbitrarily assigned to thermal neutron counting, the value assigned to this channel being the CRT count rate n .
- the estimation of the emission spectrum A of the object passes through a projection matrix H, the latter allowing a transition between the emission spectrum A of the object, which is unknown, and the different spectra S n detected by the detectors 10 n .
- Each detected spectrum S n is discretized in energy according to J channels. Equation (1), cited above, can be used.
- M is the measurement vector resulting from the measurements of the various detected energy spectra S n .
- the measurement vector M is obtained by a concatenation of the set of vectors S n . If J is the number of energy channels of each detected spectrum, the dimension of S is (N. J, 1), N being the number of detectors.
- A is a vector corresponding to the emission spectrum of object 3, of dimension (K, 1). A corresponds to the spectral activity of the source, which must be reconstructed. N. J corresponds to the product of N by /.
- H is a projection matrix, of dimension (N. J, K).
- H(nj, k) of the matrix H is a probability that a neutron, of energy Ek, emitted by the object, generates a pulse of energy Ej in a detector 10 n .
- the matrix El can be obtained by modeling, as described in connection with expression (2).
- the inversion can be performed by an optimization algorithm of the MLEM type, as previously described.
- the processing circuit 13 n connected to each detector 10 n comprises a module intended to detect pulses considered as detected in temporal coincidence.
- a circuit consists in selecting the pulses detected in a restricted time interval, the latter being representative of neutrons resulting from spontaneous fission.
- the duration of the time interval is about 0.2 ps.
- the duration of the time interval is about 0.2 ms. The selection makes it possible not to take into account neutrons resulting from reactions (a,n).
- the time intervals can be determined by a Rossi-alpha method.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B represent, as a function of the time interval (axis of abscissas), the probabilities of real and accidental (interval a) and accidental (interval b) coincidences.
- Figures 3A and 3B relate respectively to fast and thermal neutron detection.
- FIG. 4A represents an embodiment, in which the object to be characterized 3 is irradiated by a beam of particles, so as to generate a fission of fissile or fertile isotopes present in the object.
- the particle beam can be a beam of photons (photofission), or a beam of neutrons, according to the principles of active neutron interrogation.
- the particles are emitted by an irradiation source 30. This may be a linear accelerator (in the case of photofission), or a neutron generator or an isotopic source, in the case of photofission. active neutron interrogation. When using an isotopic source, it can be 252 Cf.
- the neutrons detected are either prompt neutrons or delayed neutrons, generated by fissions occurring in object 3.
- FIG. 4B represents an embodiment in which the object to be characterized is a wall 3'.
- Dismantling operations generate a large number of walls to characterize.
- the control must be carried out by placing counters, for example proportional counters, in quasi-contact with the wall, preferably at a distance less than 1cm. This is relatively restrictive.
- the device makes it possible to perform characterization from a distance from the wall, the device being moved parallel to the latter: the distance between the measuring device 1 and the wall 3' can reach several tens of centimeters.
- FIG. 5A shows an embodiment in which the detectors 10i...10 n are not placed side by side, but spaced apart.
- each detector 10 n is spaced from a detector 10 n +i by a layer 19 n formed of a thermalizing material, such as those cited above.
- a layer 19 n formed of a thermalizing material, such as those cited above.
- two layers 19i, adjacent to detector 10i, and 19 n , adjacent to detector 10 n have been shown.
- the proximal face 10 p is planar, each detector 10 n being of parallelepipedal shape. According to other examples, the proximal face may be curved, for example circular, each detector 10 n also possibly having a curvature.
- Figure 5B shows a configuration in which each scintillation layer is ring-shaped. Such a configuration can be adapted to the control of cylindrical objects, such as waste drums.
- the invention may be applied to the characterization of objects resulting from nuclear installations, whether for routine operation or clean-up/dismantling operations.
- the objects may in particular be waste, rubble, barrels or walls.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2014154A FR3118494B1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2020-12-24 | Dispositif de détection comportant différentes couches de scintillation |
| PCT/EP2021/087439 WO2022136618A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-22 | Dispositif de détection comportant différentes couches de scintillation |
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| EP4267993A1 true EP4267993A1 (fr) | 2023-11-01 |
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| EP21840061.2A Withdrawn EP4267993A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-22 | Dispositif de détection comportant différentes couches de scintillation |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4267993A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3118494B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022136618A1 (fr) |
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| FR3163462A1 (fr) * | 2024-06-18 | 2025-12-19 | Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives | Méthode de détermination d’une quantité de plutonium en présence de curium par mesure neutronique passive |
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| US8436315B1 (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2013-05-07 | Thermo Scientific Portable Analytical Instruments Inc. | Compact thermal neutron monitor |
| CN104169741A (zh) * | 2012-02-04 | 2014-11-26 | 拉皮斯坎系统股份有限公司 | 复合伽马中子检测系统 |
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2020
- 2020-12-24 FR FR2014154A patent/FR3118494B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-12-22 EP EP21840061.2A patent/EP4267993A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2021-12-22 WO PCT/EP2021/087439 patent/WO2022136618A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| FRANGVILLE C ET AL: "Large solubility of lithium carboxylates reaching high rates of <6>Li incorporation in polystyrene-based plastic scintillators for fast/thermal neutron and gamma ray detection", INSPEC, THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, STEVENAGE, GB, 1 August 2019 (2019-08-01), XP002803994 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR3118494B1 (fr) | 2022-12-16 |
| WO2022136618A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 |
| FR3118494A1 (fr) | 2022-07-01 |
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