EP4264676A1 - Concentrateur optique à structure alvéolaire - Google Patents
Concentrateur optique à structure alvéolaireInfo
- Publication number
- EP4264676A1 EP4264676A1 EP21840929.0A EP21840929A EP4264676A1 EP 4264676 A1 EP4264676 A1 EP 4264676A1 EP 21840929 A EP21840929 A EP 21840929A EP 4264676 A1 EP4264676 A1 EP 4264676A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- honeycomb structure
- optical concentrator
- photovoltaic
- cells
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
- H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
- H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H10F77/484—Refractive light-concentrating means, e.g. lenses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention relates to the field of optical concentration of radiation and relates more particularly to an optical concentrator.
- a concentrating photovoltaic module comprises an optical concentrator formed, for example, by a matrix of mirrors associated with photovoltaic cells each positioned at the focus of one of the mirrors.
- Such a photovoltaic module has, compared to a photovoltaic module without an optical concentrator, the following advantages:
- Concentrated photovoltaic modules are particularly suitable for space applications, i.e. outside the Earth's atmosphere.
- Concentrating photovoltaic modules are coupled with a tracking system because they use direct sunlight to operate and not the light scattered by environmental constituents at the level of celestial bodies (for example these environmental constituents which can be atmospheric gases , clouds and/or dust particles).
- spacecraft for communication and meteorology can integrate wings of solar panels with a high pointing precision (i.e. in particular with a pointing precision strictly less than 1°) satisfying the tolerance angular necessary for concentrated photovoltaic modules which can then be integrated into solar panels.
- Patent application US2008/264469A1 describes an optical concentrator that can be formed by assembling several primary elements.
- Patent US10715079B2 describes an optical concentrator having an architecture in which two optical stages are made by molding.
- the object of the invention is to make it possible to improve the mechanical strength of an optical concentrator, that is to say in particular its rigidity, in particular while seeking to limit its size.
- the invention relates to an optical concentrator comprising optical elements and a honeycomb structure, each optical element being arranged in one of the cells of the honeycomb structure, said concentrator comprising a material stiffening the honeycomb structure and from which the optical elements are formed, the material being molded onto the honeycomb structure.
- optical concentrator obtained thus forms a one-piece (or monolithic) assembly, made in one piece.
- Such an optical concentrator therefore has the particular advantage of being robust with respect to the mechanical stresses to which it may be subjected, in particular with a view to retaining its shape. It can then be used for example within a photovoltaic module of the concentration type so as to limit its size and mass. It thus stands out from the known prior solutions in which the concentrators are often obtained by assembling several primary elements.
- the optical concentrator may additionally comprise one or more of the following characteristics:
- the stiffening material is chosen from a silicone, a glass, an acrylic material, a natural rubber, an acrylate, an acrylic rubber and a butyl rubber;
- the material is molded onto the honeycomb structure
- the optical concentrator comprises a frame surrounding the honeycomb structure and in contact with the honeycomb structure;
- the frame is made of a material identical to the material
- the optical concentrator comprises mirrors each formed by one of the optical elements
- the material comprises portions each partially filling one of the cells, each mirror being arranged on a surface of one of the material portions;
- the optical concentrator comprises a stiffening element fixed to the honeycomb structure
- the portion of the material partially filling said cell occupies a delimited volume by the stiffening element, said mirror arranged in said cell and at least one wall of said cell;
- the optical concentrator comprises lenses, each lens being formed by one of the optical elements;
- the material comprises parts each forming one of the lenses
- the alveolar structure is a honeycomb.
- the invention also relates to a photovoltaic module comprising photovoltaic cells, the photovoltaic module comprises an optical concentrator as described. Each photovoltaic cell is arranged at the focus of at least one of the optical elements of the optical concentrator.
- the invention also relates to a manufacturing process for an optical concentrator, the manufacturing process comprising the following steps:
- the invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a photovoltaic module, the process for manufacturing the photovoltaic module comprising:
- each photovoltaic cell is positioned at the focus of at least one of the optical elements of the optical concentrator.
- Figure 1 illustrates, in a perspective view, an optical concentrator with a honeycomb structure according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 schematically illustrates, in a sectional view, the optical concentrator of Figure 1.
- Figure 3 illustrates, in a perspective view, a photovoltaic module according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a photovoltaic module according to another particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 5 schematically illustrates, in a sectional view, a photovoltaic module according to yet another particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 schematically illustrates, in a sectional view, a photovoltaic module according to yet another particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 7 schematically illustrates, in a sectional view, a photovoltaic module according to yet another particular embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 8 illustrates, in a perspective view, an example of the honeycomb structure.
- Figure 9 illustrates, in a perspective view, a mold for use in the manufacture of the optical concentrator.
- Figure 10 illustrates, in a perspective view, the honeycomb structure of Figure 8 positioned in the mold of Figure 9.
- Figure 11 illustrates, in a perspective view, the positioning of a stiffening element in the mold of Figure 10.
- Figure 12 illustrates, in a perspective view, the mold, in particular of Figure 9, which has a face shaped for the distribution of a molding product to be injected into the mold.
- Figure 13 schematically illustrates the mold of Figure 12 in a cross-sectional view passing through the section line C1 visible in Figure 12.
- Figure 14 illustrates, in a perspective view, another type of mold that can be used to form the optical concentrator, the honeycomb structure being positioned in this mold.
- Figure 15 illustrates, in a perspective view, a part leaving the mold of Figure 14.
- Figure 16 illustrates, in a perspective view, a photovoltaic module protection element.
- Figure 17 illustrates, in a perspective view, the protection element of Figure 16 to which photovoltaic cells are attached.
- the invention described in more detail below, relates to a concentrator
- optical comprising optical elements 101 and reinforced in the sense that it comprises a honeycomb structure 102 in which the elements are arranged
- Such an optical concentrator 100 is particularly suitable for being integrated into a photovoltaic module 200 also then called a concentration photovoltaic module (also known by the acronym “CPV” corresponding to “concentrator photovoltaics” in English).
- CPV concentration photovoltaic module
- XYZ frame An orthonormal frame of reference with X, Y and Z axes is now defined, hereinafter referred to as XYZ frame.
- the XYZ marker is visible in FIGS. 1 to 7 and 15. This marker preferably corresponds to the reference frame of the optical concentrator 100.
- the transparency for example of an object, to radiation is defined by a transmission factor of between 80% and 100% that this object exhibits in particular.
- the invention relates in particular to the optical concentrator 100.
- An example of such an optical concentrator 100 can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, FIG. 2 showing the optical concentrator 100 of FIG. 1 according to a sectional view in a plane parallel to the axes X and Z.
- the optical concentrator 100 comprises the optical elements 101 and the honeycomb structure 102.
- the cellular structure 102 comprises cells 103, for example thirty in number in the example shown in a non-limiting manner in FIG.
- Each optical element 101 is arranged in one of the cells 103 of the honeycomb structure 102 .
- the honeycomb structure 102 makes it possible to provide rigidity within the optical concentrator 100 itself, thus improving its robustness.
- Each cell 103 can house a single optical element 101 as is for example the case in FIG. 1 where the optical elements 101 are thirty in number.
- Such an optical concentrator 100 can therefore be integrated within a particular device, in particular like the photovoltaic module 200 mentioned above and for example as shown in FIG. 3.
- the photovoltaic module 200 is intended to be subjected to radiation, for example solar, to generate electrical energy.
- the honeycomb structure 102 integrated within the optical concentrator 100 allows, for example, the optical concentrator 100 to serve as a support for supporting the elements which are part of the constitution of the photovoltaic module 200.
- the photovoltaic module 200 comprises the optical concentrator 100 and photovoltaic cells 201 also called solar cells 201.
- Each photovoltaic cell 201 is arranged at the focus of at least one of the optical elements 101, this allowing the optical elements 101 to converge in a suitable manner the radiation that the photovoltaic module 200 receives towards the cells 201 photovoltaic.
- the optical concentrator 100 is such that, when it is subjected to radiation, it makes it possible to concentrate, via the optical elements 101, this radiation on the photovoltaic cells 201 .
- Each photovoltaic cell 201 can be arranged at the focus of a single optical element 101 as is the case in FIG.
- the photovoltaic cells 201 are thirty in number, that is to say one per optical element 101, this number is not limiting and can be adapted according to needs, for example by adapting the number of optical elements 101 .
- the photovoltaic cells 201 of the photovoltaic module 200 are each placed at the respective foci of three distinct optical elements 101, for example adjacent to said photovoltaic cell 201; these three optical elements 101 each being arranged in one of the cells 103 of the cellular structure 102.
- FIG. 1 the photovoltaic cells 201 of the photovoltaic module 200
- each photovoltaic cell 201 can be arranged plumb with the intersection of the walls of three cells 103, which makes it possible to route interconnection tracks (for example metal) of the photovoltaic cells 201 to the verticality of the walls of the cells 103 to limit the optical masking of the optical elements 101 of the optical concentrator 100 by the interconnection tracks.
- the photovoltaic cells 201 can be, for example by gluing, integral with/supported by a substrate (not visible) or by a plate transparent to radiation (not visible).
- the 200 photovoltaic module can respond to a problem of mass limitation and size limitation in the sense that:
- the integration of the honeycomb structure 102 in the optical concentrator 100 allows a saving in mass because there is no need to carry out a mechanical coupling of a honeycomb stiffening system distinct from the optical concentrator 100, which can be accompanied by a reduction in material/thickness of the photovoltaic module 200 along the Z axis,
- the integration of the honeycomb structure 102 within the optical concentrator 100 makes it possible to limit the overall thickness of the photovoltaic module 200. This is particularly advantageous for a space application, that is to say for use in space outside the Earth's atmosphere, of the photovoltaic module 200 where the mass and the size are important criteria to be taken into account for place, by a launcher, a payload comprising the photovoltaic module 200 in orbit around the earth or to send this payload into interplanetary space.
- the photovoltaic module 200 with optical concentrator 100 needs to be oriented towards the radiation to be captured: the limitation of its mass makes it possible to limit the energy necessary to carry out suitable monitoring of the radiation, energy which can be limited in the space.
- the photovoltaic module 200 has by definition a front face 202 (figure 3) intended to receive the radiation, it is therefore this front face 202 which will be oriented towards the radiation to allow its capture by the photovoltaic module 200.
- the photovoltaic module 200 comprises a rear face 203 (FIG. 3).
- the honeycomb structure 102 may have low density and therefore limited mass, controllable strength and rigidity at design, as well as an ability to absorb kinetic energy, for example impact, to avoid rupture of the optical concentrator 100 and more generally of the photovoltaic module 200.
- This ability to absorb kinetic energy is advantageous for example when the photovoltaic module 200 is placed in a space environment and therefore subjected to impacts from meteorites or space waste, or placed in a terrestrial environment where it may be subjected to hail.
- a low density of the alveolar structure 102 can correspond to a density of between 16 kg/m 3 and 300 kg/m 3 .
- the honeycomb structure 102 can be a honeycomb also called a honeycomb structure.
- the cells 103 are therefore in this case hexagonal in a plane of section of the cellular structure 102 parallel to the axes X and Y.
- the technical advantage of a honeycomb is to have satisfactory compressive strength.
- the honeycomb structure 102 can be made of aluminum, using aramid fibers, for example Kevlar®, of plastic material (comprising in particular polymers), using carbon, or using glass fibers.
- the thickness of the honeycomb structure 102 may be strictly less than 300 mm and may for example be between 1 mm and 100 mm. In particular, the thickness of the alveolar structure 102 can be strictly less than 1 cm. This thickness is measured parallel to the Z axis.
- Such a thickness of the honeycomb structure 102 has the advantage of making it possible to achieve a conventional thickness of the photovoltaic module 200, in particular compatible for use in a satellite, i.e. i.e. a spacecraft.
- the optical concentrator 100 may comprise mirrors each formed by one of the optical elements 101.
- each mirror 101 is one of the optical elements 101.
- the use of mirrors allows the optical concentrator 100 to reflect the radiation in order to concentrate it, in particular on the corresponding photovoltaic cells 201.
- the use of mirrors makes it possible to protect the photovoltaic cells 201 associated with said mirrors from the radiation of energetic particles (for example electrons and/or protons) because these photovoltaic cells 201 will be positioned so that the solar flux arrives at the rear face of these photovoltaic cells 201 while the front faces, also called active faces, of these photovoltaic cells 201 will each be positioned so as to face one of the mirrors.
- the active face of a photovoltaic cell 201 is the face that must receive part of the radiation to which the photovoltaic module 200 is subjected in order to generate electrical energy.
- Each mirror can be formed by a concave reflective surface, for example to form a parabolic mirror, or by aspherical reflective surfaces.
- the shape of each mirror can be adapted to its position within the optical concentrator 100 and can be a function of the desired position of a corresponding photovoltaic cell 201 within the photovoltaic module 200.
- the optical concentrator 100 may include lenses, each lens being formed by one of the optical elements 101. In other words, each lens is one of the optical elements 101.
- the lenses allow the radiation in question to pass through the optical concentrator 100, while causing different parts of the radiation to converge, for example towards focal points each associated with one of the lenses.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a particular example of the optical concentrator 100 comprising the honeycomb structure 102 in which lenses formed by the optical elements 101 are arranged.
- the photovoltaic module 200 may comprise a substrate 209 to which the photovoltaic cells 201 are attached, for example by fixing to said substrate 109 in particular by bonding; the cellular structure 102 is then fixed, for example by gluing, to the substrate 209 so that each photovoltaic cell 201 is placed in one of the cells 103 at the focus of the lens arranged in this same cell 103.
- the lenses are also called here lenses of focus.
- the optical elements 101 are for example each formed by a corresponding mirror or by a corresponding lens.
- each optical element 101 is a mirror as in the particular case illustrated in Figures 1 to 3.
- each optical element 101 is a lens as in the particular case illustrated in Figure 5.
- some optical elements 101 of the optical concentrator 100 are mirrors and other optical elements 101 of the optical concentrator 100 are lenses.
- Figure 6 illustrates different types of optical elements 101 referenced (a), (b), (c), (d), the optical elements 101 each being arranged in a corresponding cell 103 of the honeycomb structure 102 .
- Type (a) corresponds to an optical element 101 forming a parabolic mirror.
- Type (b) corresponds to an optical element 101 forming a mirror comprising aspherical reflective surfaces.
- Type (c) corresponds to an optical element 101 forming a lens.
- Type (d) corresponds to an optical element 101 comprising a reflective layer 101a on which is arranged a lens 101b, such an optical element 101 is also known under the name “lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator” in English.
- Types (a), (b) and (d) are reflective optical elements 101 and type (c) is refractive optical element 101.
- the types (a), (b), (c) and (d) have all been represented in combination in FIG. 6, the optical concentrator 100 may very well comprise elements 101 optical elements only of one of the types (a), (b), (c) or (d), or optical elements 101 of different types chosen from among the types (a), (b), (c) and (d ).
- FIG. 6 also shows possible positions of the photovoltaic cells 201 of the photovoltaic module 200 depending on the type of the optical elements 101 .
- the associated photovoltaic cells 201 are secured to a substrate 209, in particular by fixing provided by bonding.
- the associated photovoltaic cell 101 is integral with a corresponding protection element 204, in particular by fixing provided by gluing, which is also fixed to the optical concentrator 100 for also protect the photovoltaic cells 201 associated with the optical elements 101 of the types (b), (c) and (d).
- the optical concentrator 100 may be such that it comprises lenses each combined with a corresponding mirror 111.
- the lenses form the optical elements 101.
- FIG. 7 shows the photovoltaic module 200 comprising the honeycomb structure 102 in which the lenses are arranged (in particular in the cells 103 of the honeycomb structure 102) and an additional honeycomb structure 102a associated with mirrors 111 each arranged in one of the cells 103a of the additional cellular structure 102a and which can rest on a material of the same composition as the material 104 described below.
- the honeycomb structure 102 and the additional honeycomb structure 102a are fixed, for example by bonding, to a substrate 209 to which the photovoltaic cells 201 are attached, for example by bonding.
- this substrate 209 is transparent to radiation or hollowed out to allow radiation to pass.
- the photovoltaic cells 201 are arranged on the substrate 209 so that each photovoltaic cell 201 is positioned between one of the mirrors 111 and one of the lenses so that part of the radiation incident to the photovoltaic module 200 passes through said lens before converging on the cell 201 photovoltaic by reflection on said mirror 111.
- the optical concentrator 100 may comprise a material 104 (FIGS. 2, 5, 6, 7) stiffening the honeycomb structure 102 and from which the optical elements 101 are formed. This material 104 has the advantage of improving the robustness of the optical concentrator 100 while allowing the optical elements 101 to be each arranged in one of the corresponding cells 103 .
- the material 104 makes it possible to stiffen the honeycomb structure 102 in the sense that it makes it possible to limit the deformation of the honeycomb structure 102 in comparison to the honeycomb structure 102 taken in isolation.
- each optical element 101 can be formed in the material 104 or on the material 104.
- the shape of the optical elements 101 is dependent of the material 104.
- the material 104 can comprise parts and each lens can be formed by one of the parts of the material 104, this part being arranged in one of the cells 103.
- the material 104 may comprise portions and each mirror may be arranged on one of the portions of the material 104 which then serves as a support for said mirror, this portion being arranged in one of the cells 103; it follows that the shape of the mirror will be dependent on a surface of the portion of the material 104 on which the mirror is formed, for example by deposition.
- the material 104 participates in the integration of the honeycomb structure 102 within the optical concentrator 100 by making it integral with the rest of the optical concentrator 100.
- the material 104 is of course in a solid state within the optical concentrator 100.
- the material 104 can be chosen from a silicone, a glass, for example a borosilicate glass, an acrylic material, a natural rubber, an acrylate, an acrylic rubber and a butyl rubber.
- the silicone may correspond to a crosslinked state of a product chosen from the references Dow Corning® 93-500 and Elastosic Wacker® which have the particular advantage of satisfying the standards for use in space.
- the material 104 via in particular its possible compositions referred to in this paragraph, has the advantage of allowing the smoothest possible surfaces to be formed, for example with an average roughness strictly greater than 1 nm and strictly less than 150 nm; such an average roughness being adapted to allow the formation of smooth reflective surfaces, that is to say to allow the mirrors to be formed, or to allow quality lenses to be obtained.
- the material 104 is formed on the honeycomb structure 102, in particular the material 104 is molded on the honeycomb structure 102.
- This has the advantage of allowing good integration of the honeycomb structure 102 in the optical concentrator 100 and the advantage of allowing the maintenance of the unity of different parts of the optical concentrator 100. A one-piece assembly is thus obtained, made in one piece.
- the material 104 may comprise the portions 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e each partially filling one of the cells 103 and each mirror is arranged on a surface 105, in particular a concave surface 105 if the mirror is parabolic, of one of the portions 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e of the material 104.
- This ensures suitable support for the mirrors in the cells 103 of the honeycomb structure 102 while allowing them to ensure a suitable focus.
- Each mirror can be fixed, for example due to the deposition/formation of a suitable reflective coating 113 (FIG.
- each cell 103 in which a mirror is arranged can comprise a corresponding portion 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e of the material 104 on which the mirror is fixed.
- the material 104 may comprise parts 104f, 104g, 104h, 104i, 104j (FIG. 5) each forming one of the lenses.
- the material 104 then serves both to form the lenses and to improve the robustness of the optical concentrator 100.
- the optical concentrator 100 may include a stiffening element 106, also called a reinforcing element, attached to the honeycomb structure 102. This has the technical advantage of improving the overall robustness of the optical concentrator 100 by adding the stiffening element 106 cooperating with the honeycomb structure 102 to allow this improvement.
- the stiffening element 106 can be a sheet or a plate.
- the stiffening element 106 may comprise a rigid fabric, for example impregnated with resin.
- This fabric can be carbon fabric, fiberglass fabric, composite fabric, graphene sheet with aluminum mesh glued to the surface of the sheet, a polymer reinforced with carbon fibers (also known by the acronym CFRP for "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer” in English).
- the honeycomb structure 102 can be bonded to the stiffening element 106, for example by the material 104, by an epoxy film, by a foaming adhesive film, by an epoxy-phenolic film, by a phenolic film, by a polyimide, or by a bismaleimide film.
- the stiffening element 106 may have a thickness of between 10 ⁇ m and 3 mm, in particular the thickness of the stiffening element 106 may be strictly less than 200 ⁇ m.
- stiffening element 106 is a fabric that includes fibers
- these fibers can be arranged according to the mechanical stresses to which the optical concentrator 100 is likely to be subjected.
- the portion 104a, 104b, 104c, 104d, 104e of the material 104 partially filling said cell 103 can occupy a volume delimited by the stiffening element 106 , said mirror arranged in said cell 103 and at least one wall 107 of said cell 103 (these walls 107 being six in number per cell 103 when the honeycomb structure 102 is a honeycomb or one if the cells 103 are cylindrical circular section).
- This has the advantage of increasing the robustness of the optical concentrator 100.
- the optical concentrator 100 may include a frame 108 (for example visible in Figures 1 to 3) surrounding the honeycomb structure 102 and in contact with the honeycomb structure 102.
- This frame 108 has the advantage of participating in stiffening the honeycomb structure 102 and the advantage of serving as a support by forming for example a bearing surface 109 for example for mounting a protection element 204 that includes the module 200 photovoltaic (figure 3).
- the frame 108 surrounds the honeycomb structure 102 at its periphery, in particular in a plane parallel to the X and Y axes (FIG. 1).
- the frame 108 may have a thickness, measured parallel to the Z axis, greater than or equal to the thickness of the honeycomb structure 102 so that the protective element 204 may be either in contact with the honeycomb structure 102 either at a distance from the honeycomb structure 102 when it is assembled on the bearing surface 109.
- the thickness of the frame 108 can be between the thickness of the honeycomb structure 102 and the thickness of the honeycomb structure 102 plus 1 cm. When the frame 108 has a thickness equal to that of the honeycomb structure 102, this allows the protection element to also rest on the honeycomb structure 102 which increases the stability of the assembly of the photovoltaic module 200 because there is more support points to hold the element 204 of protection.
- the photovoltaic module 200 may include the necessary means, such as for example holes made in the walls of the cells 103, to allow the evacuation of air and avoid the explosion of the photovoltaic module 200 by decompression.
- the frame 108 can be formed of a material identical to the material 104.
- the overmolding carried out on the honeycomb structure 102 can form both the material 104 and the frame 108. This allows optimization of the integration of the honeycomb structure 102 within the optical concentrator 100, in particular while limiting the thickness of the optical concentrator 100 measured parallel to the axis Z.
- the stiffening element 106 can overflow relative to the honeycomb structure 102 so as to delimit, with the honeycomb structure 102, an annular shoulder 110 ( Figure 2), the section of which can vary.
- the frame 108 is in contact with the shoulder 110.
- the stiffening element 106 may include an edge 106a which extends to the periphery of the honeycomb structure 102.
- frame 108 may include cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d.
- the cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d are formed in one side of the frame 108 and in particular in the bearing surface 109 mentioned above.
- These cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d can be holes.
- These cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d are, for example, intended to form polarizers for the insertion of studs 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d (FIGS. 3 and 16) extending from the protection element 204.
- the polarizers associated with the optical concentrator 100 can be pads extending from the bearing surface 109 and intended to cooperate with cavities made in the protective element 204 [82] It follows from what has been described previously that there is a need to develop a solution making it possible to manufacture the optical concentrator 100 as described. To this end, the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the optical concentrator 100.
- the manufacturing process of the optical concentrator 100 may, in general, comprise the following steps:
- each optical element 101 is arranged in one of the cells 103 of the honeycomb structure 102.
- the step of forming the optical elements 101 as described has the advantage of integrating the optical elements 101 into the cells 103 of the honeycomb structure 102, thus limiting the thickness of the optical concentrator 100.
- optical elements 101 In order to form the optical elements 101, different techniques can be used such as for example molding, thermo-forming, forging, stamping, machining, for example to form lenses in the cells 103 or to form the surfaces 105 in the cells 103, these surfaces 105 being intended to receive the mirrors as will be described in more detail below.
- the manufacturing process may include the following steps:
- the part obtained in the end of the molding may comprise solidified molding product in each of the cells 103.
- the solidified molding product, forming the molded part comprises the material 104 mentioned above and, where appropriate, the material forming the frame 108
- the molding is particularly suitable in the context of the manufacture of the optical concentrator 100 and makes it possible to partially and simultaneously fill the cells 103.
- An advantage here is that the solidified molding product can form locally, in the cells 103, the elements 101 optics (case of lenses) and/or supports for the formation of corresponding optical elements 101 (case of mirrors).
- the mold 300 After having introduced the molding product into the mold 300, but before the solidification of the molding product in the mold 300, the mold 300 can be put under vacuum to extract bubbles of gas, for example air, present in the molding product introduced into the mold 300. These bubbles may have formed during the introduction of the molding product into the mold 300.
- gas for example air
- the molding product introduced into the mold 300 can be chosen from: a silicone in the liquid state, a glass in the liquid state, an acrylic material in the liquid state, a natural rubber in the liquid state , a liquid acrylate, a liquid acrylic rubber and a liquid butyl rubber.
- the mold 300 may comprise convex surfaces 301 (see in particular FIGS. 9, 10, 13 and 14), these surfaces 301 convex being intended to be "modeled” by molding in order to form the surfaces 105 then concave and intended to receive the mirrors.
- the step of positioning the cellular structure 102 in the mold 300 can be such that the convex surfaces 301 are each inserted into one of the cells 103 of the cellular structure 102.
- the molded part then comprises, at least end of the solidification step, the concave surfaces 105, each concave surface 105 being formed against one of the convex surfaces 301.
- the step of forming the optical elements 101 may include a step of forming a reflective coating 113 on each of the concave surfaces 105 from which the formation of the mirrors results.
- This paragraph refers to convex surfaces 301 and concave surfaces 105 which allow for example to form parabolic mirrors.
- the surfaces of the mold 300 intended for the formation of the surfaces 105 to receive the mirrors can be non-convex, for example in order to form aspherical mirrors on the surfaces 105 which are then flat.
- the surfaces 105 mentioned in the present description may, where appropriate, not be concave.
- the method of manufacturing the optical concentrator 100 may include, before introducing the molding product into the mold 300, the introduction of the stiffening element 106 into the mold 300 as shown for example in Figure 11.
- the stiffening element 106 is, for example, then positioned in contact with the honeycomb structure 102 so as to delimit, with the mold 300 and the honeycomb structure 102, a volume to be filled by the molding product in each of the cells 103, in particular with the aim of forming the portions of the material 104 mentioned above. This has the advantage of helping to delimit the volume of the mold 300 to be filled with molding product.
- the stiffening element 106 can be fixed, for example by bonding to the honeycomb structure 102 before positioning this honeycomb structure 102 in the mold 300 (the products used for such bonding have been mentioned previously) or can be fixed to the honeycomb structure 102 due to the solidification of the molding product which then allows the fixing of the stiffening element 106 to the honeycomb structure 102 .
- the mold 300 can be shaped to allow the formation of the concave surfaces 105 to each be covered by the corresponding reflective coating 113 so that the mirrors thus formed have a smooth parabolic shape, in particular smooth at least in the majority, with a focal point , corresponding to the focus mentioned above, adapted to the subsequent positioning of one of the photovoltaic cells 201 . Therefore, the shape of mold 300 can be optimized using ray tracing software to ensure that the most of the radiation flux captured by the mirrors will be able to arrive on the photovoltaic cells 201 .
- the convex surfaces 301 of the mold 300 are preferably as smooth as possible and may for example have an average roughness strictly greater than 1 nm and strictly less than 150 nm. Indeed, any defect present on the convex surfaces 301 will be transmitted/modeled on the mirrors.
- the mold 300 can be shaped so that the molded part of the part includes the frame 108 surrounding the honeycomb structure 102 and in contact with the honeycomb structure 102.
- the mold 300 may have, before the introduction of the molding product, an empty volume 302 (FIG. 10) around the honeycomb structure 102 positioned in the mold 300. This empty volume is then to be filled with molding product during its introduction into the mold 300. This makes it possible to produce various elements of the optical concentrator 100 in a single molding, thus simplifying its manufacturing process.
- the mold 300 can be shaped to form the cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d in one face of the frame 108, in particular on the side of the concave surfaces 105.
- the mold 300 may include studs 303a, 303b, 303c, 303d (see for example FIGS. 9, 10 and 14) intended to form the cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d in the frame 108.
- the formation of these cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d is done during molding, thus making it possible to reduce the manufacturing time of the optical concentrator 100, and therefore its manufacturing cost in comparison with machining carried out subsequently after the part has been removed from the mold.
- the person skilled in the art knows how to adapt the mold 300 if instead of the cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d in the frame 108 it is desired to form studs extending from the frame 108.
- the edge 106a of the previously mentioned stiffening element 106 can be used, with the help of the mold 300, to form the frame 108 produced by solidification of the molding product in the mold 300.
- each concave surface 301 of the mold 300 is inserted into one of the cells 103 and is in contact with an opening of said cell 103; this allows to delimit, between each concave surface 301 and the stiffening element 106 also positioned in the mold 300, a volume of the corresponding cell 103 to be filled during the execution of the step of introducing the molding product into the mold 300 (figures 10 and 11),
- the mold 300 is in contact with the stiffening element 106 so as to delimit a volume around the honeycomb structure 102 in order to form the frame 108.
- the mold 300 can be closed, for example using a clamp, before the introduction of the molding product to guarantee suitable sealing of the mold 300 to prevent the molding product introduced into the mold 300 from creeping out of the mold. 300 during the step of introducing the molding product.
- This closing of the mold 300 can be ensured by the stiffening element 206 or by a plate (not visible in the figures) transferred to the mold 300 in order to avoid the creep mentioned above; the plate or the stiffening element 206 can be urged towards the mold 300 by the clamping mentioned above.
- a step of placing the mold 300 under vacuum is carried out to remove any gas bubbles present in the molding product and mentioned above.
- the solidification step may correspond to waiting for a time necessary for the crosslinking of the molding product introduced into the mold 300, in particular when this molding product is silicone in the liquid state.
- the removal step can be carried out by mechanical demoulding or by compressed air assisted demoulding. After the removal step, mirrors can be formed on the concave surfaces 105.
- the mold 300 may include first injection holes 304 and second injection holes 305a, 305b, as shown for example in Figures 9, 10, 12 and 13 which allow in particular to introduce the molding product by distributing it in each of the cells 103 using the first injection holes 304 and around the honeycomb structure 102 using the second injection holes 305a, 305b.
- These first and second injection holes 304, 305a, 305b also have the function, after introduction of the molding product into the mold 300, of allowing the bubbles present in the molding product introduced to come out of the mold 300.
- These first and second holes 304, 305a, 305b injection can communicate with a distribution network 306 formed in a face of the mold opposite the concave surfaces 301 (FIGS. 12 and 13).
- the first injection holes 304 are preferably arranged at the top of domes formed by the convex surfaces 301 of the mold 300 so that the concave surfaces 105 include portions which will not be locally smooth due to the breakage of beads of casts; however, this is not important because these portions of the concave surfaces 105 will each be covered by the reflective coating 113 corresponding to the level of areas shaded by the photovoltaic cells 201 within the photovoltaic module 200 during operation of the photovoltaic module 200 .
- the rate of injection of the molding product into the mold 300 can, for example, be controlled according to the physico-chemical properties of the molding product in the liquid state such as its viscosity and its crosslinking time.
- the second technique consists in using the mold 300 "inverted" where the molding product in the liquid state is introduced into the mold 300 by casting.
- a mold 300 in which the honeycomb structure 102 has been positioned is illustrated in particular in FIG. 14.
- the mold 300 is positioned so as to present a cavity 307 accessible from above and in which the structure 102 is placed. cellular so that each concave surface 301 of the mold 300 is inserted into one of the corresponding cells 103. Then, the molding product can be introduced into the mold 300 until it covers the structure
- the mold 300 After introduction of the molding product in the liquid state, but before the solidification of the molding product, the mold 300 is placed under vacuum to extract the gas bubbles mentioned above which would be present in the molding product. If the molding product introduced is silicone, it is then cross-linked in order to solidify, then the part can be demolded, for example by mechanical demolding or by compressed air-assisted demolding in order to obtain the part as illustrated in the figure 15 comprising the frame 108, the honeycomb structure 102 and the concave surfaces 105 present in the cells
- the optical concentrator 100 comprises mirrors
- a so-called “parabolic” structure is obtained.
- the step of forming the optical elements 101 can then include the step of forming a reflective coating 113 on each of the concave surfaces 105, the function of these reflective coatings 113 being to form the mirrors making it possible in fine to focus the radiation received by the optical concentrator 100 in particular towards the photovoltaic cells 201 .
- the reflective coatings 113 can be obtained by chemical deposition during which a precursor fluid undergoes a chemical reaction on a solid surface (here the concave surfaces 105) thus leaving a solid layer on said solid surface.
- the reflective coatings 113 can be obtained by chemical vapor deposition (also known by the acronym CVD for “chemical vapor deposition”) or by deposition of an atomic layer (also known by the acronym ALD for the 'Atomic Layer Deposition').
- the reflective coatings 113 can be obtained by physical deposition such as vacuum evaporation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, or electrohydrodynamic deposition.
- the material of the reflective coating 113 formed on the concave surfaces 105 can be silver which is 90% reflective for the radiation considered or aluminum.
- the reflective coating 113 can have a thickness of between 500 nm and 100 ⁇ m.
- the step of forming the mirrors may include a step of depositing a protective layer on each reflective coating 113 formed.
- This protective layer has the function of preventing, for example, the degradation of the corresponding mirror induced by an atomic oxygen environment (ATOX) in LEO orbit (abbreviation for “Low Earth Orbit” in English corresponding to low Earth orbit in French).
- This protective layer can be made of SiO2 and have a thickness of between 50 nm and 1000 nm.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200 which comprises a step consisting in implementing the method of manufacturing the optical concentrator 100, and a step of positioning the photovoltaic cells 201 so that each photovoltaic cell 201 is positioned at the focus of at least one of the optical elements 101 of the optical concentrator 100.
- a method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200 has the advantage of obtaining a photovoltaic module 200 that is robust and thin, preferably while not requiring the addition, after manufacture of the optical concentrator 100, of a honeycomb structure to be assembled with the optical concentrator 100.
- the optical concentrator 100 is produced by implementing the molding described, this has the technical advantage of limiting the steps for the manufacture of the photovoltaic module 200 and this can make it possible, if necessary, to reduce the cost. associated.
- the photovoltaic module 200 may comprise the protection element 204 preferably forming the front face 202 of the photovoltaic module 200.
- the protection element 204 can be a plate.
- the protection element 204 has the function of protecting the photovoltaic module 200, for example from oxidation or soiling of its optical elements 101, while allowing solar radiation to pass. In this sense, the protection element 204 is transparent to the radiation to be captured by the photovoltaic module 200.
- the element 204 also has the advantage that its arrangement can allow the optical elements 101 not to be directly subjected to radiation from which protection against atomic oxygen and/or energetic particles such as electrons, protons and ultraviolet.
- photovoltaic cells 201 can be secured, for example by gluing, to the protection element 204 and be arranged on the side of a face of the protection element 204 oriented towards the honeycomb structure 102 such as the shown for example in FIGS. 3 and 6 (for the optical element 101 of type (a) in FIG. 6).
- the protective element 204 (visible for example in Figures 3, 16 and 17) may have a thickness which depends on the dimensions of the photovoltaic module 200, as well as the thermal and mechanical stresses to which it is likely to be subjected. . Typically, this thickness of the protection element 204, measured parallel to the Z axis when the protection element 204 is fixed relative to the optical concentrator 100, can be between 150 ⁇ m and 900 ⁇ m.
- the protective element 204 in particular with a thickness as given above, can be made of glass, borosilicate glass, BK7-G18, polyethylene terephthalate (also known by the acronym PET corresponding to "polyethylene terephthalate” in English), fluorinated ethylene propylene (also known by the acronym FEP corresponding to “fluorinated ethylene propylene” in English) or polymethyl methacrylate (also known by the acronym PMMA corresponding to “poly(methyl methacrylate)” in English).
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the stiffening element 106 can form the rear face 203 of the photovoltaic module 200
- Interconnection tracks 206 can be formed on the protection element 204, as shown for example in Figure 17, in order to electrically connect the photovoltaic cells 201.
- these interconnect tracks 206 can be formed by 3D printing a suitable metal alloy.
- the interconnection tracks 206 can be electrically connected to connection terminals 207a, 207b making it possible to collect the energy generated by the photovoltaic cells 201; these connection terminals 207a, 207b being for example arranged on one face of the protection element 204 forming the front face 202 of the photovoltaic module 200 and therefore opposite the face of the protection element 204 oriented towards the optical concentrator 100 .
- the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200 may include a step of forming a part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 to be assembled with the optical concentrator 101. This step of forming the part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 may include the following steps:
- the method of manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200 may comprise a step of assembling the part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 to the optical concentrator 100.
- Such an assembly of the photovoltaic module 200 produced by assembling two manufactured sub-parts has the advantage of facilitating assembly of the photovoltaic module 200 since this notably limits the number of parts to be aligned during assembly.
- the interconnection tracks 206 are formed on the protection element 204 . Then, still with the aim of interconnecting the photovoltaic cells 201, the photovoltaic cells 201 (for example thirty photovoltaic cells 201 in number and arranged in ten parallel rows of three photovoltaic cells 201) are positioned to connect them to the tracks 206 of interconnection.
- the positioning of the photovoltaic cells 201 and their connection to the interconnection tracks 206 concerned are well known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in more detail.
- the assembly step may for example consist in transferring the part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 onto the optical concentrator 100 with the interposition of a suitable glue, for example spread over the bearing surface 109, this glue being for example silicon.
- the assembly step may include the insertion of the studs 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d integral with the protection element 204 in the cavities 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d from which it results adequate positioning of the photovoltaic cells 201 at the focal points of the optical elements 101.
- This has the advantage of facilitating the alignment between the part 208 and the optical concentrator 101 during assembly.
- the studs 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d may have been formed by 3D printing.
- the studs 205a, 205b, 205c, 205d can be prefabricated and bonded to the protection element 204 after suitable positioning (for example with a tolerance of 10 ⁇ m).
- the method for manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200 can then include a step of aligning the optical concentrator 100 and the part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 while the optical concentrator 100 is illuminated in order to find the adequate positioning of the part 208 of the photovoltaic module 200 to place the photovoltaic cells 201 each at the corresponding focus of at least one of the optical elements 101. This has the advantage of finding the maximum point of photovoltaic conversion.
- each photovoltaic cell 201 intended to capture the radiation originating from at least one of the optical elements 101, may have a surface area comprised between 300 ⁇ m 2 and 600 ⁇ m 2 .
- each photovoltaic cell 201 can have dimensions such that it is included in a circle with a diameter strictly less than 900 ⁇ m, which makes it possible, for example, to optimize the optical concentrator 100 by limiting its mass in particular.
- the photovoltaic cells 201 can have different shapes which will be adapted according to the optical elements 101, for example these shapes can be round or square.
- Each photovoltaic cell 201 can be in III-V material, in silicon, in III-V/Si material or in perovskites.
- the type of 201 photovoltaic cell can be chosen depending on the application in space.
- the photovoltaic module 200 described can be obtained in such a way as to optimize its mass, for example by seeking to reduce it, in order to reach high power levels per unit of mass, for example to exceed 350 W/Kg at incident AM0.
- the technology described in the present description also makes it possible to replace, at a much lower cost, the CIC technology of the modules.
- the photovoltaic module 200 described according to the present invention can have various advantages such as:
- the photovoltaic cells 201 can be interconnected differently, making it possible to achieve variable electrical characteristics/powers (voltage and amperage) while ensuring passive heat dissipation,
- module 200 photovoltaic has the advantage of being robust, because it uses a large number of photovoltaic cells 201 and this on a smaller surface than photovoltaic modules using CIC technology,
- the optical concentrator 100 and the photovoltaic cells 201 are integrated within the same assembly, not requiring deployment between the photovoltaic cells 201 and the optical concentrator 100 which can be advantageous for example in the context of a space application .
- optical concentrator 100 can apply to the photovoltaic module 200 as well as to the processes described for manufacturing the optical concentrator 100 and for manufacturing the photovoltaic module 200, and vice versa.
- the photovoltaic module 200 described has an industrial application in the field of concentrated photovoltaics. Such a photovoltaic module 200 will be particularly suitable for supplying one or more systems requiring the electrical energy that the photovoltaic module 200 can supply.
- the systems can include one or more autonomous electrical systems such as sensors (for example optical, electromagnetic, radio), but also communication devices such as transmitter(s) and/or transmitter(s).
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
- Optical Filters (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2013856A FR3118140B1 (fr) | 2020-12-21 | 2020-12-21 | Concentrateur optique à structure alvéolaire |
| PCT/EP2021/086849 WO2022136298A1 (fr) | 2020-12-21 | 2021-12-20 | Concentrateur optique à structure alvéolaire |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4264676A1 true EP4264676A1 (fr) | 2023-10-25 |
Family
ID=75438925
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21840929.0A Pending EP4264676A1 (fr) | 2020-12-21 | 2021-12-20 | Concentrateur optique à structure alvéolaire |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4264676A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3118140B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022136298A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7545011B2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2009-06-09 | Solfocus, Inc. | Semiconductor mount |
| US20080264469A1 (en) * | 2007-04-27 | 2008-10-30 | Sol Focus, Inc. | Solar power unit with integrated primary structure |
| US7928316B2 (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2011-04-19 | Solfocus, Inc. | Solar concentrator backpan |
| US20100319683A1 (en) * | 2009-06-19 | 2010-12-23 | Solfocus, Inc. | Molded Securing Device for an Optical Element |
| EP2806468A1 (fr) * | 2013-05-24 | 2014-11-26 | Universidad Politécnica de Madrid | Récepteur photovoltaïque pour concentrateur solaire |
| FR3029038B1 (fr) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-12-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'un concentrateur photovoltaique a structure optique munie d'un double etages de lentilles optiques |
-
2020
- 2020-12-21 FR FR2013856A patent/FR3118140B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-12-20 WO PCT/EP2021/086849 patent/WO2022136298A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-12-20 EP EP21840929.0A patent/EP4264676A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2022136298A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 |
| FR3118140B1 (fr) | 2023-11-17 |
| FR3118140A1 (fr) | 2022-06-24 |
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