EP4248219A1 - Marqueurs metaboliques specifiques de maladies neurodegeneratives telles que la maladie de parkinson et leur utilisation dans le diagnostic - Google Patents
Marqueurs metaboliques specifiques de maladies neurodegeneratives telles que la maladie de parkinson et leur utilisation dans le diagnosticInfo
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- EP4248219A1 EP4248219A1 EP21844031.1A EP21844031A EP4248219A1 EP 4248219 A1 EP4248219 A1 EP 4248219A1 EP 21844031 A EP21844031 A EP 21844031A EP 4248219 A1 EP4248219 A1 EP 4248219A1
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- disease
- parkinson
- metabolites
- betaine
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
- G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/70—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving creatine or creatinine
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2835—Movement disorders, e.g. Parkinson, Huntington, Tourette
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/60—Complex ways of combining multiple protein biomarkers for diagnosis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/70—Mechanisms involved in disease identification
- G01N2800/7057—(Intracellular) signaling and trafficking pathways
- G01N2800/7066—Metabolic pathways
Definitions
- the invention relates to the identification of novel combinations of metabolites specific for neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Parkinson's disease (PD), for use as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular stage Parkinson's disease. prodromal or de novo.
- PD Parkinson's disease
- references in square brackets ([ ]) refer to the list of references at the end of the text.
- Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world, affecting approximately 1% of adults over the age of 60 [1]. From its appearance, the pathology evolves gradually and continuously according to three stages, i.e. preclinical, prodromal, and clinical, corresponding respectively to the appearance of neurodegeneration without symptoms (preclinical phase), then the progression of the neurodegenerative process leads to the appearance of non-motor symptoms (prodromal phase), and finally to the appearance of motor symptoms (clinical phase) [2]. It is these symptoms, present only in the last stage, which are sufficiently characteristic of PD to allow its diagnosis [ 3].
- the “prodromal” phase is characterized by a set of non-motor symptoms including neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. apathy, depression, anxiety). Although they are expressed in 40 to 50% [13] of Parkinson's patients, they are not exclusive to the disease and can be encountered in other pathologies. Patients newly and recently diagnosed with Parkinson's disease correspond to an early clinical phase called "de novo" where neuroprotective intervention can still be considered to slow the progression of the disease.
- neuropsychiatric disorders e.g. apathy, depression, anxiety
- the inventors have developed an original strategy making it possible to propose new biomarkers capable of specifically and early diagnosing a neurodegenerative disease, for example Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular Parkinson's disease at the prodromal or de novo stage.
- PD Parkinson's disease
- This strategy based on the use of different animal models and different patient cohorts, overcame the intrinsic limitations and increased the incomplete predictive value of each model taken individually, revealing a characteristic set of deregulated metabolites that can be used as a potential biomarker.
- the study was extended to human serum samples from two biobanks in order to validate the clinical relevance of this new PD biomarker.
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model was first used because it stably mimics each stage of PD, with no evolution between stages, and it has already been validated for the study of prodromal phases [ 24]. Moreover, it represents a phenotypically correct model of PD, with good isomorphism and good predictive value [28], although it is etiologically limited.
- the a-synuclein rat model [29] was then used because it has the advantage of being progressive in the establishment of the phenotype, which makes longitudinal studies possible. In addition, it is closer to human pathology, especially with regard to the anatomo-pathological characteristics and the physiopathological mechanisms of the disease [30].
- non-human MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) primates were used because they share greater genome sequence identity with humans and important neuroanatomical similarities. .
- Metabolic changes were analyzed at the blood (serum) level in order to find metabolites that are easy to transpose into the clinic, and in specific regions of the brain differently affected by the neurodegenerative process (the dorsal striatum (DS) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). )) to potentially link changes in these metabolites to pathophysiological processes involved in PD.
- DS dorsal striatum
- NAcc nucleus accumbens
- this inter-species study has made it possible to reinforce the relevance of circulating metabolites for the diagnosis of PD.
- a composite biomarker constructed with a combination of 6 metabolites to distinguish animals mimicking PD from control animals (sham), regardless of the stage of the disease, and in particular from the prodromal or de novo phase. It is important to note that the combination of the same metabolites made it possible to distinguish patients with PD from healthy subjects. It is interesting to note that in animals, certain metabolic dysregulations appeared before the motor symptoms and could thus represent early biomarkers of the disease.
- the subject of the present invention is therefore an in vitro method for the early diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease using a biological sample from a patient, comprising: a) the in vitro measurement in said biological sample of the expression levels (E ) of at least 6 of the following metabolites: acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and valine; b) comparison of the expression levels of the metabolites measured in step a) with those of a reference biological sample or with reference values; where a difference (e.g. joint dysregulation) of the expression levels of the metabolites measured in step a) compared to those of the reference biological sample or to reference values is the indication that said patient is suffering from the neurodegenerative disease.
- E expression levels
- BHB B-hydroxybutyrate
- step a) further comprises the in vitro measurement of the level of expression of at least one metabolite chosen from the group consisting of alanine, lactate, DMSO2, glycine, serine, threonine, myo-inositol, and leucine.
- step a) comprises or consists of measuring the levels of expression of acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and the valine.
- telomere shortening is understood to mean a diagnosis made at a stage of the neurodegenerative disease where the discriminating symptoms have not yet appeared or in newly and recently diagnosed patients. For example, a diagnosis would be considered early if made at the prodromal or de novo stage of PD.
- neurodegenerative disease within the meaning of the present invention means a progressive pathology which affects the brain or more generally the central nervous system, resulting in the death of nerve cells.
- the most famous and most frequent are Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but there are others (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also called Charcot's disease) , etc. In particular, this is Parkinson's disease.
- biological sample is understood to mean, within the meaning of the present invention, a biological sample (e.g. of bodily fluid (serum, blood, urine, saliva, etc.), or of tissue (brain, marrow, liver, skin,. ..)) taken after fasting for 12 hours in a patient.
- a biological sample e.g. of bodily fluid (serum, blood, urine, saliva, etc.), or of tissue (brain, marrow, liver, skin,. ..) taken after fasting for 12 hours in a patient.
- biological reference sample within the meaning of the present invention means a biological sample (e.g. of bodily fluid (serum, blood, urine, saliva, etc.), or of tissue (brain, marrow, liver, skin , ...)) taken after a 12-hour fast from a healthy individual (control/control/sham), i.e. presenting no neurological disease, in particular no symptoms of PD or possibly before -PD runner, no family history of movement disorder and/or PD, and no specific medical conditions.
- bodily fluid serum, blood, urine, saliva, etc.
- tissue i.e. presenting no neurological disease, in particular no symptoms of PD or possibly before -PD runner, no family history of movement disorder and/or PD, and no specific medical conditions.
- the term "reference value" within the meaning of the present invention the value of the level of expression of a metabolite in a healthy individual, that is to say not presenting any neurological disease, in particular no symptoms of PD or possibly a precursor to PD, no family history of movement disorder and/or PD, and no specific medical conditions.
- difference in expression levels is meant within the meaning of the present invention, the variation in the expression levels of the metabolites measured in a patient compared to the expression levels of the same metabolites in an individual healthy (reference values), i.e. having no neurological disease, in particular no symptoms of PD or which may be a precursor to PD, no family history of movement disorder and/or PD, and no specific medical conditions. For example, in the case of Parkinson's disease.
- the subject of the present invention is an in vitro method for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease using a biological sample from a patient, comprising: a) the in vitro measurement in said biological sample of the expression levels of the following metabolites : acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and valine; b) calculation of Logit(Pi) or Logit(P2) logistic regressions, respectively, according to the following formulas:
- EBetaine where EBHB, Epyruvate, Evaine, EAcetoacetate, Ecreatine and EBetaine correspond respectively to measured expression of B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), pyruvate, valine, acetoacetate, creatine and betaine, in the biological sample; and where a calculated value of Log it(Pi) or Logit(P2) greater than 0.316 au is an indication that said patient has Parkinson's disease; where a calculated value of Logit(Pi) or Logit(P2) of less than 0.279 au is the indication that said patient does not suffer from Parkinson's disease; where a calculated value of Logit(Pi) less than 0.316 au is the indication that said patient does not suffer from Parkinson's disease; where a calculated value of Logit(P2) greater than 0.279 au is an indication that said patient has Parkinson's
- logit(P) within the meaning of the present invention means a standard value obtained from the application of a logistic regression using the measurement of the levels of expression of the metabolites mentioned above.
- a logistic regression using the measurement of the levels of expression of the metabolites mentioned above.
- any individual obtaining a value greater than 0.316 (arbitrary unit, AU) will be considered to have PD and any individual scoring less than 0.279 (arbitrary unit, AU) will be considered not to have PD.
- the biological sample of the patient comes from a patient at the prodromal or de novo stage of PD.
- prodromal stage of PD is meant, within the meaning of the present invention, a stage where the diagnosis of PD could not be established definitively and/or with certainty, on the basis of the symptoms presented. For example, this concerns any patient presenting with non-motor symptoms frequently observed in patients who eventually develop the disease and which could justly represent prodromal symptoms (neuropsychiatric symptoms (apathy, depression, anxiety), loss of sense of smell, constipation , sleep disorders, digestive disorders, cognitive deficits) and/or any patient who presents in his genealogical line people already suffering from the disease.
- de novo stage of PD or “de novo patients” within the meaning of the present invention means newly and recently diagnosed patients who are at an early clinical stage where a neuroprotective intervention can still be envisaged to slow the progression of disease.
- the biological sample is for example a serum sample.
- the step of measuring the expression levels is carried out for example by NMR spectroscopy measurements.
- the present invention also relates to a biomarker intended for the early diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease comprising the combination of the following at least six metabolites: acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and valine.
- a biomarker intended for the early diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease comprising the combination of the following at least six metabolites: acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and valine.
- the biomarker also comprises the combination of at least one metabolite chosen from the group consisting of alanine, lactate, DMSO2, glycine, serine, threonine, myo- inositol, and leucine.
- the biomarker comprises or consists of the combination of the following six metabolites: acetoacetate, betaine, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), creatine, pyruvate, and valine.
- a subject of the present invention is also the in vitro use of a combination of metabolites according to the present invention, as a biomarker of a neurodegenerative disease, in particular of Parkinson's disease.
- Figure 1 represents a schematic of the experimental procedures applied to different animal models of PD. All serum samples were collected after fasting and according to the same protocol. They were analyzed by 1 H NMR at 950 MHz. Brain samples from 6-OHDA rats were used for histological analyzes and metabolomic analysis performed by 1 H HRMAS NMR at 500 MHz.
- Figure 2 depicts striatal dopaminergic denervation induced by bilateral 6-OHDA substantia nigra compact (SNc) lesion resulting in apathetic-like behavior and fine motor dysfunctions.
- PMP MP Progression Score
- the PMP score is based on the sum of the histological and behavioral components (self-administration and step readjustment), taking values from 0 to 4 for each. In this way, a score can be assigned to each animal from 0 (control/sham animal) to 3-7 (prodromal type animal), or 8-12 (clinical type animal).
- FIG. 1 Examples of coronal sections of control (sham) and 6-OHDA rat brains, stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at three representative striatal levels and localized to bregma, and corresponding patterns selected from the Paxinos atlas and Watson [78]. The areas used for the quantification of dopaminergic denervation in the different sub-regions analyzed are illustrated. Scale bars represent 2 mm.
- Figure 3 represents ambulatory motor activity measured in an open area. Dopaminergic lesions did not affect horizontal ambulatory activity measured over a 15-minute period. Data are presented as mean value for each minute ⁇ SEM.
- FIG. 4 represents the evolution of the serum metabolic profile of 6-OHDA rats modified according to the different phases of PD.
- A Example of 1 H NMR spectrum at 950 MHz (spectral areas: 5 0.5-4.7ppm and 5 6-8.5ppm) acquired with the CPMG pulse sequence (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill).
- Allocation 1-isoleucine; 2-leucine; 3-valine; 4-BHB; 5-lactate; 6-alanine; 7-arginine; 8-lysine; 9-acetate; 10-glutamine; 1 1 -methionine; 12-acetone; 13-acetoacetate; 14-glutamate; 15-pyruvate; 16-citrate; 17-asparagine; 18-creatine; 19-phosphocreatine; 20-DMSO2; 21-choline; 22- phosphocholine; 23-glucose; 24-betaine; 25-myo-inositol; 26-glycine; 27-glycerol; 28-threonine; 29-glycerophosphocholine; 30-serine; 31-ascorbate; 32-glycerate; 33-proline; 34-deoxycytidine triphosphate; 35-tyrosine; 36-histidine; 37-phenylalanine; 38-formate.
- Macromolecules are not specified (see Table 2).
- B Plot of OPLS scores against the first predictive component and the first orthogonal component. A clear gradation of color is observed from left to right, showing that metabolic profiles change with the progression of PD.
- C Graph of OPLS weights, plotted in one dimension to mimic an NMR spectrum, with NMR variables on the abscissa.
- the weights are colored according to their correlation with the PMP score, from light gray (low correlation) to dark gray (high correlation). Metabolites with a correlation > 0.5 are considered to be the most important in discrimination. Positive peaks indicate metabolites that are up-regulated with increasing score, while negative peaks are those that are down-regulated with changing score.
- FIG. 5 represents the gradation of the brain metabolic profile associated with the PMP score of the animals.
- A Example of 1 H HRMAS NMR spectrum at 500 MHz. Allocation 1 -lactate; 2-alanine; 3-GABA; 4-acetate; 5-glutamate; 6-glutamine; 7-N-Acetylaspartate; 8-creatine; 9-phosphocreatine (PCR); 10-phosphoethanolamine; 11-glycerophosphocholine; 12-phosphocholine (PC); 13-choline; 14-scyllo-inositol; 15-taurine; 16-myo-inositol; 17-ascorbate; 18-glycine; 19-glutathione.
- FIG. 6 represents the impact of a chronic treatment with a dopaminergic agonist (Pra) on the behavioral and metabolic dysregulations of 6-OHDA rats.
- A Self-administration performance. Average number of sucrose doses obtained per session after injury or after chronic administration of saline (Veh) or Pra (last 3 days). Prodromal-type animals treated with Pra show complete reversal of the effect of injury on the number of sucrose doses obtained compared to prodromal-type animals treated with Veh. The clinical type animals treated with Pra show a moderate increase in the number of sucrose doses obtained compared to the clinical type animals treated with Veh, without reaching the performance of the control animals (sham).
- B Serum metabolic deregulations.
- C Metabolic dysregulation of the brain. Percentage change in brain tissue metabolites normalized to Veh-treated control (sham) animals in DS and Nacc for prodromal type (i) and clinical type (ii) animals. Animals treated with pramipexole (hatched bar) showed an inverse variation in dysregulation of metabolite levels compared to animals treated with Veh (solid bar). Mean ⁇ SEM, one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. “: p ⁇ 0.01; ***: p ⁇ 0.001;#:p ⁇ 0.05.
- Figure 7 shows the absence of metabolic dysregulation at the serum level in animals having received an infusion of GFP (Green fluorescent protein) control virus. Histogram representing the levels of metabolites corresponding to the different samples taken from GFP animals for acetoacetate, betaine, BHB, creatine, glycine, myo-inositol, pyruvate, and serine which represent the main metabolites involved in discrimination of the 3 groups in the OPLS-DA (discriminant analysis) of a-synuclein animals. White bars correspond to samples at week 0, light gray bars at 3 weeks after virus infusion and dark gray bars at 10 weeks after. Data are presented as mean value ⁇ SEM and are tested by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tuckey's post hoc test.
- GFP Green fluorescent protein
- FIG. 8 represents the metabolomic study by NMR on serum samples of the other models of PD in different species (A) ⁇ -synuclein rat animal model.
- OPLS-DA scores constructed from 1 H NMR spectra of serum, compared to the first 2 orthogonal predictive components. The 3 groups, mimicking the 3 different phases of PD, are clearly discriminated.
- R2Y 0.929;
- Q2 0.518; 1 predictive component and 3 orthogonal components;
- CV ANOVA p-value 0.008.
- C MPTP non-human primate model. OPLS-DA scores constructed from 1 H NMR spectra of serum, compared to the first 2 predictive and orthogonal components. Control animals (sham) and clinical type animals are clearly differentiated.
- Figure 9 depicts the effect of pramipexole on BHB and betaine levels in PD patients in the US cohort. Histogram showing the relative quantitative values of metabolites in the control (control) group (white bar), PD patients (dark bar) and PD patients treated with Pra (hatched bar). Data are presented as mean value ⁇ SEM.
- FIG. 10 represents the logistic regression having made it possible to construct a composite biomarker from 6 serum metabolites: BHB, acetoacetate, valine, creatine, betaine and pyruvate.
- AUC area under the curve
- ROC ROC curve with data from PD patients and corresponding controls from the US cohort
- FIG. 11 represents the logistic regression having made it possible to construct a composite biomarker from 6 serum metabolites: BHB, acetoacetate, valine, creatine, betaine and pyruvate.
- Figure 12 shows the logistic regression curve for the panel of serum metabolites including: BHB, acetoacetate, valine, creatine, betaine and pyruvate.
- B Logistic regression algorithm for all MP type animals compared to the control (sham) group.
- Monkeys received intramuscular injections of MPTP (0.3–0.5 mg/kg) every 4–5 days for 3 weeks [77] .
- Repeated administration of weak MPTP doses were used to mimic a moderate stage, with slow disease development, and the onset of moderate dopaminergic injury.
- Serum samples were collected at the start of the experiment and after the monkeys reached a stable parkinsonian state (Fig. 1(iii)).
- Rats the experiments were carried out on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier, Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France), weighing approximately 300 g (7 weeks) at the start of the experiment. They were housed under standard laboratory and ethical conditions with an inverted light-dark cycle (12 h/light-dark cycle, with lights on at 7 p.m.) and with food and water readily available. libitum.
- the protocols used complied with the European Union Animal Protection Act 2010 and French Directive 2010/63, and were approved by the French National Ethics Committee (2013/113) No. 004 and by the local ethics committee C2EA84 and CELYNE C2EA.
- the animals received a bilateral injection of 2.3 pl of 6-OHDA (3 mg/ml) or physiological saline (NaCl 0.9%; control/sham), at a flow rate of 0.5 pl/min.
- 6-OHDA 3- mg/ml
- physiological saline NaCl 0.9%; control/sham
- 6-OHDA rats The rats were subjected to 2 behavioral tests, 3 weeks after the operation, while the 6-OHDA lesion was stabilized [79].
- sucrose motivational component
- Rats were trained to self-administer a 2.5% sucrose solution in operant chambers (Med Associates, St Albans, VT, USA) containing an active lever , reinforced, for which pressing causes the delivery of 0.2 ml of a sucrose solution associated with a low-intensity light stimulus, and an inactive, unreinforced lever, for which pressing causes neither delivery of sucrose nor light stimulus .
- This task was performed with a fixed ratio of 1, with a single press of the reinforced lever resulting in the delivery of a reward.
- Each session ended when 100 rewards were obtained, or at the end of the allotted time (1 hour). The number of rewards obtained was counted for each session by the MED-PC IV software.
- Gait readjustment test (motor component): The animals, held by the posterior third of their body, were moved over a length of 90 cm by a straight and regular movement from left to right, and vice versa, along a smooth surface table. The number of forelimb adjustments made during movement was counted [80]. The test was carried out three times, by two different experimenters, blind (ignorance of the nature of the experimental groups).
- MPTP monkeys The severity of the parkinsonian state was assessed using a rating scale taking into account classic motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, freezing, arm posture and position), spontaneous activities (arm movements, spontaneous eye movements and activity in the housing cage) and other activities (vocalization, triggered eye movements and feeding) [81].
- Histology Immunolabelling of TH and quantification of denervation in 6-OHDA rats.
- Brain harvest The rats were sacrificed by decapitation 1 day after the last session of sucrose self-administration and 1 hour after the last injection of Pra or Veh (i.e. 6 weeks after the injection). 6-OHDA or saline solution). The brains were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. They were then sliced using a cryostat thermostated at -20°C. Sections of the regions of interest were taken to carry out both the immunostaining of TH and to carry out the metabolomic study. For HHRMAS 1 NMR, thick sections of DS and Nacc tissue were pooled in inserts, and kept at -80°C until NMR analysis.
- TH immunostaining 14 ⁇ m coronal sections of the striatal levels of interest [18] were taken and stored at -20°C. Immunostaining was then performed as previously described [18,23]. Briefly, after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, striatal sections were incubated with an anti-TH antibody (mouse monoclonal MAB5280, Millipore, France, 1:2500) overnight at 4°C.
- an anti-TH antibody mouse monoclonal MAB5280, Millipore, France, 1:2500
- criterion 1 evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptoms (i.e. behavior of apathetic type)
- criterion 2 evaluation of motor symptoms (i.e. fine motor deficit)
- criterion 3 the level of denervation dopaminergic in the DS, available only after postmortem histological analysis in the patient.
- Each criterion was quantified for each animal, with values ranging from 0 to 4, as shown in Figure 2A. The values assigned to each criterion were added together to produce the PMP score, ranging from 0 to 12.
- Control (sham) animals were assigned a score of 0.
- Inclusion criteria for controls were: absence of neurological disease, absence of family history of movement disorders, and absence of specific medical conditions.
- the US cohort included 21 PD patients without antiparkinsonian therapy, 9 PD patients who received Pra treatment, and 30 age- and gender-matched controls.
- the Italian cohort included 21 patients with PD and 23 age- and gender-matched controls. All clinical and demographic information collected from the two human cohorts has been summarized in Table 1 below (data are represented by mean value ⁇ SEM, H: Male;
- Quantification was performed with jMRUI software using quantification based on a quantum estimation procedure (QUEST) [83].
- QUEST quantum estimation procedure
- This procedure requires the use of a database of metabolites and a complete assignment of spectra.
- Nineteen metabolites were assigned and quantified: acetate, alanine, ascorbate, choline, creatine, gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamate, glutamine, glycine, glycerophosphocholine, glutathione, lactate, myo-inositol, A/-acetyl aspartate, phosphocholine , phosphocreatine, phosphoethanolamine, scyllo-inositol and taurine.
- GABA gamma-aminobutyrate
- the amplitude of the metabolite calculated by QUEST was normalized with respect to the total signal of the spectrum.
- CRLBs were calculated for each metabolite as an estimate
- Serum collection For the rats, the blood was collected from the tail vein after 2 hours of fasting and under gas anesthesia with isof I urane (2%) and was stored in ice before being quickly centrifuged at 1600 g for 15 min at 4° C. The supernatant serum was collected and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until the day of the NMR. The time before freezing never exceeded 30 min [84],
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- Peak assignment was performed using 2-dimensional homonuclear 1H - 1H (TOCSY) and heteronuclear 1H - 13C (HSQC) experiments, and databases. If necessary, the addition of selected metabolites was used to clarify ambiguous identifications.
- TOCSY 2-dimensional homonuclear 1H - 1H
- HSQC heteronuclear 1H - 13C
- Multivariate analysis Data from liquid NMR or HRMAS were imported into SIMCA v.14 (Malmo, Sweden) for multivariate statistics.
- Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) was first used for the overall visualization of the distribution of all samples, followed by OPLS to find the discriminating metabolites associated with a specific disease stage. For the latter, either a continuous variable (i.e., PMP score) or a discrete variable (i.e., group membership) was used to label each sample, which led to the OPLS-DA in the latter case.
- the total number of components was determined using the cross-validation procedure, which produces the factors R2Y and Q2 that indicate the goodness of fit and the predictability of the model, respectively.
- a model is considered robust and predictive when both factors are >0.5.
- Scores were plotted in 2D against the first two components of the OPLS models, while weights were plotted in 1D to mimic an NMR spectrum but with positive/negative peaks indicating upregulated/downregulated metabolites, respectively. decrease. Indeed, in this "statistical spectrum", the correlation of each NMR variable with the continuous ranking variable (score), ranging between 0 and 1, was color-coded, ranging from dark gray (high correlation) to light gray (weak correlation). Metabolites with a correlation >0.5, considered the most discriminating, were subjected to univariate analysis. Analysis of variance of cross-validated predictive residuals (CV-ANOVA) was used to assess the significance of the model.
- CV-ANOVA cross-validated predictive residuals
- AUC area under the curve
- 6-OHDA models For the self-administration tests and the step readjustment tests, a univariate analysis of the effect of Pra was carried out in applying a one-way repeated measures (MR) ANOVA followed by a Sidak post hoc test.
- MR one-way repeated measures
- a-synuclein models For the longitudinal study performed in a-synuclein animals, some values were missing, due to artifacts during NMR measurement. Data were therefore analyzed by fitting a proposed mixed model using a compound symmetry covariance matrix, and were fitted using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. This model was followed by a Tukey post hoc test.
- RML restricted maximum likelihood
- the 6-OHDA rat model makes it possible to study the different stages of Parkinson's disease
- a score In order to characterize 6-OHDA rats in relation to the clinical progression of the disease, a score, called the progression of Parkinson's disease score (PMP), based on the same type of criteria as those used in humans, ie the neuropsychiatric component - assessed by the performance of self-administration (motivation) -, the fine motor skills - assessed by the performance of the step readjustment test -, and the extent of the DS lesion - assessed by the post-mortem histological analysis was assigned to them. Based on this score, the animals with PD were divided into two categories, namely prodromal-type animals and clinical-type animals.
- PMP progression of Parkinson's disease score
- Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity revealed that bilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the SNc led to partial nigrostriatal dopaminergic injury resulting in dopaminergic denervation in the DS and to a lesser extent in the Nacc ( Figures 2B and 2C). Indeed, TH-IR quantification showed a strong loss (62.2%) of dopaminergic projections in the DS of prodromal-type animals compared to controls (sham), an even greater loss in clinical-type animals (71 .96%). A slight loss of TH-IR was also observed in the Nacc of 6-OHDA animals (Figure 2C).
- Figure 4A illustrates a typical 1 H NMR spectrum of 6-OHDA rat serum, acquired at a very high magnetic field (23 T). This allowed the identification of approximately 50 metabolites in the serum samples.
- the 1 H and 13 C assignment of their chemical groups, as well as the multiplicity of the peaks, are presented as follows: singlet (s), doublet (d), doublet doublet (dd), multiplet (m).
- the graph of the OPLS scores, made with the NMR data and the PMP scores for each animal shows a clear gradation of the colors of the dots, from “cold” (white) on the left to “warm” (dark gray) on the right. This indicates that the metabolic profile is changing along with disease progression (Figure 4B).
- Figure 4B shows that the metabolic profile is changing along with disease progression.
- Among the 14 most relevant metabolites ie correlation with the PMP score >0.5), ten of them were significantly modified in at least one MP type group compared to the control animals (sham) (FIG.
- taurine Compared to control (sham) animals, one metabolite, taurine, was significantly altered in the prodromal type group (increase), while four metabolites were significantly altered in the clinical type group: alanine, lactate and phosphocreatine increased and glutamate decreased.
- an a-synuclein rat model was selected, in which overexpression of human A53T alpha-synuclein was induced in SNc using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors.
- AAV adeno-associated viral
- OPLS-DA serum MPTP model The OPLS-DA model shown in Figure 8C (i.e., "OPLS-DA serum MPTP model") showed clear discrimination between control (sham) and MPTP groups.
- non-human MPTP primates exhibited a significant increase in lactate and decrease in valine, similar to 6-OHDA rats.
- they exhibited a significant increase in acetoacetate and creatine as in the a-synuclein rodent model.
- a significant increase in BHB and pyruvate was observed, as well as a significant decrease in betaine, as in the two rodent models (Figure 8D).
- the ROC curve had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.936.
- AUC area under the curve
- the United States (NIH) cohort was used to build a model because i) it is the largest cohort and ii) it includes only recently diagnosed patients, unlike the Italian cohort, which includes patients with longer PD duration. The latter was used as an external validation cohort.
- the best model retained the six metabolites combined with the following regression algorithm (p: 1.95x10' 4 ):
- the following ROC curve had an AUC of 0.88.
- the optimal threshold was 0.316, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.957 and 0.714, respectively ( Figure 10B).
- the classification prediction of the Italian cohort detected 82.6% of patients with PD, with 17.4% false negatives.
- the following ROC curve had an AUC of 0.87.
- the optimal threshold was 0.279, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.952 and 0.714, respectively (Figure 11, black line).
- the classification prediction of the Italian cohort detected 82.6% of patients with PD, with 17.4% false negatives.
- the ROC curve constructed with the Logit(P2) regression algorithm and the Italian cohort had an AUC of 0.83. ( Figure 11, gray line).
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