EP4142606A1 - Procédé de caractérisation d'un objet à l'aide d'ondes ultrasonores à différents modes, à l'aide d'une image composite - Google Patents
Procédé de caractérisation d'un objet à l'aide d'ondes ultrasonores à différents modes, à l'aide d'une image compositeInfo
- Publication number
- EP4142606A1 EP4142606A1 EP21731231.3A EP21731231A EP4142606A1 EP 4142606 A1 EP4142606 A1 EP 4142606A1 EP 21731231 A EP21731231 A EP 21731231A EP 4142606 A1 EP4142606 A1 EP 4142606A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- waves
- bone
- propagation
- image
- interface
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Clinical applications
- A61B8/0875—Clinical applications for diagnosis of bone
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B8/485—Diagnostic techniques involving measuring strain or elastic properties
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/5215—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves involving processing of medical diagnostic data
- A61B8/5223—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves involving processing of medical diagnostic data for extracting a diagnostic or physiological parameter from medical diagnostic data
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a method of characterizing an object using ultrasonic waves, and a system for carrying out this method.
- This method and this system advantageously find application for characterizing a bone.
- X-ray tomography imaging is, for example, a medical imaging technique using X-rays passing through the body to be imaged.
- this technique has the disadvantage of exposing the body to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. Even today, exposing the bodies of young children to such X-rays is avoided unless absolutely necessary.
- Ultrasonic waves are conventionally transmitted by a network of transceivers, and their echoes on a body to be characterized are received by the same network or another network after a certain propagation time between transmission and reception.
- Images showing a section of the body in which the ultrasonic waves propagated can then be constructed based on the echo signals received by the transceiver network (s).
- the speed of sound chosen is generally an average speed of sound in non-bone biological tissue (skin or muscle, for example), which is generally in the order of 1540 meters per second with an error of around 5% to 10%.
- the images obtained on the basis of this hypothesis thus exhibit satisfactory quality in regions of interest showing non-bone biological tissue.
- the speed of sound in a bone (generally between 2800 meters per second and 4200 meters per second for a compression wave in cortical bone) is much greater than the speed of sound in non-bone biological tissue.
- Images obtained on the basis of a uniform velocity assumption whose value corresponds to a sound velocity in non-bone biological tissue exhibits poor quality in regions of interest showing bone. This poor quality typically results in low intensity and bone blurring. For this reason, a widely held misconception in the medical community is that ultrasound waves do not "easily penetrate" into bone.
- the speed of sound in a bone depends on several factors.
- Bone is indeed an elastically anisotropic medium. This is due in particular to the fact that the so-called cortical bone includes channels extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of a long bone (for example the tibia), in particular to house blood vessels.
- an ultrasonic compression wave travels through a bone in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of a long bone faster than in another direction.
- An aim of the present invention is to characterize an object even more precisely, such as a bone for example.
- a method of characterizing an object comprising an external interface, an internal interface and an internal medium situated between the external interface and the internal interface, the method comprising steps from:
- the ultrasonic waves comprising first waves having a mode which evolves according to a first evolution during their propagation in the object, and second waves having a mode which evolves according to a second evolution during their propagation in the object, the second evolution being different from the first evolution
- the echo signals comprising first signals representing echoes of the first waves, and second signals representing echoes of second waves,
- the determination of the two characteristics of the object comprising the following sub-steps: a) construction of a plurality of images showing the 'internal interface and the internal medium, the plurality of images being constructed from the echo signals, location data of the external interface, a speed of sound in the external medium and under the assumption that the two characteristics of the object are respectively equal to two candidate values, the plurality of image comprising a first image associated with the first waves and constructed from the first signals, and a second image associated with the second waves and constructed from the second signals , b) construction of a composite image from the plurality of images, c) calculation of a metric indicative of a focus quality of the internal interface and / or of the internal medium in the image composite age, d) depending on the metric, whether or not the two candidate values are selected as respective values of the two characteristics of the object.
- the method according to the first aspect can comprise the following optional characteristics, taken alone or combined with each other whenever this is technically possible.
- - ultrasonic waves include third waves having a mode which evolves according to a third evolution during their propagation in the object, the third evolution being different from the first evolution and the second evolution,
- the echo signals include third signals representing third wave echoes
- the plurality of images comprises a third image associated with the third waves and constructed from the third signals.
- - ultrasonic waves include fourth waves having a mode which evolves according to a fourth evolution during their propagation in the object, the fourth evolution being different from the first evolution, the second evolution and the third evolution,
- the echo signals include fourth signals representing echoes of the fourth waves
- the plurality of images comprises a fourth image associated with the fourth waves and constructed from the fourth signals.
- the ultrasonic waves include:
- the ultrasonic waves are compression waves on their emission.
- the two characteristics of the object include an elastic anisotropy parameter of the object and a propagation velocity of vertically polarized shear waves in the object in a direction of propagation parallel to or perpendicular to it. a longitudinal axis of the object.
- the two characteristics of the object include a speed of propagation of compression waves in the object and a speed of propagation of shear waves in the object.
- Both parameters can be adapted to define, in combination with two other parameters:
- the other two parameters may include a speed of propagation of compression waves in an axial direction of the object, and another parameter of elastic anisotropy of the object.
- the plurality of images can be constructed under the assumption that the object is elastically isotropic in a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the object, or under the assumption that the object is elastically isotropic.
- the construction of a reference image included in the plurality of images, and associated with reference waves comprises:
- the construction of the composite image comprises a weighted sum of the plurality of images.
- the method according to the first aspect comprises a repetition of the sub-steps a) to c) for different pairs of candidate values, so as to obtain a plurality of metrics, one of the pairs of candidate values being selected in step d) as a function of the plurality of metrics.
- the method comprises a location of the internal interface in an image constructed during an implementation of step a) or of step b), so as to generate data for the location of the interface. internal.
- the internal interface is located in an image constructed from two candidate values selected in step d) as respective values of the two characteristics of the object.
- the internal interface is localized is an image constructed from wave echo signals having a mode which does not change when passing through the external interface and which does not change when reflected on the internal interface.
- the method comprises estimating a thickness of the object between the external interface and the internal interface, from the location data of the external interface and the location data of the internal interface.
- the object is a bone.
- the external interface is a periosteum of the bone.
- the internal interface is an endosteal bone.
- the internal medium is cortical bone tissue.
- the internal medium can include pores containing a fluid or solid fibers oriented in the same longitudinal direction.
- a system for characterizing an object is also proposed, the system comprising:
- the - transmitters configured to emit ultrasonic waves towards the object, so that the ultrasonic waves propagate in an external medium located between the emitters and the object, then enter the object by crossing the external interface, then reflect on the internal interface, then leave the object cross again the external interface, the ultrasonic waves comprising first waves having a mode which evolves according to a first evolution during their propagation in the object, and second waves having a mode which evolves according to a second evolution during their propagation in the object, the second evolution being different from the first evolution,
- - receivers configured to receive echo signals from ultrasonic waves after leaving the object, the echo signals comprising first signals representing echoes of the first waves, and second signals representing echoes of second waves,
- a processing device configured to determine two characteristics of the object providing information on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object, the determination of the two characteristics of the object comprising the following sub-steps: a) construction of a plurality of images showing the internal interface and the internal environment, the plurality of images being constructed from the echo signals, data from localization of the external interface, of a speed of sound in the external medium and under the assumption that the two characteristics of the object are respectively equal to two candidate values, the plurality of images comprising a first image associated with the first waves and constructed from the first signals, and a second image associated with the second waves and constructed from the second signals, b) construction of a composite image from the plurality of images, c) calculation of an indicative metric a quality of focusing of the internal interface and / or of the internal medium in the composite image, d) according to the metric, selection or not of the two candidate values as respective values of the two characteristics ques of the object.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of a body including a bone.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a characterization system according to one embodiment.
- Figure 3 shows a bone and a probe in a first position.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of steps of a characterization method according to a first embodiment.
- Figure 5 shows a bone and a probe in a second position.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of other steps of the characterization method according to the first embodiment.
- Figure 7 illustrates the paths followed by different types of waves in a bone.
- Figure 8 is a flowchart detailing the substeps of a step illustrated in Figure 6.
- FIGS. 9a to 9e respectively show five images constructed during the implementation of a characterization method.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart of steps of a characterization method according to a second embodiment.
- Figure 11 is a flowchart detailing the sub-steps of a step illustrated in figure
- Bone B extends along a longitudinal axis X.
- Bone B comprises in particular marrow, an endosteum E extending around the marrow, a cortical bone tissue T extending around the endosteum E, a periosteum extending around the cortical bone tissue T.
- Cortical bone tissue comprises osteons or Havers' systems, each osteon defines a pore having the shape of a cylinder oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis X.
- the non-osseous biological tissue T extends around the bone, and more specifically around the bone. of the PE periosteum with which it is in contact.
- the non-osseous biological tissue T comprises flesh or even skin surrounding the flesh.
- the PE periosteum forms an external interface of bone B, between an external environment (the biological non-bone tissue T) and an internal environment (cortical bone tissue).
- Endostate E also forms an internal interface of bone B between cortical T bone tissue and the marrow.
- a characterization system 1 comprises an ultrasonic probe 2, a device 4 for processing echo signals acquired by the probe 2, or even a display screen 12.
- the ultrasonic probe 2, known as such. itself, comprises at least one array of transceivers 6 aligned along a Y axis.
- the probe 2 comprises a silicone lens (not shown) arranged in front of the row of transceivers 6.
- Each transceiver 6 is suitable for emitting ultrasonic waves. Each transceiver 6 is also suitable for acquiring ultrasonic wave echo signals transmitted by any other transceiver 6.
- a transceiver is for example a piezoelectric element.
- the relative positions of the transceivers 6 are predetermined. Typically, the transceivers 6 are separated by a constant pitch along the axis of the probe 2.
- the echo signal processing device 4 conventionally comprises at least a processor 8 and a memory 10.
- the processor 8 is configured to perform calculations, and in particular an image processing algorithm, the operation of which will be detailed below.
- a function of the processing device 4 is to determine, from echo signals and other data, at least two parameters of the bone that provide information on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the bone.
- Memory 10 stores predetermined data. These data are not specific to an individual's body but are generic data applicable to any individual in a population.
- the predetermined data includes a set of candidate values for the two bone parameters providing information on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in bone.
- a method of characterizing bone B using the characterization system 1 and according to a first embodiment comprises the following steps.
- the probe 2 is positioned close to the body C in a first position illustrated in FIG. 3.
- the transceivers 6 of the probe 2 are aligned substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone B.
- the Y axis of probe 2 is perpendicular to the X axis of bone B in the first position.
- the probe 2 emits ultrasonic waves in the direction of the body C (step 100).
- These waves are, for example, radial compression waves. These waves propagate in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis X of bone B, also called the transverse plane.
- Ultrasound waves propagate in non-bone biological tissue (external medium located between the transmitters and the bone), then enter the bone through the periosteum (external interface of the bone), then reflect on the endosteum (internal interface of the bone), then exit the bone and cross the periosteum again.
- the ultrasonic waves emitted during this step 100 can have a compression mode (the wave is then a compression wave) or a shear mode (the wave is then a shear wave).
- Echo signals from these ultrasonic waves are acquired by the transceivers of probe 2 (step 102).
- a wave emitted by a transceiver 6 of index i can perfectly well give rise to an echo signal received by another transceiver 6 of index j.
- the echo signals are digitized, transmitted to the processing device 4 and stored in the memory 10 in a form known from the state of the art.
- the processor 8 implements the following steps, which are described in document WO 2019/016339:
- step 104 Determination of a speed of sound in the biological tissue (step 104). This step uses the echo signals received in step 102.
- the speed of sound in the biological tissue determined during step 102 is a radial speed V radiai tissue , that is to say in a transverse plane. (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis X of the bone).
- the PE periosteum forms an external interface of bone B between an internal medium of bone B (i.e. cortical bone tissue) and an external medium (i.e., non-bone biological tissue T surrounding bone. B).
- the periosteum defines a dividing curve.
- processor 8 generates location data for the PE periosteum.
- V radiai Determination of a radial speed of sound in the bone V radiai (step 108). This speed is therefore a speed in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone.
- the velocity V radiai is determined from the location data of the periosteum PE obtained in step 106 and the velocity V radiiai tissue determined in step 104.
- step 108 includes the following sub-steps:
- a preliminary image image showing the cortical bone tissue of bone B and endosteum E, from echo signals, velocity V tissue , location data of the periosteum PE, and under the assumption that the speed V radiated is equal to a candidate value stored in the memory.
- the preliminary image is for example constructed using the Kirchhoff migration method, the so-called “Total Focusing Method”, or even the so-called migration method. temporal reversal ("Reverse Time Migration" in English, abbreviated as RTM).
- RTM Reverse Time Migration
- Calculation of a metric known as a preliminary metric, representative of a focusing quality in a region of interest of the preliminary image.
- the region of interest chosen is typically a region showing endosteum E and / or cortical tissue of bone B.
- the processor 8 locates the endosteum E (step 110) in one of the preliminary images constructed during the step 108. During the localization step 110, the processor 8 generates data for the location of the endosteum. E.
- the location 110 of the endostate E conventionally comprises the following sub-steps:
- the preliminary image chosen for the localization is the subject of a segmentation, so as to identify a group of pixels (this segmentation comprising for example the implementation of a Djikstra algorithm known from the state of the art ).
- this group of pixels is approximated in a demarcation curve defined by a polynomial, for example a parabola.
- the location 110 is implemented in the preliminary images constructed on the basis of the candidate values having been selected as V radiai during step 109.
- This has the advantage of locating the endosteum E more precisely from the makes the high quality of focus of this image among all those which have been constructed by the processor 8 during step 108.
- processor 8 estimates a thickness of bone B, measured between periosteum PE and endosteum E (step 112). This thickness is estimated on the basis of the location data obtained in steps 106 and 110.
- the probe 2 is positioned close to the body C in a second position illustrated in FIG. 5.
- the second position is different from the first position.
- the X and Y axes are coplanar, parallel tracks.
- the probe 2 in the second position emits new ultrasonic waves in the direction of bone B (step 200).
- the new ultrasonic waves propagate in a longitudinal plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of bone B.
- the new ultrasound waves enter body C, then propagate into non-bone biological tissue T (external medium), then enter bone B by passing through periosteum PE (external interface of bone), then propagate into the cortical tissue of the bone (internal environment).
- the new waves are then reflected on the endosteum E (internal interface), then propagate again in the cortical tissue of the bone, then exit the bone crossing the periosteum PE again, propagate again in the non-osseous biological tissue T before exiting the body C and then waiting for the receptors for probe 2.
- a new ultrasonic wave can have a compression mode (the wave is then a compression wave) or a shear mode (the wave is then a shear wave).
- the mode of a new ultrasonic wave is likely to change between its emission by a transmitter of probe 2 and its subsequent reception by a receiver of probe 2. Two mode changes are likely to occur: compression mode to shear mode or shear mode to compression mode.
- the new ultrasonic waves have a compression mode when they are emitted from probe 2 in step 200.
- the new ultrasonic waves emitted in step 200 include waves whose respective modes change in different ways during their propagation in the B bone. Moreover, the trajectories followed by these waves are also different.
- the new ultrasonic waves can include first waves whose mode evolves according to a first evolution during their propagation in the bone: their mode does not change when crossing the periosteum PE (external interface) and does not change by being reflected on the bone. 'endoste (internal interface).
- These first waves are for example PPPP waves: before reaching the bone, these PPPP waves are compression waves, and remain so during their propagation in the bone. The first waves follow the first trajectories in the bone.
- the new ultrasonic waves can include second waves whose mode evolves according to a second evolution during their propagation in the bone, the second evolution being different from the first evolution: their mode changes when they enter bone B into crossing the periosteum PE (external interface), does not change when they reflect on the endosteum (internal interface), and changes again when they exit the object by crossing the periosteum (external interface)
- These second worlds are by example of PSSP waves: before reaching the bone, these waves are compression waves, transform into shear waves when entering bone B through the periosteum PE, and transform into compression waves when leaving the 'bone crossing again the periosteum PE.
- the second waves follow first trajectories in the bone which are different from the first trajectories.
- the new ultrasonic waves can include third waves whose mode evolves according to a third evolution during their propagation in the bone, the third evolution being different from the first evolution and the second evolution.
- These third waves have a mode which changes when they enter bone B by crossing the periosteum PE (external interface), which changes again during their reflection on the endosteum E (internal interface), and which does not change. when they exit the bone by crossing the periosteum PE (external interface).
- These third waves are for example PSPP waves: before reaching the bone, these waves are compression waves, transform into shear waves when entering bone B through the periosteum PE and transform back into compression waves by being reflected on the endosteum E.
- the third waves follow third trajectories in the bone which are different from the first trajectories and from the second trajectories.
- the new ultrasonic waves can include fourth waves whose mode evolves in a fourth evolution during their propagation in the bone, the fourth evolution being different from the first evolution, the second evolution and the third evolution.
- These fourth waves have a mode which does not change when they enter the bone by crossing the periosteum PE (external interface), which changes during their reflection on the endosteum E (internal interface), and which changes again during of their exit from the bone by crossing the periosteum PE (external interface).
- These fourth waves are for example PPSP waves: before reaching the bone, these waves are compression waves, are transformed into shear waves by being reflected on the endosteum, and are transformed back into compression waves when leaving the bone. the bone by crossing the periosteum.
- the fourth waves follow fourth paths in the bone that are different from the first paths, second paths, and third paths.
- FIG. 7 shows the respective trajectories of a PPPP wave, a PSSP wave, a PPSP wave, and a PPSP wave as well as a PP wave.
- Figure 7 shows a gray area which represents the cortical bone tissue of bone B.
- the PE periosteum is represented by the upper border of this gray area
- the endostate E is represented by the lower border of this gray area.
- the new ultrasonic waves emitted in step 200 include the first, second, third and fourth waves mentioned above. It will be seen below that these different types of waves are used to characterize bone B more precisely. New echo signals of these new ultrasonic waves are thus acquired by the transceivers 6 of the probe 2 (step 202).
- the new echo signals include different signals associated respectively with the different waves described above, whose modes evolve differently and follow different paths during their propagation in the bone.
- the new echo signals obtained in step 202 may include:
- Second signals constituting echoes of the second waves, and / or
- a compression wave is faster than a shear wave.
- the propagation speed of a compression wave in a bone is between 2800 and 4200 meters per second, while the propagation speed of a shear wave in a bone is between 1300 and 2000 meters per second.
- a compression wave is about twice as fast in a bone as a shear wave.
- shear waves propagate in soft tissue such as biological tissue T at a negligible speed, on the order of 1 meter per second.
- the echoes of the first, second, third and fourth waves are received by the same receiver 6 at different times.
- the echoes of the PPPP waves are received first by a receiver 6, since these waves have kept a compression mode (fast) during their propagation in the bone B.
- the PSSP waves are received by the same receiver 6 at a time later, and even last because these waves were propagated in the bone according to a shearing mode on the outward and return side.
- the PSPP and PPSP waves are received by the same receiver after the PPPP waves, and before the PSSP waves; in fact, these waves have been slowed down by their shear mode, but only on their way to or back into the bone (either before reaching the endosteum, or after having been reflected on the endosteum).
- the new echo signals are digitized, transmitted to processing device 4 and stored in memory 10.
- v P and v sv can be defined by four parameters, called Thomsen parameters, because they were proposed by L. Thomsen in the document entitled Weak elastic anisotropy, published in 1986.
- e another parameter of elastic anisotropy of bone B.
- this other parameter of elastic anisotropy is representative of a difference between the speed of axial propagation in the bone of a wave compression and a radial velocity in the bone of a compression wave.
- the processor 8 determines the parameter a 0 based on the new echo signals (step 204). This step may for example be based on locating a head wave which propagates along the outer surface of the bone B. According to this known technique, two specific echo signals acquired in response to the emission of waves by two emitters 6 extremes of the probe 2 (typically, that of index 0 and that of maximum index).
- the set of transceivers 6 receives the waves transmitted selectively by one of the extremal transmitters 6 of the probe 2.
- the distance which separates the two extremal transmitters 6 is known, typically between 10 and 40 millimeters. At this scale, it can be assumed that the outer surface of bone B is flat. Therefore, the speed of propagation of a head wave along this surface can be easily determined given that the relation between the instant of arrival of the head wave of a wave by one of the two transmitters receivers 6 used and the distance separating one of the two extremal transmitters 6 and the receivers 6 is a linear function. Under this assumption of linearity, it is very easy to determine:
- the parameter a 0 is then calculated by the processor 8 by means of the following formula:
- the processor 8 furthermore determines the parameter e (step 206) on the basis of the speed V radiai obtained in step 108 and the speed V axiai (in other words, the parameter a 0 ) obtained in step 204.
- the processor 8 typically performs the following calculation during step 206 to determine the parameter e:
- the processor 8 furthermore determines the parameters d * and b 0 using the new echo signals (step 208). With reference to FIG. 8, this step 208 comprises the following sub-steps.
- the processor 8 constructs a plurality of images each showing the endosteum E (internal interface) and cortical bone tissue of the bone (internal environment) (step 300). For this construction, the following input data is used by processor 8:
- the processor 8 implements a processing assuming that the parameters d * and b 0 are respectively equal to these two candidate values.
- Each image of the plurality of images consists of a grid of pixels, each pixel being defined by a position in the grid and by an intensity I, this intensity being typically representative of a gray level.
- Each preliminary image also represents a sectional view of the body C in a plane in which the ultrasonic waves have propagated (this sectional plane being parallel to the axis of the probe 2). Each point of this cutting plane will thus be shown in a pixel of each image.
- not all of the echo signals acquired in step 202 are used to construct an image of the plurality of images. Only one of the four types of echo signals mentioned above is used to construct an image of the plurality of images. Therefore, one image of the plurality of images is associated with waves that have had a specific mode shift and have followed a specific path as they propagate through bone.
- the plurality of images can thus include:
- the construction of an image of the plurality of images is carried out by means of the Kirchhoff migration method or the so-called “total focusing” method. These methods are known per se.
- the construction of the first image 11 using one of these two methods comprises the following substeps.
- the processor 8 selectively estimates the first trajectories followed by the first waves, from the first echo signals and under the assumption that the parameters d * and b 0 are respectively equal to two candidate values present in memory 10.
- the first waves passed through point P were each emitted by a transmitter of index i, whose position is known along the Y axis of probe 2, and received by a receiver of index j, whose position is also known along the Y axis of probe 2. There are therefore at most as many first wave echo signals passed through point P as there are pairs (i, j) of emitter indices / receivers in probe 2 (therefore at most M x N signals if M is the number of transmitters used and N the number of receivers used).
- the estimation of the first trajectories is implemented by exploiting the Fermât principle, according to which it is assumed that a first wave propagates rectilinearly in a homogeneous medium.
- the body C is considered during the implementation of this estimation of the first trajectories as a heterogeneous medium: the non-osseous biological tissue is considered as a homogeneous medium, in which the first ultrasonic waves are propagated at the speed V radiai tissue previously determined.
- bone B is considered as another homogeneous medium in which these first waves propagated at speeds calculated by means of the two Thomsen functions described above, by assuming that the parameters d * and b 0 used by these functions are respectively equal to the two candidate values, and that the parameters a 0 and e are equal to the values determined previously in steps 204 and 206.
- the processor 8 calculates the propagation times of the first waves passed through the point P via the first estimated trajectories.
- a propagation time breaks down into a propagation time t T (i, P) from the transmitter of index i to the point P, and a propagation time t R (J, P) from the point P to to the index receiver j.
- the processor 8 then calculates an intensity of a pixel of the first image 11 at the point P considered, from the estimated propagation times, the first echo signals and the positions of the transmitters and receivers.
- the intensity I of point P is typically calculated using the formula below: in which :
- W (P, i, j) denotes a weight obtained by applying a predetermined weighting function W.
- the weighting function W is an observation window function (also called the weighting or apodization window in the literature).
- This angular threshold is for example set at 50 degrees (this angle corresponding to a loss of sensitivity of a receiver of the order of 50%).
- the first image 11 can be entirely constructed.
- the first image 11 is constructed by means of the so-called time reversal migration method (“Reverse Time Migration” in English, abbreviated as RTM).
- RTM Reverse Time Migration
- This method is an alternative imaging method resulting in an image representing the reflectivity of a region at any point thereof. It assumes knowledge of the geometry of the medium studied and of the speed of propagation of the first waves at each point.
- the reflectivity image is obtained by calculating, in all point of the image, a temporal correlation between an incident field generated by the source and the back-propagated field recorded by the receivers.
- These fields are obtained by numerically solving the acoustic (or elastic) wave equation, using respectively the waveform generated by a transmitter and the echo signals recorded by the receivers (reversed in time) as boundary conditions. . These operations must be repeated for each program.
- the final image is obtained by summing the images obtained for each emission. This method is nevertheless much more costly in computation time than that used in the preferred embodiment variant described above.
- the first image 11 is constructed by selectively using the echo signals of the first waves, which are propagated by following particular trajectories (the first trajectories), with a particular mode evolution (not change of mode when crossing the periosteum PE and reflection on the endosteum E).
- the second, third or fourth echo signals are not used to construct the first frame 11.
- the second image I2, the third image I3 and the fourth image I4 are constructed using one of the alternative embodiments described above, the only difference of course being in the echo signals selectively used each time. .
- only the second echo signals are used to build the second image I2
- only the third echo signals are used to build the third image I3, and only the fourth echo signals are used to build the fourth image I4. .
- images 11-14 constructed in step 300 provide different visual information about cortical bone tissue and endosteum. This is because these images were built on the basis of waves that followed different trajectories, and whose modes evolved in different ways during their propagation in the B bone.
- the processor 8 subsequently generates a composite image IC from the previously constructed plurality of images (step 302).
- This composite image IC an example of which is shown in FIG. 9e, thus brings together the various visual information mentioned above, in a synergistic manner.
- the composite image IC gives more visual information about the bone than each image of the plurality of images taken individually.
- the composite image IC can be a weighted sum of the plurality of images. It is in particular possible to implement an incoherent composition (“incoherent compounding” in English) of the respective envelopes of the images of the plurality of images.
- Processor 8 then calculates a metric representative of a focus quality in a region of interest of the composite image IC (step 304).
- the region of interest chosen is typically a region showing the endosteum E and / or cortical bone tissue of the bone (internal medium).
- the metric is preferably a function of an average intensity and / or average contrast in the region of interest considered in the composite image IC.
- the metric is typically one or a combination of the following metrics, known to the state of the art:
- Steps 300, 302 and 304 are repeated for different pairs of candidate values for the parameters d * and b 0 . At the end of this repetition, as many metrics are thus obtained as there are pairs of candidate values used.
- the processor 8 selects as final values for the parameters d * and b 0 a pair of optimal values among the pairs of candidate values used (step 306).
- the processor 8 is based for this on the calculated metrics.
- the candidate pair of values selected in step 306 is that which served as input data to produce a composite image IC whose associated metric is indicative of maximum focus quality in the region of interest. considered, among all the calculated metrics. Typically, when one of the methods listed above is used to calculate the metric, one searches for the maximum value metric among all the calculated metrics.
- a pair of candidate values that have been used is selected at no at step 306 based on the metric that has been calculated based on that pair.
- Processor 8 now knows the four Thomsen parameters a 0 , b 0 , ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4, e, which constitute characteristics providing information on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in bone B.
- the processor 8 locates the endosteum E (step 210) in one of the images constructed during the step 208. During the localization step 210, the processor 8 generates data for the location of the endosteum E .
- the location 210 of the endostate E conventionally comprises the following sub-steps:
- the image chosen for the localization is the subject of a segmentation, so as to identify a group of pixels showing the endosteum E (this segmentation comprising for example the implementation of a Djikstra algorithm known to the state of the art).
- this group of pixels is approximated in a demarcation curve defined by a polynomial, for example a parabola.
- the location data of the endosteum E obtained in step 210 differ from those obtained in step 110 in that it is based on images in different planes (transverse plane for step 110 against plane longitudinal for step 210).
- the location 210 is implemented in one of the images constructed on the basis of the candidate values having been selected as values for the parameters d * , b 0 during step 306.
- This image can thus be the first image 11, the second image I2, the third image I3, the fourth image I4 or the composite image IC. This has the advantage of locating the endosteum E more precisely because of the high quality of focusing these images among all those which have been constructed by the processor 8.
- the first image 11 constructed on the basis of the candidate values having been selected as values for the parameters d * , b 0 during step 306 which is used for the localization of the endosteum at the endosteum. during step 210.
- this first image 11 which makes it possible to locate the endosteum E most precisely, this first image 11 being associated with the waves having a mode which does not change when crossing the periosteum. PE and which does not change when reflected on the endosteum E.
- processor 8 estimates a thickness of bone B, measured between periosteum PE and endosteum E (step 212). This thickness is estimated on the basis of the location data obtained in steps 106 and 210.
- the thickness estimated at step 212 constitutes additional information and of the thickness estimated at step 112.
- the thickness estimated at step 212 is a thickness measured in a longitudinal plane of the bone B
- the thickness estimated in step 112 is a thickness measured in a transverse plane of the bone B.
- the method according to this second embodiment comprises the steps 100, 102, 104, 106, 200, 202 described above.
- the processor 8 jointly determines two speeds based on the echo signals received in step 202: a compression wave propagation speed in bone V P , and a shear wave propagation speed V s in the bone (step 209).
- step 209 comprises the following substeps.
- the processor 8 constructs a plurality of images each showing the endosteum E (internal interface) and cortical bone tissue of the bone (internal environment) (step 400). For this step 400, the following input data is used by processor 8:
- processor 8 implements processing assuming that the speeds V P and V s are respectively equal to these two candidate values. This assumption is therefore different from that used during step 300 forming part of the method according to the first embodiment.
- step 400 Apart from this difference in assumption, all the other principles of step 300 described above can be taken up in step 400.
- the plurality of images constructed during step 400 can thus include:
- a fourth image I4 selectively constructed on the basis of the fourth echo signals, when the fourth waves are part of the ultrasonic waves emitted in step 202.
- the processor 8 subsequently generates a composite image IC based on the plurality of images (step 402).
- This step 402 can be identical to step 302.
- Processor 8 calculates a metric representative of a focus quality in a region of interest of the composite image IC (step 404).
- the region of interest chosen is typically a region showing endostate E and / or cortical bone tissue of the bone (internal medium). This step 404 can be identical to step 304.
- Steps 400, 402 and 404 are repeated for different pairs of candidate values for the speeds V P and V s . At the end of this repetition, as many metrics are thus obtained as there are pairs of candidate values used.
- the processor 8 selects as final values for the speeds V P and V s a pair of optimal values among the pairs of candidate values used (step 406).
- the processor 8 is based for this on the calculated metrics.
- the principles implemented in step 306 are applicable to step 406.
- the steps 208 and 209 have the common point of determining two parameters providing information on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in bone B.
- these two parameters are the parameters d * , b 0 from Thomsen.
- these two parameters are the speeds V P and V s .
- Steps 210, 212 are implemented as in the first embodiment. The same principles apply regarding the selection of the image used to locate the endostate E.
- An external interface (the PE periosteum, when this object is bone B) capable of being crossed by ultrasonic waves.
- An internal interface (endostate E, when this object is bone B) capable of reflecting ultrasonic waves.
- the object is not necessarily tubular or globally tubular deformed, as is the case with bone B.
- the object can for example be in the form of a plate, the internal and external interfaces then defining two opposite sides of such a plate.
- the internal medium comprises pores containing a fluid and oriented in the same longitudinal direction, or solid fibers oriented in the same longitudinal direction, for example glass or carbon fibers.
- the object may mimic a bone, and be intended to be used for training purposes by medical personnel.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2004180A FR3109520B1 (fr) | 2020-04-27 | 2020-04-27 | Procédé de caractérisation d’un objet à l’aide d’ondes ultrasonores à différents modes, à l’aide d’une image composite |
| PCT/FR2021/050717 WO2021219951A1 (fr) | 2020-04-27 | 2021-04-26 | Procédé de caractérisation d'un objet à l'aide d'ondes ultrasonores à différents modes, à l'aide d'une image composite |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4142606A1 true EP4142606A1 (fr) | 2023-03-08 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21731231.3A Pending EP4142606A1 (fr) | 2020-04-27 | 2021-04-26 | Procédé de caractérisation d'un objet à l'aide d'ondes ultrasonores à différents modes, à l'aide d'une image composite |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12251258B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4142606A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3109520B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021219951A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7175599B2 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2007-02-13 | Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Shear mode diagnostic ultrasound |
| FR3069150B1 (fr) | 2017-07-19 | 2019-08-02 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | Procede de caracterisation d'un os a l'aide d'ondes ultrasonores |
-
2020
- 2020-04-27 FR FR2004180A patent/FR3109520B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-04-26 WO PCT/FR2021/050717 patent/WO2021219951A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-04-26 US US17/997,153 patent/US12251258B2/en active Active
- 2021-04-26 EP EP21731231.3A patent/EP4142606A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3109520B1 (fr) | 2024-05-17 |
| US20230087997A1 (en) | 2023-03-23 |
| WO2021219951A1 (fr) | 2021-11-04 |
| US12251258B2 (en) | 2025-03-18 |
| FR3109520A1 (fr) | 2021-10-29 |
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