EP4127990A1 - Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d'accès - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d'accèsInfo
- Publication number
- EP4127990A1 EP4127990A1 EP21710550.1A EP21710550A EP4127990A1 EP 4127990 A1 EP4127990 A1 EP 4127990A1 EP 21710550 A EP21710550 A EP 21710550A EP 4127990 A1 EP4127990 A1 EP 4127990A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- user
- virtual
- data
- dimensional
- virtual object
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
- G06F21/31—User authentication
- G06F21/36—User authentication by graphic or iconic representation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F2221/2133—Verifying human interaction, e.g., Captcha
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of controlling access to a computer resource, the control aiming more particularly to distinguish a human being from a robot, in particular in a context of virtual reality or augmented reality.
- a user may be required to pass a test proving that he is indeed human, in order to prevent computers, or robots, from fraudulently accessing the resources of the service.
- Such a test may be of the “Captcha” type (Acronym for “Completely Automated Public Turing test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart”) making it possible to distinguish humans from robots.
- the server running the website presents a Captcha to the user to determine if they are indeed human. If the validation of the test is correct, access to the resources of the service is authorized, otherwise it is refused.
- This type of method makes it possible to secure access to protected resources requiring authentication, such as for example proprietary or / and sensitive databases, production systems, health systems, etc.
- Captcha proposes a problem of resolution easy for a human being (logical deduction, visual or auditory recognition, stc.), But difficult for a robot. For example :
- Captcha consists of exposing a logical test (addition, equation to be solved, etc.);
- an “image” Captcha based on an image or a set of images, generally proposes to recognize and select a shape in a setting, or to form a logical sequence of shapes and images.
- Captchas More recently, three-dimensional (3D) Captchas have appeared, presenting themselves as a variation of text Captcha, adding to the possible deformations a 3D deformation accessible to the human eye.
- Other complex Captchas called "reCaptcha” incorporate computer codes triggered by the user, which can be combined with a image recognition as well as time management adapted to a human being (a computer can be faster or more predictable on certain tests).
- Captchas continues to increase. But the more complex the Captcha becomes, the more difficult it becomes to solve not only for a robot, but also for a human, causing frustration for the user and loss of attractiveness for the website.
- the invention improves the state of the art.
- the user must implement interactions with a three-dimensional object in order to be recognized as a human and to access the service. So it's a matter of solving a Captcha that's complex enough that a computer can't.
- three-dimensional virtual object is understood here to mean a digital object which develops in a three-dimensional space, such as for example a geometric object, or a natural object projected into a computer universe.
- User interaction data is understood to mean data resulting from a human-machine interaction where the user can move and manipulate 3D objects in a space consisting of a computer screen or a three-dimensional virtual scene. .
- the physical position of the elements in space is relevant, as well as the manipulations to which they are the object (selection, displacement including translations and rotations, etc ). This interaction can be carried out by the user's hand, a mouse, a virtual hand, a joystick, or any other object capable of selecting and moving virtual objects in a multidimensional and temporal space.
- a 3D space used for the interaction can be actual physical space, a computer-simulated representation, or a combination of the two.
- the actual space is used for inputs, users perform actions or give commands to the machine using an input device that detects the 3D position of user action.
- the simulated 3D virtual scene is projected onto the real environment through one or more output devices.
- resolution data is meant all the digital data associated with the resolution of the Captcha. These data can correspond to a set of interactions on one or more three-dimensional objects, such as for example a sequence of selections of several objects, each selection being followed by a manipulation of the object, in particular a transformation in the plane or in the plane. 'space.
- the Captcha is considered to be resolved, and that the user is human.
- a method as described above further comprises a step of:
- the restitution consists of a projection of said at least one three-dimensional virtual object to achieve the display in said two-dimensional space.
- a two-dimensional screen such as for example a TV or computer screen
- a two-dimensional screen can be implemented for the resolution of the Captcha.
- the 3D objects are then projected in 2D on this screen using any technique within the reach of a person skilled in the art, for example a parallel projection, or in perspective, of the 3D object on a plane.
- An object can be manipulated by a mouse, or via touch interaction, etc.
- a method as described above is characterized in that it further comprises a step of:
- the user can, in the space of the virtual or mixed scene, select objects and manipulate them to solve the Captcha.
- the scene is artificially generated by a master device such as a computer, smartphone, tablet, etc. and projected onto the screen of a rendering device such as a virtual helmet (film, video game, 3D universe, etc.).
- a rendering device such as a virtual helmet (film, video game, 3D universe, etc.).
- a virtual stage This is meant by a virtual stage.
- augmented reality also called hybrid or mixed
- virtual elements or information sounds, images, graphics, GPS positioning information, etc.
- augmented we speak in this case of mixed scene.
- a method as described above is characterized in that the interaction data comprises at least one data item for selecting said at least one three-dimensional virtual object.
- At least one virtual object must be selected to resolve the Captcha. It is thus possible, for example, to create a puzzle in space, by the selection of successive faces of a virtual object, or by the successive selection of several virtual objects, etc.
- a method as described above is characterized in that the interaction data includes at least one data item for transforming said at least one three-dimensional virtual object.
- a virtual object must undergo a transformation to resolve the Captcha.
- a transformation in space or in the plane, is a bijective application of the plane or of the space on itself (affinity, homothety, translation, rotation, reflection, anti-rotation, screwing, etc. )
- Such a transformation can be intuitive for the user whereas it turns out to be insoluble for a machine. This is for example the case of rotating an object in space to access a hidden face.
- a method as described above is characterized in that said at least one virtual object comprises at least one polyhedron.
- a polyhedron is indeed a solid having a certain number of stops and faces, simply reducible to a number elementary equations, and therefore relatively easy to project into space by using, for example, a base of geometric shapes.
- the invention also relates to a device for controlling access to a service, comprising at least one memory and one processor configured for:
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling access to a service by a user, comprising at least:
- a detection device for obtaining user interaction data with said at least one virtual object.
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling access to a service by a user, comprising at least:
- a detection device for obtaining user interaction data with said at least one virtual object in the scene.
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling access to a service as described above, in which the device for detecting user interaction data with said at least one virtual object comprises inertial sensors, eye tracking, motion tracking sensors or cameras.
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling access to a service as described above, in which the rendering device is a virtual reality headset.
- the invention also relates to a system for controlling access to a service as described above, in which the device for detecting the interaction data comprises a handle.
- the invention also comprises a method for producing a three-dimensional Captcha, comprising the steps of:
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for implementing one of the above methods according to any one of the particular embodiments described above, when said program is executed by a processor.
- the method can be implemented in various ways, in particular in wired form or in software form.
- This program can use any programming language, and be in the form of source code, object code, or intermediate code between source code and object code, such as in a partially compiled form, or in any other. desirable form.
- the invention also relates to a recording medium or information medium readable by a computer, and comprising instructions of a computer program as mentioned above.
- the aforementioned recording media can be any entity or device capable of storing the program.
- the medium can comprise a storage means, such as a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a microelectronic circuit ROM, or else a magnetic recording means, for example a hard disk.
- the recording media can correspond to a transmissible medium such as an electrical or optical signal, which can be conveyed via an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means.
- the programs according to the invention can in particular be downloaded from an Internet type network.
- the recording media can correspond to an integrated circuit in which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in the execution of the method in question.
- FIG. 1 Figure 1 illustrates an environment for implementing the invention according to a particular embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates an environment for implementing the method according to a particular embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 illustrates a first example of 3D Captcha
- FIG. 4 illustrates a second example of 3D Captcha
- FIG. 5 Figure 5 illustrates a second example of 3D Captcha
- FIG. 6 illustrates steps of the method according to a particular embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 7 illustrates a device according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an environment for implementing the access method in the conventional case of access to a service, in particular a web service according to the standard HTTP or HTTPS client-server communication protocols, via a terminal customer.
- Such an access method can without loss of generality be based on other communication protocols such as for example FTP, TCP, etc. or be limited to local access on the terminal.
- the access terminal 20 can be, for example, a fixed or mobile personal computer ("PC"), a digital tablet, or even a mobile telephone.
- PC personal computer
- a digital tablet or even a mobile telephone.
- the access terminal 20 accesses a secure service by verifying the human nature of the user. Access can be provided, for example, by a web browser.
- the service which the user wishes to access can be hosted on a remote server 10 accessible via a communications network 300.
- the service can be a website, which the user can access either directly by typing, in the web browser. , the address of the website, either through a link from another website or a search engine. Verification of the user's human character may be required, for example, by the destination website, or by the search engine.
- the access terminal 20 can be connected to the communication network 300, Internet or mobile, through an access network, for example wired or wireless.
- the system also includes an entity, or device (DISP) for verifying the human character of a user.
- the verification entity can be located anywhere. For example, it is a software application installed on the user's terminal or on an authentication terminal (not shown), or in equipment of the communication network, for example the remote server 10, or an other server, etc.
- the access method by verifying the human character of a user implemented by the verification entity, and described in more detail below, can be made accessible by means of an application programming interface or API used. by the service.
- the access terminal 20 can include an extension module for his web browser, allowing a user to enter data, in particular relating to a Captcha C displayed on the screen of the terminal 20.
- Captcha C is preferably according to this example a 3D geometric Captcha. It is presented as a polyhedron (prism, cube, parallelogram, octahedron, etc.) or a set of polyhedra (a series of cubes for example). According to the example shown in FIG. 1, the Captcha is a pyramid presented in three dimensions on the screen of the terminal 20 (which may itself be a 3D terminal, or a 2D terminal, in which case the three-dimensional object will be projected in two dimensions). Naturally, the Captcha can be any three-dimensional object, geometric (sphere, torus, cylinder, etc.) or natural.
- Figure 3 illustrates in more detail a first example of 3D Captcha.
- the three-dimensional virtual object C is generated in the form of a polyhedron (in the example, a tetrahedron), one of its four faces being hidden at the start of the process.
- the user must train the polyhedron in rotation as shown in the middle of figure 3.
- the user is offered to walk a circuit which is on the hidden face.
- the user must therefore manipulate the polyhedron until visualizing the hidden face, then perform the route of the circuit as proposed for example on the right part of the figure, from the reference D (Start) to the reference F (End) to unlock the 'access to the desired service.
- an image is generated on each face of the polyhedron.
- the user must reconstruct a global image, or associate images in a logical sequence (a color sequence for example). To do this, he must virtually manipulate the 3D polyhedron and select one by one the faces corresponding to the image to be reconstructed or to the logical sequence.
- each face of the polyhedron is dynamically marked with a puzzle element such as a circuit piece or part of a domino. The user has to rebuild the puzzle. For that he must handle the 3D polyhedron and select one by one the faces an alphanumeric character is generated randomly on a face of the polyhedron. From the selection of faces, the user must reconstruct a word, a sequence of characters, a sentence, etc. which is presented to him or not on the screen.
- a plug-in, or 3D virtual reality processing application makes it possible for example to display and process the 3D Captcha via a web browser in a web page.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an environment for implementing the method according to another particular embodiment of the invention.
- the implementation environment comprises the same elements as those presented in relation to FIG. 1. It is also located in a virtual or augmented reality environment. Such an environment is created artificially by a computer program.
- augmented reality also called hybrid or mixed
- virtual elements or information sounds, images, graphics, GPS positioning information, etc.
- a device such as a camera.
- Virtual headsets allow a user to immerse himself in a virtual or augmented reality corresponding to the viewing of audiovisual content.
- the virtual headset 100 can take several forms, without departing from the scope of the invention: it can be associated with a processing terminal such as terminal 20, and communicate with it by means of the telecommunications network 300 (Internet, WiLi, Bluetooth, fixed or mobile telephone network, etc.)
- the first terminal 100 is typically a virtual reality headset like the Oculus headset from Quest (registered trademark).
- the virtual headset 100 can also be optionally passive optical equipment worn by the user, into which a mobile terminal of the smartphone or tablet type is inserted. In this case the two terminals are combined.
- Helmet virtual 100 can also be intelligent equipment comprising all the modules necessary for implementing the immersion of the user. In this case it does not need an associated terminal.
- the virtual headset 100 generally comprises a screen suitable for rendering panoramic video content and / or virtual objects schematized here by the virtual scene SV.
- the virtual scene comprises, for example, panoramic video content viewed from a server hosting the content.
- the feeling of immersion is generally reinforced by a stereoscopic or three-dimensional reproduction of the video.
- the content is for example transmitted to the headset 100 according to an adaptive continuous downloading (streaming) protocol conforming to the MPEG-DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over http) standard.
- the audiovisual content can also include a spatialized audio component. All of this information is called a virtual universe, or virtual scene (SV).
- the user often has at least one controller that allows him to move around the virtual universe and interact with objects. It also generally has a pointer that allows it to know with which object and / or part of the scene it can interact.
- the pointer can correspond to a current position of the headset, of the controller, or of the user's eyes. In the latter case, for example, the user LF of the headset can, by fixing his gaze on a part of the virtual scene, position a pointer P on this part.
- Specific sensors can capture the user's gestures to reflect them in the virtual world. It can evolve in the three-dimensional universe thus created and interact naturally with virtual objects using simple gestures, with or without accessories.
- the server 10 for example a game server, offers the user to solve a three-dimensional Captcha (C) in the virtual scene.
- C three-dimensional Captcha
- adding a spatial and / or dynamic dimension to current Captchas makes it difficult for computer systems to analyze and hack this Captcha.
- FIG 4 illustrates a second example of 3D Captcha that can be used in this environment.
- one or more virtual objects (polyhedra for example)
- OV2 virtual objects
- the virtual object OV2 is here a cube that has to be manipulated in space to reconstruct a 3D puzzle (OV1) offered to the user when he requires access to a site.
- OV1 3D puzzle
- the user to reconstitute the puzzle, the user must select the cube, then rotate it at different angles and successively select the faces to reconstitute the puzzle.
- the list of these expected elementary actions constitutes the resolution data.
- the list of actions actually taken by the user constitutes the interaction data. Of course, the interaction data must match the resolution data for the Captcha to actually be resolved.
- the 3D puzzle can be displayed to help the user, or not be displayed to reinforce the complexity of the problem to be solved.
- Figure 5 illustrates a third example of 3D Captcha that can be used in this environment.
- several virtual objects Irregular shapes made up of several polyhedra
- OV2_l several virtual objects
- OV2_2 OV2_3
- the user must enter them using, for example, a joystick, then manipulate them in space to piece together a 3D puzzle (OV1) offered to the user when he requests access to a site.
- OV1 3D puzzle
- the list of these expected elementary actions constitutes the resolution data.
- the list of actions actually taken by the user constitutes the interaction data.
- the interaction data must correspond to the resolution data for the Captcha to be effectively solved, that is to say here the reconstructed puzzle.
- the OV1 3D puzzle can be displayed to help the user, or not displayed to increase the complexity of the problem to be solved.
- FIG. 6 illustrates steps of the access method according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the method according to this embodiment is implemented in a system comprising a virtual headset 100 associated, where appropriate, with a terminal 20, as described above with reference to FIG. 2.
- the helmet 100 obtains a virtual scene (SV), or virtual universe, and projects it onto its screen. It may for example be a three-dimensional background image, or a room in a building in which the user LF of the headset 100 is located.
- the virtual scene may for example be. example to be confused with the screen (2D) of terminal 20.
- a step E2 the user tries to access a site, for example a game site.
- a site for example a game site.
- At least one three-dimensional object (C, OV2) is displayed by the display device of the helmet 100, so that the user LF can see, by means of the headset 100, the Captcha being superimposed on the existing virtual scene.
- the user of the helmet 100 positions a pointer on a virtual object, for example that of FIG. 3 (tetrahedron) or of FIG. 4 (cube), or on the first object to be manipulated (set of tetrahedra) of Figure 5.
- the virtual object can take the form of any three-dimensional, geometric and / or natural object. It selects it, then manipulates the virtual object (s) of the Captcha until its resolution.
- there is no pointer but simply a tracking of the eyes of the user by a device internal or external to the helmet.
- One or more three-dimensional virtual objects can be generated for the Captcha, corresponding for example to complex polyhedra associated with alphanumeric characters, images, etc.
- One or more spatial coordinates of the pointer, as well as its movement in space can be obtained by the movement sensors of the helmet 100, during step E3, in the virtual environment, or by the sensors for tracking the. eyes, or by external cameras.
- the spatial coordinate (s) obtained can be used in order to calculate the positioning and movement data (s) of the pointer with respect to the virtual objects of the Captcha.
- the positioning and movement data are then sent in step E3 from the detection module to the analysis module.
- the movement can be any transformation in space (displacement, isometry, similitude, etc.), the transformation preserving or not the angles and the distances.
- the sequence of operations on the object (s) can be validated by the user during an optional step E4.
- step E5 the analysis module, after having retrieved the different positions of the pointer, reconstructs the sequence of movements of the virtual object (or objects) in space, thus constituting the interaction data.
- the access module compares the interaction data obtained (movement pattern, sequence of faces of the cube, path traveled in space, etc.) with those necessary for the resolution of the Captcha. If the comparison is correct, that is to say if the interaction data obtained are equal or sufficiently close to those corresponding to the resolution, or resolution data, the access is validated, and step E7 is followed. a step E8 for accessing the site (game, etc.).
- a margin of error or approximation, can be tolerated (for example when following a line, or positioning an object in space, we can consider s' deviate slightly from the expected line / position). In this case, a margin of error will be specified in the form of a percentage, absolute error, etc.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the simplified structure of an access control device DISP according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- Such a device is configured to implement the access control method according to any one of the particular embodiments of the invention described above.
- the device DISP has the conventional architecture of a computer and comprises in particular a memory MEM, a processing unit, equipped for example with a processor PROC, and controlled by the program d PG computer stored in MEM memory.
- the computer program PG includes instructions for implementing the steps of the access control method as described above according to any one of the embodiments, when the program is executed by the processor PROC.
- the code instructions of the computer program PG are for example loaded into a memory before being executed by the processor PROC.
- the device comprises, according to particular embodiments of the invention,
- COM communication means such as for example a network interface, allowing the device to connect to a telecommunications network and to exchange data with other devices via the network, and in particular to download parts audiovisual content constituting a 2D or 3D virtual scene.
- the COM communication means correspond, for example, to a wireless network interface of WiFi or cellular type, or an Ethernet interface or any other type of network interface suitable for exchanging data with other equipment.
- the content is for example transmitted to the headset 100 and / or to the terminal 20 of the system according to an adaptive continuous downloading protocol (streaming) conforming to the MPEG-DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over http) standard.
- streaming adaptive continuous downloading protocol
- MPEG-DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over http
- the analysis can focus on data from CAP motion sensors. Such means can be implemented by computer program instructions.
- the ANA analysis means implement the analysis steps of the method described in support of FIG. 6, aimed at recovering the interactions of the Captcha user (movement pattern on a succession of objects virtual, etc.) in order to constitute the interaction data.
- a screen, or AFF display device suitable for rendering a two-dimensional or three-dimensional virtual scene, and virtual objects.
- the display device is in one example mounted on a pair of mixed reality glasses or a mixed reality headset. In another example, it is the display device of a 2D terminal.
- • VAL validation means to compare the movement or the sequence of movements reconstituted by the analysis means, that is to say the interaction data, with a reference movement or with a reference sequence corresponding to the data resolution of the Captcha.
- the comparison means can typically compare the interaction data analyzed by the ANA module with predefined resolution data recorded in a database BD.
- CAP sensors such as for example inertial sensors: a gyroscope making it possible to measure an angle of rotation of the virtual helmet 100 with respect to a reference position, representative of the movement from the user's head, their hand when handling a controller, or any other part of their body, eye tracking sensors, etc. constituting a device for detecting user interactions with objects.
- a CAM camera or any other real environment data acquisition device in particular to record the real or mixed scene in front of the user and the movements of said user in the scene, a PROJ projection module of the virtual scene and Captchas, a pointing module, a module for sending positioning data, a module for obtaining positioning data, a module for acquiring real environment data, etc.
- the DISP device described above is included in a network gateway.
- the DISP management device is included in equipment of the network.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2003035A FR3108751A1 (fr) | 2020-03-27 | 2020-03-27 | Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d’accès. |
| PCT/FR2021/050306 WO2021191516A1 (fr) | 2020-03-27 | 2021-02-22 | Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d'accès. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4127990A1 true EP4127990A1 (fr) | 2023-02-08 |
Family
ID=71111583
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21710550.1A Pending EP4127990A1 (fr) | 2020-03-27 | 2021-02-22 | Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d'accès |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12443688B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4127990A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3108751A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021191516A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3108751A1 (fr) * | 2020-03-27 | 2021-10-01 | Orange | Procédé et dispositif de contrôle d’accès. |
| US12373539B2 (en) * | 2022-08-04 | 2025-07-29 | Adeia Guides Inc. | Systems and methods for using occluded 3D objects for mixed reality CAPTCHA |
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| US12457500B2 (en) * | 2022-08-19 | 2025-10-28 | Crestron Electronics, Inc. | Multifactor authentication using three-dimensional data objects for configurable workspaces |
| US20230354041A1 (en) * | 2022-08-19 | 2023-11-02 | Crestron Electronics, Inc. | Concealed three-dimensional data object for multi factor authentication |
| US12608079B2 (en) * | 2023-04-20 | 2026-04-21 | Apple Inc. | Devices, methods, and graphical user interfaces for user enrollment and authentication |
-
2020
- 2020-03-27 FR FR2003035A patent/FR3108751A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2021
- 2021-02-22 WO PCT/FR2021/050306 patent/WO2021191516A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-02-22 US US17/914,520 patent/US12443688B2/en active Active
- 2021-02-22 EP EP21710550.1A patent/EP4127990A1/fr active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2021191516A1 (fr) | 2021-09-30 |
| FR3108751A1 (fr) | 2021-10-01 |
| US12443688B2 (en) | 2025-10-14 |
| US20230134644A1 (en) | 2023-05-04 |
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