EP4127641A1 - Procédé et dispositif d'analyse d'une structure - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif d'analyse d'une structureInfo
- Publication number
- EP4127641A1 EP4127641A1 EP21716072.0A EP21716072A EP4127641A1 EP 4127641 A1 EP4127641 A1 EP 4127641A1 EP 21716072 A EP21716072 A EP 21716072A EP 4127641 A1 EP4127641 A1 EP 4127641A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- events
- measurement
- constant
- saccade
- acoustic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0008—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings of bridges
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0066—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by exciting or detecting vibration or acceleration
Definitions
- TITLE Method and device for analyzing a structure.
- the present invention relates to a method for analyzing the mechanical health of a solid or a structure. It also relates to a device for implementing this method.
- Such a device allows a user to monitor a structure such as for example a bridge or a building.
- the field of the invention relates more particularly, but in a nonlimiting manner, to civil engineering, mechanical engineering and the transport and energy sectors.
- the aim of the present invention is to at least partially resolve at least one of these drawbacks of the state of the art.
- a measurement of a saccade of said events comprising a measurement by technical measuring means, of a duration T, of a mechanical energy S or acoustic energy Sac and / or of a spatial extension x of this saccade and / or d 'a number of mechanical N or acoustic events Nac in this saccade and / or mechanical A or acoustic energies Aac from the events of this saccade, and / or
- a measurement of an event comprising a measurement by technical means of measuring a mechanical energy A or acoustic energy A ac of this event, and / or a temporal frequency of mechanical events dN / dt or acoustic events dN ac / dt at the time of this event, and / or a dissipated mechanical energy rate dE / dt or an acoustic energy rate dE ac / dt at the time of this event and
- the measurement of an event saccade can comprise a measurement by the technical means for measuring a duration T of this event saccade.
- the measurement of a saccade of events can comprise a measurement by the technical means of measuring a mechanical energy S or acoustic energy Sac of this saccade of events.
- the measurement of mechanical S or acoustic energy Sac can be obtained by several sensors distributed spatially around and / or inside the structure.
- the measurement of a saccade of events can comprise a measurement by the technical means of measuring a spatial extension x of this saccade of events.
- the measurement of an event can comprise a measurement by the technical means for measuring a mechanical energy A or acoustic energy A ac of this event.
- the measurement of a saccade of events can comprise a measurement by the technical means for measuring the number of mechanical N or acoustic events N ac in this saccade.
- the measurement of an event can comprise a measurement by the technical means for measuring a temporal frequency of mechanical dN / dt or acoustic dNac / dt events.
- the measurement of an event can comprise a measurement by the technical means of measuring a rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt or a rate of acoustic energy dE ac / dt.
- the calculation can include a calculation of the data item r representative of the state of health of the structure.
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a characteristic size of the structure or of the material composing the structure and x the measure of a spatial extension x of a saccade of events.
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of the energy respectively S or Sac of a saccade of events , x dependent:
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a characteristic size of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of the duration T of a saccade of events, x depending : a constant t 0 and a constant do, and / or
- the method according to the invention can comprise:
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material of the structure, x depending on the measurement of the respectively mechanical A or acoustic energy A ac of this event, x dependent:
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material of the structure, x depending on the measurement of the number of respectively mechanical N or acoustic events N ac in this saccade , x depending: on a constant do, and / or
- N or N ac respectively N or N ac by a relation connecting x to respectively N 2 / df or N ac 2 / (a df) , d f being a constant, a being a constant x depending on respectively N or N ac preferably by the relation: respectively do.
- N 2 / d ⁇ or do.
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of the frequency of respectively mechanical dN / dt or acoustic dNac / events.
- the data r can be calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a characteristic size of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of a rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt or of an acoustic energy rate dE ac / dt, x depending on:
- the calculation can include the calculation of the time t c .
- the measurement of a jerk of events or the measurement of an event can be measured at a measurement time t, the calculation of the time t c preferably comprising a use and / or an interpolation and / or a regression of a function (the expression interpolation and / or a regression of a function which can mean here in general a description by a function) connecting t c , t and one among T, S, Sac, x, N, N ac , A, A ac , dN / dt and dNac / dt (and possibly even dE / dt and dEac / dt) or the temporal evolution of one of T, S, Sac, x, N, Nac, A, Aac, dN / dt and dNac / dt (and possibly even dE / dt and dEac / dt) said function preferably comprising:
- the measurement of event saccades or the measurement of events can be measured so as to determine and / or follow a temporal evolution of one among T, S, Sac, x, N, N ac , A, A ac , dN / dt and dNac / dt (and even possibly dE / dt and dEac / dt) as a function of the measurement time t, the calculation of the time t c preferably comprising a use and / or an interpolation and / or a regression of a function (the expression interpolation and / or a regression of a function which can mean here in a general way a description by a function) connecting t c , t and the temporal evolution of one among T, S, Sac, x, N, Nac, A, Aac, dN / dt and dNac / dt (and even possibly dE / dt and dEac
- Each event saccade preferably includes at least three events.
- a device for analyzing a structure comprising:
- a measurement of a saccade of said events comprising a measurement of a duration T, of a mechanical energy S or acoustic energy Sac and / or of a spatial extension x of this saccade and / or of a number d 'mechanical N or acoustic events Nac in this saccade and / or mechanical A or acoustic energies A ac events of this saccade, and / or
- - calculation means arranged and / or programmed for, depending on the measurement of an event and / or the measurement of a jerk of events, to calculate a datum r representative of a state of health of the structure or of a time t c of ruin of the structure.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to carry out a measurement of a duration T of this jerk of events.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to measure a mechanical energy S or an acoustic energy Sac of this jerk of events.
- the technical measurement means can comprise several sensors distributed spatially around and / or inside the structure.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to measure a spatial extension x of this saccade of events.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to perform a measurement of a mechanical energy A or acoustic energy A ac of this event.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to measure the number of mechanical N or acoustic events Nac in this saccade.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to perform a measurement of a temporal frequency of mechanical dN / dt or acoustic dNac / dt events.
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to perform a measurement of a rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt or of a rate of acoustic energy dE ac / dt.
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the data item r representative of the state of health of the structure.
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the datum r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material composing the structure and x the measurement of a spatial extension x d 'a jerk of events.
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the data r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of the energy respectively S or Bag of a jerk of events, x depending:
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the data r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material making up the structure, x depending on the measurement of the duration T of a saccade of events, x depending on: a constant t 0 and a constant do, and / or
- the technical means of measurement can be arranged to perform:
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the data r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material of the structure, x depending on the measurement of the energy respectively mechanical A or acoustic A ac of this event, x depending:
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the data r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material of the structure, x depending on the measurement of the number of events respectively mechanical N or acoustic N ac in this saccade, x depending on: a constant do, and / or
- N or N ac respectively N or N ac by a relation connecting x to respectively N 2 / df or N ac 2 / (a df) , d f being a constant, a being a constant x depending respectively on N or N ac preferably by the relation: respectively do. (N) 2 / d ⁇ or do. (N ac ) 2 / (a df ⁇
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the datum r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a characteristic size of the structure or of the material composing the structure, x depending on the measurement of the frequency of respectively mechanical dN / dt or acoustic dN ac / dt events, x depending on: a constant DTo and a constant do, and or
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the datum r as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material making up the structure, x depending on the measurement of a rate d 'dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt or an acoustic energy rate dE ac / dt, x depending on:
- the calculation means can be arranged and / or programmed to calculate the time t c .
- the technical measurement means can be arranged to perform the measurement of a jerk of events or the measurement of an event at a measurement time t, the calculation means preferably being arranged and / or programmed to calculate the time t c by a use and / or an interpolation and / or a regression of a function (the expression interpolation and / or a regression of a function which can here generally mean a description by a function) linking t c , t and one among T, S, Sac, x, N, N ac , A, A ac , dN / dt and dN ac / dt (and even possibly dE / dt and dE ac / dt) or the temporal evolution of one among T, S, S ac , x, N, N ac , A, A ac , dN / dt and dN ac / dt (and even possibly d
- the technical measuring means can be arranged to perform the measurement of saccades of events or the measurement of events is measured so as to determine and / or follow a temporal evolution of one among T, S, Sac, x, N, Nac , A, Aac, dN / dt and dNac / dt (and even possibly dE / dt and dEac / dt) as a function of the measurement time t, the calculation means preferably being arranged and / or programmed to calculate the time t c by a use and / or an interpolation and / or a regression of a function (the expression interpolation and / or a regression of a function which can here generally mean a description by a function) linking t c , t and l 'temporal evolution of one among T, S, Sac, x, N, N ac , A, A ac , dN / dt and dNac /
- Each event saccade preferably includes at least three events.
- FIG. 1 illustrates in its part (a) a first embodiment of the device according to the invention analyzing a structure 5, and is the preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, and in its part (b) a close-up of the structure
- FIG. 2 illustrates the mechanical response of the structure of FIG. 1 as well as, on part (a) the acoustic signal recorded during the loading of the structure highlighting the saccades of acoustic events of energy Sac, and on part (b) the evolution of the dissipated mechanical energy highlighting the saccades of mechanical damage events of energy S.
- figure 3 illustrates the method used to measure the energy S of mechanical event saccades from the mechanical response of figure 2
- figure 4 is a zoom on one of the acoustic event saccades of the acoustic signal of figure 2 (a),
- FIG. 5 is a zoom on an acoustic event during the saccade of FIG. 4, this event being marked by a star 12 in FIG. 4,
- FIG. 6 illustrates the shape of each of the cells making up the structure of FIG. 1 as the loading of FIG. 2 progresses, this shape being followed during loading using a camera, so to be able to monitor their level of damage
- FIG. 7 illustrates the method used to measure the spatial extension of three saccades of different sizes having taken place at different times from the images provided by the camera
- FIG. 8 illustrates the evolution (a) of the energy of mechanical damage event saccades, (b) of their spatial extension, (c) of the energy of acoustic event saccades, (d ) the energy of the acoustic events and (e) the number of acoustic events per saccade measured during a typical experiment, the rupture taking place around 540 s, when x reaches the size L of the structure,
- FIG. 9 illustrates the determination of the spatial extension x of the saccades from (a) the mechanical energy S of the mechanical saccades, (b) their acoustic energy Sac, (c) the energy A ac of the acoustic events, and (d) the number of acoustic events N ac per jerk measured during an experiment and represented on the different panels of FIG. 8; the rupture takes place around 540 s, when both x d , xb ao , x A3o and x N3e reach the size L of the structure,
- FIG. 10 illustrates on its part (a) a prediction of the time to rupture t c from the evolution of the mechanical energy S of the saccades over the time range t ⁇ tcur and on its part (b) the predicted time t c predicted represented as a function of tcur and compared with the failure time t c actually measured during the experiment,
- FIG. 11 illustrates, as a function of the residual life (t c -t) of the structure, the evolution (a) of the mechanical energy S of the saccades, (b) of their acoustic energy S ac , (c) the energy A of the damage events, (d) the energy A ac of the acoustic events, (e) the temporal frequency of the damage events dN / dt, (f) the temporal frequency of the acoustic events dN ac / dt, and (g) of the spatial extension x of the saccades.
- the power laws represented by straight lines in this logarithmic representation can be used to predict the time to failure t c by following the procedure described with reference to Figure 10,
- FIG. 12 illustrates various data making it possible to distinguish two successive elementary events belonging to two different saccades
- FIG. 13 is an experimental proof of concept of the relevance of the method according to the invention for more complex materials (such as plaster) than the 2D cellular material of FIG. 1 or 6.
- variants of the invention comprising only a selection of characteristics described or illustrated below isolated from the other characteristics described or illustrated (even if this selection is isolated within a sentence comprising these other characteristics), if this selection of characteristics is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention from the state of the prior art.
- This selection comprises at least one preferably functional characteristic without structural details, and / or with only part of the structural details if this part alone is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention from the state of the art. earlier.
- FIGS. 1 to 13 a first embodiment of device 1 according to the invention implementing a first embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- Device 1 is based on the quantitative understanding of the link between the intermittence observed during the mechanical response of solids and structures and the evolution of the mechanical health of such a solid or such a structure. In particular, it uses this detailed understanding to prevent the ruin of structures from the statistical processing of the mechanical and acoustic signals emitted.
- the present invention makes it possible to decipher the mechanical response of a material or of a structure in order to predict its ruin before it occurs.
- the solids and structures subjected to a compression or an external shearing present the following mode of ruin: they are damaged progressively until a certain threshold of localization (corresponding to a critical loading level) beyond which this damage is localized according to a locator strip. Beyond this threshold, the material or structure is no longer able to withstand mechanical stresses: the deformations accumulate along a strip which goes from one end of the sample to the other, and the material separates into two distinct parts: one speaks of ruin or rupture of the structure. If this was not anticipated, this ruin can have dramatic consequences, both from an economic point of view and from a safety point of view.
- the failure will be caused by the initiation, then the propagation of a crack.
- the present invention makes it possible to predict the initiation of the crack from the statistical processing of the signals emitted by the structure.
- the device 1 for analyzing a structure 5 comprises:
- a measurement of a saccade of said events comprising a measurement of a duration T, of a mechanical energy S or acoustic energy Sac and / or of a spatial extension x of this saccade and / or of a number d 'mechanical N or acoustic events Nac in this saccade and / or mechanical A or acoustic energies A ac events of this saccade, and / or
- - calculation means 3 arranged and / or programmed for, depending on the measurement of an event and / or the measurement of a jerk of events, to calculate a datum r representative of a state of health of the structure or a time t c of ruin of the structure.
- Each of the means of the device 1 is a technical means.
- the computing means 3 comprise at least one computer, a central or computing unit, an analog electronic circuit (preferably dedicated), a digital electronic circuit (preferably dedicated), and / or a microprocessor (preferably dedicated) , and / or software means.
- the time t c can be an instant (for example a date and / or a time) foreseen for the rupture or ruin of the structure or a temporal distance (duration, for example in 3 months, 7 days and 15 hours) to the rupture or ruin of the structure.
- L is the characteristic size of the structure according to the direction in which the localization band will emerge.
- the locating strip is oriented along the horizontal axis, perpendicular to the direction of application of the external force Fext, which is applied along the vertical axis.
- L is also called the length of the cohesive area, and represents the size of the damaged area present in front of a crack. In practice, this size varies from a few hundred microns for metal alloys to a few millimeters for concrete.
- L will be considered hereinafter for a compressive force, but the present description remains valid for an L as defined above for a tensile force Fext, the structure being able to be monitored by the method according to the invention in compression or traction (or both at the same time, the method according to the invention then being implemented simultaneously twice respectively for the two different definitions of L of the structure 5 in compression or in structure)
- Each of the references 22 of the measuring means 2 in FIG. 1 is an acoustic sensor arranged to measure the acoustic energy A ac of the acoustic events occurring during the damage to the structure 5 preceding its ruin.
- the means 2 can comprise:
- - at least one acoustic sensor 22 which makes it possible to measure the acoustic energy Sac of the saccades, their duration T, the acoustic energy A ac of the events constituting the saccades, their temporal frequency dNac / dt as well as the number N ac of acoustic events per saccade, and / or
- the imaging means 6 make it possible to measure the spatial extension x of the saccades, their mechanical energy S, their duration T, the mechanical energy A of the damage events constituting the saccades, their temporal frequency dN / dt as well as their number N by saccade, and / or
- x (also called “dynamic length”) cannot be measured from a single frame.
- its measurement requires a succession of images, because it is obtained from the spatial distribution of a set of successive elementary events belonging to the same saccade. In this sense, it is different from a characteristic size which one could extract from a single image (such as for example the image of the cumulative field of damage at a given time). For this reason, one says that it characterizes the size of the dynamic heterogeneities of the field of damage, dynamic heterogeneities which can be highlighted only by the follow-up over a certain duration of the evolution of the field of damage in the structure .
- the device 1, in particular the measuring means 2 and / or the calculation means 3, are arranged and / or programmed to implement the steps of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention described below.
- the invention has been developed from a theoretical and experimental point of view.
- it was considered a 2D model material, a stack of elastic hollow cylinders, which gives rise to the localization of the damage under a sufficiently high stress level, but the present description can be extended to the 3D case.
- event or “elementary event” is understood to mean a mechanical event or an acoustic event.
- mechanical event or “damage event” is understood to mean a non-elastic deformation located within the structure, this event being located both in space (within the structure) and in time, and being characterized by:
- acoustic event is understood to mean a vibration or a localized sound signal, generated within the structure 5, this event being localized both in space (within the structure) and in time, and being characterized by :
- jerk is understood to mean a group of several events taking place successively over time.
- the saccades of acoustic events are made up of a succession of elementary acoustic events which are the consequence of each other. These saccades are characterized by:
- Damage event saccades are made up of a succession of elementary damage events which are the consequence of one another. These saccades are characterized by:
- ⁇ the waiting times between two successive elementary events are measured which provides a set of waiting time values ⁇ x aboard the structure, i.e. quite far from its time to failure ).
- Figure 12 (a) where we see saccades (with different colors) comprising elementary events whose waiting times (between each of them) are much less than t *
- Figure 12 (b) represents the distribution of waiting times between elementary events belonging to the same saccade (left curve) and distribution of waiting times between saccades (right curve).
- Figure 12 (c) is the distribution obtained after all the waiting times are mixed (the one we have before being able to separate the saccades from each other).
- the rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt is calculated as follows: the total dissipated energy is calculated as the sum DE of the energy A of the elementary events over a time interval At, the size of which is chosen as the minimum of the two values among:
- a ac Acoustic energy of an elementary acoustic event N Number of elementary acoustic events included in x one saccade dN ac jdt: Frequency of elementary acoustic events
- the first embodiment of the method for analyzing a structure 5 comprises:
- a measurement of a saccade of said events comprising a measurement by technical measuring means 2, of a duration T, of a mechanical energy S or acoustic energy Sac and / or of a spatial extension x of this saccade and / or of a number of mechanical N or acoustic Nac events in this saccade and / or of the mechanical A or acoustic energies Aac of the events of this saccade, and / or a measurement of an event comprising a measurement by the technical measuring means a mechanical energy A or acoustic energy A ac of this event, and / or a temporal frequency of mechanical events dN / dt or acoustic events dN ac / dt at the time of this event, and / or a rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt or an acoustic energy rate dE ac / dt at the time of this event and
- the measurement of an event saccade includes:
- a measurement by the technical means for measuring a duration T of this jerk of events a measurement by the technical means for measuring a duration T of this jerk of events.
- the means 2 then directly measure the duration T of the acoustic signal or of the mechanical signal of the saccade and / or
- the measurement of the mechanical A and acoustic energy A ac of an event can be obtained using several sensors distributed spatially around and / or inside the structure 5, making it possible to locate the event in the structure and thus take into account the possible attenuation of the signal during its propagation in order to determine with more precision the mechanical energy A and acoustic A ac of each event and / or in a third variant of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention, a measurement by the technical means 2 for measuring a spatial extension x of this saccade of damage events.
- the means 2 can comprise video and / or echographic imaging means 6 and / or image correlation and / or ultrasound and / or X-ray or other in order to visualize the structure and its field of view. 'damage in two or three dimensions and measure x, as explained with reference to Figure 7, and / or
- a measurement by the technical measuring means (22 and / or 6) of the number of mechanical events N (in a fourth variant of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention) or acoustic N ac (in a ninth variant of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention) in this saccade, and / or the measurement of an event comprises:
- a measurement by the technical means of measuring a temporal frequency of mechanical events dN / dt in a sixth variant of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention) or acoustic dN ac / dt (in a tenth variant of the first embodiment of the method according to the invention) and / or a rate of dissipated mechanical energy dE / dt (in an eleventh variant of the method according to the invention) or a rate of acoustic energy dE ac / dt at the time of this event (in a twelfth variant of the method according to the invention).
- Figure 2 illustrates:
- Reference 8 in FIG. 2 corresponds to the failure of structure 5 and therefore to time t c on the x-axis in FIG. 2.
- each peak 10 on part (b) therefore corresponds to a saccade (being too numerous, they are not all referenced).
- each saccade of events includes at least three events.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the method used to measure the energy S of mechanical event saccades from the mechanical response of FIG. 2. Preferably, this is done to measure S.
- the mechanical energy S dissipated during each saccade is measured from the mechanical response of structure 5.
- the response of the structure deviates from the linear elastic behavior.
- We make the approximation see panel Figure 3 (a)) that the applied force remains constant during a saccade, which reproduces the mechanical response that the structure would have had under loading at an imposed force (our experiments being carried out with forced displacement).
- This jerk begins when the force F ext falls and ends when the latter returns to its initial level. It is made up of a succession of acoustic events, the energy of which is represented by the vertical bars.
- Its size Sac is defined as the sum of the energies A ac of each event of this saccade and the number N ac of acoustic events is obtained from the simple count of acoustic events recorded in this saccade.
- the abscissa axis of FIG. 4 corresponds to the displacement A ext of the wall 7 putting pressure on the structure 5 in order to exert the force F ext (which is a compressive uniaxial loading) on the structure 5.
- the means 3 determine (thanks to the means 2, in particular the sensors 22): o the acoustic energy A ac of each event of the saccade o
- the acoustic energy S ac of the saccade (equal to the sum of the A ac ) o the number N ac of acoustic events of the saccade o the duration T of the saccade
- N ac in a saccade is not equal to the number N of mechanical events included in this same saccade. These two quantities are related by the scale law N ac ⁇ N “.
- FIG. 8 illustrates the evolution of the energy S, of the spatial extension x of the energy Sac, of A ac and of N ac of the saccades measured on structure 5 during the experiment. The rupture takes place around 540 s, when x reaches the size L of the structure.
- the means 3 determine and / or follow the evolution of the energy S (Figure 8a) and / or of the spatial extension x ( Figure 8b), of the energy S ac ( Figure 8c), of the energy A ac ( Figure 8d), of N ac ( Figure 8e) of energy A, of N, of dN / dt, of dN ac / dt, and / or of T events or saccades as a function of time t and / or as a function of A ext for different events or saccades at different times t of the measurement of an event or of a saccade of events.
- each saccade of events can include several tens of events.
- Figure 5 illustrates a zoom on an event 11 marked by the marker 12 of figure 4.
- the abscissa axis of FIG. 5 corresponds to time t.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the variation in the level of damage to the cells making up structure 5 between the start and the end of a saccade, obtained by means 3 from the data of FIG. 6; this variation makes it possible to obtain an activity map of the saccade (top panels) highlighting (in gray level) the most active areas during the saccade in structure 5.
- This activity map corresponds to the density field of mechanical energy pdis dissipated during the saccade.
- This map is then thresholded in order to obtain on the panels at the bottom of the clusters (where adjacent zones in which the activity exceeds a certain threshold) making it possible to define, by means 3, the spatial extension x of the saccade.
- the spatial extension of the saccade is defined as the length, in the direction of the localization band (i.e.
- the means 3 follow or determine the evolution of the spatial extension x of the saccades as a function of time t and / or as a function of A ext , after a reiteration (of preferably at least 10 iterations) over time for different saccades at different instants t of the measurement of a saccade of events (comprising a measurement by the technical measuring means 2 of a spatial extension x of this saccade of events) .
- a saccade of size S has the following spatial structure: the locations of zones of damage during the saccade are organized in clusters.
- d f 1.1 (exactly or within plus or minus 10%) for a two-dimensional structure
- d f 1.5 (exactly or to plus or minus 10%) for a three-dimensional structure.
- the data r is calculated:
- the data r is calculated as equal or proportional to the ratio x / L with L a size characteristic of the structure or of the material of the structure, x depending on the measurement of the respectively mechanical energy A or acoustic A ac of this event, x depending: on a constant respectively Ao or A ac o and on a constant do, and / or respectively A or A ac by a relation connecting x to respectively A 2 / df or A ac 2 / (a df) , d f being a constant, a being a constant x depending on respectively A or A ac preferably by the relation: respectively do.
- ⁇ x or do.
- (A ac / A ac o) 2 / (a df) x
- x depending on the measurement of the number of respectively mechanical N or acoustic events N ac in this saccade, x depending on: a constant do, and / or respectively N or N ac by a relation connecting x to respectively N 2 / df or N ac 2 / (a df) , d f being a constant, a being a constant x depending on respectively N or N ac preferably by the relation: respectively do. (N) 2 / d ⁇ or do. (N ac ) 2 / (a df ⁇
- DTo corresponds to the average waiting time between two successive saccades.
- ATo is measured by means 2 and / or calculated by means 3.
- AT a o (respectively AT ac o) are constants equal to the inverse of the smallest rate of dissipated mechanical energy (respectively rate of acoustic energy) generally measured far from failure.
- do is dependent on the material of structure 5, and is stored by means 3.
- do corresponds to the spatial extension of the smallest damage events which can be determined by the means 3 and / or directly in memory of means 3.
- do corresponds to the elementary microstructural size of the material, such as its grain size. In the example of FIG. 1, do corresponds to the diameter of the cylinders making up the cellular material. a is equal to 2.6 (exactly or plus or minus 10%).
- the value of a is stored by means 3.
- d f is stored by means 3.
- d f is equal to 1.1 (exactly or plus or minus 10%) for a two-dimensional structure and equal to 1.5 (exactly or plus or minus 10%) for a three-dimensional structure.
- z is stored by means 3.z is equal to 0.57 (exactly or plus or minus 10%) for a two-dimensional structure and equal to 0.65 (exactly or plus or minus 10%) for a three-dimensional structure .
- L L2 for the structure 5 in tension.
- Ao energy of the smallest events
- to (characteristic duration d 'a damage event) is measured by the device 1 by the means 2 (22 and / or 6) and / or calculated by the means 3 (for example by the data of FIG. 5) and / or stored by the means 3.
- the first embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises:
- the first embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises the calculation of the time t c .
- each measurement of a saccade of events or each measurement of an event is measured at a measurement time t.
- This first embodiment comprises, in particular for the calculation of t c :
- a reiteration (preferably at least 10 iterations) over time for different saccades at different times t of the measurement of a saccade of events, and / or
- the calculation of the time t c comprising a use and / or an interpolation and / or a regression of a function (the expression interpolation and / or a regression of a function can mean in the present description in general a description by a function) connecting t c , t and one among T, S, Sac, x, N, Nac, A, Aac, dN / dt, dNac / dt, dE / dt and dE ac / dt or the temporal evolution of a among T, S, Sac, x, N, Nac, A, A ac , dN / dt, dNac / dt, dE / dt and dEac / dt.
- said function preferably comprising:
- tcur is the time at which the means 3 determine t c , this calculation being based on several measurements at different times t prior to or equal to tcur.
- Figure 10 illustrates: - On its part a), the prediction of the time to rupture t c from the evolution of the energy S of the saccades over the time range t ⁇ tcur.
- the predicted breaking time t c predicted is represented as a function of tcur and compared with the breaking time t c actually measured during the experiment.
- a linear regression of the function Y (X) then provides the time to rupture t c , which corresponds to the slope of the function Y (X).
- the uncertainty on t c is deduced from the quality of the linear regression.
- the elementary damage events the energy A of the elementary damage events for the fifth variant or their frequency (number of events per unit of time) dN / dt for the sixth variant
- Figure 11 illustrates the evolution of the mechanical S and acoustic energy Sac of the saccades (panels (a) and (b)), of the energy A and A ac of the damage events and of the acoustic events, of their frequency temporal dN / dt and dN ac / dt and the spatial extension x of the saccades, as a function of the residual life (t c -t) of the structure. Power laws are used to predict the time to break t c by following the procedure with reference to figure 10.
- Figure 13 is an experimental proof of concept of the relevance of the method according to the invention for more complex materials (such as plaster) than the 2D cellular material of Figure 1 or 6.
- the sample is a plaster cylinder (diameter - 20 mm; height - 30 mm).
- nuclear nuclear structures, both metal alloy tanks and concrete structures of power plant works, are subject to strong constraints (of mechanical origin, but also sometimes of thermal or even radioactive origin ) which put their mechanical integrity to the test, over particularly long periods of time of up to several decades. These structures or materials are closely monitored, because risk prevention in this type of activity plays a central role. Access to the signals necessary for the implementation of the technology is therefore relatively easy. The method described in this invention potentially makes it possible to decipher these signals, and thus to estimate the state of damage of the structure as well as the duration over which it can still remain in service.
- aeronautics the materials used in the fuselage of an airplane (such as its wings, for example) are particularly monitored, because of the serious accidents that a rupture could cause.
- the proposed technology makes it possible to translate the signals (of deformation, of acoustic emission, etc.) measured in situ, in flight or at rest, in terms of the level of damage. It thus makes it possible to determine the level of wear of the device. This analysis can make it possible to establish more precisely the number of flights that an aircraft can still perform before being scrapped, this question remaining a major technological and commercial issue in this sector.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2002824A FR3108401B1 (fr) | 2020-03-23 | 2020-03-23 | Procédé et dispositif d’analyse d’une structure. |
| PCT/EP2021/057433 WO2021191206A1 (fr) | 2020-03-23 | 2021-03-23 | Procédé et dispositif d'analyse d'une structure |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4127641A1 true EP4127641A1 (fr) | 2023-02-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21716072.0A Pending EP4127641A1 (fr) | 2020-03-23 | 2021-03-23 | Procédé et dispositif d'analyse d'une structure |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12352663B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4127641A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3108401B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021191206A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4870271A (en) * | 1987-02-06 | 1989-09-26 | Philips Gerald J | Method and apparatus for determining the size of defects in rolling element bearings with high frequency capability |
| US20080108372A1 (en) * | 2002-06-11 | 2008-05-08 | Intelligent Technologies International, Inc. | Inductively Powered Asset Monitoring System |
| US8035508B2 (en) * | 2002-06-11 | 2011-10-11 | Intelligent Technologies International, Inc. | Monitoring using cellular phones |
| CA3037793A1 (fr) * | 2016-11-17 | 2018-07-19 | Heuristic Actions, Inc. | Dispositifs, systemes, procedes et modules de detection destines a etre utilises dans la surveillance de la sante structurale de structures |
| US20180340858A1 (en) * | 2017-05-23 | 2018-11-29 | The Boeing Company | Application of Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Structural Health Monitoring of Bonded Joints |
-
2020
- 2020-03-23 FR FR2002824A patent/FR3108401B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-03-23 EP EP21716072.0A patent/EP4127641A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-03-23 WO PCT/EP2021/057433 patent/WO2021191206A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-03-23 US US17/906,950 patent/US12352663B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2021191206A1 (fr) | 2021-09-30 |
| FR3108401A1 (fr) | 2021-09-24 |
| US20230375434A1 (en) | 2023-11-23 |
| FR3108401B1 (fr) | 2022-05-20 |
| US12352663B2 (en) | 2025-07-08 |
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