EP4099915A1

EP4099915A1 - System and methods for suturing guidance

Info

Publication number: EP4099915A1
Application number: EP21702820.8A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dwight Meglan; Arvind K. Ramadorai; Meir Rosenberg; Joshua R. SNOW; William J. Peine
Original assignee: Covidien LP
Current assignee: Covidien LP
Priority date: 2020-02-06
Filing date: 2021-01-08
Publication date: 2022-12-14
Anticipated expiration: 2041-01-08
Also published as: WO2021158328A1; CN115066209A; US20230015516A1; EP4099915B1; US12491028B2

Abstract

A tissue suturing guidance system includes an image capturing device, a display, and a processor in communication with the image capturing device and the display. The image capturing device is configured to capture a suture site. The display is configured to display an image of the suture site. The processor is configured to: determine, based on the image of the suture site, a geometric tissue representation of the suture site; access measured properties of the suture site; determine, based on the measured properties of the suture site, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site; and generate, based on the geometric tissue representation and biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site, a suturing configuration for the suture site.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR SUTURING GUIDANCE

FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is generally related to a surgical system, and more particularly, to a surgical system for performing suturing guidance.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Surgical suturing is an integral part of repairing tissue after a wound or surgical incision from minimally invasive surgery, among other things. Typically, suturing is a manual process where the clinician is left to their judgment and/or experience of the situation to determine various aspects of the suturing process to achieve proper suturing of the tissue.

[0003] Surgical suturing remains one of the most challenging tasks in robotic assisted surgery. Surgical suturing includes a number of sub-tasks that are a cognitive challenge to a surgeon or clinician. These sub-tasks include (1) locating an appropriate needle penetration point; (2) grasping a needle perpendicularly to a pair of jaws; (3) envisioning of the needle trajectory; (4) approximating the abating tissue to the envisioned needle exit site; (5) inserting a tip of a needle (e.g., a curved needle) in the desired location; (6) rotating the needle in a trajectory that follows the needle curvature; (7) grasping the protruding needle or tip of the needle; (8) pulling the needle out in a path that follows the needle curvature; and (9) repeating or tying a suture attached to the needle.

[0004] Each of the above sub-tasks is cognitively challenging. This is particularly true in situations where the tool kinematics are difficult to envision (curved or flexible tools) or in situations where the needle is not perpendicular to the pair of jaws of the tool or instrument.

[0005] Accordingly, there is an interest to reduce the cognitive load associated with sub tasks 2-8 above by visually communicating the proposed needle trajectory and automatically executing the desired path under surgeon supervision.

[0006] There is interest in supplementing the judgment or experience of clinicians and improving the efficacy of suturing outcomes. SUMMARY

[0007] The present disclosure provides tissue suturing guidance systems. The tissue suturing guidance systems include an image capturing device, a display, and a processor in communication with the image capturing device and the display. The image capturing device is configured to capture an image of a suture site. The display is configured to display the image of the suture site. The processor is configured to: determine, based on the image of the suture site, a geometric tissue representation of the suture site; access measured properties of the suture site; determine, based on the measured properties of the suture site, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site; and generate, based on the geometric tissue representation and biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site, a suturing configuration for the suture site.

[0008] In various embodiments of the system, the image capturing device is a stereo endoscope that provides stereoscopic images.

[0009] In various embodiments of the system, in determining the geometric tissue representation, the processor is configured to perform three-dimensional surface reconstruction based on the stereoscopic images to determine the geometric tissue representation of the suture site.

[0010] In various embodiments of the system, the image capturing device is further configured to perform multi -spectral imaging of the suture site to provide the measured properties of the suture site.

[0011] In various embodiments of the system, the tissue suturing guidance system includes a memory storing tissue types and distributions, wherein the processor is configured to determine the measured properties of the suture site based on the stored tissue types and distributions.

[0012] In various embodiments of the system, in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to simulate placements of sutures at target locations based on the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations of the suture site to generate the suturing configuration for the suture site.

[0013] In various embodiments of the system, in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to determine an effectiveness of the suturing configuration based on whether a simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface of the suture site, as calculated by a biomechanically-based simulation of the suturing site, is within a predetermined range of pressures that promote tissue regrowth.

[0014] In various embodiments of the system, the tissue-to-tissue interface corresponds to tissue faces of the suture site based on the geometric tissue model of the suture site.

[0015] In various embodiments of the system, the processor is configured to receive input of a desired suture placement, and in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to generate the suturing configuration based on the desired suture placement.

[0016] In various embodiments of the system, the processor is configured to update the suturing configuration during a progression of a suture procedure.

[0017] In various embodiments of the system, the suturing configuration includes at least one of suture type, suture tension, suture loop frequency, needle, suture placement, or suture pathway.

[0018] In various embodiments of the system, the progression includes one of a clinician or a robotic surgical system performing the suture procedure.

[0019] In various embodiments of the system, the display is configured to overlay the suturing configuration over the image of the suture site.

[0020] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of tissue suturing guidance. The method includes: capturing by an image capturing device a suture site; displaying by a display an image of the suture site; determining, based on the image of the suture site, a geometric tissue representation of the suture site; accessing measured properties of the suture site; determining, based on the measured properties of the suture site, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site; and generating, based on the geometric tissue representation and biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site, a suturing configuration for the suture site.

[0021] In various embodiments of the method, determining the geometric tissue representation of the suture site includes performing three-dimensional surface reconstruction to determine the geometric tissue representation of the suture site. [0022] In various embodiments of the method, the method includes performing multi- spectral imaging on the suture site to provide the measured properties of the sutures site.

[0023] In various embodiments of the method, generating the suturing configuration includes simulating placements of sutures at target locations based on the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations of the suture site.

[0024] In various embodiments of the method, the method includes receiving input of a desired suture placement, and determining an effectiveness of the suturing configuration based on whether a simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface of the suture site, as calculated by a biomechanically-based simulation of the suturing site, is within a predetermined range of pressures that promote tissue regrowth.

[0025] In various embodiments of the method, the method includes updating the suturing configuration during a progression of a suture procedure.

[0026] In various embodiments of the method, the method includes overlaying the suturing configuration on the image of the suture site.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0027] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary tissue suturing guidance system, provided in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;

[0028] FIG. 2A is a diagram of a display showing an exemplary suture site, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, prior to a surgical suturing procedure;

[0029] FIG. 2B is a diagram of the display showing the exemplary suture site of FIG. 2A during the surgical suturing procedure; and

[0030] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary operation of generating a suture configuration for a suture site, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Embodiments of the presently disclosed tissue suturing guidance system are described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views.

[0033] As used herein, the term “clinician” refers to a doctor, nurse, or other care provider and may include support personnel. In the following description, well-known functions or construction are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the disclosure in unnecessary detail.

[0034] The present disclosure is generally directed to a tissue suturing guidance system configured to assess a suture site and generate an effective suture configuration for the suture site based on the assessment of the suture site. The particular illustrations and embodiments disclosed herein are merely exemplary and do not limit the scope or applicability of the disclosed technology.

[0035] With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary tissue suturing guidance system 10 is provided in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The tissue suturing guidance system 10 generally includes a controller 100, an image capture device 200, a display 300, and one or more sensors 400. The tissue suturing guidance system 10 is detailed herein as a guidance system for tissue suturing for a person, however, other applications are also contemplated. Aspects of the tissue suturing guidance system 10 will be described in connection with a suture site.

[0036] The controller 100 includes a processor 105 and a memory 110. The processor 105 can be any programmable device that executes machine instructions, such as one or more of a central processing unit, microcontroller, digital signal processor, graphics processing unit, field programmable gate array, and/or programmable logic device, among others. The memory 110 can include volatile memory, such as random access memory, and/or non-volatile memory, such as flash memory and/or magnetic storage. As explained in more detail below, the memory 110 includes software instructions which implement image processing and tissue-related computations to determine suture placement for a particular suture site. The software instructions are executed by the processor 105 to carry out the processing and computations, which will be describe in more detail later herein. [0037] In various embodiments, a suture site may be on or within the body of a person. The image capture device 200 may be of a type and may have a position that is appropriate for the suture site. For example, where the suture site is within the body of a person, the image capture device 200 may be a stereo-endoscope that is positioned within the body cavity of a person. As discussed in more detail below, a stereo-endoscope can implement surface scanning techniques such that a three-dimensional representation can be constructed of the suture site. Where the suture site is on the body of a person, the image capture device 200 may be a stereoscopic camera that is positioned on operating room equipment external to the person. Other variations of the image capturing device and its positioning are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0038] In the illustration of FIG. 1, the image capture device 200 is communicatively coupled to the controller 100, which is communicatively coupled to the display 300. In various embodiments, the display 300 may be a flat panel display, such as an LED display, and can be a standalone display or can be a display that is integrated with another device/equipment. In various embodiments, the display 300 may be a headset display, such as the display of an augmented reality headset. Other variations of the display 300 are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0039] The sensor(s) 400 of the tissue suturing guidance system 10 will be described in more detail below. For now, it is sufficient to note that the sensor(s) 400 can include a multi-spectral imaging device and/or an optical coherence tomography device, and can measure properties of the tissue to be sutured, such as, without limitation, tissue moisture or density. Such tissue property measurements can be used by the controller 100 to determine a biomechanical representation of the tissue of the suture site.

[0040] FIGS. 2A and 2B show a display of an image or video of an exemplary suture site 602 that is captured by an image capturing device 200. As mentioned above, the suture site 602 can be on a person’s body or within a person’s body. Clinicians generally rely on their own judgment and experience for placing sutures to re-approximate tissue. The objective is to place tissue faces 604 in approximation to one another in a way that allows as much as possible of those tissue faces 604 to be in contact and to do so with the appropriate pressure to be placed upon and maintained over the entirety of the tissue interface. Parameters for achieving that objective include: choice of the type of suture “S” and its attached needle “N”, placement location/pathway, frequency of suture loops, and/or the tension of the suture “S” created in the process of knot creation, among other parameters. In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a tissue suturing guidance system can assess a suture site 602 to provide recommendations with respect to such parameters to a clinician.

[0041] As an example, the image/video of the suture site can be augmented, in real time, to include markers 610 that indicate the suture/needle placement locations and/or pathway for re-approximating the tissue of the suture site 602. As described below, the locations of the markers 610, among other things, can be determined, in real-time, by the tissue suturing guidance system and can be dynamically updated and displayed before and during the suturing procedure. Accordingly, if a clinician deviates from the indicated locations and/or pathways, the locations of the markers 610 can dynamically change based on the actual needle/suture “N/S” placements performed by the clinician. For example, the markers 610 can change color from/between green/yellow/red when the locations and/or pathways are acceptable/partially-acceptable/not-acceptable, or the markers 610 can begin to pulse, change shape or the like for any predetermined condition.

[0042] With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown a flow diagram of an exemplary operation for providing a suture configuration for a suture site. Generally, the operation of FIG. 3 accesses images and measurements of a suturing site, in real-time, to determine a geometric representation of the suture site and to determine a biomechanical representation of the suture site. Those representations are then used to determine suturing parameters that allow as much as possible of the tissue faces to be in contact and for the appropriate pressure to be placed upon and maintained over the entirety of the tissue interface. Aspects of the disclosed procedure are implemented by machine instructions executed by a processor.

[0043] At step 505, and with reference also to FIG. 1, processor 105 of the tissue guidance system 10 is configured to determine a geometric tissue representation of the suture site. In determining the geometric tissue representation of the suture site, the image capture device 200 of the tissue suturing guidance system 10 captures stereoscopic images and/or video of the suture site, in real-time. For convenience, the following description will utilize images, but it is understood that the disclosed embodiments and techniques apply to videos as well. The captured images are accessed by the processor 105 to perform real-time three-dimensional surface reconstruction based on the captured images. The processor 105 generates a real-time geometric tissue representation of the suture site based on the captured images and the three-dimensional surface reconstruction. Persons skilled in the art will recognize techniques for performing three-dimensional surface reconstruction, including finite element modeling, boundary element techniques, and/or meshless techniques, among others.

[0044] At step 510, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 accesses one or more properties of the suture site. To obtain the one or more measured properties from the suture site, such as, for example, the type of tissue around the suture site, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 may perform multi-spectral imaging of the suture site and/or optical coherence tomography, among other things. Techniques for using multi-spectral imaging to determine various tissue properties are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 8,961,504, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Techniques for performing optical coherence tomography are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,572,529, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the multi-spectral imaging and/or optical coherence tomography may be performed by either the image capture device 200 or by a standalone image capture device.

[0045] In step 515, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site is determined based on the one or more measured properties of the suture site, such as based on tissue moisture, distribution of tissue moisture, and/or tissue density. Various techniques are contemplated to determine the biomechanical tissue representation, such as, for example, real-time computational physics modeling of tissue and/or surgical simulation techniques. Various techniques are described by, for example, Zhang et al ., “Deformable Models for Surgical Simulation: A Survey”, IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 11, pp.143-164 (November 14, 2017), and by Cueto et al. , “Real time simulation for computational surgery: a review”, Adv. Model and Simul. in Eng. Sci. 1, 11 (April 29, 2014), the entire contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0046] At step 520, a suturing configuration for the suture site is generated based on the geometric tissue representation and the biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site. The geometric tissue representation provides information about the shape of the suture site and the biomechanical tissue representation provides information about the behavior of the tissue of the suture site. In generating the suture configuration, various choices of sutures, placements of the sutures at target locations, and suture tension, among other things, are simulated to determine effectiveness of various suturing configurations. The suture configuration can include suture type, suture tension, suture loop frequency, suture placement, and/or suture pathway, among other things. Effectiveness of various suturing configurations are determined based on whether a simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface of the suture site (e.g., where the tissue faces of the suture site are in communication) is substantially uniform and is within a predetermined range appropriate for tissue regrowth or reconnection. In other words, effectiveness may be determined based on the tissue approximation that allows as much of the tissue faces as possible to be in contact with one another with an appropriate pressure placed upon the tissue faces and maintained over the entirety of the tissue faces. The determination of tissue approximation and pressure across the tissue-to-tissue interface can be determined based on the geometric tissue representation and the biomechanical tissue representation.

[0047] In various embodiments, the predetermined or appropriate pressure can be based on input from a clinician and/or a robotic surgical system.

[0048] In various embodiments, predetermined or appropriate pressure may be based on wound healing research directed towards the achieving appropriate tissue contact pressure including a minimum pressure and a maximum pressure threshold to avoid adverse effects (e.g., tissue remodeling and/or tissue failure) caused from inadequate or excessive pressure on the tissue interface.

[0049] In various embodiments, the suture configuration simulations are compared to identify a particular suture configuration that performs better than the rest. The processor 105 causes the display 300 to display, in real-time, the identified suture configuration by overlaying the suture configuration over the image of the suture site and/or overlying markers 610 over the image of the surgical site, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 2 A and 2B, and by displaying the suture configuration parameters, such as suture type and suture tensions (not shown).

[0050] In some embodiments, the processor 105 of the tissue suturing guidance system 10 is further configured to receive input from a clinician or robotic surgical system of a desired placement of the needle “N” and/or the suture “S” in the suture site. In practice, the clinician or the robotic surgical system manipulates forceps jaws 12 of a surgical instrument 10 to change a location and pose of the needle “N”, and to draw the suture “S” through the tissue. Based on the desired placement, the processor 105 adjusts the suturing configuration by simulating the desired placement based on the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations of the suture site. The suture configuration is adjusted to increase the effectiveness of the suture configuration in view of the desired placement. The processor 105 causes the display 300 to display, in real-time, the suture configuration by overlaying the suture configuration over the image of the suture site.

[0051] In some embodiments, the processor 105 of the tissue suturing guidance system 10 is further configured to update the suture configuration during progression of a suture procedure by either a clinician or robotic surgical system. In updating the suture configuration during progression of the suture procedure, the processor 105 uses the already placed sutures “S” in the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations and determines a suture configuration for the remainder of the suture site. The processor 105 causes the display 300 to display, in real-time, the updated suture configuration by overlaying the updated suture configuration over the image of the suture site.

[0052] Additionally, in embodiments, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 may be configured to provide assessment and feedback during the progression of the suture procedure and display the assessment and feedback of the progression of the suture procedure on display 300. Feedback of the progression of the suture procedure may include, for example, real-time simulation-derived estimates of the pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface and a suture-tissue contact to determine if there is inadequate or excessive pressure on the tissue interface. In the event, the assessment and feedback provided by the tissue suturing guidance system 10 estimates that there is inadequate or excessive pressure on the tissue interface, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 may provide an alert and/or remedial actions to adjust pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface.

[0053] In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 are configured and capable of: (1) using image processing, in real-time, to assess the location and pose of the needle “N” relative to the jaws 12; and (2) establishing the combined tool-needle kinematics. Once the tool-needle kinematics have been established the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 is/are able to simulate desired tool/needle trajectories similar to the ways these trajectories. In this manner, sub-tasks 2-8 (detailed above) can now be performed automatically or manually per the clinician’s choice. Specifically, these sub-tasks include, at least: (2) grasping a needle perpendicularly to a pair of jaws; (3) envisioning of the needle trajectory; (4) approximating the abating tissue to the envisioned needle exit site; (5) inserting a tip of a needle (e.g., a curved needle) in the desired location; (6) rotating the needle in a trajectory that follows the needle curvature; (7) grasping the protruding needle or tip of the needle; (8) pulling the needle out in a path that follows the needle curvature.

[0054] It is further contemplated, in accordance with the present disclosure, that the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 is/are capable of: monitoring and identifying an appropriate needle penetration point (marker 610), and virtually mark it by “pointing” a tip of the needle “N” at that penetration point; using image processing to identify the location, orientation, and pose of the needle “N” in the jaws 12; generating a path (a circle or arc in the case of a curved needle) that simulates in 3D the needle trajectory; enabling the clinician to bring the abating tissue to the expected needle exit point; enabling the clinician to command the system to execute the suturing task; and enabling the clinician to grasp the protruding needle “N” and command the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105.

[0055] As discussed above, the present disclosure relates to using vision to identify the orientation of the needle “N” with respect to the jaws 12, and then updating the kinematic controller to allow the user, and to allow the automatic motion planning, to place the tip of the needle “N” and follow the curvature path defined by the curve of the needle “N”.

[0056] In a further embodiment, in accordance with the present disclosure, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 is/are capable of assessing properties of the underlying tissue which is the target for suturing, e.g., suture site 602 and/or tissue faces 604. The tissue properties may include, and are not limited to tissue integrity (such as identifying extent of thermal damage from cautery); tissue density and stiffness (to ensure that selected needle “N” is appropriately gauged to be able to penetrate the tissue without breaking); and presence of tissue scarring (wherein barbed sutures “S” may be used to help penetrate the tissue). The tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may be capable of identifying a distance between a proposed needle penetration point (e.g., marker 610) and an edge of the tissue (e.g., tissue face 604) and/or a location of where the tissue separates or an incision begins/ends.

[0057] As briefly mentioned above, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 is/are capable of identifying properties of the needle “N” and/or the material of the suture “S”, for example, and not limited to, a thickness or gauge of the needle “N”, a radius of curvature of the needle “N”, a diameter of the suture “S”, and/or a surface feature of the suture “S” (e.g., barbed or non-barbed/smooth).

[0058] The tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may be capable of issuing warnings to a surgeon of clinician if/when the combination of the proposed needle penetration point (e.g., marker 610) and the information set forth above (e.g., properties about the tissue, needle “N” and/or suture “S”) may lead to undesired impact on the tissue and the like.

[0059] Further, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may be capable of providing guidance to the direction of movement and/or orientation of the needle “N”, prior to or during a surgical suturing procedure whereby the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 provides information to the robotic surgical system to adjust the robotic surgical arms and components thereof so as to make adjustments to the surgical suturing procedure to ensure that the surgical suturing procedure may be completed within the kinematic joint limits of the robotic surgical system.

[0060] However, in accordance with a further aspect of the present disclosure, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 is/are capable of, may be modified to or configured to a vision guidance system for identifying and tracking an electronic radiation source (not shown) that is used in intra-operative radiation therapy procedures and applied to potential cancer sites after a tumor or the like is removed. For example, the radiation source may be grasped by the jaws 12 of a robotic tool. The vision guidance system could identify the orientation of the radiation source relative to the jaws 12 and then treat the “jaw- tool” assembly as a new end-effector. The vision guidance system could then scan the radiation source in a predefined path over the target tissue to cover the entire area with a uniform and known dose of radiation. The robotic surgical system may then alter kinematic equations for movement of robotic surgical arms to adjust for the “jaw-tool” assembly. While this may be achieved mechanically by using a jig or the like to align the tool in a predefined configuration with the jaws 12, by using the vision guidance system to determine the relative position between the radiation source and the jaws 12, a more flexible approach is possible and any grasped orientation of the radiation source by the jaws 12 may be used.

[0061] It is further envisioned and contemplated in accordance with the present disclosure that a vision guidance system may be used to identify the surgical tool and an orientation of an item grasped by the jaws 12 of the tool relative to the jaws 12 and/or the tool; monitor the grasped orientation during a surgical task or procedure and actively adjust the kinematics and dynamics of the movement of the tool and/or the surgical robotic arms and the like; track the target tissue and adjust the motion of the tool and/or the surgical robotic arms accordingly; measure a defection of the tool and adjust the kinematics/dynamics of the end-effector accordingly (e.g., for non-rigid tools like a bare laser fiber and the like); identify a three-dimensional (“3D”) position of the tool relative to the jaws 12; and/or provide information to the robotic surgical system such that the robotic surgical system may adjust the kinematics and dynamics of the robotic surgical arm to control the jaw/tool assembly as part of an end-effector thereof.

[0062] It is also contemplated, and in accordance with the present disclosure, that the tool may be a tactile probe, whereby the robotic surgical system may then combine any tactile feedback from the tool into the adjusted kinematics for the surgical robotic arms.

[0063] In accordance with the present disclosure, it is further contemplated that the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may be tuned or configured to recognize and track the suture “S” as well. Specifically, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may recognize and track the orientation and length on the suture “S”. In an embodiment, it is contemplated that the suture “S” may be provided with metrical markings along an entire length thereof, and wherein the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may be configured to recognize and track these metrical markings of the suture “S” to determine and calculate of a length of the suture “S” is increasing or stretching during the surgical procedure, over time. In this manner, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 and/or the processor 105 may provide feedback to the robotic surgical system whereby the robotic surgical system and/or controller/processor 105 thereof may make real-time active adjustments to the surgical robotic arm and/or the tool to accommodate for any changes in the length of the suture “S”. [0064] In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the tissue suturing guidance system 10 may include an artificial intelligence learning machine that implements machine learning. Training of the artificial intelligence learning machine may be based on, for example, images of suture procedures performed by clinicians or robotic surgical systems, which are labeled with regard to simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface, suturing adjustments, suggested remedial actions, and/or success of outcomes. The images or videos of suture procedures performed by clinicians or robotic surgical systems may be used for machine learning to improve the initial placement of the suture at the target location prior to simulation. The pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface during the simulation of suturing configurations may be determined by the trained artificial intelligence learning machine to assist with more accurately and quickly determining the most effective suturing configuration. In various embodiments, a trained artificial intelligence learning machine may be able to analyze images/videos of a suturing site and provide a suturing configuration for the suture site without the need for simulations.

[0065] The terms “artificial intelligence,” “learning machine,” and “machine learning” may include, but are not limited to, neural networks, deep neural networks, , Bayesian Regression, Naive Bayes, Monte Carlo Methods, nearest neighbors, least squares, means, and support vector regression, among other data science and artificial science techniques. Exemplary implementations of an artificial intelligence learning machine can identify patterns and making predictions relating to appropriate suture placement, as described above.

[0066] It should be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may be combined in different combinations than the combinations specifically presented in the description and accompanying drawings. It should also be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the processes or methods described herein may be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., all described acts or events may not be necessary to carry out the techniques). In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modules associated with, for example, a medical device. [0067] In one or more examples, the described techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory computer-readable media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media (e.g., RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer).

[0068] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other physical structure suitable for implementation of the described techniques. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A tissue suturing guidance system, comprising: an image capturing device configured to capture an image of a suture site; a display configured to display the image of the suture site; and a processor in communication with the image capturing device and the display, the processor configured to: determine, based on the image of the suture site, a geometric tissue representation of the suture site; access measured properties of the suture site; determine, based on the measured properties of the suture site, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site; and generate, based on the geometric tissue representation and the biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site, a suturing configuration for the suture site.

2. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 1, wherein the image capturing device is a stereo-endoscope that provides stereoscopic images.

3. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 2, wherein in determining the geometric tissue representation, the processor is configured to perform three-dimensional surface reconstruction based on the stereoscopic images to determine the geometric tissue representation of the suture site.

4. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 1, wherein the image capturing device is further configured to perform multi-spectral imaging of the suture site to provide the measured properties of the suture site.

5. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 1, further comprising a memory storing tissue types and distributions, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the measured properties of the suture site based on the stored tissue types and distributions.

6. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 1, wherein in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to simulate placements of sutures at target locations based on the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations of the suture site to generate the suturing configuration for the suture site.

7. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 6, wherein in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to determine an effectiveness of the suturing configuration based on whether a simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to- tissue interface of the suture site, as calculated by a biomechanically-based simulation of the suturing site, is within a predetermined range of pressures that promote tissue regrowth.

8. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 7, wherein the tissue-to-tissue interface corresponds to tissue faces of the suture site based on the geometric tissue model of the suture site.

9. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to receive input of a desired suture placement, and wherein in generating the suturing configuration, the processor is configured to generate the suturing configuration based on the desired suture placement.

10. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to update the suturing configuration during a progression of a suture procedure.

11. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 10, wherein the suturing configuration includes at least one of suture type, suture tension, suture loop frequency, needle type, suture placement, or suture pathway.

12. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 10, wherein the progression includes one of a clinician or a robotic surgical system performing the suture procedure.

13. The tissue suturing guidance system according to claim 10, wherein the display is further configured to overlay the suturing configuration over the image of the suture site.

14. A method of tissue suturing guidance, the method comprising: capturing, by an image capturing device, a suture site; displaying, by a display, an image of the suture site; determining, based on the image of the suture site, a geometric tissue representation of the suture site; accessing measured properties of the suture site; determining, based on the measured properties of the suture site, a biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site; and generating, based on the geometric tissue representation and biomechanical tissue representation of the suture site, a suturing configuration for the suture site.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein determining the geometric tissue representation of the suture site includes performing three-dimensional surface reconstruction to determine the geometric tissue representation of the suture site.

16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising performing multi-spectral imaging on the suture site to provide the measured properties of the suture site.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein generating the suturing configuration includes simulating placements of sutures at target locations based on the geometric and biomechanical tissue representations of the suture site.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: receiving input of a desired suture placement; and determining an effectiveness of the suturing configuration based on whether a simulation-derived pressure across a tissue-to-tissue interface of the suture site, as calculated by a biomechanically-based simulation of the suturing site, is within a predetermined range of pressures that promote tissue regrowth.

19. The method according to claim 14, further comprising updating the suturing configuration during a progression of a suture procedure.

20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising overlaying the suturing configuration on the image of the suture site.