EP3997715A1 - Procede d'identification et de surveillance epidemiologique d'un foyer bacterien - Google Patents
Procede d'identification et de surveillance epidemiologique d'un foyer bacterienInfo
- Publication number
- EP3997715A1 EP3997715A1 EP20736332.6A EP20736332A EP3997715A1 EP 3997715 A1 EP3997715 A1 EP 3997715A1 EP 20736332 A EP20736332 A EP 20736332A EP 3997715 A1 EP3997715 A1 EP 3997715A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bacterial
- threshold
- strains
- focus
- database
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
- G16H50/80—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics, e.g. flu
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
- G16B20/20—Allele or variant detection, e.g. single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] detection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of bacterial epidemiology, in particular the detection and monitoring of bacterial foci as a function of the genomes of bacterial strains, in particular the partial or total sequencing of the DNA and / or of the RNA of the strains. bacterial.
- the detection of a bacterial infectious focus conventionally consists in determining whether several bacterial strains taken from subjects (eg from patients and by extension from animals) result from recent transmission of the same strain between patients. subjects, for example transmission of the strain to multiple subjects from a "source” subject or transmission of the strain from subject to subject. Based on conventional microbiological tools, detection is usually carried out in two stages:
- the aim of the present invention is to provide a method for identifying and monitoring a bacterial focus based on comparison of bacterial genomes which offers freedom in terms of sensitivity and specificity while explicitly taking into account the sources of uncertainty in the prediction of the belonging of bacterial strains to the bacterial focus.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting and monitoring a bacterial focus linked to a bacterial species within a geographical area, comprising:
- the bacterial strain sampled and the bacterial strain in the database may belong to the bacterial focus if their genomic distance is between the first and the second threshold;
- the first threshold is greater than or equal to a third threshold such that a prediction of belonging to the bacterial focus of two bacterial strains having a genomic distance less than the third threshold has maximum specificity
- the second threshold is less than or equal to a fourth threshold such that a prediction of non-belonging to the bacterial focus of two bacterial strains having a genomic distance greater than the fourth threshold has maximum sensitivity.
- two different thresholds are used to adjust the sensitivity and specificity of the process, the lower threshold being used to adjust the specificity of the prediction of belonging of a strain to the bacterial focus (hereinafter “ membership specificity ”) and the highest threshold being used to adjust the sensitivity of this prediction (hereinafter” membership sensitivity ").
- membership specificity the specificity of the prediction of belonging of a strain to the bacterial focus
- membership sensitivity the highest threshold being used to adjust the sensitivity of this prediction
- the third and fourth thresholds previously learned to maximize the specificity and sensitivity of membership, define an area where it is difficult to know whether or not strains belong to the same focus due to incomplete or insufficiently diversified data for learn these thresholds, from ignorance of the mutation mechanisms that are heterogeneous within the bacterial species, imprecision of the process due to the choice of genomic comparison method or errors in characterization of infectious foci resulting from epidemiological surveys. This area of uncertainty offers the user flexibility in managing epidemics.
- the user can set up a preliminary investigation, for example example by cross-checking with the patient's file from which the sample was taken or by analyzing its resistome, viruloma or phylogenic position in the biodiversity of the species, to decide whether or not an in-depth epidemiological investigation should be carried out .
- the area between the third and fourth thresholds may in certain cases be too large such that the prediction based on these thresholds is not optimal.
- the first and the second thresholds are equal to two calculated genomic distances:
- said base comprising:
- a first quality index of the predictor as a function of the confusion matrix, said first index being different from the sensitivity and the specificity of the predictor; a second quality index, different from the first index, as a function of the confusion matrix, said second index being different from the first index, from the sensitivity and the specificity of the predictor; - By searching for a first fifth threshold value which optimizes the first index and a second fifth threshold value which optimizes the second index;
- a prediction based on maximum specificity and specificity of membership does not necessarily constitute an optimal prediction with regard to the available epidemiological data stored in the learning database.
- the first index is chosen to take account of the imbalance, in the learning database, between the number of pairs of linked strains and the number of pairs of linked strains.
- the first index is the Matthews correlation coefficient or the Fl score.
- the data concerning bacterial foci that is to say the number of strains considered to be related, are much less numerous than the strains considered as unrelated.
- the threshold corresponding to the Matthews coefficient or the Fl-score favors specificity without however taking only specificity into account.
- the second index is the Youden index.
- This index which explicitly takes into account specificity and sensitivity, naturally makes it possible to optimize the prediction of non-membership, the learning of which is usually carried out on important data.
- the imbalance in the database causes Youden's index to be more influenced by sensitivity, with specificity close to 1 over the entire range between the third and fourth cutoffs.
- the predictor is chosen so that:
- the false positives correspond to pairs of unrelated strains having a genomic distance less than the fifth threshold; and - the true negatives correspond to pairs of unrelated strains having a genomic distance greater than the fifth threshold.
- the epidemiological database includes the learning database.
- the learning database is supplemented as the process is implemented, allowing the different thresholds to be refined as the base increases.
- the genomic distance is a normalized distance. More specifically, the genomic distance between two bacterial strains is calculated by:
- - the second threshold is set equal to 0, 1;
- the first threshold is set equal to ma x (D g ⁇ D g ⁇ 0.2), where ma x (D g ⁇ D g ⁇ 0.2) is the greatest genomic distance, among the pairs of linked strains, strictly less than 0.2.
- the inventors have observed that values greater than 0, 1, usually obtained due to an incomplete or insufficiently diverse training database, materialize a training failure.
- the first and second thresholds are less than or equal to 0.1.
- One of the two thresholds is thus fixed at this upper limit.
- the inventors have observed that two strains of the same subtype have a very large majority of a genomic distance of less than 0.2.
- max (d r ⁇ d r ⁇ 0.2) two strains of greater genomic distance than the latter, it is predicted that these strains do not belong to the same bacterial subtypes, and therefore do not belong to the same outbreak, which constitutes an important clue for the suspicion of an epidemic.
- the distances between the digital genomes are calculated as a function of a base of markers, in particular a wgMLST, cgMLST, MLST base, of genes or of SNP.
- a strain taken when a strain taken is predicted to belong to the bacterial focus, it is labeled in the epidemiological database as being “linked” with the bacterial strains of the bacterial focus and as being “not linked” with the others. bacterial strains.
- an additional characterization of said strain is carried out to determine whether it actually belongs to said focus, and if this is the case the bacterial strain. collected is labeled, in the epidemiological database, as being "linked” with the bacterial strains of the bacterial focus and as being “unrelated” with the other bacterial strains.
- the first and the second threshold are recalculated regularly and / or as soon as N new strains are added to the epidemiological database, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
- prophylactic measures are implemented to stop said focus.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart of an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a correspondence table between bacterial strains stored in a learning database
- Figure 3 is a confusion matrix of a binary predictor predicting the related or unrelated state of two bacterial strains
- FIG. 4 illustrates a distribution of the number of pairs of linked strains and a distribution of the number of pairs of unrelated strains as a function of their genomic distance as well as a threshold Ti used to calculate the confusion matrix of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a plot illustrating different thresholds on the genomic distances used by the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a computer and sequencing system for implementing the method according to the invention
- Figures 7A and 7B are distributions of the number of pairs of unrelated strains (upper distribution) and of the number of pairs of related strains (lower distribution) for the bacterial species Clostridium difficile, Figure 7B being an enlargement between 0 and 0.1 of Figure 7A;
- FIG. 8A and 8B illustrate, for the Clostridium difficile species, the genomic distances for various optimal quality index values, including sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy ("accuracy" in English, ie ( TP + TN) / (N + P)), the Fl score, the Youden index, and the Matthews correlation coefficient, FIG. 8B being a magnification between 0 and 0.1 of FIG. 7B;
- Figures 9A and 9B are distributions of the number of pairs of unrelated strains (upper distribution) and of the number of pairs of linked strains (lower distribution) for the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Figure 9B being an enlargement between 0 and 0.1 of Figure 9A;
- FIG. 10A and 10B illustrate, for the Staphylococcus aureus species, the genomic distances for various optimal quality index values, including sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, Fl score, Youden index , and the Matthews correlation coefficient, FIG. 10B being a magnification between 0 and 0.1 of FIG. 10B;
- this method comprises a first step 10 of learning at least two thresholds, denoted S1 and S2, on the basis of which genome comparisons are made to determine whether a bacterial strain belongs to no to a bacterial focus, and a second step 20 for implementing the method according to the invention, configured with the thresholds learned during step 10 More particularly, the method is based on the comparison of a genomic distance, denoted D g (BSi, BSj) between two strains, denoted B Si and BSj, Step 10 begins with the constitution, at 12, of a training database for the species considered comprising:
- each link between two strains of the base being able to take a “linked” state (black boxes) when the two strains have been determined beforehand as belonging to the same bacterial focus, and an "unrelated" state (white boxes) when the two strains have been previously determined as not belonging to the same bacterial focus, the state of the link between two strains being for example determined during a previous epidemiological study.
- the bond of a strain with respect to itself is fixed in the "related" state.
- several infectious foci for the species considered can be taken into account to determine the “linked” and “unrelated” states of the strains of the training database.
- the training database can also contain strains determined to be "related" without having been diagnosed as belonging to any bacterial focus.
- said table also stores the genomic distances D g (BSi, BSj) between each pair of strains BSi and BSj of the training database;
- the genome of a bacterial strain is preferably obtained by:
- - sequencing preferably complete (or WGS sequencing), of the DNA so as to produce digital sequences, commonly called "read”, for example using a technology of the "next generation sequencing” type such as with the “MiSeq” sequencing platform from Illumina Inc., San Diego, California;
- wgMLST profile the characterization according to the wgMLST technique (for “whole genome multilocus sequensing typing”) of the genome in the form of contig or reads, commonly called “wgMLST profile”.
- this characterization consists in locating loci in the genome among a predetermined set of loci, and for each identified locus, in determining the allele which represents this locus.
- the wgMLST technique is for example described in the document “MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics” by Martin C.J. Maiden, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2013.
- the learning continues with the calculation of thresholds SI and S2 based on the learning database. More particularly, this calculation consists in transforming:
- a second predictor g Si, s2 whether or not two strains belong to a bacterial focus on the basis of two thresholds SI and S2 on the genomic distances Dg (BSi, BSj) dividing the space of genomic distances into three intervals : BSi and BSj strains are related
- BSi and BSj are potentially related wuches BSi and BSj are not linked
- the first predictor f T is defined such that: and the second predictor is defined as:
- the genomic distance D g (BSi, BSj) is a normalized distance, and therefore between 0 and 1, calculated by:
- the calculation of the thresholds SI and S2 begins, at 14, with the calculation of a confusion matrix MC (TV) of the binary predictor f T for each of the values Ti of a set [Tl, T2, ..., TM ⁇ of threshold values T between 0 and 1, for example with an increment of 10 -4 .
- the calculation of the confusion matrix MC (Ti), illustrated in figure 3, for the threshold Ti is illustrated in figure 4 and consists of counting:
- FNi - false negatives, noted “FNi”, equal to the total number of pairs of linked strains of the base such that D g (BSi, BSj)>Ti;
- TNi the true negatives, noted “TNi”, equal to the total number of pairs of unrelated strains of the base such that D g (BSi, BSj) ⁇ Ti.
- N is the number of pairs of unrelated strains
- the threshold 57 optimizing a first quality index of the predictor f T , different from the sensitivity and specificity and taking into account explicitly the imbalance between the numbers P and TV, preferably the Matthews correlation coefficient (“MCC”), c 'that is to say
- a step 18 of controlling the quality of the thresholds SI and 52 is then implemented. More particularly (the sign " ⁇ " meaning “such as”):
- the thresholds 57 and 52 are less than or equal to 0.1, they are kept, meaning that the learning database is suitable for their calculation and subsequent use;
- this threshold is then set to the minimum of the values 0, 1 and max (D g (BSi, BSj) ⁇ D g (BSi, BSj) ⁇ 0 , 2) if this minimum value is different from the other threshold (eg differs by more than 1%), otherwise this threshold is set at the maximum of these two values.
- threshold 57 is less than the threshold 52, so that, as illustrated in Figure 4, these thresholds divide the space of genomic distances into three intervals:
- Step 20 which takes place within the hospital to detect and monitor epidemics of a bacterial nature, is for example implemented systematically as soon as a patient has a bacterial infection, an environmental sample includes a pathogenic bacterium or a patient presents the same or similar symptoms to another patient within the hospital. Other criteria can of course be used to launch this step.
- Step 20 begins, in 22, with the taking of a sample containing the pathogenic strain, if this sampling has not yet taken place, then continues, in 24, with the sequencing of the strain and the establishment of its wgMLST profile as described in relation to step 12.
- the genomic distance D g (BSi, BSj) between the strain taken and each of the strains of the training database is then calculated.
- a first epidemiological diagnosis is then issued in 28. More particularly:
- the resistome and the viruloma of the strain taken are determined and then compared with the resistome and the viruloma of the strain to which it is potentially linked. If the resistomes and virulomas match, then the strains are determined to be related, the alarm is raised and the study conducted further. Otherwise, the strains are determined to be unrelated.
- the in-depth study 30 is carried out.
- Other information can be used during this complementary study, such as for example the time elapsed between the collection and that of the strain in the database, the number of different SNPs in the plastic genes, etc.
- one of the objectives of study 30, carried out by the hospital epidemiology team, is to determine whether different strains taken from within the hospital constitute an epidemic.
- the link between different strains is definitively established, ie “related” or “unrelated”. If, moreover, an epidemic is detected then the strains of the epidemic are also labeled according to this epidemic.
- the genome, the wgMLST profiles, the resistome and the viruloma of the strain taken, its links with the other strains in the database as well as the information concerning the bacterial focus are then stored in the training database to be able to be used later.
- the thresholds S1 and S2 can thus be updated regularly or at each new entry into the database in order to refine their values.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a computer and sequencing system 40 for implementing the method according to the invention.
- System 40 includes a sequencing platform 42 for sequencing bacterial DNA from a sample 44 and thereby producing a set of digital sequences, or "reads".
- the platform 42 is connected to an information processing unit 46, for example a personal computer, which receives the sequences, and optionally sets a program for assembling reads to produce contigs.
- the unit 46 is also connected to a remote server 48 implementing software as a service (or "Saas”), for example in the form of a cloud solution.
- Unit 46 on which "front end" software runs, sends to server 48 the genomes sequenced by platform 42 in the form of reads or contigs.
- the server 48 on which the IT service runs in the form of a “back end” and which is connected to the learning database 50, receives the genomes and implements the processing steps of the method according to the invention (eg steps 14-18 and 24-32 of FIG. 1), the server storing in a computer memory all of the instructions necessary for this implementation.
- the server returns the results of the processing to the unit 46 in the form of a report 52.
- the system 40 also includes one or more servers 54 connected to the unit 42, these servers being in particular those of the computer system storing patient and epidemiological data, these data being used in in-depth studies to characterize epidemiological bacterial foci.
- Figures 7 and 9 illustrate distributions of the number of pairs of related strains and unrelated strains respectively for the species Clostridium difficile ( Figures 7A and 7B) and Staphylococcus aureus ( Figures 9A and 9B).
- a genomic distance could code for both the "related" state or the "unrelated" state if only one threshold was employed.
- This intermediate zone is naturally present and corresponds for example to strains belonging to the same subtype but not having been judged as belonging to the same bacterial focus.
- the thresholds S3 maximum specificity, denoted “specificity”
- S4 maximum sensitivity, denoted “sensitivity”
- sensitivity maximum sensitivity
- wgMLST core genome multilocus sequencing typing
- MLST sets of SNPs or genes.
- a training database was described which was also used for comparison with strains taken.
- a separate database or "epidemiological database” can be employed to process the strains collected.
- Such a base is for example specific to a hospital, an institution, a company or other, and the learning database is then used only to establish the value of the thresholds.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19186032.9A EP3764370B1 (fr) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Procédé d'identification et de surveillance épidémiologique d'un foyer bactérien |
| PCT/EP2020/068611 WO2021008878A1 (fr) | 2019-07-12 | 2020-07-02 | Procede d'identification et de surveillance epidemiologique d'un foyer bacterien |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3997715A1 true EP3997715A1 (fr) | 2022-05-18 |
Family
ID=67437722
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19186032.9A Active EP3764370B1 (fr) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Procédé d'identification et de surveillance épidémiologique d'un foyer bactérien |
| EP20736332.6A Withdrawn EP3997715A1 (fr) | 2019-07-12 | 2020-07-02 | Procede d'identification et de surveillance epidemiologique d'un foyer bacterien |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19186032.9A Active EP3764370B1 (fr) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Procédé d'identification et de surveillance épidémiologique d'un foyer bactérien |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220319716A1 (fr) |
| EP (2) | EP3764370B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7644082B2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN114144843B (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES3004013T3 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021008878A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114420212B (zh) * | 2022-01-27 | 2022-10-21 | 上海序祯达生物科技有限公司 | 一种大肠杆菌菌株鉴定方法和系统 |
| CN117877753B (zh) * | 2024-03-12 | 2024-05-17 | 江南大学附属医院 | 基于多元数据的大流行病的监控方法、系统、设备和介质 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4044493B2 (ja) * | 2002-07-31 | 2008-02-06 | 富士通株式会社 | 遺伝子発現部位予測支援方法、遺伝子発現部位予測支援プログラムおよび遺伝子発現部位予測支援装置 |
| JP2005275708A (ja) * | 2004-03-24 | 2005-10-06 | Nec Corp | 風邪ウイルス伝播情報伝達システムと風邪ウイルス情報センター装置および風邪ウイルス伝播情報伝達方法 |
| WO2006116455A2 (fr) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-11-02 | Applera Corporation | Systeme de surveillance et d'analyse genetique |
| US20130031179A1 (en) * | 2010-04-16 | 2013-01-31 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Social-network method for anticipating epidemics and trends |
| EP2825676B1 (fr) * | 2012-03-17 | 2017-12-20 | The Regents of The University of California | Diagnostic rapide et traitements personnalisés de l'acné |
| WO2018081130A1 (fr) * | 2016-10-24 | 2018-05-03 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Méthodes et systèmes de détection d'une tumeur |
-
2019
- 2019-07-12 ES ES19186032T patent/ES3004013T3/es active Active
- 2019-07-12 EP EP19186032.9A patent/EP3764370B1/fr active Active
-
2020
- 2020-07-02 JP JP2022500704A patent/JP7644082B2/ja active Active
- 2020-07-02 WO PCT/EP2020/068611 patent/WO2021008878A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2020-07-02 CN CN202080050685.4A patent/CN114144843B/zh active Active
- 2020-07-02 EP EP20736332.6A patent/EP3997715A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2020-07-02 US US17/626,353 patent/US20220319716A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN114144843B (zh) | 2025-03-21 |
| EP3764370A1 (fr) | 2021-01-13 |
| EP3764370B1 (fr) | 2024-09-04 |
| EP3764370C0 (fr) | 2024-09-04 |
| ES3004013T3 (en) | 2025-03-11 |
| CN114144843A (zh) | 2022-03-04 |
| JP7644082B2 (ja) | 2025-03-11 |
| WO2021008878A1 (fr) | 2021-01-21 |
| US20220319716A1 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
| JP2022539826A (ja) | 2022-09-13 |
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